Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El cafeto es un rubro de gran importancia a nivel mundial, al tener un impacto directo en la economía de los países. En Nicaragua representa el 25 % de las exportaciones. El agroecosistema de producción de cafeto está conformado por componentes que se encuentran por encima y debajo de la superficie del suelo. Objetivo. Estimar las poblaciones de macrofauna edáfica en agroecosistemas productivos de cafeto y su relación con la fertilidad del suelo y las prácticas de manejo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de mayo a agosto de 2023, en catorce sistemas productivos de cafeto, en la reserva natural Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta. Se realizaron monolitos de 25 × 25 × 20 cm extraídos del suelo; en cada sistema se trazaron tres transectos, separados a 50 m; los especímenes colectados se identificaron hasta nivel de familia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, modelos lineales generalizados, pruebas de hipótesis e índices de diversidad. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p < 0,5) para las comunidades rurales y las prácticas de manejo. La fertilidad del suelo varió de acuerdo con la altitud de las fincas. La macrofauna fue abundante en la comunidad Nueva Esperanza (20 672 individuos) y en el manejo de sombra (23 632 individuos). Se encontraron quince órdenes y 38 familias. Predominaron la clase Insecta y el grupo trófico de depredadores. La diversidad es alta y estable, resultado del manejo que realiza el productor. Conclusiones. La riqueza taxonómica y la abundancia de la macrofauna fueron similares en los sistemas evaluados, en específico los órdenes Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera e Isopoda, donde sobresalen los detritívoros, omnívoros y depredadores. Se evidenció que el manejo del cultivo tiene un efecto directo en la diversidad edáfica; esto indica que los suelos son poco perturbados y existe un equilibrio ecológico.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee plant is an item of great importance worldwide, as it has a direct impact on the economy of the countries. In Nicaragua, it represents 25 % of exports. The coffee plant production agroecosystem is made up of components that are found above and below the soil surface. Objective. To estimate the populations of soil macrofauna in productive coffee plantation agroecosystems and their relationship with soil fertility and management practices. Materials and methods. The research was carried out from May to August 2023 in fourteen coffee plantation production systems in the Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta nature reserve. Soil monoliths measuring 25 × 25 × 20 cm were extracted, and three transects were established in each system, separated by 50 m. Specimens collected were identified at the family level. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, generalized linear models, hypothesis tests, and diversity indices. Results. Significant statistical differences (p<0.5) were found for rural communities and practices. Soil fertility varied according to the altitude of the farms, with abundant macrofauna in the Nueva Esperanza community (20,672 individuals) and shade management (23,632 individuals). Fifteen orders and 38 families were identified, with the insect class and the trophic group of predators predominating. Diversity was high and stable, a result of the management practices employed by the producers. Conclusions. Taxonomic richness and abundance of macrofauna were similar in the evaluated systems, specifically in the orders Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isopoda, where detritivores, omnivores and predators stand out. The study revealed that crop management directly affects soil diversity, indicating that the soils are minimally disturbed and there is ecological balance.

