AbstractLupinus synthesizes quinolizidine alkaloids (AQ) as a defense strategy against herbivores. These compounds have a wide variety of applications; however, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of raw material to satisfy market needs. The species rich in these compounds are wild species, which limits the obtaining of the raw material. One of the strategies for obtaining raw material and producing secondary metabolites is the use of biotechnological tools such as plant tissue culture. In this work we report the characterization of germination, callus induction of Lupinus bilineatus and L. montanus and the characterization of in vitro growth and AQ production. The culture medium and seed scarification protocol allowed the germination of seeds of both species with percentages at 12 days of 100% for L. bilineatus and 74% for L. montanus. With respect to callus induction, a sweep of indolbutyric acid (2,4-D) and cinetin (CIN) concentrations was employed using leaf, stem and root as explants. The best response for callus induction for both species was presented using root with a combination of 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 of CIN for L. bilineatus and 1 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of CIN for L. montanus, in both cases friable callus was obtained with two colorations: green and beige. Growth and AQ production were characterized for green callus, since AQ are synthesized in photosynthetic tissues. The growth kinetics shows a characteristic three-phase curve, an adaptation phase extending to day seven, the fastest growth phase and finally a senescence phase starting on day 18. AQ production was observed on day 21. This work contributes to the knowledge of germination behavior, the induction of dedifferentiated tissue and the growth and production of alkaloids in a callus culture in two species of Lupinus, L. montanus and L. bilineatus, both with potential in the chemical and agrochemical industry.

Resumen Lupinus sintetiza alcaloides quinolizidínicos (AQ) como estrategia de defensa en contra de herbívoros. Estos compuestos tienen una amplia variedad de aplicaciones; sin embargo, es necesario contar con la suficiente cantidad de materia prima para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado. Las especies ricas en estos compuestos son especies silvestres, lo que limita la obtención de la materia prima. Una de las estrategias para la obtención de materia prima y la producción de metabolitos secundarios es el uso de herramientas biotecnológicas como el cultivo de tejidos vegetales. En este trabajo se reporta la caracterización de la germinación, la inducción de callo de Lupinus bilineatus y L. montanus y la caracterización del crecimiento in vitro y producción de AQ. El medio de cultivo y el protocolo de escarificación permitieron la germinación de las semillas de ambas especies a los 12 días con porcentajes de 100% para L. bilineatus y de 74% para L. montanus. Con respecto a la inducción de callo, se empleó un barrido de concentraciones de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) y cinetina (CIN) utilizando como explante cotiledón, hipocótilo y raíz. La mejor respuesta para la inducción de callo para ambas especies se presentó usando raíz con una combinación de 2 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 1 mg L-1 de CIN para L. bilineatus y 1 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 0.5 mg L-1 de CIN para L. montanus, en ambos casos se obtuvo callo friable con dos coloraciones: verde y beige. El crecimiento y la producción de AQ se caracterizaron para el callo verde, pues los AQ se sintetizan en tejidos fotosintéticos. La cinética de crecimiento muestra una característica curva de tres fases, una fase de adaptación que se alarga hasta el día siete, la fase de crecimiento más rápido y finalmente una fase de senescencia que inicia el día 18. La producción de AQ se observó el día 21. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento del comportamiento de la germinación, la inducción de tejido desdiferenciado y el crecimiento y producción de alcaloides en un cultivo de callo de dos especies de Lupinus, L. montanus y L. bilineatus, ambas con potencial en la industria química y de agroquímicos.

ABSTRACT This research involves an interdisciplinary study on the perception of agrochemical pollution in students from six Mexican universities enrolled in agronomic science engineering programs and related areas, such as agroecology, agroforestry engineering, and innovation for sustainable agriculture. The research method is mixed with an exploratory approach; data were collected in an online questionnaire, measuring attitudes, values, and actions related to the use of agrochemicals, as well as a self-assessment knowledge test about pesticides, fertilizers, and their effects on the environment and human health. The theoretical approach emerges from environmental psychology, agroecology, and environmental education. A theoretical model is proposed to explore the formation of mental models and beliefs about sustainable agricultural systems, and recommendations are made for optimizing agronomic science engineering programs with a focus on sustainability. The results show a high level of environmental awareness in students, a low perception of social norms for environmental conservation, and the perception of agrochemicals as essential for production, representing a cognitive barrier to implementing sustainable agricultural strategies.

