RESUMO: Em geral, alelopatia pode ser definido como o processo biológico no qual um organismo produz metabolitos que alteram a germinação, o crescimento, a sobrevivência e a reprodução de outros organismos, influenciando a estabilidade de agroecossistemas. O colesterol, o mais abundante esterol isolado da alga vermelha marinha Plocamium brasiliense, foi estudado quanto ao seu potencial efeito inibitório na germinação de sementes, alongamento das radículas e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo das ervas daninhas Mimosa pudica (malicia) e Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Colesterol foi isolado do extrato em Hexano por métodos cromatográficos. Durante 15 dias, os bioensaios de germinação foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas, enquanto os bioensaio de alongamento da radícula e do hipocótilo foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 24 horas. Posteriormente, placas de Petri de 9,0 cm de diâmetro foram revestidas de papelfiltro, e 25 sementes foram mantidas em câmaras de germinação, enquanto seis sementes pré-germinadas foram postas em placas de Petri por 2-3 dias. Após dez dias, a extensão da radícula e do hipocótilo foi medida. O potencial inibitório do colesterol foi avaliado a 5, 10, 15 e 20 ppm. Em ambas as ervas M. pudica e S. obtusifolia, foram afetadas significativamente pela ação do cholesterol alcançando maiores percentuais de inibição na germinação das sementes (50% e 33%, respectivamente), alongamento da radícula (68% e 60%, respectivamente) e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo (66% e 55%, respectivamente). Os efeitos inibitórios foram dose-dependentes em todos os experimentos, tendo efeitos alelopaticos mais acentuados a 20 ppm. RESUMO geral crescimento organismos agroecossistemas brasiliense malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) cromatográficos 1 dias 2 horas Posteriormente 90 9 0 9, papelfiltro prégerminadas pré germinadas 23 3 2- medida 5 10 ppm M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectivamente, respectivamente , 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectivamente. dosedependentes dose dependentes experimentos (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT: In general, allelopathy can be defined as a biological process by which an organism produces one or more metabolites that can change the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms, and thus influencing the stability of agroecosystems. Cholesterol is a very abundant sterol isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium brasiliense that has been studied regarding its potential inhibitory effects on seed germination, radicle elongation, and hypocotyl development of the weeds Mimosa pudica (malicia) and Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Cholesterol was isolated from a hexane extract by chromatographic methods. Over a 15-day period, germination bioassays were performed at 25 ºC with a 12-h photoperiod. Radicle elongation and hypocotyl development were assayed at 25 ºC with a 24-h photoperiod. Later, Petri dishes 9.0 cm in diameter were coated with filter paper, and 25 seeds were placed in a germination chamber. Six pre-germinated seeds were placed in the Petri dish for 2-3 days. After 10 days, radicle and hypocotyl extensions were measured, and the inhibitory potential of cholesterol was assessed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. In both herbs, M. pudica and S. obtusifolia, they were significantly affected by the action of cholesterol, achieving higher percentages of inhibition in seed germination (50% and 33%, respectively), radical germination (68% and 60%, respectively), and hypocotyl development (66% and 55%, respectively). The inhibition effects were dose-dependent in all experiments, having more pronounced allelopathic effects at 20ppm. ABSTRACT general growth survival organisms agroecosystems malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) methods 15day day 15 period 2 12h h 12 photoperiod 24h 24 Later 90 9 0 9. paper chamber pregerminated pre germinated 23 3 2- days 1 measured 5 ppm herbs M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectively, respectively , respectively) 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectively. dosedependent dose dependent experiments 20ppm (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT Traditional agroecosystems (TA) are considered more resilient to climatic extremes due to higher crop diversity and agroecological approach. The TA of Tének were studied to evaluate their drought tolerance. Open-ended questionnaire surveys, field visits, and botanical collections, with the participation of local farmers, were considered. Cultivated plant diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), and the Morisita-Horn index (CMH) in ten different agroecosystems in April and August. Remote sensing methods included the triangular greenness index (TGI). Additionally, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) were determined, covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The cultivated plant richness (P > 0.5382) and their abundance (P > 0.3622) did not change from April to August considering the total analyzed parcels. However, differences between types of agroecosystems were observed because higher diversity corresponded to managed jungle (teʼlom) (Hʼ = 1.5-1.7), and some parcels cultivated with maize (milpa) (Hʼ = 1.02-1.54). Nevertheless, in August, lower similarity was observed in milpa (CMH = 0.23-0.87) due to the absence of maize (Zea mays L.) and other herbaceous annual crops. Landscape interconnection can be affirmed with TGI correlations obtained by comparison of different TA. The negative SPI values were associated with a decrease of NDVI, but Tének polyculture agroecosystems maintained higher NDVI values compared to rainfed monocropping during the analyzed period. Tének polyculture agroecosystems exhibited higher drought tolerance, although maize and other herbaceous plants are susceptible to disappearing during prolonged drought events, thereby increasing food insecurity.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Abstract Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and has altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Therefore, it is expected that conventional extensive livestock systems, as opposed to silvopastoral systems where environmental heterogeneity is favored, determine the activity of bats. Objective: To compare the activity patterns of bats in conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive cattle ranching associated with TDF in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with conventional and silvopastoral systems was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records for over 10 days in both livestock management systems were determined. Results: A total of 2 788 bats were captured, from six families, 22 genera, and 37 species. Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems (except for Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis and Glossophaga soricina), in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Likewise, the only nectarivorous species evaluated, G. soricina, also presented the lowest overlap value between the two types of management SC and SSP. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated with SPS, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats’ assemblage stability, especially flowers and fruits.