Resumen Introducción. La percepción de que las plantas nativas de campos agrícolas no aportan nada bueno a los sistemas productivos y deben ser eliminadas en su totalidad ha provocado múltiples problemas agronómicos, ambientales y sociales en los agroecosistemas alrededor del mundo, tales como selección de plantas resistentes a herbicidas, contaminación de cuerpos de agua, pérdida de biodiversidad, aumento en las poblaciones de insectos plaga y afectación de la salud de trabajadores agrícolas debido al uso intensivo de herbicidas. Objetivo. Analizar el origen de las malezas en la agricultura, las características biológicas que las hacen perjudiciales para las actividades del ser humano y sus funciones ecológicas en el agroecosistema, así como proponer la aplicación del concepto de biodiversidad funcional para el manejo agroecológico de la vegetación en campos agrícolas. Desarrollo. En este momento de cambio hacia una producción agrícola con un menor uso de plaguicidas, el manejo de las malezas sigue siendo un gran reto. Para lograr que el manejo integrado de malezas avance hacia estrategias agroecológicas que permitan una reducción del uso de herbicidas es necesario promover las interacciones bióticas benéficas que regulan de forma natural a las malezas. El estudio y aplicación de la biodiversidad funcional en los agroecosistemas surge entonces como una necesidad para manejar la vegetación de forma tal que se minimicen los efectos negativos de las malezas en los cultivos y se maximicen los servicios agroecosistémicos de las arvenses. Conclusión. La diferenciación entre malezas y arvenses como parte de un manejo agroecológico de los sistemas de cultivo permitiría mantener un balance positivo entre productividad y biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction. The perception that native plants in agricultural fields do not contribute positively to productive systems and should be eliminated in their entirety has caused multiple agronomic, environmental and social problems in agroecosystems around the world, such as selection of herbicide-resistant plants, contamination of water bodies, loss of biodiversity, increase in pest insect populations, and impact on the health of agricultural workers due to the intensive use of herbicides. Objective. To provide basic information on the origin of weeds in agriculture, the biological characteristics that make them harmful to human activities, and their ecological functions in the agroecosystem, as well as to propose the application of the concept of functional biodiversity for the agroecological management of weeds in crop fields. Development. In this moment of change towards agricultural production with less use of pesticides, weed management is still a great challenge. To ensure that integrated weed management advances towards agroecological strategies that allow a reduction in the use of herbicides, it is necessary to promote the beneficial biotic interactions that naturally regulate weeds. The study and application of functional biodiversity in agroecosystems then emerges as a need to manage vegetation in such a way that the negative effects of weeds on crops are minimized and the agroecosystem services of weeds are maximized. Conclusion. The differentiation between weeds and segetal vegetation as part of an agroecological management of cropping systems would allow maintaining a positive balance between productivity and biodiversity in agroecosystems.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las tasas de sedimentación (Td) de sedimentos eólicos minerales en un parche de bosque del agroecosistema del semiárido pampeano y analizar la variabilidad estacional de dicha sedimentación. La Td media fue 520,15 kg ha-1 año-1 con alta variabilidad interanual. En primavera-verano, Td fue superior que en otoño-invierno. La temperatura del aire y velocidad media máxima del viento influenciaron de forma más significativa a Td. Sin embargo, la cobertura del suelo y el manejo de los campos agrícolas que rodean al bosque determinarían la producción de sedimentos a partir de la erosión eólica y consecuente sedimentación dentro del bosque. Estos resultados muestran la importancia de mantener los parches de bosques dentro de la matriz agrícola en el semiárido, los cuales retienen sedimentos eólicos que finalmente se depositarían en el suelo forestal, minimizando los impactos negativos que los procesos de erosión eólica tienen en estos ecosistemas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the deposition rates (Td) of mineral aeolian sediments in a forest patch in the semiarid Pampas agroecosystem and to analyze the seasonal variability of such deposition. The average Td was 520.15 kg ha-1 year-1 with high interannual variability. In spring-summer, Td was higher than in autumn-winter. Air temperature and average maximum wind speed influenced Td more significantly. However, the soil cover and management of the agricultural fields surrounding the forest would determine the production of sediment from wind erosion and consequent deposition within the forest. These results show the importance of maintaining forest patches within the agricultural matrix in the semi-arid environment, since they retain eolian sediments that would eventually be deposited on the forest soil, minimizing the negative impacts of wind erosion processes on these ecosystems.

ABSTRACT The definition of trees outside the forest (TOF) contemplates non-timber forest products and constitutes a set of goods and services that contribute to the production of food in different agricultural forms. The study was carried out on the Maripa family farm, municipality of Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos province, Cuba, with the objective of analyzing the evolution over time of the TOF in the farm's location area. A diachronic analysis was approached through the method of synchronic cuts, with a cross-sectional research design and descriptive approach, where qualitative and quantitative aspects were measured without manipulating variables. The chosen temporal axis was specified in three successive sections, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 and 1997-2023, with an approximate reconstruction of the conditions of those most significant elements of the landscape. Ecological indicators were calculated, adjusted to the TOF present on the farm in the third cut. Over time, a dynamic change of the landscape towards an agroecosystem resulted, with 21.95% of species not present on the farm at the end of the first half of the year 2023 in relation to the period 1935-1965. Currently, 64 species belonging to 33 botanical families were quantified, with the greatest representation of: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae and Sapotaceae. The ecological indices showed a high diversity and richness of species, with low dominance.

