Analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a method of choice for factorial design studies of environmental impacts on plant metabolomes and can be used to quantitatively carry out this comparative analysis. The impacts of seven mixture design extractor systems made up of ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and their 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary solvents for several replicate experiments (n = 3, 4, 5) were assessed using ASCA models determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements on yerba mate leaf extracts. This analysis considered two-factor effects: secondary sexual dimorphism (male and female plants) and cultivation systems (monoculture and agroforestry), as well as their interaction effect. The three binary solvents were found to be more efficient extractor systems for all four detectors as they found 83 main and interaction effects significant at or above the 95% confidence level compared with only 47 for the pure solvent extracts. Binary solvent extracts resulted in averages between 44.04 and 86.61% for the ASCA total effect variances compared with 40.62 to 71.07% for pure extractors. Of the 60 significant effects found for experiments with 5 repetitions 53 or 88% were obtained with only triplicate determinations. The choice of spectroscopic technique and solvent system have large impacts on metabolomic analysis results. ANOVAsimultaneous ANOVA simultaneous (ASCA ethanol dichloromethane 11 1 1: 111 1:1: n 3 4 Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) nearinfrared near NIR, NIR (NIR) UVVis UV Vis twofactor two factor male plants monoculture agroforestry, agroforestry agroforestry) 8 95 4404 44 04 44.0 8661 86 61 86.61 4062 40 62 40.6 7107 71 07 71.07 extractors 6 88 determinations results (FTIR (NIR 9 440 0 44. 866 86.6 406 40. 710 7 71.0 86. 71.

ABSTRACT: Wood is an organic material and its energetic and physical properties are related to its chemical and anatomical constituents. This study evaluated the influence of the chemical constituents on the energetic and physical properties of Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorumdubium(Spreng.) Taub.,Eucalyptus grandisW. Hill × Eucalyptus urophyllaS.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell.) Blake an agroforestry system. Five trees of each species aged 9 years were sampled. Samples were collected at a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 1.30 m above the ground and were used to analyze the chemical, energetic, and physical properties of the wood. Chemical properties influence the energetic and physical properties of wood. We reported that the higher the lignin content in the wood, the greater the correlation with the fixed carbon content (0.76) and gross calorific value (0.65). High values of fixed carbon content increased the basic density of the wood (0.80). In contrast, the lower the lignin content in the wood, the greater the correlation with the extractive content (-0.76) and volatile material content (-0.74), and the higher the volatile material content, the lower the fixed carbon content (-0.98) and gross calorific value (-0.74). ABSTRACT ParapiptadeniarigidaBenth. ParapiptadeniarigidaBenth Parapiptadeniarigida Benth. Benth Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth. Brenan PeltophorumdubiumSpreng. PeltophorumdubiumSpreng Peltophorumdubium Spreng. Spreng Peltophorumdubium(Spreng. TaubEucalyptus Taub grandisW urophyllaST urophyllaS T urophyllaS.T hybrid, hybrid , (hybrid) SchizolobiumparahybaVell. SchizolobiumparahybaVell Schizolobiumparahyba Vell. Vell Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell. system sampled DBH (DBH 130 1 30 1.3 0.76 076 0 76 (0.76 0.65. 065 0.65 . 65 (0.65) 0.80. 080 0.80 80 (0.80) contrast (-0.76 0.74, 074 0.74 74 (-0.74) 0.98 098 98 (-0.98 0.74. Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth Peltophorumdubium(Spreng (hybrid Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell 13 3 1. 0.7 07 7 (0.7 06 0.6 6 (0.65 08 0.8 8 (0.80 (-0.7 (-0.74 0.9 09 (-0.9 0. (0. (0.6 (0.8 (-0. (0 (-0 ( (-