RESUMEN Esta investigación involucra un estudio interdisciplinario sobre la percepción de la contaminación por agroquímicos en estudiantes de seis universidades mexicanas que cursan programas de ingeniería en agronomía y áreas afines, como agroecología, ingeniería agroforestal e innovación agrícola sustentable. El método de investigación es mixto con corte exploratorio, se recolectaron datos en un cuestionario en línea, sobre las actitudes, valores y acciones relacionadas al uso de agroquímicos, además de una autoevaluación de conocimientos sobre plaguicidas, fertilizantes y sus efectos en el ambiente y la salud humana. El enfoque teórico surge de la psicología ambiental, así como de la agroecología y de la educación ambiental. Se propone un modelo teórico para explorar la formación de modelos mentales y creencias sobre sistemas agrícolas sustentables y se plantean recomendaciones para la optimización de programas académicos de ingenierías en agronomía con enfoque hacia la sustentabilidad. Los resultados demuestran un alto nivel de consciencia ambiental en los estudiantes, una baja percepción de normas sociales para la conservación ambiental y la percepción de los agroquímicos como indispensables para la producción, lo que representa una barrera cognitiva para la implementación de estrategias agrícolas sustentables.

Resumen El pronóstico de cosecha es un gran desafío en la producción de peras. Estimar el tamaño de los frutos a partir de curvas de crecimiento permite predecir tanto la cantidad como la calidad de la fruta para cosecha. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo ajustar modelos mixtos no lineales multiniveles (MMNL) basados en la curva logística para describir el crecimiento de peras “William´s” en el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, Argentina. Los modelos ajustados incorporaron diferentes índices termoacumulativos que contemplan los efectos de la temperatura en la fisiología del crecimiento de los frutos. De esta manera, se logra no solo describir el crecimiento de los frutos, sino también se pueden observar las variaciones ambientales a lo largo de las temporadas de crecimiento. El estudio se realizó en perales “William´s” durante 16 temporadas. Se seleccionaron e identificaron al azar numerosos árboles y frutos. A cada fruto se le midió su diámetro ecuatorial semanalmente con un calibre digital electrónico. Los datos climáticos se obtuvieron de la estación meteorológica del INTA Alto Valle y los índices termoacumulativos se calcularon a partir de los datos de temperaturas. Los mejores modelos fueron seleccionados según los criterios de información. El MMNL multinivel permitió discernir y cuantificar las fuentes de variabilidad estocástica en diferentes niveles, lo que permitió obtener mejores criterios de información en comparación con los modelos que solo consideraron un único nivel de variabilidad entre los efectos aleatorios. La incorporación de índices termoacumulativos mejoró notablemente la performance de los modelos obtenidos.

Abstract Yield prediction is still a major challenge in pear production. Forecasting fruit growth after modeled curves allows predicting both potential yield and quality. This research aimed to fit multilevel no-linear mixed models (NLMM) based on logistic curves to describe pear growth in the Upper valley of Rio Negro and Neuquén, Argentina. The models incorporated several thermo-accumulative indices accounting for temperature effects on fruit-growth physiology. In this way, they captured normal fruit-growth patterns and environmental variations along the growing season. The study was conducted on “William´s” pear trees for 16 seasons. Many trees and fruits were randomly selected and identified. Equatorial diameters were weekly measured with an electronic digital caliper. Climatic data was recorded for all studied seasons from INTA Upper Valley agrochemical station and thermo accumulative indexes were calculated from daily temperature. The best models were selected according to the information criteria index. Multilevel NLMM discerned and quantified the sources of stochastic variability at different levels, allowing better index criteria in comparison to models only considering a single level of variability among random effects. The incorporation of thermo accumulative indexes also increased model performance.

Resumen El presente trabajo se realizó en Chanchamayo, provincia perteneciente a la Región Junín, en la selva central del Perú, con el objetivo de analizar el conocimiento que tienen los profesionales involucrados en el cultivo de café respecto a las malezas. Para ello se elaboró una encuesta, aplicada de manera presencial a 22 profesionales en el cultivo de café. Participaron profesionales de las diversas dependencias del Ministerio de Agricultura (55%), seguido de profesionales que trabajan en las agroindustrias (18%), profesionales independientes (18%) e integrantes de Cooperativas agrarias cafetaleras (9%). Se concluyó que los encuestados conocen la importancia de las malezas en el cultivo de café, pero sus conocimientos son muy generales, por lo que estiman necesaria la implementación de programas de capacitación en temas de identificación de malezas y métodos de control. La mayoría de encuestados considera que existen condiciones en la zona para investigar las malezas en el cultivo de café y sugieren hacerlo en temas tales como efectos sobre el rendimiento y calidad, su rol como hospederos de plagas y enfermedades y en métodos de control.

Abstract This study was carried out in Chanchamayo, a province belonging to the Junín Region, in the central jungle of Peru with the objective of analyze the knowledge of weeds from professionals involve in the coffee cultivation. For this purpose, and was made face-to-face to professionals in coffee crop. Professionals were from the various departments of the Ministry of Agriculture (55%), followed by professionals working in agrochemical companies (18%), independent professionals (18%) and members of Agricultural Coffee Cooperatives (9%). It was concluded that professionals know the importance of weeds in coffee cultivation, but their knowledge is very general, so they consider it is necessary to implement training programs on weed identification and control methods. The majority of them consider that exist conditions in the area for research on weeds in coffee cultivation and suggest doing so on topics such as their effect on yield and quality, their role as hosts for pests and diseases, and control methods.