RESUMO A definição de árvores fora da floresta (AFB) inclui produtos florestais não madeireiros e constitui um conjunto de bens e serviços que contribuem para a produção de alimentos em diferentes formas agrícolas. A pesquisa foi realizada na fazenda da família Maripa, no município de Cumanayagua, província de Cienfuegos, Cuba, com o objetivo de analisar a evolução ao longo do tempo da AFB na área onde a fazenda está localizada. Foi realizada uma análise diacrônica usando o método de cortes sincrônicos, com um desenho de pesquisa transversal e abordagem descritiva, em que foram medidos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos sem manipulação de variáveis. O eixo temporal escolhido consistiu em três seções sucessivas, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 e 1997-2023, com uma reconstrução aproximada das condições dos elementos mais significativos da paisagem. Foram calculados indicadores ecológicos, ajustados à AFB presente na fazenda na terceira seção. O resultado foi uma mudança dinâmica da paisagem ao longo do tempo em direção a um agroecossistema, com 21,95% das espécies não presentes na fazenda no final da primeira metade do ano de 2023 em relação ao período de 1935-1965. Atualmente, foram quantificadas 64 espécies pertencentes a 33 famílias botânicas, com maior representação de: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae e Sapotaceae. Os índices ecológicos mostraram uma alta diversidade e riqueza de espécies, com baixa dominância.

RESUMEN La definición de los árboles fuera del bosque (AFB) contempla a los productos forestales no madereros y constituyen un conjunto de bienes y servicios que tributan a la producción de alimentos en diferentes formas agrícolas. La investigación se realizó en la finca familiar Maripa, municipio de Cumanayagua, provincia Cienfuegos, Cuba, con el objetivo de analizar la evolución en el tiempo de los AFB en el área de ubicación de la finca. Se abordó un análisis diacrónico a través del método de los cortes sincrónicos, con un diseño de investigación transversal y enfoque descriptivo, donde se midieron aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos sin manipular variables. El eje temporal elegido se concretó en tres cortes sucesivos, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 y 1997-2023, con una reconstrucción aproximada de las condiciones de aquellos elementos más significativos del paisaje. Se calcularon indicadores ecológicos, ajustados a los AFB presentes en la finca en el tercer corte. Resultó en el tiempo una dinámica de cambio del paisaje hacia un agroecosistema, con un 21,95 % de especies no presentes en la finca al cierre del primer semestre del año 2023 en relación con el período 1935-1965. En la actualidad se cuantificaron 64 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias botánicas, con mayor representación de: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae y Sapotaceae. Los índices ecológicos mostraron una alta diversidad y riqueza de especies, con baja dominancia.

Resumen El cultivo del café tiene un fuerte arraigo social e histórico-cultural en la zona montañosa del estado de Veracruz. Su cultivo ancestral se realizaba en sistemas agroforestales, cuyo patrón original se ha modificando. La asociación de café con cultivos comerciales se concibe como una opción para afrontar su baja rentabilidad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar el nivel de sustentabilidad de café policultivo tradicional, contra café policultivo comercial, en tres comunidades de Chocamán, Veracruz durante 2021. Se realizaron encuesta y muestreo para estimar biodiversidad vegetal, edáfica y análisis físico-químico del suelo. En lo ambiental, la materia orgánica tuvo mayor porcentaje en el café policultivo comercial. En la dimensión económica, el café policultivo comercial fue 50% más rentable respecto al café policultivo tradicional. En la parte social, hubo diferencias en escolaridad, edad de los productores, actividad extrafinca, nivel de organización y tipo de agricultura. Se concluyó que el café policultivo comercial tuvo mejores indicadores económicos, mientras que el café policultivo tradicional alcanzó mejores indicadores ambientales y sociales.

Abstract Coffee cultivation has strong social and historical-cultural roots in the mountainous area of the state of Veracruz. Its ancestral cultivation was carried out in agroforestry systems, the original pattern of which has been modified. The association of coffee with cash crops is conceived as an option to address its low profitability. Therefore, the objective was to compare the level of sustainability of traditional polyculture coffee versus commercial polyculture coffee in three communities in Chocamán, Veracruz during 2021. A survey and a sampling were carried out to estimate plant and soil biodiversity; a physical-chemical analysis of the soil was also performed. Regarding the environmental aspect, organic matter had a higher percentage in commercial polyculture coffee. In the economic dimension, commercial polyculture coffee was 50% more profitable compared to traditional polyculture coffee. On the social side, there were differences in schooling, age of producers, off-farm activities, level of organization and type of agriculture. It was concluded that commercial polyculture coffee had better economic indicators, while traditional polyculture coffee achieved better environmental and social indicators.

