Resumen La utilización de agroquímicos en la agricultura y el aumento de intoxicaciones derivadas de su manejo han llevado a discusiones acerca de su peligrosidad para la salud humana y el ambiente. Objetivo: conocer las causas de intoxicaciones por el uso de agroquímicos y describir propuestas para enfrentar el problema desde la perspectiva de los agricultores rurales, agentes de salud y extensionistas rurales de Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Metodología: cualitativa de tipo exploratorio-descriptiva, se realizaron 14 entrevistas a los diferentes actores las cuales fueron transcriptas y analizadas con el apoyo del software Atlas ti. Resultados: se encontró que las causas de intoxicación identificadas por los actores fueron: no utilizar vestimenta protectora, no seguir medidas de bioseguridad apropiadas, no poseer los medios de protección, falta de conciencia de la peligrosidad de los agroquímicos, y falta del cumplimiento de la ley relativa al uso de agroquímicos tanto por parte de agricultores como de vendedores de insumos, como propuestas para enfrentar el problema se plantearon: tomar conciencia de la peligrosidad y usar correctamente los medios de protección, dar capacitaciones, hacer visitas a los predios productivos, hacer cumplir la ley y establecer controles de residuos sobre los productos agrícolas. Conclusiones: se identificó que el uso de agroquímicos tiene efectos en la salud humana y en el ambiente, esta afirmación debería ser suficiente para generar y promover cada vez más dispositivos, programas y modelos de producción que disminuyan o eliminen su utilización.

Abstract The use of agrochemicals in agriculture and the increase in poisoning resulting from their handling has led to discussions about their danger to human health and the environment. Objetive: the objective of this research was to know the causes of poisoning due to the use of agrochemicals and describe proposals to face the problem from the perspective of rural producers, health agents and rural extension workers of Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Methodology: the methodology used was qualitative, exploratory-descriptive, 14 interviews were carried out with the different actors, which were transcribed and analyzed with the support of the Atlas ti software. Results: as a result, it was found that the causes of poisoning identified by the actors were: not using protective clothing, not following appropriate biosafety measures, not having the means of protection, lack of awareness of the danger of agrochemicals, and lack of compliance with the law regarding the use of agrochemicals by both producers and input sellers. Proposals to address the problem were proposed: becoming aware of the danger and correctly using protective means, providing training, visiting productive properties, enforcing the law and establishing residue controls on agricultural products. Conclusion: As a discussion and conclusions, it was identified that the use of agrochemicals has effects on human health and the environment; this statement should be sufficient to generate and promote more and more devices, programs and production models that reduce or eliminate their use.

Resumo O uso de agroquímicos na agricultura e o aumento das intoxicações decorrentes do seu manuseio têm gerado discussões sobre seus perigos para a saúde humana e o meio ambiente. Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer as causas das intoxicações pelo uso de agrotóxicos e descrever propostas para o enfrentamento do problema na perspectiva de produtores rurais, agentes de saúde e extensionistas rurais de Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Metodologia: a metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, foram realizadas 14 entrevistas com os diferentes atores, as quais foram transcritas e analisadas com o apoio do software Atlas ti. Resultados: como resultado, constatou-se que as causas de intoxicação identificadas pelos atores foram: não utilizar roupas de proteção, não seguir medidas adequadas de biossegurança, não possuir meios de proteção, falta de conscientização sobre o perigo dos agroquímicos e falta de cumprimento das normas. a lei relativa ao uso de agroquímicos tanto pelos produtores quanto pelos vendedores de insumos. Foram propostas propostas para enfrentar o problema: conscientizar-se do perigo e utilizar corretamente os meios de proteção, ministrar treinamentos, visitar propriedades produtivas, fazer cumprir a lei e estabelecer controles de resíduos nos produtos agrícolas. Conclusões: como discussão e conclusões, identificou-se que o uso de agrotóxicos traz efeitos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente; esta afirmação deveria ser suficiente para gerar e promover cada vez mais dispositivos, programas e modelos de produção que reduzam ou eliminem seu uso.