RESUMO: A frequente presença do morango entre os alimentos com resíduos de agrotóxicos acima do limite máximo ou não autorizados gera uma série de questionamentos em relação aos riscos envolvidos no seu consumo. Nos processos de avaliação do riscopodemserutilizadosmétodosdeterminísticos e probabilísticosdependendo dos dados disponíveis. O objetivodestetrabalhofoiconduzirumaavaliaçãodeterminística e probabilística do risco de ingestão de agrotóxicosatravés do consumo de morangos. Para tanto, 62 amostras de morangosforamanalisadasatravés do método de multiresíduos entre osanos de 2018 e 2019. Osresultados de concentração dos ingredientesativosforamorganizados e utilizados para oscálculos de estimativa da ingestão. No métododeterminísticoaingestãofoicalculada com base nos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras de morangos, dados de consumoprovenientes de um questionário online e pesos corporais entre 5 e 70 kg. No métodoprobabilísticoforamutilizadosos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras e peso corporal de 60 kg noscenários um e dois, onde, no primeiro, os dados de consumoutilizadosforamos dados do questionário e no segundoos dados de consumo de morangoprovenientes da Pesquisa de OrçamentosFamiliares. Nas 62 amostras de morangoanalisadasforamdetectados 38 ingredientesativos, sendo 25 amostrasconsideradassatisfatórias, e 37 insatisfatórias. Entre osingredientesativosdetectados, 40% nãotêmseuusoautorizado para a cultura. Na avaliaçãodeterminística, 23% dos ingredientesativosapresentaramingestãocalculada superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitávelempelomenos um cenário, estando o riscoconcentradonos pesos corporais entre 5 e 30 kg, sendo o riscobaixoquandoconsiderado o peso corporal de 60 kg. Todososingredientesativostestados no primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticaapresentaramalgumapossibilidade de aingestãoser superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitável, enquanto que para o segundocenárioapenas o ingredienteativoprocimidonasuperou a ingestãodiáriaaceitável. Entre osmodelosestudados, o primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticafoi o que apresentou a maiorprobabilidade de provocarintoxicação e procimidonafoi o ingredienteativomaisfrequentementedetectadonasamostras, e que apresentou as maiores chances de oferecerrisco à saúde.

ABSTRACT: Repeated presence of strawberries amongst produce with pesticide residues results in questionings related to the risks involved by its consumption. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods might be used depending on the available data. In the present study, both methods were used to estimate risks of pesticide intake by strawberry consumption. Strawberry samples along two years were analyzed via the multiresidue method. Results of active ingredients (a.i.) concentrations were organized and used for calculations for intake estimates. On the deterministic method, intake was calculated based on the data of a.i. concentration and consumption data coming from an online questionnaire and body weight between 5 and 70 kg. On the probabilistic method, the concentrations of a.i. and body weight of 60 kg were evaluated in two scenarios: a) consumption data from an online questionnaire or b) consumption data retrieved from Family Budget Survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. In the 62 strawberry samples, 38 a.i. were quantified and in 25 samples the residue analyses were considered satisfactory and 37 had an unsatisfactory outcome. In the deterministic approach, 23% of the a.i. had a calculated intake higher than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and risk concentrated in body weights between 5 and 30 kg. The risk is low when considering a body weight of 60 kg. All a.i. tested in the first scenario of the probabilistic method pointed towards some possibility of intake being higher than the ADI. In the second scenario, only the a.i. procymidone exceeded the ADI.

Resumen. Se determinó el efecto de 44 agroquímicos (fungicidas, insecticidas y coadyuvantes) sobre el crecimiento micelial y la germinación de conidios de Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003, mediante siembra de discos de 5 mm de micelio hongo en agar Sabouraud suplementado con cada agroquímico y la siembra de conidios suspendidos en soluciones de los agroquímicos en agar agua. Para los coadyuvantes, se determinó su efecto en el establecimiento filosférico de T. koningiopsis Th003 siguiendo su población en foliolos de uchuva inoculados con el hongo suspendido en estos. Ocho fungicidas no inhibieron el crecimiento micelial del hongo o la germinación de sus conidios. Fenhexamid - Tebuconazol, Flutriafol y Kasugamicina lo inhibieron entre un 34 y 48% sin afectar la germinación, mientras que Thiram - Pirimetanil, Procloraz, Tiabendazol, Spiroxamina y Triadimenol - Tebuconazol inhibieron el crecimiento y Thiram - Pirimetanil y Dodine no permitieron la germinación de los conidios. Insecticidas y coadyuvantes presentaron una inhibición de hasta el 70% pero no afectaron la germinación de los conidios. No se observaron efectos negativos de los coadyuvantes en el establecimiento de T. koningiopsis Th003 en la filosfera, recuperando de los tratamientos aproximadamente 1x103 UFC g-1.