Resumen Introducción: La ganadería extensiva en áreas de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) ha causado la transformación de los ecosistemas naturales, y ha alterado la conducta de los organismos asociados, generando variación en los patrones de actividad. En murciélagos, el patrón conductual se ve afectado por la composición y estructura vegetal del ecosistema, y por la época climática (seca y lluviosa). Por lo que, se espera que en los sistemas convencionales de ganadería extensiva a diferencia de los silvopastoriles donde se favorece la heterogeneidad ambiental, determine la actividad de los murciélagos. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de actividad de los murciélagos en sistemas de manejo convencional (SC) y silvopastoril (SSP) de ganadería extensiva asociados al bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Se comparó el patrón de actividad de los murciélagos en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SC y SSP durante un ciclo anual. Se determinó el patrón de actividad diaria de 11 especies con registros mayores a 10 días en ambos sistemas de manejo de ganadería. Resultados: Un total de 2788 murciélagos fueron capturados, de seis familias, 22 géneros y 37 especies. Se registró mayor actividad de murciélagos durante la época de lluvias. Encontramos que a pesar de que los murciélagos presentan adaptación del comportamiento a los diferentes sistemas de manejo (excepto Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis y Glossophaga soricina), en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SSP se presenta mayor actividad de los murciélagos durante todo el año, con respecto a la actividad registrada en los SC. Igualmente, la única especie nectarívora evaluada, G. soricina, presentó también el menor valor de solapamiento entre los dos tipos de manejo SC y SSP. Conclusión: Los fragmentos de bs-T inmersos en SSP debido a la estructura del paisaje, podrían estar favoreciendo la oferta constante de recursos adecuados para la estabilidad del ensamblaje de murciélagos, en especial flores y frutos.

Abstract: There is evidence of the high use of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, in tropical crops, for its effectiveness in the control of soil and plant pests. The objective of this study was to know the residuality and concentration of thiamethoxam in the papaya agroecosystem, in the main papaya fruit producing zone in the central area of the Gulf of Mexico. It was carried out during a papaya growing cycle with watermelon rotation; the taking of samples was according to the technique established by the NOM -AA-103-1988 for leaves and for fruit the NMX -FF-041-1996 by the method of quartering in papaya and watermelon, the samples were analyzed with a HPLC-UV, the data obtained were statistically analyzed by parametric and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. The presence of thiamethoxam was found in papaya and watermelon cultivation plants, the concentrations in papaya leaves reported a maximum value of 0.29 mg/kg, while for the leaves of the watermelon rotation fruit it was 0.15 mg/kg. In papaya fruit, thiamethoxam concentrations are within a range of 0.24 to 0.32 mg/kg. The concentrations and residuality of thiamethoxam mainly exceed the maximum tolerance and residuality limits of the EFSA and FAO.