Resumen La interpretación de las comunidades biológicas como sistemas complejos adaptativos, pretende evidenciar sus patrones ecológicos a diferentes escalas y sus relaciones ambientales. En este trabajo se analizaron los patrones de diversidad de especies y de los estados alternativos de la comunidad de aves en un agroecosistema andino ubicado en la vertiente centro-occidental de los Andes peruanos (Distrito de Cajatambo, Lima - Perú), a una escala temporal y espacio-temporal. Durante los años 2015 y 2016 se realizaron 24 transectos, ubicados en siete formaciones vegetales a lo largo de dos ecorregiones, entre 2 700 y 4 600 msnm, abarcando las épocas secas y lluviosas. Los patrones temporales no mostraron diferencias en la diversidad de especies entre las épocas. Se determinó la existencia de un solo estado alternativo temporal; sin embargo, se evidenciaron cambios en su composición de especies entre épocas lluviosas y secas, sugiriendo una mayor redundancia funcional en la época seca que la época lluviosa por la variabilidad temporal de granívoros-insectívoros pequeños. Con respecto a los patrones espacio-temporales, las formaciones vegetales de bosques de Polylepis (queñual), algunos matorrales y campos agrícolas presentaron altos valores de diversidad de especies. Además, se determinaron ocho estados alternativos asociados a una o más formaciones vegetales y a la estacionalidad. Finalmente, se evidenció una mayor proporción de cambios de regímenes de los estados alternativos comunitarios ubicados en la ecorregión Meso-Andina a diferencia de la ecorregión Puna-Húmeda, lo cual sugiere que estas comunidades de aves poseen una mayor autoorganización y adaptabilidad frente a la estocasticidad ambiental.

Abstract The interpretation of biological communities as complex adaptive systems aims to demonstrate their ecological patterns at different scales and their environmental relationships. In this survey, we analyzed species diversity and alternative stable states patterns of the bird community in an Andean agroecosystem located on the central-western slope of the Peruvian Andes (Cajatambo District, Lima - Peru), on a temporal and spatio-temporal scale. We evaluated their bird community through 24 line transects, located in seven plant formations along two ecoregions, between 2 700 and 4 600 masl, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016. The temporal patterns did not show differences in species diversity between seasons. We determined the existence of a single temporary alternative stable states; however, we evidenced changes in their species composition between dry and rainy seasons, suggesting a greater functional redundancy in dry season than rainy season due to temporal variability of small granivore-insectivore species. Regarding the spatio-temporal patterns, the plant formations of Polylepis forests, some scrubs and agricultural lands presented high values of species diversity. In addition, we determined eight alternative stable states in relation to one or more plant formations and seasonality. Finally, a higher proportion of regime changes was found in the community alternative stable states located in the Meso-Andean ecoregion as opposed to the Puna-Humid ecoregion, which would suggest that this bird community has a greater self-organization and adaptability in the face of environmental stochasticity.

Abstract This study is the first effort to provide comparative information about soil diatom assemblages in organic (OF) and conventional (CF) rice fields. We aimed to investigate whether soil diatom assemblages (richness, relative abundance and species composition) differ between organic and conventional systems and detect alterations after the application of herbicides (clomazone and penoxsulam). Surface sediment was collected using a core (10 cm diameter, 2 cm depth) at three sites in each system in Rio Grande do Sul State, South Brazil. Live motile diatoms were isolated from the sediment using the trapping method. The presence and concentration of residual herbicides in the soil and the pH and temperature of interstitial water were measured. OF had higher temperatures and lower pH than CF. The diatom assemblages differed significantly in richness, composition, and relative abundance; OF had greater total richness (123 species) than CF (79 species).PinnulariaandNitzschiawere the richest genera for CF, whilePinnulariaandEunotiawere the richest for OF. Exclusive taxa were detected in OF and the relative abundance of species was related to the sampling period in CF. (OF (CF fields (richness composition clomazone penoxsulam. penoxsulam . penoxsulam) 10 (1 diameter depth State Brazil method measured 123 (12 79 (7 species.PinnulariaandNitzschiawere speciesPinnulariaandNitzschiawere .PinnulariaandNitzschiawere PinnulariaandNitzschiawere 1 ( 12 7