RESUMEN El manejo fitosanitario en producciones de plantas ornamentales se basa en el uso de productos de síntesis provocando efectos negativos sobre el ambiente. El objetivo fue analizar el impacto ambiental (IA) del manejo de plagas en producciones ornamentales intensivas del partido de Moreno, provincia de Buenos Aires. Se describió el manejo fitosanitario de tres establecimientos (E1, E2 y E3) representativos de la zona. Se analizaron las aplicaciones y se cuantificó el IA a través del cálculo del Cociente de Impacto Ambiental a campo (CIAc) que contempla el efecto sobre la fauna benéfica, los trabajadores y los consumidores. Los valores de CIAc fueron variables (1172,90; 752,90 y 54,70 para el E1, E2 y E3, respectivamente) debido a diferencias en las dosis y número de aplicaciones. Los productores utilizaron de manera homogénea insecticidas/acaricidas (42 %) y fungicidas/bactericidas (58 %). También se observó similitud en la proporción de fitosanitarios según la clase toxicológica, aplicando el doble de compuestos de clases III y IV que los de clases I y II. El presente trabajo constituye el primer aporte sobre IA de los fitosanitarios en producciones ornamentales en Argentina en general, y en el partido de Moreno en particular.

ABSTRACT Phytosanitary management in ornamental plant production is based on the use of synthetic products causing negative effects on the environment. The aim of this work was to analyze the environmental impact (EI) of pest management in intensive ornamental production in the district of Moreno, province of Buenos Aires. The phytosanitary management of three establishments (E1, E2 and E3) representative of the area was described. The applications were analyzed and the EI was quantified through the calculation of the Field Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQf), which considers the effect on beneficial fauna, workers and consumers. The EIQf values were variable (1172.90, 752.90 and 54.70 for E1, E2 and E3, respectively), due to differences in the doses and number of applications. Producers used insecticides/acaricides (42 %) and fungicides/ bactericides (58 %) homogeneously. Similarity was also observed in the proportion of phytosanitary products used according to the toxicological class, applying twice as many compounds from classes III and IV than those from classes I and II. This is the first contribution on EI of phytosanitary products in ornamental productions in Argentina in general, and in the Moreno district in particular.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las propiedades agroquímicas del orujo de uva (GP) de V. labrusca y evaluar su efecto sobre Azospirillum brasiliense y cultivos hortícolas para determinar su uso seguro como fertilizante y/o mulching. Los bioensayos se realizaron con el GP a diferentes concentraciones para evaluar su toxicidad sobre A. brasiliense y semillas de tomate y lechuga. Para evaluar el efecto de GP sobre el crecimiento de plantas de tomate y lechuga se aplicaron diferentes dosis como mulching en el rango de 20-80 t ha-1. La caracterización agroquímica mostró que GP es rico en potasio y fósforo; y tiene bajo contenido de sales de Na+ (SAR < 15). El GP al 2,5% (p v-1) fue responsable de un aumento significativo en la tasa de supervivencia de las rizobacterias fijadoras de N2. Los resultados de la germinación de las semillas revelaron que la lechuga fue más susceptible al aumento de las concentraciones de GP. La aplicación de 20 t ha-1 de GP en los experimentos de invernadero incrementó la biomasa radicular de lechuga y tomate. Además, la parte aérea del tomate no presentó síntomas de toxicidad. Estos resultados abren la posibilidad de considerar el aprovechamiento de V. labrusca GP como mulching, sin utilizar ninguna tecnología de tratamiento antes de su aplicación al suelo en cultivos de tomate.