RESUMO: A madeira é um material orgânico e as suas propriedades energéticas e físicas estão relacionadas com os seus constituintes químicos e anatômicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos constituintes químicos nas propriedades energéticas e física da madeira de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (híbrido) e Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, provenientes de um sistema agroflorestal. Foram amostradas cinco árvores de cada espécie, com a idade de nove anos. Sendo coletadas amostras do diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) à 1,30 m do solo, que foram utilizadas para análise das propriedades químicas, energéticas e física da madeira. As propriedades químicas influenciam nas propriedades energéticas e física da madeira. Quanto maior o teor de lignina na madeira maior será a correlação com o teor de carbono fixo (0,76) e de poder calorífico superior (0,65), assim como, elevados valores de teor de carbono fixo aumentam a massa específica básica da madeira (0,80). Em contrapartida, quanto menor o teor de lignina na madeira maior será a correlação com o teor de extrativos (-0,76) e teor de materiais voláteis (-0,74), sendo que, maiores valores de teor de materiais voláteis reduzem o teor de carbono fixo (-0,98) e o poder calorífico superior (-0,74) da madeira. RESUMO anatômicos Benth. Benth (Benth. Brenan Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub Taub. W ST S T S.T híbrido (híbrido Vell. Vell (Vell. agroflorestal espécie anos DAP (DAP 130 1 30 1,3 solo 0,76 076 0 76 (0,76 0,65, 065 0,65 , 65 (0,65) 0,80. 080 0,80 . 80 (0,80) contrapartida (-0,76 0,74, 074 0,74 74 0,98 098 98 (-0,98 (-0,74 (Benth (Spreng (Vell 13 3 1, 0,7 07 7 (0,7 06 0,6 6 (0,65 08 0,8 8 (0,80 (-0,7 0,9 09 9 (-0,9 0, (0, (0,6 (0,8 (-0, (0 (-0 ( (-

Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

Abstract Introduction. Canavalia ensiformis, widely used as green manure, has proven benefits from mycorrhizal inoculation. The effectiveness of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants used in Cuba depend on the edaphic condition in which the crop develops, however there are no experimental results on eutric chromic cambisol soils from Jibacoa. Objective. Evaluate in this soil the response of canavalia to the application of 3 mycorrhizal inoculants. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the Jibacoa Agro-Forestry Experimental Station, Villa Clara province, Cuba. In a completely randomized design, 3 inoculants formulated with the strains INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense and INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis and a control without inoculation were studied. At the time that the canavalia flowered, the following were evaluated: the number of effective nodules; the height; the dry mass of the root, stem, leaves, total and the efficiency index was determined. Results. Canavalia presented a positive and differentiated response to mycorrhizal inoculation. The inoculation with INCAM-2 significantly increased the number of effective nodules (21.9%) with values higher than the control treatment and the inoculation with INCAM-4, it also caused the greatest height with increases of 66.1%, higher (p<0.05) to those found with the other inoculants. INCAM-2 always caused higher values of dry mass (p<0.01) in any of the organs and total in relation to the control treatment, however, they did not differ (p<0.01) from those obtained with the other inoculants, which did not always differ from the control treatment. The response based on total dry mass was ordered as follows: INCAM-2 with 71.90% > INCAM-11 with 50.17% > INCAM-4 with 38.29%. Conclusions. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation in the eutric chromic cambisol soil with increases in its nodulation, growth and dry mass production. The INCAM-2 inoculant was always the most effective.

Resumen Introducción. Canavalia ensiformis ampliamente utilizada como abono verde, presenta beneficios comprobados por la inoculación micorrízica. La efectividad de los inoculantes micorrízicos arbusculares utilizados en Cuba dependen de la condición edáfica en que se desarrolla el cultivo; sin embargo, hay pocos resultados experimentales en suelos Cambisol éutrico crómico de Jibacoa. Objetivo. Evaluar en este suelo la respuesta de la canavalia a la aplicación de 3 inoculantes micorrizicos. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal de Jibacoa, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño completamente aleatorizado se estudiaron 3 inoculantes formulados con las cepas INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense e INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis y un control sin inocular. En el momento que floreció la canavalia se evaluó: la cantidad de nódulos efectivos; la altura; la masa seca de la raíz, del tallo, de las hojas, la total y se determinó el índice de eficiencia. Resultados. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva y diferenciada a la inoculación micorrízica. La inoculación con INCAM-2 incrementó significativamente la cantidad de nódulos efectivos (21,9%) con valores superiores al tratamiento control y a la inoculación con INCAM-4, además originó la mayor altura con aumentos del 66,1%, superiores (p<0,05) a las encontradas con los otros inoculantes. INCAM-2 siempre provocó valores superiores de masa seca (p<0,01) en cualquiera de los órganos y la total en relación con el tratamiento control, no obstante, no se diferenciaron (p<0,01) a los obtenidos con los otros inoculantes, los cuales no siempre se diferenciaron del tratamiento control. La respuesta se ordenó de acuerdo con la masa seca total como sigue: INCAM-2 con 71,90% > INCAM-11 con 50,17% > INCAM-4 con 38,29%. Conclusiones. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva a la inoculación micorrízica en el suelo Cambisol éutrico crómico con incrementos en su nodulación, crecimiento y producción de masa seca. El inoculante INCAM-2 siempre resultó el más efectivo.

ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

RESUMEN Para generar una correcta y justa ordenación de cuencas hidrográficas deben integrarse diferentes perspectivas y análisis, con visión multidisciplinaria y un enfoque de sistemas. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es proponer un ordenamiento de las áreas en la microcuenca Santa Rita, a partir del uso de los suelos, para su protección y manejo sostenible, y la concientización de los habitantes de la zona a preservar los recursos de este ecosistema. Se confeccionó un mapa en un SIG con la propuesta para ordenar el uso de suelos, donde se determinó que existían 25 parcelas, con 52,91 ha en conflicto de uso, 14 de ellas con sobre explotación, y 11 sub utilizadas. Para ordenar estos conflictos se definió que: 25,45 ha serán destinadas a sistemas agroforestales; 14,12 ha a bosques de frutales, 2,01 ha a cultivos temporales, 6,76 ha a cultivo de café, y 4,57 ha a bosque de protección de las cuencas de captación. Se mejora la fuente de empleo, las áreas para la producción de alimentos, y se incrementa la superficie boscosa y la biodiversidad de este ecosistema.

RESUMO Para gerar uma gestão correta e justa das bacias hidrográficas é necessário integrar diferentes perspectivas e análises, com uma visão multidisciplinar e uma abordagem sistêmica. O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho é propor uma organização das áreas da microbacia Santa Rita, baseada no uso do solo, para sua proteção e manejo sustentável, e na conscientização dos moradores da área para preservar os recursos. deste ecossistema. Foi feito um mapa em SIG com a proposta de organização do uso da terra, onde foi determinado que havia 25 lotes, com 52,91 hectares em conflito de uso, sendo 14 deles com superexploração e 11 subutilizados. Para organizar esses conflitos, foi definido que: 25,45 hectares serão destinados a sistemas agroflorestais; 14,12 ha para florestas frutíferas, 2,01 ha para culturas temporárias, 6,76 ha para cultivo de café e 4,57 ha para florestas de proteção de bacias hidrográficas. Aumentam a fonte de emprego, as áreas para produção de alimentos e a área florestal e a biodiversidade deste ecossistema.

ABSTRACT To generate correct and fair management of hydrographic basins, different perspectives and analyzes must be integrated, with a multidisciplinary vision and a systems approach. The fundamental objective of this work is to propose an organization of the areas in the Santa Rita micro-basin, based on the use of the soil, for its protection and sustainable management, and the awareness of the inhabitants of the area to preserve the resources of this ecosystem. A map was made in a GIS with the proposal to organize the use of land, where it was determined that there were 25 plots, with 52.91 hectares in conflict of use, 14 of them with overexploitation, and 11 underused. To organize these conflicts, it was defined that: 25.45 hectares will be allocated to agroforestry systems; 14.12 ha to fruit forests, 2.01 ha to temporary crops, 6.76 ha to coffee cultivation, and 4.57 ha to catchment basin protection forest. The source of employment, areas for food production, and the forested area and biodiversity of this ecosystem are increased.

RESUMEN La modelación del tiempo y el clima a escala local en las montañas han sido relevantes para el estudio de los ecosistemas agroforestales y su evolución futura. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo integrar un conjunto de datos espaciales de alta resolución al modelo numérico de predicción e investigación meteorológica WRF, adecuado para el análisis meteorológico y del clima local en las montañas de Cuba. En el trabajo, se definió como datos espaciales prioritarios los referidos al relieve, la máscara de tierra como interface océano-suelo, el tipo de cobertura y tipo de suelo. Se seleccionaron las bases de datos espaciales de alta resolución nacionales o globales de mejor calidad y más adecuadas a las características del modelo. Las bases de datos integradas al WRF tuvieron resolución espacial entre 0,95 y 0,03 km aproximadamente en el Ecuador. El incremento y actualización de los datos espaciales robustecieron la capacidad del modelo para el análisis de los factores geográficos formadores del clima local, propiciando mejor desempeño en las montañas. Los resultados de la investigación pudieran contribuir a la vigilancia y pronóstico meteorológico y climático a escala local para las montañas de Cuba. De igual manera, beneficiarían los estudios y gestión de riesgos asociados a incendios forestales, eventos hidrometeorológicos severos, la variabilidad climática, el cambio climático, y otros peligros relacionados con el sistema climático que han afectado los ecosistemas agroforestales cubanos.