Resumo A complexidade do agroecossistema também pode ser avaliada pelos diferentes usos do solo no sistema e no entorno, sendo uma forma relevante de avaliar a heterogeneidade da paisagem e os efeitos na comunidade de interesse, neste caso, a entomofauna. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como o uso do solo no entorno dos sistemas hortícolas de alface chilena, na região de Coquimbo, altera a comunidade entomológica da cultura. A amostragem de insetos foi realizada (fevereiro de 2021 a março de 2022) utilizando armadilhas amarelas. Serão amostrados dois locais em cada uma das sete culturas de alface estudadas. Foram definidas classes de uso e cobertura da terra: Florestas, corpos d'água, vegetação arbustiva, pastagens, terras áridas, superfícies impermeáveis e áreas urbanas. Após a classificação do uso e cobertura do solo, foram criadas zonas tampão de 500 a 5,000 m em torno de cada ponto de recolha de dados. Para análise dos dados, foram comparados os percentuais de uso da terra das diferentes classes com os atributos ecológicos: Abundância de insetos, abundância de insetos-praga, riqueza de famílias entomológicas e tipos de aparelhos bucais (sugador-lambedor, mandíbula, sugador-colhedor e sugador). Os usos da terra em diferentes distâncias dos sistemas hortícolas afetaram a comunidade entomológica. interesse caso entomofauna Assim chilena Coquimbo cultura fevereiro 202 2022 amarelas estudadas Florestas dágua, dágua d água, água d'água arbustiva pastagens áridas urbanas 50 5000 5 000 5,00 dados ecológicos insetospraga, insetospraga praga, praga insetos-praga sugadorlambedor, sugadorlambedor sugador lambedor, lambedor (sugador-lambedor mandíbula sugadorcolhedor colhedor sugador. . sugador) 20 00 5,0 2 0 5,

Abstract The complexity of the agroecosystem can also be assessed by the different land uses in the system and the surroundings, being a relevant way to assess the heterogeneity of the landscape and the effects on the community of interest, in this case, entomofauna. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify how the use of soil in the surroundings of Chilean lettuce horticultural systems, in the Coquimbo Region, alters the entomological community of the crop. Insect sampling was conducted (February 2021 to March 2022) using yellow pan traps. Two sites will be sampled on each of the seven studied lettuce crops. Land use and land cover classes were defined: Forests, water bodies, shrub vegetation, grasslands, barren lands, impermeable surfaces, and urban areas. After land use and land cover classification, buffers of 500 to 5,000 m were created around each data collection point. For data analysis, the percentages of land use of different classes were compared with the ecological attributes: Abundance of insects, abundance of insect pests, richness of entomological families and types of oral apparatus (licker-sucker, mandible, picker-sucker, and sucker). Land uses at different distances from horticultural systems affected the entomological community. interest case entomofauna Thus Region crop February 202 2022 traps crops defined Forests bodies vegetation grasslands lands surfaces areas classification 50 5000 5 000 5,00 point analysis attributes insects pests lickersucker, lickersucker licker sucker, sucker (licker-sucker mandible pickersucker, pickersucker picker picker-sucker sucker. . sucker) 20 00 5,0 2 0 5,