Resumen: Existe evidencia del alto uso del insecticida neonicotinoide thiamethoxam en los cultivos tropicales por su efectividad en el control de plagas del suelo y la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la residualidad y concentración del thiamethoxam en el agroecosistema de papaya en la principal zona productora de este fruto de la zona centro del Golfo de México. Este estudio se realizó durante un ciclo de cultivo de papaya con rotación de sandía; la toma de muestras se hizo según la técnica establecida por la NOM-AA-103-1988 para hojas y para fruta la NMX-FF-041-1996 mediante el método de cuarteo en papaya y sandia. Las muestras se analizaron con un equipo HPLC-UV, y los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas de Kruskal- Wallis. Se encontró la presencia de thiamethoxam en la planta del cultivo de papaya y sandía. Las concentraciones en hojas de papaya reportaron como valores más altos 0.29 mg/kg, mientras que para las hojas del fruto de rotación de la sandía fue de 0.15 mg/kg. En el fruto de papaya, las concentraciones de thiamethoxam estuvieron dentro de un rango de 0.24 a 0.32 mg/kg. Las concentraciones y residualidad del thiamethoxam superan principalmente los límites máximos de tolerancia y residualidad de la EFSA y la FAO.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to assess the impact of applying mountain microorganisms (MM) on coffee seedling production. Two nurseries (A and B) were used with weekly and bi-weekly treatment applications. Plant height, leaf and root lengths, and dry matter content (DM) were measured. Results showed that Nursery A, with weekly treatments, exhibited greater height and leaf length growth compared to Nursery B. In the initial measurement, Nursery A accumulated more leaf DM than Nursery B. However, over time, both nurseries experienced a decline in DM. Root length variability was observed in both nurseries throughout the measurements. Treatments with MM from forest and coffee systems in Nursery A showed higher leaf DM accumulation in the initial measurement. In conclusion, MM application, especially with higher frequency, promoted coffee seedling growth. The results emphasize the need for detailed analysis to understand optimal root development conditions. The decline in DM over time is a natural response to active growth, indicating increased nutritional requirements. These findings support MM-based strategies for sustainable coffee seedling production.

RESUMEN La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de microorganismos de montaña (MM) en la producción de plántulas de café. Se utilizaron dos viveros (A y B) con aplicaciones de tratamientos semanales y quincenales. Se midió la altura de las plantas, la longitud de las hojas y raíces, así como el contenido de materia seca (MS). Los resultados mostraron que el Vivero A, con tratamientos semanales, tuvo un mayor crecimiento en altura y longitud de hojas en comparación con el Vivero B. En la primera medición, el Vivero A acumuló más MS foliar que el Vivero B. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzaba el tiempo, ambos viveros experimentaron una disminución en el MS. En la longitud de las raíces, se observó variabilidad en ambos viveros a lo largo de las mediciones. Los tratamientos con MM de bosque y café en el Vivero A mostraron una mayor acumulación de MS foliar en la primera medición. En conclusión, la aplicación de MM, especialmente con mayor frecuencia, promovió el crecimiento de las plántulas de café. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de análisis detallados para comprender las condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo de raíces. La disminución del MS con el tiempo es una respuesta natural al crecimiento activo y por tanto el aumento del requerimiento nutricional de las plántulas. Estos resultados respaldan estrategias basadas en MM para una producción sostenible de plántulas de café.

Abstract Determining the diet of herbivores through the epidermal structures present in their excreta makes it possible to identify the plants consumed and estimate the variations at different times of the year. The objective of the study was to determine the botanical composition of the diet of the deer Central American Red Brocket (Mazama temama), in the Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, Mexico. The vegetation where the study was carried out is an evergreen tropical forest with the presence of induced vegetation. Sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy season of 2021. The plant species consumed were identified with the microhistological analysis of epidermal residues in fecal samples. The diet consisted of 18 species of plants belonging to 14 botanical families. The highest percentage of consumption was for the Solanaceae family (16.6%), followed by Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea and Malvaceae (11.1% each). 66% of the plants were consumed in the dry season, and consumption increased by 34% during the rainy season, showing 100% of the plant species in the rainy season, showing 100% consumption in the rainy season.. The plants consumed were 10 herbaceous plants (55.5%), six arboreal plants (33.5%), one shrub and one grass (5.5% each); forest edge plants (BB = 44%), forest interior plants (IB = 33%) and cultured plants (CP = 23%), constituted the diet. M. temama adapted its diet to the availability and temporal and spatial distribution of plants in the habitat and based on climatic conditions (dry vs. rainy).