Abstract. The effect of 44 agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides and adjuvants) on the mycelial growth and germination conidia of Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003 was determined by seeding of 5 mm discs of fungal mycelium in Sabouraud agar supplemented with each agrochemical and seeding of conidia suspended in solutions of agrochemicals in water agar. For the adjuvants, their effect on the phyllospheric establishment of T. koningiopsis Th003 was determined by following their population in cape gooseberry leaflets inoculated with the fungus suspended in them. Eight fungicides did not inhibit the fungus mycelial growth or the conidia germination. Fenhexamid - Tebuconazole, Flutriafol and Kasugamicina inhibited it between 34 and 48% without affecting germination, Thiram - Pyrimethanil, Prochloraz, Tiabendazol, Spiroxamina and Triadimenol - Tebuconazole inhibited the growth and Thiram - Pyrimethanil and Dodine did not allow conidia germination. Insecticides and adjuvants presented an inhibition of up to 70% but did not affect the conidia germination. No negative effects of the adjuvants on the phyllosphere establishment of T. koningiopsis Th003 were observed, recovering from the treatments approximately 1x103 CFU g-1.

Abstract Honey is a matrix noted for its wide consumption as a sweetener and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties; however, its physicochemical quality can be compromised by the presence of toxicants such as pesticides. This review aims to gather recent information on pesticides in honey from the approach to their detection, understanding, and adverse effects on human health. A bibliographic and bibliometric analysis was carried out in academic databases limited to the last five and thirty years, respectively, comprising the keywords “honey”, “pesticides” and their types of pesticides or the agrochemical compound directly. It was found that there are about 30 pesticides detected in honey, in which organochlorine, organophosphate, and neonicotinoid compounds stood out for their concentrations concerning Maximum Residue Levels (MRL). Their physicochemical alteration was not well explored beyond slight variations in brightness and manganese concentration, and its consumption may have repercussions on human reproductive health. It was also determined that there was limited development on the scientific subject seeing that it is important to explore and investigate more on the issue due to the great impact of honey as a product of high consumption at a global level.

Resumo O mel é uma matriz que se destaca pelo seu amplo consumo como edulcorante e por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e antimicrobianas; no entanto, sua qualidade físico-química pode ser comprometida pela presença de elementos tóxicos, como os pesticidas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo coletar informações recentes sobre pesticidas no mel sob a perspectiva de sua detecção, compreensão e efeitos adversos à saúde humana. Foram realizadas as análises bibliográfica e bibliométrica em bases de dados acadêmicas limitadas aos últimos cinco e trinta anos, respectivamente, com as palavras-chave “honey” (mel), “pesticides” (pesticidas) e tipos de pesticidas ou o nome do composto agroquímico diretamente. Foram detectados cerca de 30 pesticidas no mel, dos quais se destacam os compostos organoclorados, organofosforados e neonicotinoides, devido às suas concentrações em relação aos Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMR). A alteração físico-química do mel é pouco explorada, sendo observadas pequenas variações de brilho e concentração de manganês. Note-se que o consumo de mel com pesticidas pode ter repercussões na saúde reprodutiva humana. Foi também verificado que existe a pesquisa científica sobre o assunto é limitada e que é importante explorar e investigar mais sobre o assunto, devido ao grande impacto que o mel tem como produto de alto consumo em todo o mundo.

ABSTRACT The nutritional and sensory qualities of tomatoes favor their acceptance worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the risk perception of agrochemical and sensory residue in tomato consumption. Thus, 12 kg of organic tomatoes (OT) and 12 kg of conventional tomatoes (CT) at an equal maturation stage were selected. R version 3.6.1 was applied to the analysis of physical and chemical variables. The Mann-Whitney test with a value of p<0.05 was used to verify associations between the groups. The sensory evaluation involved 37 volunteers and considered the mean answers of each question about the perception of fresh tomatoes. The OT presented about 13% more ascorbic acid in relation to CT, but there was no significant difference between them (p>0.05). OT detected higher values for pH, soluble solids (ºBrix) and titratable acidity, but there were no significant differences between them (p>0.05). Chlorfenapir residues below the Acceptable Daily Intake (IDA) value (0.03 mg/kg per capita) were detected, indicating a low risk of acute toxicity. Chlorfenapir is banned in Europe, but remains detected in Brazil. Public policies are needed to encourage sustainable food production.