Resumo A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas da degradação das terras agricultáveis brasileiras, levando à diminuição da produtividade das culturas e à acidificação do solo, prejudicando sua capacidade de armazenar carbono, nutrientes e água. O manejo inadequado do solo é um dos principais responsáveis por esse tipo de degradação. A identificação da intensidade da erosão pode ser feita por meio da utilização de atributos indicadores que são altamente sensíveis as mudanças no ambiente edáfico. O estudo teve como objetivos: i) analisar os atributos físicos e químicos do solo em áreas de voçorocas com diferentes graus de degradação/estabilização; e ii) verificar a viabilidade de utilização desses atributos como indicadores de recuperação ambiental. O estudo foi realizado em quatro áreas com diferentes graus de formação de voçorocas: a) inicial, intermédia, madura e senil. As amostras foram coletadas nas faces externa e interna de cada voçoroca no final da estação seca. Entre os atributos físicos avaliados, a densidade do solo e a porosidade total foram os mais significativamente alterados. A avaliação dos microagregados permitiu conhecer a qualidade do solo através de frações como a argila dispersável em água, a argila refloculável em água e a argila não dispersível em água. O carbono total, o nitrogênio total e a relação C/N elucidaram a dinâmica da perda de solo e de nutrientes em diferentes fases dos processos de formação e estabilização da erosão, com valores mais baixos observados na face interna das voçorocas em comparação a externa. Observou-se que a vegetação influenciou os resultados dos atributos físicos e químicos. No geral, os valores tenderam ao equilíbrio entre as faces na voçoroca SE, indicando maior estabilização. Com base nesses resultados, os atributos avaliados podem servir como indicadores de qualidade do solo, pois são mais eficientes e sensíveis em expressar a recuperação da qualidade física e química do solo, fornecendo informações valiosas para o monitoramento de processos de degradação e para a prevenção, controle e recuperação de voçorocas no Bioma Mata Atlântica. brasileiras edáfico objetivos i degradação/estabilização degradaçãoestabilização ii ambiental inicial intermédia senil seca alterados CN C N Observouse Observou se geral SE prevenção Atlântica

Abstract Water erosion is one of the primary causes of agricultural soil degradation in Brazil, leading to diminished crop productivity and soil acidification, thereby impairing its ability to store carbon, nutrients, and water. Identifying the intensity of erosion can be achieved by utilizing indicator attributes that are highly sensitive to changes in the edaphic environment. The study analyzed the physical and chemical attributes of soil in areas with gullies exhibiting varying degrees of degradation/stabilization. The study was conducted across four areas with varying degrees of gully formation: a) initial, intermediate, mature, and senile. Samples were collected from both the external and internal sides of each gully at the end of the dry season. Among the physical attributes assessed, soil density and total porosity were found to be the most significantly altered. Evaluation of microaggregates provided insights into soil quality through fractions including water-dispersible clay, water-reflocculable clay, and non-water-dispersible clay. Total carbon, total nitrogen, and the C/N ratio elucidated the dynamics of soil and nutrient loss across different stages of erosion formation and stabilization processes, with lower values observed on the internal side of the gullies compared to the exterior side. Vegetation was observed to influence the results of the physical and chemical attributes. Overall, the values tended towards equilibrium between the faces at the senile stage, indicating greater stabilization. Brazil acidification carbon nutrients water environment degradationstabilization degradation/stabilization a initial intermediate mature season assessed altered waterdispersible dispersible clay waterreflocculable reflocculable nonwaterdispersible non nitrogen CN C N processes Overall stage

RESUMO Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a fauna epiedáfica em diferentes agroecossistemas utilizando dois métodos de coleta. Os organismos foram amostrados em quatro agroecossistemas: (i) cultivo de milho, (ii) cultivo de Brachiaria ruziziensis, (iii) sistema silvipastoril, e (iv) remanescente florestal secundário. Em cada agroecossistema, 5 armadilhas do método Pitfall traps e 5 do método Provid foram instaladas, espaçadas em 10 metros entre si e mantidas em campo por três dias. Os organismos coletados foram classificados ao menor nível taxonômico possível e os dados obtidos, avaliados pelos índices de diversidade de Shannon e de dominância de Simpson, e análise de componentes principais. O método Pitfall traps resultou em maior abundância da comunidade epiedáfica em relação ao método Provid. A área cultivada com milho teve maior abundância em relação aos demais agroecossistemas avaliados. Os melhores valores de diversidade foram observados no cultivo de B. ruziziensis, por ambos os métodos. As áreas de cultivo de milho e sistema silvipastoril foram separadas pelos dois métodos pela análise de componentes principais. O maior número de grupos da fauna epidáfica ocorreu na área cultivada com B. ruziziensis e ao remanescente florestal. estudo coleta i (i ii (ii iii (iii iv (iv secundário agroecossistema instaladas 1 dias obtidos Simpson principais B