Abstract This study characterized the agrochemical properties of V. labrusca grape pomace (GP) and evaluated the effect on the rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasiliense and horticultural crops, determining safety as fertilizer and/or mulching. Two first bioassays were performed with the GP at different concentrations evaluating toxicity on A. brasiliense, and on tomato and lettuce seeds. A third bioassay evaluated GP mulching effects on tomato and lettuce plants growing with amounts varying between 20 and 80 t ha-1. Agrochemical characterization showed that GP is rich in potassium and phosphorus, with a low content of Na+ salts (SAR < 15). The GP at 2.5% (w v-1) significantly increased survival rates of N2-fixing rhizobacteria. Results on seed germination revealed lettuce was more susceptible to increasing GP concentrations. The application of 20 t ha-1 of GP in greenhouse experiments increased lettuce and tomato root biomass. Furthermore, the aerial part of tomato showed no toxicity symptoms. These results open the possibility of considering V. labrusca GP as mulching without prior treatment in tomato crops.

Abstract This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of various types of fertilizers and growth stimulants on the productivity and quality of yellow melilot. Their increase is necessary to ensure a balanced mineral composition of livestock diet. Research methods include the analysis of field germination of seeds, the study of plant growth at various stages, and the analysis of the agrochemical composition of the soil and feed mass. The field experiments were conducted in the steppe zone of the Akmola region, Kazakhstan with fluctuating air temperature and low rainfall. The results show that the use of fertilizers and growth stimulants significantly increased the field germination of seeds, the content of protein, carotene, and feed units, as well as the yield of the green mass of the yellow melilot. Particularly high rates were achieved with the use of the Fulvimax N and Start Up fertilizers and the Gumato Fosfat N and K growth stimulants. The results indicate the potential of fertilizers and growth stimulants to improve agricultural production and emphasize the importance of choosing the optimal fertilizers to achieve maximum results. The study contributes to the expansion of knowledge about methods of increasing the yield and quality of feed crops, which is an important issue in agriculture. melilot diet seeds stages region rainfall protein carotene units crops agriculture

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de vários tipos de fertilizante e estimulante de crescimento na produtividade e qualidade do meliloto-amarelo. Seu aumento é necessário para garantir uma composição mineral equilibrada na dieta do gado. Os métodos de pesquisa incluem a análise da germinação de sementes em campo, o estudo do crescimento das plantas em várias etapas e a análise da composição agroquímica do solo e da massa de alimentação. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na zona de estepe da região de Akmola, Cazaquistão, com temperatura do ar oscilante e baixa precipitação. Os resultados mostram que o uso de fertilizantes e estimulantes de crescimento aumentou significativamente a germinação de sementes em campo, o teor de proteína, caroteno e unidades de alimentação, bem como a produção da massa verde do meliloto-amarelo. Taxas especialmente altas foram alcançadas com o uso dos fertilizantes Fulvimax N e Start Up e dos estimulantes de crescimento Gumato-Fosfato N e K. Os resultados indicam o potencial dos fertilizantes e estimulantes de crescimento para melhorar a produção agrícola e enfatizam a importância da escolha dos fertilizantes ideais para alcançar resultados máximos. O estudo contribui para a ampliação do conhecimento sobre métodos de aumento do rendimento e qualidade das culturas alimentares, o que é uma questão importante na agricultura. melilotoamarelo. melilotoamarelo meliloto amarelo. amarelo meliloto-amarelo gado alimentação Akmola Cazaquistão precipitação proteína GumatoFosfato Gumato Fosfato K máximos alimentares agricultura

A NEW ERA OF INCORPORATION OF FLUORINE ATOM ON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: MODERN METHODS AND USE OF 19F MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY. During the last decades, the incorporation of the fluorine atom in organic molecules suffered an increase, mainly in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, due to the unique properties of the fluorine atom and the desired behaviour of the molecules resulting from fluorination processes. We present the rise and historical evolution of both fluorination agents, nucleophilic and electrophilic agents, and the three fluorination conditions, nucleophilic, electrophilic and neutral (radical) conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of fluorination agent and condition are highlighted employing modern methods of fluorination, along with the presentation of the author’s mechanistic proposals and discussion of the scope of the reaction. Green chemistry, more sustainable procedures and the use of alternative methods are gaining more attention and are the challenges of the fluorination of organic compounds. 19F NMR technique is also highlighted as a powerful tool for structural elucidation, intermediates identification and reaction monitoring. 1D and 2D NMR experiments involving fluorine are widely employed in biological areas and need to be more widespread in organic synthesis to help face the challenges of this area. COMPOUNDS F SPECTROSCOPY decades increase industries processes agents conditions radical (radical authors author s chemistry compounds elucidation monitoring D area