RESUMO A qualidade nutricional e sensorial favorece a aceitação do tomate no mundo todo. Realizou-se este estudo para avaliar a percepção de risco do resíduo agroquímico e sensorial do consumo de tomates. Desta forma, foram selecionados 12 kg de tomates de sistema orgânico (TO) e 12 kg de tomate convencional (TC), de igual maturação. Para análise das variáveis físicas e químicas aplicou-se o R versão 3.6.1. Para verificar associações entre os grupos empregou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney com valor de p<0,05. A avaliação sensorial envolveu 37 voluntários e considerou a média das respostas de cada questão sobre a percepção do tomate in natura. O TO apresentou cerca de 13% mais ácido ascórbico em relação ao TC, mas não houve diferença significativa entre si (p>0,05). O TO detectou valores maiores para pH, sólidos solúveis (ºBrix) e acidez titulável, mas não houve diferenças significativas ao TC. Detectou-se resíduos de clorfenapir abaixo do Valor da Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) (0,03 mg/kg per capita), indicando baixo risco de toxicidade aguda. O clorfenapir proibido na Europa segue detectado no Brasil. São necessárias políticas públicas de incentivo à produção sustentável de alimentos.

Resumo O estudo analisou as limitações na promoção da sustentabilidade no recolhimento de embalagens vazias de agroquímicos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como suporte o Sistema Campo Limpo, dados do inpEV, IBGE, IBAMA e referências bibliográficas. Os resultados apontaram que a coleta de sobras de defensivos agrícolas favorece os grandes produtores rurais, a maioria vinculados à sojicultura, enquanto pequenos produtores se situam marginalizados nessa rede. Embora tal foco permita altas taxas de coleta, os efeitos na agricultura familiar representam uma deficiência importante. Por um lado, take-backs de embalagens de agroquímicos são cruciais para a gestão adequada de resíduos, por outro lado, eles podem institucionalizar o uso de agroquímicos e legitimar a sua crescente aplicação. Consequentemente, sustentabilidade na produção de alimentos é um assunto complexo e multidimensional, e exige um esforço conjunto entre a sociedade civil, poder público e produtores. tanto utilizouse utilizou Limpo inpEV IBGE bibliográficas rurais sojicultura rede importante lado takebacks take backs resíduos aplicação Consequentemente multidimensional civil

Resumen Este estudio analiza las limitaciones de los esquemas de recuperación de envases de agroquímicos para promover la sostenibilidad. A través del caso de inPEV y Sistema Campo Limpo, este estudio concentrarse endatos del IBGE, IBAMA y fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que la organización del sistema favorece a los grandes productores rurales, particularmente en la cadena de la soya, mientras que los pequeños productores son marginados. Si bien este resultado permite altas tasas de recolección, también presenta limitaciones relacionadas con efectos sobre las explotaciones familiares. De este modo los esquemas de recuperación de envases de agroquímicos son necesarios en términos del manejo adecuado de los desechos, pero pueden crear condiciones que institucionalicen el uso de agroquímicos y legitimen un uso más frecuente. En consecuencia, la sostenibilidad de producción de alimentos es un asunto complejo y multidimensional, el cual requiere esfuerzos coordinados de la sociedad, las autoridades y los productores. Limpo IBGE secundarias rurales soya marginados recolección familiares desechos frecuente consecuencia multidimensional sociedad

Abstract The study discusses the limitations of take-back schemes for agrochemical packaging in promoting sustainability. Through the case of inPEV and the Campo Limpo System, the analysis focused on data from IBGE, IBAMA, and secondary sources. Results show that the system’s organization favors large agricultural producers, particularly in the soybean chain, while small producers are marginalized. Although this strategy allows for high rates of collection, a crucial shortcoming refers to environment and health related effects on family farms. This is embodied in the dilemma that take-back schemes for agrochemical packaging are necessary in terms of adequate waste management, but can create conditions that institutionalize the use of agrochemicals and legitimize their increasing application. Consequently, sustainability in food production systems is a complex and multidimensional affair, which require coordinated effort of civil society, public authorities, and producers. takeback take back System IBGE IBAMA sources system s chain marginalized collection farms management application Consequently affair society authorities

Abstract The influence of environmental factors, such as lack of water and uneven rainfall, depletion of nutrients in the soil and reduced soil fertility, planting patterns and plant density, uneven growth stages, are the main limiting factors that hinder the growth of agricultural production in arid regions. The aim of the study was to assess the potential of Sentinel-2 to quantify soil conditions, which can improve the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics in organic agriculture in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan and improve productivity management of Linum usitatissimum. In the course of the research, the influence of individual factors of the general environmental impact, such as the influence of humidity, meteorological conditions, the content of individual nutrient components of the soil on the yield, was studied. The meteorological conditions in this region in 2021 and the data of agrochemical analysis of the soil on which the oilseed crop was grown were evaluated. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to determine the NDVI and GNDVI indices. A high content of nitrate nitrogen (12.3-16.2 mg/kg), a very low level of available phosphorus (3-10 mg/kg), and a high content of potassium (289-420 mg/kg) were found in the soil. A low content of humus (2.68-3.31%) and sulfur (1.1-4.9 mg/kg) was found. A study of the NDVI growth index showed that the highest value was reached by the period of July 20, 2021. After this period, a decrease in the vegetation index was observed. In conditions of severe drought, this change occurred earlier than under favorable conditions, and correlated with low flax yield (1.6-6.9 c/ha). This study demonstrates the potential of Sentinel-2 for quantifying soil conditions, which not only improves our understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics and environmental components in organic agriculture in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan, but also improves the management of Linum usitatissimum productivity.