ABSTRACT In this study, the objective was to evaluate the epiedaphic fauna in different agroecosystems using two sampling methods. Organisms were sampled in four agroecosystems: (i) corn cultivation, (ii) Brachiaria ruziziensis cultivation, (iii) silvopastoral system, and (iv) secondary forest remnant. In each agroecosystem, 5 Pitfall traps and 5 Provid traps were installed at a distance of 10 meters and kept in the field for three days. The sampled organisms were classified at the lowest possible taxonomic level and the data obtained were analyzed using Shannon’s diversity and Simpson’s dominance indices, and principal component analysis. The Pitfall traps method resulted in greater abundance of the epiedaphic community compared to the Provid traps method. The corn cultivation area had greater abundance compared to the other agroecosystems evaluated. The best ecological index was observed in the B. ruziziensis crop, using both methods. The areas of corn cultivation and silvopastoral system were separated by the two methods, by principal component analysis, with a greater number of groups associated with the area cultivated with B. ruziziensis and the secondary forest remnant. study methods i (i ii (ii iii (iii iv (iv remnant agroecosystem 1 days Shannons Shannon s Simpsons Simpson indices analysis evaluated B crop

ABSTRACT Ants mediate ecosystem services that can modulate crop performance and overall agroecosystem functioning. Our study investigated how the activity of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) influences soil chemical properties, soil silicon pools, and soil phytoliths. We hypothesized Solenopsis invicta Buren activity would increase the macronutrient content, available silicon for plants (PASi), and amorphous silicon (ASi) in nest soils, which is related to changes in the phytolith assemblage. This study was conducted on agricultural soil under organic management, covering an area of approximately 70 ha in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Thirty paired soil and nest samples were collected at a depth of 0.20 m and analyzed to obtain values for soil macronutrients and silicon pools (PASi and ASi) and to perform phytolithic analyses. Phytolith extraction from the samples was undertaken using a protocol that involved removed coatings, clay fractions, and iron oxides through density separation, followed by the determination of the phytolith concentration and identification of a minimum of 200 phytoliths per sample using a Zeiss Axioskop 40 optical microscope. Results indicated an increase in total organic carbon (TOC), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) levels and in all forms of Si studied. Ants also affected phytolith assemblages, and there was an increase in morphotypes associated with dicotyledonous plants in the nest soil. We assumed these results were derived from bioturbation promoted by ants, predatory activity, and the interaction of some prey and phytoliths, leading to biologically enhanced weathering. By uncovering and describing this novel role for a widely distributed and highly abundant organism in Neotropical soils, we propose that these alterations, particularly in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon, should be added to the list of ecosystem services provided by ants. This study presents the first evidence of alterations in silicon pools and phytolith assemblages caused by the action of ants. functioning Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Formicidae properties content PASi, PASi , (PASi) ASi (ASi soils assemblage management 7 State Brazil 020 0 20 0.2 analyses coatings fractions separation 4 microscope TOC, TOC (TOC) P, P (P) K (K studied ants weathering 02 2 0. (TOC (P

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las relaciones entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en un contexto agroecológico. Materiales y Métodos: Se consultaron y analizaron diferentes fuentes de información (114), referentes a la literatura disponible en los ámbitos de la biología, ciencias agrícolas y agroecología, con el propósito de la profundización en el estado del conocimiento relacionado con la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que proporcionan los sistemas agroecológicos. Resultados: Esta revisión aborda un proceso de actualización constituido por los principales esfuerzos en esta rama del conocimiento y propone una búsqueda sistemática de los temas y enfoques clave que se han desarrollado para comprender los servicios que proporciona la biodiversidad como principio clave de la agroecología. Además, aporta una guía para el desarrollo de investigaciones que permitan una comprensión integral de los servicios ecosistémicos generados por el manejo de la biodiversidad. Los análisis de la relación entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en los agroecosistemas deben formar parte de los estudios integrales en el contexto agroecológico, de manera que desde la ciencia se evidencie qué prácticas son más efectivas para la sostenibilidad de las producciones. Conclusiones: Los ecosistemas multifuncionales, biodiversos, que implementen prácticas de manejo que optimicen el uso de la tierra y gestionen eficientemente los servicios ecosistémicos, se deben convertir en el paradigma del manejo sostenible de los agroecosistemas. Existe una fuerte interrelación entre el funcionamiento de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo de los procesos ecosistémicos que, posteriormente, serán la base de la producción, fundamentada por la riqueza y variabilidad espacial y temporal de especies, su desempeño en la complejidad de los ecosistemas y el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos en diferentes escalas.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services in an agroecological context. Materials and Methods: Different sources of information (114) were consulted and analyzed, referring to the available literature in the fields of biology, agricultural sciences and agroecology, with the purpose of deepening the state of knowledge related to biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by agroecological systems. Results: This review addresses an updating process constituted by the main efforts in this branch of knowledge and proposes a systematic search of the key topics and approaches that have been developed to understand the services provided by biodiversity as a key principle of agroecology. It also provides a guide for the development of research that allows a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem services generated by biodiversity management. Analyses of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems should be part of comprehensive studies in the agroecological context, so that from science it becomes evident which practices are more effective for the sustainability of productions. Conclusions: Multifunctional, biodiverse ecosystems that implement management practices that optimize land use and efficiently manage ecosystem services should become the paradigm for sustainable agroecosystem management. There is a strong interrelationship between the functioning of biodiversity and the development of ecosystem processes that will subsequently form the basis of production, based on the richness and spatial and temporal variability of species, their performance in the complexity of ecosystems and the maintenance of ecosystem services at different scales.