Resumen La determinación de la dieta de herbívoros a través de las estructuras epidérmicas presentes en sus excretas permite identificar las plantas consumidas y estimar las variaciones entre épocas del año. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición botánica de la dieta del venado temazate rojo (Mazama temama) en el Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, México. La vegetación donde se realizó el estudio es un bosque tropical perennifolio con presencia de vegetación inducida. Los muestreos se realizaron en la época de secas y de lluvias del 2021. Las especies vegetales consumidas se identificaron con análisis microhistológico de residuos epidérmicos en muestras fecales. La dieta estuvo conformada por 18 especies de plantas de 14 familias botánicas. El mayor porcentaje de consumo lo tuvo la familia Solanaceae (16.6%), enseguida Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea y Malvaceae (11.1% cada una). El 66% de las plantas fueron consumidas en la época de secas, y aumentó un 34% de consumo durante lluvias, mostrando un 100% del porcentaje de consumo en lluvias. Las plantas consumidas fueron 10 de porte herbáceo (55.5%), seis de porte arbóreo (33.5%), una arbustiva y un pasto (5.5% cada una); plantas de borde de bosque (BB = 44%), de interior de bosque (IB = 33%) y cultivadas (PC = 23%), constituyeron la dieta. M. temama adaptó su dieta a la disponibilidad y distribución temporal y espacial de las plantas en el hábitat y con base en las condiciones climáticas (secas vs lluvias).

Summary Background and aims: The most substantial global land use change is the transformation of native ecosystems into agroecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and reduction of ecosystem services. Potentially, these degraded systems could be restored from their soil seed bank. Our aim was to assess species richness and density of the soil seed bank along a structural complexity gradient in agroecosystems and Espinal forest fragments. Furthermore, we compared species composition between the soil seed bank and established vegetation of the reference system to explore its potential for regeneration of native plant communities. M&M: A structural complexity gradient was created from vegetation and soil structural variables from plots with different land uses to analyze seed bank variables. Results: The highest richness was recorded in the pasture soil seed bank, followed by the forests. The highest density and similarity to the established vegetation of the reference system was registered in the forests. Herbaceous species predominated in all plots. With the exception of Celtis tala, seeds of dominant woody species from the reference system were not observed. Conclusions: The pasture seed bank may be particularly relevant in the early stage of native forest restoration, especially if the aim is to reduce costs. However, the contribution of the seed bank to Espinal forests recovery in short to medium term is limited due to its low similarity to reference system.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El cambio de uso del suelo más significativo a nivel mundial es la transformación de ecosistemas nativos en agroecosistemas, causando pérdida de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos. Potencialmente, estos sistemas degradados podrían recuperarse a partir del banco de semillas del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la riqueza y densidad del banco de semillas en relación con un gradiente de complejidad estructural en agroecosistemas y fragmentos de bosques del Espinal, así como su potencial para regenerar especies nativas comparando su composición de especies con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia. M&M: A partir de variables estructurales de vegetación y de suelo de parcelas con distintos usos de suelo, se construyó un gradiente de complejidad estructural sobre el cual se analizaron las variables del banco de semillas. Resultados: El banco de semillas de la pastura registró la mayor riqueza, seguida por el de bosques. La mayor densidad del banco de semillas y similitud con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia la presentaron los bosques. Predominaron las especies herbáceas en todas las parcelas. A excepción de Celtis tala, no se observaron semillas de especies leñosas dominantes del sistema de referencia. Conclusiones: El banco de semillas de la pastura puede contribuir en las primeras etapas de restauración, especialmente si se busca reducir los costos asociados a este proceso. Sin embargo, su aporte para recuperar los bosques nativos del Espinal en el corto o mediano plazo es limitado debido a su baja similitud con el sistema referencia.