RESUMO A modelagem do tempo e do clima em escala local nas montanhas tem sido relevante para o estudo dos ecossistemas agroflorestais e sua evolução futura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi integrar um conjunto de dados espaciais de alta resolução ao modelo numérico de pesquisa e previsão do tempo WRF, adequado para a análise do tempo e do clima local nas montanhas de Cuba. No trabalho, os dados espaciais prioritários foram definidos como aqueles referentes ao relevo, à máscara de terra como uma interface oceano-solo, ao tipo de cobertura e ao tipo de solo. Foram selecionados os bancos de dados espaciais nacionais ou globais de alta resolução da mais alta qualidade e mais adequados às características do modelo. Os bancos de dados integrados ao WRF tinham resolução espacial entre 0,95 e 0,03 km aproximadamente no equador. Os dados espaciais ampliados e atualizados fortaleceram a capacidade do modelo de analisar os fatores geográficos que moldam o clima local, levando a um melhor desempenho nas montanhas. Os resultados da pesquisa podem contribuir para o monitoramento e a previsão do tempo e do clima em escala local nas montanhas de Cuba. Eles também beneficiariam estudos e gerenciamento de riscos associados a incêndios florestais, eventos hidrometeorológicos graves, variabilidade climática, mudanças climáticas e outros perigos relacionados ao sistema climático que afetaram os ecossistemas agroflorestais cubanos.

ABSTRACT Local-scale weather and climate modeling in mountains has been relevant for the study of agroforestry ecosystems and their future evolution. The study aimed to integrate a set of high-resolution spatial data to the WRF numerical meteorological prediction and research model, suitable for meteorological and local climate analysis in the mountains of Cuba. In the study, priority spatial data were defined as those referring to the relief, the land mask as the ocean-soil interface, the type of cover and type of soil. The national or global high-resolution spatial databases of the best quality and most appropriate to the characteristics of the model were selected. The databases integrated into the WRF had spatial resolution between approximately 0.95 and 0.03 km in Ecuador. The increase and updating of spatial data strengthened the model's capacity for the analysis of the geographic factors that shape the local climate, promoting better performance in the mountains. The research results could contribute to meteorological and climate monitoring and forecasting at a local scale for the mountains of Cuba. Likewise, studies and risk management associated with forest fires, severe hydrometeorological events, climate variability, climate change, and other dangers related to the climate system that have affected Cuban agroforestry ecosystems would benefit.

Abstract Background: Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Mexico are diverse and contribute to the conservation of vegetation and also to the well-being of rural communities. However, the Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the Tropical Deciduous Forest, have been poorly documented, particularly those of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico. Questions: What are the Traditional Agroforestry Systems present in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve?; what agricultural and forestry elements are characteristic of each one of them?; what socio-ecological benefits do they provide to communities?; how do they contribute to the conservation of Tropical Dry Forest in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico? Studied species: Several of Tropical Deciduous Forest. Study site and dates: Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2014-2022. Methods: Literature review, ethnobotanical hikes and semi-structured interviews. With this information, a classification was made based on the number of species present, management strategies and agroforestry practices. Results: Six Traditional Agroforestry Systems were documented (Homegardens, Milpas, Agrosilvopastoral Systems, Pitayeras, Bursera Agroforestry System, and Tlacololes). In these, 514 species of plants are managed, which contribute to satisfying the diverse needs of the communities and provide several environmental benefits. Conclusions: Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the south region of Morelos, contribute to the conservation of the Tropical Deciduous Forest and help to maintain biocultural diversity in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales en México son diversos y constribuyen a la conservación de la vegetación y también al bienestar de las personas de comunidades rurales. Sin embargo los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales del Bosque Tropical han sido poco documentados, particularmente los de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales presentes en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla?; ¿qué elementos agrícolas y forestales son característicos de cada uno de ellos?; ¿qué beneficios socioecológicos proveen a las comunidades?; ¿cómo contribuyen a la conservación del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla? Especies de estudio: Varias del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio Sitio y año de estudio: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2021-2022. Métodos: Revisión de literatura, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Con esta información se realizó una clasificación en función del número de especies presentes, estrategias de manejo y prácticas agroforestales. Resultados: Se documentaron seis Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales (Huertos, Milpas, Sistemas Agrosilvopastoriles, Pitayeras, Sistema Agroforestal de Burseras y Tlacololes). En éstos se manejan 514 especies de plantas, las cuales contribuyen a satisfacer diversas necesidades de las comunidades y proveen diversos beneficios ambientales. Conclusiones: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales contribuyen a la conservación del BTC y ayudan a mantener la diversidad biocultural en la REBIOSH.