RESUMEN En ambientes frágiles, la labranza cero (L0) presenta ventajas frente a la labranza convencional (LC) al disminuir la degradación de los agroecosistemas, pero se dispone de escasa información sobre su aplicación en horticultura. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar la influencia que genera la sustitución de LC a L0 sobre la composición florística y la dinámica de emergencia de malezas en un cultivo de Allium sativum, bajo la hipótesis de que la implementación L0 altera la comunidad de malezas durante la fase inicial de transición. Dos experimentos fueron realizados siguiendo un diseño en bloques completamente aleatorizados con dos tratamientos (cultivo de ajo bajo LC y L0). Las prospecciones de malezas fueron determinadas de manera destructiva quincenalmente en dos subáreas por parcela. Aunque ambos sistemas de laboreo presentaron una diversidad similar, la identidad de las malezas varió en un 36% y se registró una mayor densidad de plántulas bajo LC (P>0,05). Bajo L0, las Asteráceas anemófilas, como Conyza bonariensis y Sonchus oleraceus, tendieron a incrementar su presencia. Bajo LC hubo mayor cantidad de Brasicáceas de fruto indehiscente como Raphanus sativus y Rapistrum rugosum. La implementación de Vicia villosa como cultivo antecesor, acarreó un gran número de nacimientos dada su capacidad de resiembra natural. Se concluye que existen cambios importantes en la composición de las especies y en los patrones de emergencia de las malezas inmediatamente después de la implantación de L0 en comparación con LC, lo que sugiere que las presiones ejercidas por cada sistema de laboreo favorecen a determinadas especies frente a otras. Mediante el conocimiento de los cambios en la comunidad de malezas y los períodos críticos de emergencia de malezas los agricultores pueden mejorar los tratamientos con herbicidas, al reducir el excesivo uso de productos químicos y minimizar el impacto ambiental. Esta información puede asimismo ayudar a programar las labores manuales y mecánicas más eficientemente, reduciendo los costos de producción.

ABSTRACT In fragile environments, no-tillage (0T) instead of conventional tillage (CT) is desirable to prevent agroecosystem degradation, but there is little information on its implementation in horticulture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing CT with 0T on floristic composition and weed emergence dynamics in a garlic crop, under the hypothesis that the implementation of a 0T system alters the weed community during the initial stage of the transition. Two experiments were carried out following a randomized complete block design with two treatments (garlic crop grown under 0T and CT). In two subsampling per plot, biweekly destructive weed surveys were carried out. Although both tillage systems presented a similar diversity between systems, these weed communities varied by 36% in their species identity, and it was recorded a higher total weed density under CT (P>0.05). Under 0T, anemophilous Asteraceae, such as Conyza bonariensis and Sonchus oleraceus, tended to increase their presence. Under CT, there was a greater amount of indehiscent fruiting Brassicaceae such as Raphanus sativus and Rapistrum rugosum. The implementation of Vicia villosa as a predecessor crop led to many births due to its capacity for natural reseeding. It is concluded that there are important changes in the species composition and weed emergence patterns immediately after the implementation of 0T compared to CT, suggesting that the filtering pressures exerted by each tillage system favor certain weed species over others. By understanding weed community shifts and critical stages of weed emergence, farmers can improve herbicide application, thereby reducing the excessive use of chemicals and minimizing environmental impact. In addition, this information can help to schedule labor and machinery more efficiently, saving time and production costs.