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

Abstract In the last decade, the pharmaceutical industry has shown great interest in the cultivation of aloe vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.]. In Mexico, it is grown in different states and agroecological conditions. This study aimed to characterize in situ the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera at two sites in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. In the 2019 agricultural cycle, two-year-old aloe vera plants were collected in both agroecological regions during both the dry and rainy seasons. The agro-morphological variables recorded were: leaf length, width, contour, thickness and weight, useful leaf weight, residue weight, gel weight, and skin weight. The edaphic variables analyzed were: pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, texture, bulk density, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, the altitude and average temperature and precipitation of each site were recorded. The variables were analyzed through an analysis of variance, principal components and Pearson’s correlation using the Rstudio program and the Statistical Analysis System. Significantly higher values (p≤ 0.05) were found in 60% of the agro-morphological variables of materials 1P, 2P, and 2V compared to 1V. According to the principal component analysis, the first two principal components accounted for 98.22% of the total morphological variability in the materials evaluated by site. There was a correlation between one geophysical variable, two climatic variables, two edaphic variables and morphological variables, except for leaf width. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera and the agroecological conditions of the site.

Resumen En la última década, la industria farmacéutica ha mostrado gran interés en el cultivo de sábila (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.). En México, se cultiva en diferentes estados y condiciones agroecológicas. El objetivo fue caracterizar in situ las características agro-morfológicas de sábila, en dos sitios en los estados de Puebla y Veracruz, México. En el ciclo agrícola 2019, se colectaron plantas de sábila, de dos años, en ambas regiones agroecológicas tanto en época de sequía y de lluvia. Las variables agro-morfológicas registradas fueron: largo, ancho, contorno, espesor, peso de hoja, peso de hoja útil, peso de residuos, peso del gel y peso de piel. Las variables edáficas analizadas fueron: pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, textura, densidad aparente, nitrógeno total, fósforo y potasio. Además, se registró la altitud, la temperatura y precipitación medias de cada sitio. Las variables fueron analizadas a través de análisis de varianza, componentes principales y correlación de Pearson empleando el programa Rstudio y Statistical Analysis System. Se encontraron valores significativamente (p≤ 0.05) mayores en el 60% de las variables agro-morfológicas de los materiales 1P, 2P y 2V con respecto al 1V. De acuerdo con el análisis de componentes principales, los dos primeros componentes principales, explicaron el 98. 22% de la variabilidad morfológica total en los materiales evaluados por sitio. Existió correlación entre una variable geofísica, dos climáticas, dos edáficas y morfológicas, excepto ancho de hoja. Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre las características agro-morfológicas de la sábila y las condiciones agroecológicas del sitio.

Abstract For the year 2018, law 1930 comes into force, which proposes the agroecological productive reconversion of agricultural activities in the moorlands of Colombia. This law requires the inclusion of people living and maintaining agricultural activities in the moorland in the reconversion processes but does not propose mechanisms to recognize the different forms of agriculture that exist in this ecosystem. Therefore, a tool was designed with the objective of classifying farms based on 9 criteria and 16 indicators. As part of its validation, the tool was compared with a commonly used statistical classification method. With the proposed method, four farm typologies were obtained where 6% of the sample was classified as near agroecological, 35% as traditional farmer, 10% as incipient agro-industrial and 48% as transitional producer. Statistically, no significant differences were found between the traditional farmer and the incipient agro-industrial farmer because they use similar agronomic management. The proposed tool prioritizes worldview and rootedness as much as productivity, unlike the statistical method that reduced the criteria for classification by prioritizing productive indicators. The proposed tool makes it possible to define particularized routes at the farm scale and to plan transition processes in compliance with the law, but incorporating real local capacities, available knowledge, and the family’s cosmovision of the farm’s future.

Resumen Para el año 2018 entra en vigor la ley 1930 que plantea la reconversión productiva agroecológica de las actividades agrícolas en los páramos de Colombia. Esta ley exige la inclusión de las personas que viven y mantienen actividades agropecuarias en el páramo en los procesos de reconversión, pero no plantea mecanismos para reconocer las diferentes formas de agricultura que existen en este ecosistema. Por ende, se diseñó una herramienta con el objetivo de clasificar fincas a partir de 9 criterios y 16 indicadores, como parte de su validación, la herramienta fue comparada con un método de clasificación estadístico empleado comúnmente. Con el método propuesto se obtuvieron cuatro tipologías de finca donde el 6% de la muestra fue clasificada como agroecológico próximo, el 35% como campesino tradicional, el 10% como agroindustrial incipiente y el 48% como productor transicional. Estadísticamente no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el campesino tradicional y el agroindustrial incipiente porque emplean un manejo agronómico similar. La herramienta propuesta prioriza la cosmovisión y el arraigo tanto como la productividad, a diferencia del método estadístico que redujo los criterios para la clasificación priorizando indicadores productivos. La herramienta propuesta permite definir rutas particularizadas a escala finca y planificar procesos de transición cumpliendo la ley, pero incorporando capacidades locales reales, el conocimiento disponible y la cosmovisión de la familia en torno al futuro de la finca.