AbstractLupinus synthesizes quinolizidine alkaloids (AQ) as a defense strategy against herbivores. These compounds have a wide variety of applications; however, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of raw material to satisfy market needs. The species rich in these compounds are wild species, which limits the obtaining of the raw material. One of the strategies for obtaining raw material and producing secondary metabolites is the use of biotechnological tools such as plant tissue culture. In this work we report the characterization of germination, callus induction of Lupinus bilineatus and L. montanus and the characterization of in vitro growth and AQ production. The culture medium and seed scarification protocol allowed the germination of seeds of both species with percentages at 12 days of 100% for L. bilineatus and 74% for L. montanus. With respect to callus induction, a sweep of indolbutyric acid (2,4-D) and cinetin (CIN) concentrations was employed using leaf, stem and root as explants. The best response for callus induction for both species was presented using root with a combination of 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 of CIN for L. bilineatus and 1 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of CIN for L. montanus, in both cases friable callus was obtained with two colorations: green and beige. Growth and AQ production were characterized for green callus, since AQ are synthesized in photosynthetic tissues. The growth kinetics shows a characteristic three-phase curve, an adaptation phase extending to day seven, the fastest growth phase and finally a senescence phase starting on day 18. AQ production was observed on day 21. This work contributes to the knowledge of germination behavior, the induction of dedifferentiated tissue and the growth and production of alkaloids in a callus culture in two species of Lupinus, L. montanus and L. bilineatus, both with potential in the chemical and agrochemical industry.

Resumen Lupinus sintetiza alcaloides quinolizidínicos (AQ) como estrategia de defensa en contra de herbívoros. Estos compuestos tienen una amplia variedad de aplicaciones; sin embargo, es necesario contar con la suficiente cantidad de materia prima para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado. Las especies ricas en estos compuestos son especies silvestres, lo que limita la obtención de la materia prima. Una de las estrategias para la obtención de materia prima y la producción de metabolitos secundarios es el uso de herramientas biotecnológicas como el cultivo de tejidos vegetales. En este trabajo se reporta la caracterización de la germinación, la inducción de callo de Lupinus bilineatus y L. montanus y la caracterización del crecimiento in vitro y producción de AQ. El medio de cultivo y el protocolo de escarificación permitieron la germinación de las semillas de ambas especies a los 12 días con porcentajes de 100% para L. bilineatus y de 74% para L. montanus. Con respecto a la inducción de callo, se empleó un barrido de concentraciones de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) y cinetina (CIN) utilizando como explante cotiledón, hipocótilo y raíz. La mejor respuesta para la inducción de callo para ambas especies se presentó usando raíz con una combinación de 2 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 1 mg L-1 de CIN para L. bilineatus y 1 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 0.5 mg L-1 de CIN para L. montanus, en ambos casos se obtuvo callo friable con dos coloraciones: verde y beige. El crecimiento y la producción de AQ se caracterizaron para el callo verde, pues los AQ se sintetizan en tejidos fotosintéticos. La cinética de crecimiento muestra una característica curva de tres fases, una fase de adaptación que se alarga hasta el día siete, la fase de crecimiento más rápido y finalmente una fase de senescencia que inicia el día 18. La producción de AQ se observó el día 21. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento del comportamiento de la germinación, la inducción de tejido desdiferenciado y el crecimiento y producción de alcaloides en un cultivo de callo de dos especies de Lupinus, L. montanus y L. bilineatus, ambas con potencial en la industria química y de agroquímicos.