Resumo A influência de fatores ambientais como: falta de água, chuvas irregulares, depleção de nutrientes no solo, redução da fertilidade do solo, padrões de plantio, densidade de plantas, estágios de crescimento irregulares são os principais fatores limitantes que dificultam o crescimento da produção agrícola em regiões áridas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do Sentinel-2 para quantificar as condições do solo, o que pode melhorar a compreensão da dinâmica espaço-temporal na agricultura orgânica na zona de estepe do Cazaquistão e aprimorar o manejo da produtividade de Linum usitatissimum. No decorrer da pesquisa, a influência de fatores individuais do impacto ambiental geral - tais como a influência da umidade, das condições meteorológicas, do teor de componentes nutrientes individuais do solo no rendimento - foi analisada. As condições meteorológicas nessa região em 2021 foram avaliadas e os dados de análise agroquímica do solo em que a oleaginosa foi cultivada. Imagens de satélite Sentinel-2 foram utilizadas para determinar os índices NDVI e GNDVI. Um alto teor de nitrogênio nitrato (12,3-16,2 mg/kg), um nível muito baixo de fósforo disponível (3-10 mg/kg) e um alto teor de potássio (289-420 mg/kg) foram encontrados no solo. Foi encontrado baixo teor de húmus (2,68-3,31%) e enxofre (1,1-4,9 mg/kg). Um estudo do Índice de crescimento do NDVI mostrou que o maior valor foi alcançado no período de 20 de julho de 2021. Após esse período, observou-se diminuição do Índice de vegetação. Em condições de seca severa, essa mudança ocorreu mais cedo do que em condições favoráveis, e correlacionou-se com a baixa produção de linho (1,6-6,9 c/ha). Nesse sentido, este estudo demonstra o potencial do Sentinel-2 para quantificar as condições do solo, o que não apenas melhora nossa compreensão da dinâmica espaço-temporal e dos componentes ambientais na agricultura orgânica na zona de estepe do Cazaquistão, mas também melhora o manejo da produtividade do Linum usitatissimum.

Abstract Organic agriculture is becoming an increasingly popular direction in modern agriculture. At the same time, some researchers and practitioners still have doubts about the ability of this technology to maintain the balance of nutrients in the soil. The article is a contribution to the study of the influence of long-term organic farming on agrochemical soil parameters. The aim of the study was to study the influence of organic farming technology on the content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil of the most important components for fertility – humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in the non-carbonate chernozems of Western Siberia. The chernozems of Western Siberia are characterized by a high content of humus and nutrients, have optimal properties for agricultural crops. A statistically processed comparison of the quantitative content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in fields with long-term use of organic farming technology, and in similar fields where this technology was not used, was carried out. The article includes a brief geographical, geological, climatic characteristics of the place of the experiment, a description of the applied agricultural technologies and fertilizers. As a result, it was found that the use of organic farming technology has a positive effect on the state of soils, which is confirmed by an increase in the content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus.

Resumo A agricultura orgânica está se tornando cada vez mais comum na agricultura moderna. No entanto, alguns pesquisadores e profissionais ainda têm dúvidas sobre a capacidade desta tecnologia para manter o equilíbrio de nutrientes no solo. O presente artigo é uma contribuição para o estudo do impacto da agricultura orgânica a longo prazo nos indicadores agroquímicos do solo. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influência da tecnologia da agricultura orgânica no conteúdo do solo dos componentes mais importantes para a fertilidade – húmus, formas móveis de potássio e formas móveis de fósforo – em solos negros não carbonatos da Sibéria Ocidental. Os “chernozems” da Sibéria ocidental são caracterizados por um alto teor de húmus e nutrientes, possuem propriedades ideais para as culturas agrícolas. Uma comparação estatisticamente processada foi realizada para mensurar a quantidade de húmus, formas móveis de potássio e formas móveis de fósforo em campos com aplicação a longo prazo da tecnologia agrícola orgânica e em campos similares, onde essa tecnologia não foi aplicada. O artigo inclui uma breve descrição geográfica, geológica e climática do local da experiência, uma descrição das tecnologias agrícolas e fertilizantes utilizados. Como resultado, verificou-se que o uso da tecnologia de agricultura orgânica tem um efeito positivo sobre o estado do solo, o que é confirmado pelo aumento do teor de húmus, formas móveis de potássio e formas móveis de fósforo.