Abstract Coffee cultivation has strong social and historical-cultural roots in the mountainous area of the state of Veracruz. Its ancestral cultivation was carried out in agroforestry systems, the original pattern of which has been modified. The association of coffee with cash crops is conceived as an option to address its low profitability. Therefore, the objective was to compare the level of sustainability of traditional polyculture coffee versus commercial polyculture coffee in three communities in Chocamán, Veracruz during 2021. A survey and a sampling were carried out to estimate plant and soil biodiversity; a physical-chemical analysis of the soil was also performed. Regarding the environmental aspect, organic matter had a higher percentage in commercial polyculture coffee. In the economic dimension, commercial polyculture coffee was 50% more profitable compared to traditional polyculture coffee. On the social side, there were differences in schooling, age of producers, off-farm activities, level of organization and type of agriculture. It was concluded that commercial polyculture coffee had better economic indicators, while traditional polyculture coffee achieved better environmental and social indicators.

Resumen El cultivo del café tiene un fuerte arraigo social e histórico-cultural en la zona montañosa del estado de Veracruz. Su cultivo ancestral se realizaba en sistemas agroforestales, cuyo patrón original se ha modificando. La asociación de café con cultivos comerciales se concibe como una opción para afrontar su baja rentabilidad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar el nivel de sustentabilidad de café policultivo tradicional, contra café policultivo comercial, en tres comunidades de Chocamán, Veracruz durante 2021. Se realizaron encuesta y muestreo para estimar biodiversidad vegetal, edáfica y análisis físico-químico del suelo. En lo ambiental, la materia orgánica tuvo mayor porcentaje en el café policultivo comercial. En la dimensión económica, el café policultivo comercial fue 50% más rentable respecto al café policultivo tradicional. En la parte social, hubo diferencias en escolaridad, edad de los productores, actividad extrafinca, nivel de organización y tipo de agricultura. Se concluyó que el café policultivo comercial tuvo mejores indicadores económicos, mientras que el café policultivo tradicional alcanzó mejores indicadores ambientales y sociales.

RESUMEN La valoración económica de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos es una herramienta necesaria para los gobiernos en la cuantificación de la madre naturaleza, lo que contribuye a direccionar las diferentes actividades económicas. Por tal motivo, se propone como objetivo de la investigación el diagnostico de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos en la comunidad La Melba y su valoración económica. Se aplica la técnica de entrevistas no estandarizadas a especialistas que investigan sobre el medio ambiente, forestales, microbiólogos, biólogos e hidráulicos para la identificación de los diferentes bienes y servicios que brinda el ecosistema en el Sector La Melba; el método de transferencia de beneficios (MTB) el que permite referenciar los estudios realizados por el Instituto de Investigación de la Agro-Forestal de La Habana en suelos forestales con características similares al Sector La Melba y el método de valoración basado en precios de mercado. Lo expuesto posibilita a los directivos del gobierno local y a la comunidad La Melba conocer los bienes y servicios que brinda el ecosistema y su valor económico total de aproximadamente $ 121 432 99 784,2696, permite además perfeccionar la toma de decisiones encaminada a la protección y conservación del ecosistema.

ABSTRACT The economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services is a necessary tool for governments in quantifying Mother Nature, which contributes to directing different economic activities. For this reason, the objective of the article is the diagnosis of ecosystem goods and services in the La Melba community and their economic valuation. The non-standardized interview technique is applied to specialists who investigate the environment, forestry, microbiologists, biologists and hydraulics for the identification of the different goods and services provided by the ecosystem in the La Melba Sector; the benefit transfer method (MTB), which allows reference to the studies carried out by the Agro-Forestry Research Institute of Havana on forest soils with similar characteristics to the La Melba Sector, and the valuation method based on market prices. The above enables local government managers and the La Melba community to know the goods and services provided by the ecosystem and their total economic value of approximately $121 432 99 784, 2696, and also allows them to improve decision-making aimed at the protection and ecosystem conservation.

Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of some variables that influence the adoption of integrated production systems, especially the Agroforestry Systems (SAFs), into the Brazilian farms. In order to achieve this purpose, an aggregated panel data at the municipal level and spatial econometric models are used. Dataset were collected from Brazil´s Agricultural Censuses for the years 2006 and 2017. Results from the SARAR model indicate that the size of the cattle herd in each municipality is negatively linked with the adoption of SAFs. On the other hand, SAFs adoption is positively linked with the increase of rural credit loans, the association of the farmers into cooperatives or class entities, the greater presence of farms focused on forestry economic activity, the greater presence of farmers older than 45 years, the greater presence of areas with degraded pastures, greater presence of farmers with stable land tenure and the greater frequency of farms that adopted good agricultural practices. Additionally, there were greater direct effects than the indirect ones in the spatial spillovers (among municipalities) of the aforementioned explanatory variables. Abstract systems SAFs, , (SAFs) purpose used Brazils Brazil s 200 2017 hand loans entities activity 4 pastures practices Additionally among municipalities (SAFs 20 201 2

Resumo: O presente artigo avalia a importância de algumas variáveis que influenciam a adoção de sistemas integrados de produção, em especial, os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs), nos estabelecimentos agropecuários brasileiros. Com esse intento, utilizam-se dados em painéis agregados a nível de municípios e modelos da econometria espacial. Os dados são provenientes dos censos agropecuários referentes aos anos de 2006 e 2017. Os resultados do modelo SARAR apontam que a dimensão do rebanho bovino em um município associa-se negativamente com a adoção dos SAFs. De outro lado, ajuntam-se positivamente, com a adoção dos SAFs, a concessão do crédito rural, a associação do produtor à cooperativa ou entidade de classe, a maior presença de estabelecimentos direcionados à atividade econômica florestal, a maior ocorrência de produtor com idade de 45 anos em diante, maiores presenças de áreas com pastagens degradadas e de produtor com posse estável da terra, bem como maior frequência de estabelecimentos com adoção de boas práticas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, constataram-se maiores efeitos diretos do que os indiretos nos transbordamentos espaciais (entre municípios) das variáveis explicativas supracitadas. Resumo produção especial SAFs , (SAFs) brasileiros intento utilizamse utilizam se espacial 200 2017 associase associa lado ajuntamse ajuntam positivamente rural classe florestal 4 diante terra agrícolas Adicionalmente constataramse constataram entre supracitadas (SAFs 20 201 2

ABSTRACT Agroecological management is considered a model of sustainable agriculture that offers social, environmental and economic benefits. The hypotheses of this study were that agroecological production systems can promote changes in the physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) associated with aggregates of different origins, and that the greater diversity of plant species in the production system may favour an increase in the carbon concentration of these aggregates. The aim of this study was to a) determine the mass of the free light fraction (FLF), intra-aggregate light fraction (ILF) and light organic matter fraction (LOM) of biogenic and physiogenic soil aggregates; and b) quantify the organic carbon content of the three light SOM fractions and the residual particulate SOM fraction. Five production systems were evaluated: AgF - Agroforestry system; CSun - Coffee grown in full sun; CSha - Coffee grown in shade; FLE - Flemingia grown in alleys; and NT - No-tillage. The aggregates were separated, identified and classified according to their origin or formation pathway into biogenic (formed by biological processes) or physiogenic aggregates (resulting from chemical and physical actions). From these, the mass and carbon content of the FLF, ILF, LOM and residual particulate fractions were quantified. The greater diversity of plant species found in the AgF system has not yet favoured an increase in the carbon content of the aggregates. The longer set-up time and the management practices of the CSun system has led to an increase in the carbon content of the organic fractions of the aggregates (3.44-1.63 g kg-1 for C-LOM; 1.93-1.13 g kg-1 for C-FLF). The lowest overall mean values for LOM and ILF were found mainly in the aggregates of the NT system (1.22-1.67 and 1.55-2.20 g kg-1, respectively), being associated with the shorter time and greater mobilisation of the arable layer. Biogenic aggregation afforded the highest overall mean values for LOM, and increased the mass of the light fractions (15.5%-27.8% for FLF; 23.4%-8.0% for ILF) and the carbon in the C-LOM, C-FLF and residual particulate fractions (42.3%, 12.9%, and 35.0%, respectively) in the surface layer, suggesting an improvement in soil quality. social benefits (SOM origins FLF , (FLF) intraaggregate intra aggregate (ILF (LOM b evaluated sun shade alleys Notillage. Notillage No tillage. tillage No-tillage separated formed processes resulting actions. actions . actions) quantified setup set up 3.441.63 344163 3.44 1.63 3 44 1 63 (3.44-1.6 kg1 kg kg- CLOM C C-LOM 1.931.13 193113 1.93 1.13 93 13 1.93-1.1 CFLF. CFLF C-FLF) 1.221.67 122167 1.22 1.67 22 67 (1.22-1.6 1.552.20 155220 1.55 2.20 55 2 20 1.55-2.2 kg1, 1, respectively, respectively layer 15.5%27.8% 155278 15.5% 27.8% 15 5 27 8 (15.5%-27.8 23.4%8.0% 23480 23.4% 8.0% 23 4 0 23.4%-8.0 CLOM, 42.3%, 423 42 (42.3% 129 12 9 12.9% 350 35 35.0% quality (FLF 441 3.441.6 34416 344 3.4 163 1.6 6 (3.44-1. 931 1.931.1 19311 193 1.9 113 1.1 1.93-1. 221 1.221.6 12216 122 1.2 167 (1.22-1. 552 1.552.2 15522 155 1.5 220 2.2 1.55-2. 15.5%27.8 15527 15.5 278 27.8 (15.5%-27. 23.4%8.0 2348 234 23.4 80 8.0 23.4%-8. 42.3% (42.3 12.9 35.0 3.441. 3441 34 3. 16 1. (3.44-1 1.931. 1931 19 11 1.93-1 1.221. 1221 (1.22-1 1.552. 1552 2. 1.55-2 15.5%27. 15. 27. (15.5%-27 23.4%8. 23. 8. 23.4%-8 42.3 (42. 12. 35. 3.441 (3.44- 1.931 1.93- 1.221 (1.22- 1.552 1.55- 15.5%27 (15.5%-2 23.4%8 23.4%- 42. (42 (3.44 (1.22 15.5%2 (15.5%- (4 (3.4 (1.2 (15.5% ( (3. (1. (15.5 (3 (1 (15. (15