Abstract The widespread use of herbicides has contributed to the evolution of resistance in many weed species, including Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA), a grass important as weed that presents presents biotypes with different resistance mechanisms to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Within the framework of eco-evolutionary dynamics in agroecosystems, it is important to pay attention to ecological interactions, such as those between plants and pathogens, since they could affect herbicide-resistant (R) and herbicide-susceptible (S) biotypes differently. One of these biotic interactions is the one established between DIGSA and Ustilago syntherismae, a fungus whose infection can prevent seed production in plants. An experiment has been carried out in which teliospores of the fungus have been placed in contact with seeds of R and S biotypes of DIGSA, applying a vacuum, in order to evaluate their infection by the fungus. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes at 20°C 12h darkness / 30°C 12h light. After 10 days, the seedlings were cleared, stained and observed under an optical microscope to detect the systemic infection. The proportion of infected seedlings was subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean percentage of infection was significantly higher in the R biotype (98.4%) than in the S biotype (93.7%). Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possibility that herbicide resistance may have fitness costs in the plant-pathogen interaction.

Resumen El amplio uso de herbicidas ha contribuido a la evolución de la resistencia en muchas especies de malas hierbas, entre ellas Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA) una gramínea importante como arvense que presenta biotipos resistentes a herbicidas inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS). En el marco de la dinámica eco-evolutiva en los agroecosistemas es importante prestar atención a las interacciones ecológicas, como por ejemplo las que se dan entre plantas y patógenos, puesto que podrían afectar de forma distinta a biotipos resistentes (R) y susceptibles (S) a herbicidas. Una de estas interacciones bióticas es la que se establece entre DIGSA y Ustilago syntherismae, hongo cuya infección puede llegar a evitar la producción de semilla en las plantas. Se ha llevado a cabo un experimento en el que se han puesto en contacto teliósporas del hongo con semillas de biotipos R y S de DIGSA, aplicando vacío, con el fin de evaluar su infección por el hongo. Las semillas germinaron en placas de Petri a 20°C 12h oscuridad / 30°C 12h luz y las plántulas fueron analizadas 10 días después. Se transparentaron, tiñeron y observaron al microscopio óptico para detectar la infección sistémica. La proporción de plántulas infectadas se sometió a un análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que el porcentaje medio de infección fue significativamente mayor en el biotipo R (98,4 %) que en el S (93,7 %). Son necesarios más estudios para evaluar la posibilidad de que la resistencia al herbicida pueda penalizar la aptitud biológica en la interacción planta-patógeno.

Abstract Spontaneous flora of vineyards in the Mediterranean region has lately been receiving much attention, due to the increasing awareness of their benefits for agroecosystems, soils, and for provisioning multiple Ecosystem Services (ES). However, initiatives for valuing flora often clash with the potential losses by interference with vines, but in an extent difficult to evaluate. We developed the index VIFLORES - VIneyard FLORa Value for Ecosystem Services -, aiming to assess the value of spontaneous plant species for ES provision in vineyards. VIFLORES ranges from 0 (lowest value) to 1 (maximum), calculated by the average of the contribution of the co-occurring species to the three ES categories: Provisioning (e.g. medicinal use), Regulation and Maintenance (e.g. pollination), and Cultural Services (e.g. landscape aesthetics). To map and compare the floristic values of vineyards, we propose an integration of species abundance, phenology and VIFLORES. To test this approach, we carried out 192 floristic surveys in Spring 2021 for three vineyards located in the Alentejo winegrowing region (South of Portugal) with different production management systems, namely Conventional (CPS), Integrated in Optidose (IPS), and Organic (OPS). IPS and OPS inter rows were significantly more diverse than CPS and had a high VIFLORES value. OPS vineyard rows had significantly higher diversity and indicator values than CPS and IPS, which is likely related to soil management. While VIFLORES approach guides to fostering of multifunctional vineyards, it is still limited in incorporating the seasonality of weedy flora and needs validated thresholds for better decisions on soil management.