Resumo: A complexidade, a dinâmica e a multidimensionalidade dos eventos suicidas fazem com que eles sejam considerados um problema de saúde pública, tanto em nível nacional quanto internacional. Entre os métodos de suicídio, a ingestão de agrotóxicos é um dos mais utilizados no mundo. Esta revisão da literatura teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento dos artigos científicos latino-americanos que estudam e/ou analisam o suicídio em contextos rurais. Em particular, aqueles que utilizam a ingestão de agrotóxicos como meio de suicídio. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão exploratória nas seguintes bases de dados bibliográficas: BVS, Scielo e DOAJ. Após a combinação de descritores e termos livres, foi encontrado um total de 343 artigos. Com base em diferentes critérios de inclusão e exclusão, o corpo documental foi composto por cinco artigos, quatro do Brasil e um da Colômbia. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o suicídio com agrotóxicos é considerado um problema nos contextos rurais analisados. As pesquisas associam esse tipo de evento ao manuseio e/ou uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, principalmente em adultos jovens. Os inseticidas estão entre as substâncias mais comumente usadas. Observa-se também que há uma subnotificação dos casos, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas. O incipiente interesse pelo assunto exige a multiplicação de estudos e disciplinas que o abordem. Além disso, há necessidade de maior coordenação entre ciência, tecnologia e políticas de monitoramento de saúde mental que gerem visibilidade desse tipo de problema e incentivem o desenvolvimento de estratégias participativas e promocionais em contextos rurais.

Resumen: La complejidad, dinámica y multidimensionalidad de los eventos suicidas hace que sean considerados un problema de salud pública, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Entre los métodos de suicidio, la ingestión de agroquímicos es uno de los más empleados en el mundo. Esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo relevar artículos científicos latinoamericanos que estudian o analizan el suicidio en contextos rurales. En particular, aquellos que utilizan como medio la ingesta de agroquímicos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión exploratoria en las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas: BVS, SciELO y DOAJ. Tras la combinación de descriptores y términos libres se halló un total de 343 artículos. A partir de distintos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el cuerpo documental quedó conformado por cinco artículos, cuatro de Brasil y uno de Colombia. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destaca que el suicidio con agroquímicos es considerado una problemática en los contextos rurales analizados. Las investigaciones asocian este tipo de eventos con la manipulación o utilización intensiva de agroquímicos, en particular, en adultos jóvenes. Entre las sustancias más utilizadas se encuentran los insecticidas. Asimismo, se señala que existe un subregistro de casos, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas. El interés incipiente en el tema demanda multiplicar los estudios y disciplinas que lo aborden. Además de esto, se requiere una articulación mayor entre ciencia, tecnología y políticas de monitoreo en salud mental que generen visibilidad sobre este tipo de problemas y fomenten el desarrollo de estrategias participativas y promocionales en contextos rurales.

Abstract: The complexity, dynamics, and multidimensionality of suicidal events make them a public health problem, both nationally and internationally. Among the methods of suicide, the ingestion of agrochemicals is one of the most commonly used worldwide. This bibliographic review aimed to survey Latin American scientific articles that study and/or analyze suicide in rural contexts, particularly those using agrochemical ingestion as a method. An exploratory review was conducted in the following bibliographic databases: BVS, Scielo, and DOAJ. After combining descriptors and free terms, a total of 343 articles were found. Based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria, the document body consisted of five articles, four from Brazil and one from Colombia. One of the key findings is that suicide involving agrochemicals is seen as a significant issue in the rural areas under study. Research associates this type of event with the manipulation and/or intensive use of agrochemicals, particularly in young adults. Insecticides are among the most commonly used substances. It is also noted that there is underreporting of cases, which hinders the development of preventive strategies. The emerging interest in the topic demands an increase in studies and disciplines addressing it. In addition, greater articulation is required between science, technology, and mental health monitoring policies to raise awareness about these issues and promote the development of participatory and promotional strategies in rural contexts.