ABSTRACT The coffee sector is estimated to have a retail market value in excess of USD 83 billion, and over 125 million jobs have been created in the global coffee chain. The coffee specialty market has recently increased significantly, generating opportunities to certify coffee beans produced by sustainable practices. This avoids practices potentially harmful to the environment. Agroforestry, organic farming, intercropping, and soil conservation strategies are examples of sustainable alternatives in the production of coffee. In this review, we focus on practices for the sustainable management of coffee plantations that can help farmers fight problems caused by global warming. More specifically, we address soil organic matter and microbiota, the use of Urochloa grass as intercrop in coffee plantations, shading systems (including agroforestry), and organic coffee production. We concluded that from the agronomic viewpoint, we already have production techniques that can replace traditional ones with significant advantages accruing to the quality of coffee orchard ecosystems. Nevertheless, we need scientific research efforts to deal with the existing gaps and the engagement of the whole coffee chain as a means of guaranteeing an adequate profit to those smallholders who adopt and maintain sustainable practice and are capable of bringing several positive changes to the coffee crop, including the use of microbia-based commercial products and new organic sources of nutrients to complement chemical fertilizers and improve coffee quality. 8 billion 12 significantly environment Agroforestry farming intercropping review warming specifically microbiota agroforestry, agroforestry , agroforestry) viewpoint ecosystems Nevertheless crop microbiabased microbia based 1

ABSTRACT Shade-tolerant soybean genotypes will allow their greater adoption for use in agroforestry or intercropped systems in tropical and subtropical regions. These genotypes can be obtained from the selection of existing superior genotypes or through breeding programs. This study, was verified such genetic variability and select those genotypes with cultivation potential at reduced levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Morphophysiological and yield characteristics of 16 soybean genotypes were evaluated in two experiments conducted in a controlled environment and laid in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic parameters, correlations and genetic diversity were estimated and path analysis was performed. The soybean cultivars used showed genetic variability with a high variation index and heritability, which is advantageous for the selection of superior cultivars. Leaf area showed genotypic correlation and had a direct effect on seed weight per plant, regardless of shading. Additionally, the number of pods, hypocotyl diameter, and leaf area, all indirectly contributed to seed weight per plant regardless of shading. Seven genotypes (NS7780, NS8338, NS7667, NS7901, RK8115, CZ37B43 and 8579RSF) were selected based on genetic gain obtained by the Mulamba and Mock index at the two levels of PAR reduction tested. Furthermore, five of these genotypes (CZ37B43, RK8115, NS7901, NS8338 and 8579RSF) were identified by the Unweighted Pair-Group method Arithmetic Mean, as suitable either as a shaded crop or, as parental materials in breeding programs. Shadetolerant Shade tolerant regions programs study PAR. . (PAR) 1 replications parameters performed heritability shading Additionally pods diameter NS7780, NS7780 NS (NS7780 NS7667 NS7901 RK8115 RK CZB CZ B CZ37B4 8579RSF RSF tested Furthermore CZ37B43, (CZ37B43 NS833 PairGroup Pair Group Mean (PAR NS778 (NS778 NS766 NS790 RK811 CZ37B (CZ37B4 NS83 NS77 (NS77 NS76 NS79 RK81 (CZ37B NS8 NS7 (NS7 RK8 (NS