Resumo Os sistemas de produção intensivos hortoindustrais do Ribatejo (centro de Portugal) baseiam-se no recurso à monocultura e num elevado grau de intervenções culturais. O projeto MaisSolo, um consórcio formado por agricultores, associações de produtores, investigadores e a academia, teve por objetivo demonstrar que a introdução de culturas de cobertura contribui para a melhoria da estrutura do solo e da sua capacidade de retenção da água, melhorando a reciclagem de nutrientes e reduzindo a necessidade de agroquímicos, com impacto positivo na diminuição da prevalência de pragas e doenças. Os nemátodes, pequenos animais que habitam em todos os tipos de solo, são cada vez mais usados como bioindicadores do status do solo. Neste projeto, efetuou-se a avaliação das comunidades de nemátodes presentes em solos sujeitos a diferentes tratamentos: 1) consociação de leguminosas e gramíneas; 2) azevém anual e 3) biofumigação. Na parcela de controlo não se instalou qualquer cultura de cobertura. No final do período experimental (4 anos: 2017-2021), as populações de nemátodes de vida livre no solo aumentaram em todos os tratamentos comparativamente às parcelas de controlo, nomeadamente dos nemátodes bacteriófagos, o que indica uma melhoria do teor de matérias orgânica em cada um dos talhões, sobretudo naqueles com instalação de consociação.

Abstract The intensive horticultural production systems in Ribatejo (central Portugal) are mostly based in monoculture with a high degree of technical intervention. In the project MaisSolo, a consortium comprising growers, farmers’ associations, researchers and academia, we aimed to demonstrate that the introduction of cover crops will help to improve soil structure and soil water properties (water infiltration and retention), enhance nutrient recycling and reduce agrochemical needs, with impact on pests and diseases cycle break. Nematodes inhabit all type of soils and are often used as soil status bioindicators. In this work, the evaluation of nematode communities was used to assess the effects on soil status of the proposed alternative practices: 1) biodiverse mixture of grasses and legumes 2) annual ryegrass and 3) biofumigation (forage turnip). In the control plot no cover crop was set. At the end of the 4-year experimental period, the number of free-living nematodes increased in all treatments compared with the control plot, namely the bacteriophagous group, in the mixture treatment, indicating an improvement in the organic matter content of each plot.

RESUMEN: Una de las limitantes para la aclimatación de plantas in vitro en el cultivo del banano ha sido el pobre enraizamiento y su lento desarrollo foliar, que afecta la sobrevivencia en campo bajo condiciones de stress posterior a siembra. El objetivo fue comparar la respuesta de plántulas de Musa cv. Williams tratadas con bioestimulantes y desestresantes comerciales. A los 30 días después de la inoculación, se determinó el diámetro del pseudotallo (cm), masa fresca de planta (g), masa fresca radical (g), número de raíces, índice SPAD, contenido iónico edáfico y foliar (pH, CE, NO3 -, K+, Na+ y Ca2+). Los resultados preliminares indicaron que StresSal® y (StresSal® + Equilibrium®) mostraron de forma significativa un mayor diámetro de pseudotallo. La mayor masa fresca radical correspondió a (Inicium® + StresSal®). El número de raíces no fue significativamente diferente. El índice SPAD fue elevado cuando se aplicó StresSal® solo o con Equilibrium®. El tratamiento (Inicium®+StresSal®) contribuyó a la mayor acidez en suelo. La conductividad (CE), el K+ y Na+ fueron mayores aplicando (Inicium® + Pro-Fulvic®). Mientras los niveles de NO3 - aumentaron con Inicium®. Los iones Ca2+ disminuyeron significativamente en suelo con (Inicium® + StresSal®). En cuanto al contenido foliar, el pH más alto correspondió a Inicium®, la conductividad (CE) fue mayor con StresSal® e (Inicium® + StresSal®), sin diferencia con el testigo. Un aumento de NO3 - se halló con (Inicium® + StresSal®). Mientras Na+ y Ca2+ fueron significativamente mayores con (Inicium® + Pro-Fulvic®).