Resumo A flora espontânea das vinhas na região mediterrânea tem sucitado grande interesse recentemente, devido à crescente consciencialização dos seus benefícios para os agroecossistemas, o solo e no fornecimento de Serviços dos Ecossistemas (SE). No entanto, é comum estas iniciativas de valorização da flora colidirem com as perdas por interferência com as videiras. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se o indicador VIFLORES- Valor da Flora das Vinhas para Serviços dos Ecossistemas-, com o objetivo de avaliar a importância da flora das vinhas. O VIFLORES varia de 0 a 1 e é calculado pela média da contribuição das espécies para três categorias de SE: Provisão (ex. uso medicinal), Regulação e Manutenção (ex. polinização) e Serviços Culturais (ex. estética da paisagem). Para mapear e comparar os valores florísticos das vinhas, propomos uma integração da densidade das espécies, da fenologia e do VIFLORES. Para testar esta abordagem, realizámos 192 levantamentos florísticos na primavera de 2021 em três vinhas da região vinícola do Alentejo, sul de Portugal, com diferentes modos de produção: Convencional (CPS), Integrado em Optidose (IPS) e Biológico (BPS). As entrelinhas das vinhas IPS e BPS foram significativamente mais diversas que as CPS e apresentaram um maior VIFLORES. As linhas BPS apresentaram valores de diversidade e indicadores significativamente mais elevados que as CPS e IPS, o que poderá estar relacionado com a gestão do solo. Embora a abordagem VIFLORES oriente para a promoção de vinhas multifuncionais, ainda é limitada na incorporação da sazonalidade da flora espontânea e necessita de validação para uma melhor decisão na gestão do solo.

Abstract Weeds play an important role in the trophic network of agroecosystems since they interact directly or indirectly with other of their components and offer a wide spectrum of ecological functions. The objective of this work was to determine the relationship between plant species and pollinating insects in the autonomous community of Aragón, Spain. Based on a list of 354 species found by the authors in winter cereal fields and adjacent margins during vegetation sampling in recent decades, a bibliographic search was carried out using 6 databases and other sources of information for each species plant to determine the associated insects. The species found mostly corresponded to the botanical families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae. 80.5% of species presented entomophilous pollination, where bees were the main pollinating insects (23%), followed by lepidopterans (11%). Both types of insects were reported in a large number of plant species (21.5%). The difficulty of finding information for typical plant species in the region justifies the compilation work and motivates its continuity, which in addition to pollinators, will cover other functional groups of insects such as pests, natural enemies, and virus vectors. These preliminary results aid to know which weed species with flowers potentially attractive to insects should be conserved within and around agroecosystems, as they can favour the provision of the ecosystem service of pollination, contributing to the correct functioning of ecosystems and to food production.

Resumen Las especies arvenses (malas hierbas) desempeñan un papel importante en la red trófica de los agroecosistemas, ya que interaccionan directa o indirectamente con otros de sus componentes y ofrecen un amplio espectro de funciones ecológicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación entre especies vegetales arvenses e insectos polinizadores en la comunidad autónoma de Aragón, España. A partir de un listado de 354 especies vegetales encontradas por los autores en campos de cereal de invierno y en márgenes colindantes durante los muestreos de vegetación de las últimas décadas, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando 6 bases de datos y otras fuentes de información por cada especie vegetal para determinar los insectos asociados. Las especies encontradas correspondieron en su mayoría a las familias botánicas Poaceae, Asteracea, Fabaceae y Brassicaceae. Un 80,5% presentó polinización entomófila, donde las abejas fueron los principales insectos polinizadores (23%), seguido de lepidópteros (11%). En una gran cantidad de especies (21,5%) se reportaron ambos tipos de insectos. La dificultad de encontrar información para especies vegetales típicas de la región justifica el trabajo de recopilación iniciado y motiva su continuidad, que además de polinizadores, abarcará otros grupos funcionales de insectos, como plagas, enemigos naturales y vectores de virus. Estos resultados preliminares ayudan a conocer qué especies arvenses conviene conservar por tener flores potencialmente atractivas para insectos, dentro y alrededor de los agroecosistemas, favoreciendo la prestación del servicio ecosistémico de polinización y contribuyendo al correcto funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y a la producción de alimentos.