ABSTRACT Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) is a legume that has been used in agroforestry systems, for animal feed and contribution to soil fertility. During the cultivation of the crop, it is necessary to carry out weed management, as these can interfere with the growth and development of gliricidia, and it is essential to know the competitive ability of the crop with weeds. In view of the above, the objective was to evaluate the competitiveness of gliricidia coexisting with the weeds Senna obtusifolia(sicklepod), Commelina benghalensis(benghal dayflower), Bidens subalternans(beggarticks), Ipomoea triloba(morning glory) and Urochloa brizantha(signalgrass). The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot containing a gliricidia seedling in coexistence with three weeds of each species, in addition to the monoculture of the six species, as a comparison standard. The initial growth of gliricidia seedlings and weeds was evaluated through stem diameter, plant height, counting the number of leaves; root volume; and dry matter of leaves, stem and root. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p<0.05) and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey test. The competition of gliricidia with weeds resulted in a reduction in the increment of all analyzed variables. The results obtained showed that all weeds, with the exception of C. benghalensis, interfered negatively in the growth of the tree species. Jacq (Jacq Walp systems fertility management above obtusifoliasicklepod, obtusifoliasicklepod obtusifolia sicklepod , obtusifolia(sicklepod) benghalensisbenghal benghalensis benghal dayflower, dayflower dayflower) subalternansbeggarticks, subalternansbeggarticks subalternans beggarticks subalternans(beggarticks) trilobamorning triloba morning glory brizanthasignalgrass. brizanthasignalgrass brizantha signalgrass . brizantha(signalgrass) greenhouse design replications species standard diameter height leaves volume p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 significant test variables C obtusifolia(sicklepod subalternans(beggarticks brizantha(signalgrass p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

RESUMO A gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium(Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) é uma leguminosa que vem sendo utilizada em sistemas agroflorestais, visando alimentação animal e contribuição na fertilidade do solo. Durante o seu cultivo é necessária a realização do manejo de plantas daninhas, pois essas podem interferir no crescimento e no desenvolvimento da gliricídia, sendo fundamental conhecer a habilidade competitiva da cultura com as plantas daninhas. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a competitividade da gliricídia convivendo com as plantas daninhas Senna obtusifolia(fedegoso), Commelina benghalensis (trapoeraba), Bidens subalternans (picão-preto), Ipomoea triloba(corda-de-viola) e Urochloa brizantha(braquiária). O experimento foi montado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso contendo uma muda de gliricídia em convivência com três plantas daninhas de cada espécie, e o monocultivo das seis espécies, como padrão de comparação. Foi avaliado o crescimento inicial das mudas de gliricídia e das plantas daninhas através do diâmetro do caule, altura da planta e contagem do número de folhas; volume de raiz; massa da matéria seca das folhas, do caule e da raiz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p<0,05) e quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A competição da gliricídia com as plantas daninhas resultou na redução de todas as variáveis analisadas. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que todas as plantas daninhas, com exceção de C. benghalensis, interferiram negativamente no crescimento da espécie arbórea. Gliricidia sepiumJacq sepium Jacq sepium(Jacq Walp agroflorestais solo exposto obtusifoliafedegoso, obtusifoliafedegoso obtusifolia fedegoso , obtusifolia(fedegoso) trapoeraba, trapoeraba (trapoeraba) picãopreto, picãopreto picão preto (picão-preto) trilobacordadeviola triloba corda viola triloba(corda-de-viola brizanthabraquiária. brizanthabraquiária brizantha braquiária . brizantha(braquiária) vegetação casualizado repetições espécies comparação folhas raiz p<0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0,05 significativas Tukey analisadas C arbórea obtusifolia(fedegoso (trapoeraba (picão-preto brizantha(braquiária p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p<0, p0 (p<0, p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p