SUMMARY: Some of the limitations for plant acclimatization in vitro in banana cultivation have been poor rooting and slow leaf development, which affect survival in the field under stress conditions after planting. The aim of this study is to compare seedling response of Musa cv. Williams treated with biostimulants and commercial de-stressing agents. Thirty days after inoculation, pseudostem diameter (cm), fresh plant mass (g), fresh root mass (g), root number, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) index, edaphic ionic content and foliar content (pH, CE, NO3 -, K+, Na+ and Ca2+) were evaluated. Preliminary results indicated, that StresSal® and (StresSal® + Equilibrium®) showed significantly greater pseudostem diameter. The highest radical fresh mass corresponded to (Inicium® + StresSal®). Root number was not significantly different. The SPAD index was elevated when StresSal® was applied alone or with Equilibrium®. The treatment (Inicium®+StresSal®) contributed to higher soil acidity. Conductivity (CE), K+ and Na+ were higher when Inicium® + Pro- Fulvic® were applied. As NO 3 - levels increased with Inicium®, Ca+2 ions decreased significantly in soil with Inicium® + StresSal®. Regarding foliar content, the highest pH corresponded to Inicium®, conductivity (CE) was higher with StresSal® and Inicium® + StresSal®, without difference with the control. An increase in NO3 - was found with Inicium® + StresSal®. While Na+ and Ca2+ were significantly higher with Inicium® + Pro-Fulvic®.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to show how to design and evaluate the territorial strategic vision of the Rural-Urban Fringe (RUF) in Santa Eufemia, Córdoba, Argentina. The methodology is based on a multi-phase multi-criteria procedure for the municipal government and the actors involved. In phase 1, local problems (opportunities) and aspirations were identified through in-depth interviews. In phase 2, a menu of alternatives was designed and assessed for two strategic decisions that emerged within the interviews, namely, rainwater drainage and local food provision. In phase 3, the actors’ preferences were revealed, and the alternatives were evaluated using the Promethee algorithm. The chosen alternatives were included in the RUF vision and complemented three structural decisions (location of an industrial park, future urban settlements, and waste management). Compared with the prognosis, the alternatives chosen, have a better performance, although some limitations are recognized. One of the alternatives reduces the water runoff that could potentially affect the locality by 50%. Another alternative increases local food production by 27%, generating an economic surplus (12 jobs) and significantly minimizing the risks of zoonotic diseases and agrochemical contamination. However, the alternatives require more investment and an increased institutional political effort than in the prognosis. Finally, the actors appreciated the alternatives designed with the three sustainability dimensions (comparison criteria) and agreed to move forward on a compromise decision about the RUF vision.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo diseñar y evaluar la visión estratégica territorial de la Franja Urbano Rural (FUR) en la localidad de Santa Eufemia, Córdoba, Argentina. La metodología se basa en un procedimiento multicriterio por fases dirigido al gobierno municipal y los actores que éste involucró. En la fase 1, se identificaron los problemas (oportunidades) y aspiraciones locales mediante entrevistas en profundidad. En la fase 2, se diseñó y valoró un menú de alternativas para dos decisiones estratégicas que emergen de las entrevistas: la regulación hídrica (desagües) y la provisión de alimentos de proximidad. En la fase 3, se relevaron las preferencias de los actores y se evaluaron las alternativas mediante el algoritmo Promethee. Las alternativas elegidas fueron incluidas a la visión de FUR y complementan tres decisiones estructurales (localización de un parque industrial, poblamiento urbano futuro y gestión de residuos). Comparada con las prognosis, dichas alternativas presentan mejor performance, aunque se reconocen algunas limitaciones. Una de ellas reduce 50% los escurrimientos hídricos que potencialmente afectarían a la localidad y otra incrementa la producción de alimentos de proximidad 27%, genera excedentes económicos (12 puestos de trabajo) y minimiza significativamente los riesgos de enfermedades zoonóticas y de contaminación por agroquímicos. Ahora bien, las alternativas requieren más inversiones y un esfuerzo político institucional mayor que la prognosis. Por último, los actores valoraron las alternativas diseñadas junto a las tres dimensiones de la sostenibilidad (criterios de comparación) y acordaron avanzar en una decisión de compromiso sobre la visión de FUR.

ABSTRACT Herbicides are one of the most widely used agrochemical classes around the world. They help farmers to protect their crops against weeds. However, they can move through the soil profile polluting water resources and adversely affect human health. Groundwater is an important source for the production of drinking water in many places of the world and the presence of pesticide residues in groundwater is a serious threat to the health of consumers of drinking water. In this work, the behavior of two herbicides Atrazine and Trifluralin were study in an agricultural soil: Alhue soil and this soil modified whit clay (Kaolinite) and organic matter (Humus). The original soil and modified soil samples were characterized by their physicochemical properties: pH, EC, OC and texture. The analytical method was optimized for the quantification of Atrazine and Trifluralin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The contact time, adsorption/desorption isotherms, persistence of both compounds in the soil samples and modified soil samples with clay and/or organic matter was studied. In general, all sorption curves for Trizine and Trifuralin in the modified soil samples were similar with relatively low adsorption for Trifuralin indicating that the soil modifications were not significant. The kinetic of sorption process was described by Elovich model. Both herbicides present a low Koc value, however, they present different types of adsorption, being for Atrazine a moderate adsorption and for Trifluralin a weak adsorption, which implies that both herbicides could be distributed in bodies of water as they are not fixed by organic matter. However, it should be noted that Atrazine presents higher Koc values than Trifluralin in all soil samples, which could mean that Atrazine would be less bioavailable than Trifluralin. Values obtained in the Pearson correlation of CO (%) and % of clay are expected since, when observing the results obtained in the Kd parameters for soils modified by both herbicides, they show that the higher the % of the physicochemical parameter, the higher the adsorption of the compound by the soil. The persistence of the pesticides showed that with both the addition of Kaolinite and Humus to the soil increases the half-life time for both herbicides. The results of the GUS index showed that both Atrazine and Trifluralin would be classified as leachable compounds in all soil samples.