RESUMEN Esta investigación involucra un estudio interdisciplinario sobre la percepción de la contaminación por agroquímicos en estudiantes de seis universidades mexicanas que cursan programas de ingeniería en agronomía y áreas afines, como agroecología, ingeniería agroforestal e innovación agrícola sustentable. El método de investigación es mixto con corte exploratorio, se recolectaron datos en un cuestionario en línea, sobre las actitudes, valores y acciones relacionadas al uso de agroquímicos, además de una autoevaluación de conocimientos sobre plaguicidas, fertilizantes y sus efectos en el ambiente y la salud humana. El enfoque teórico surge de la psicología ambiental, así como de la agroecología y de la educación ambiental. Se propone un modelo teórico para explorar la formación de modelos mentales y creencias sobre sistemas agrícolas sustentables y se plantean recomendaciones para la optimización de programas académicos de ingenierías en agronomía con enfoque hacia la sustentabilidad. Los resultados demuestran un alto nivel de consciencia ambiental en los estudiantes, una baja percepción de normas sociales para la conservación ambiental y la percepción de los agroquímicos como indispensables para la producción, lo que representa una barrera cognitiva para la implementación de estrategias agrícolas sustentables.

ABSTRACT This research involves an interdisciplinary study on the perception of agrochemical pollution in students from six Mexican universities enrolled in agronomic science engineering programs and related areas, such as agroecology, agroforestry engineering, and innovation for sustainable agriculture. The research method is mixed with an exploratory approach; data were collected in an online questionnaire, measuring attitudes, values, and actions related to the use of agrochemicals, as well as a self-assessment knowledge test about pesticides, fertilizers, and their effects on the environment and human health. The theoretical approach emerges from environmental psychology, agroecology, and environmental education. A theoretical model is proposed to explore the formation of mental models and beliefs about sustainable agricultural systems, and recommendations are made for optimizing agronomic science engineering programs with a focus on sustainability. The results show a high level of environmental awareness in students, a low perception of social norms for environmental conservation, and the perception of agrochemicals as essential for production, representing a cognitive barrier to implementing sustainable agricultural strategies.

RESUMO Fungos patogênicos habitantes do solo estão se tornando um dos maiores desafios para o cultivo de melão globalmente. Existe também uma necessidade para uma redução no uso de agroquímicos devido às restrições de resíduos químicos em melões. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes fungicidas (difenoconazol, fluazinam, fludioxonil e procimidona) e Trichoderma spp. (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, e dois isolados de T. longibrachiatum), no controle de Ceratobasidium sp., Fusarium falciforme, Macrophomina phaseolina e Monosporascus cannonballus. Fluazinam (EC50 variando de 0,01 a 0,88 mg/L) e fludioxonil (EC50 variando de 0,01 a 0,07 mg/L) foram os fungicidas mais eficientes, com redução do crescimento micelial, e procimidona (EC50 variando de 2,31 a 9,77 mg/L) foi o menos eficiente nos ensaios in vitro. Ceratobasidium sp., F. falciforme, M. phaseolina e M. cannonballus demonstraram alta sensibilidade a fludioxonil. Os isolados de Trichoderma spp. apresentaram alta eficiência no controle dos patógenos nos ensaios in vitro, com inibição do crescimento micelial acima de 70%. Nos experimentos em campo, os tratamentos com Trichoderma demonstraram um bom potencial para reduzir incidência (28,00 a 69,33%) e severidade (0,95 a 2,25) de doenças. Os resultados encontrados demonstram potencial do uso de diferentes fungicidas e Trichoderma spp. para controle de patógenos, in vitro e em campo. Estas estratégias de controle podem ser usadas isoladamente ou em combinação com outras técnicas de manejo, como enxertia e/ou melhoramento genético para resistência, no campo para manejo desses patógenos que ameaçam a produção de melão em todo o mundo. globalmente melões Assim difenoconazol, difenoconazol (difenoconazol fluazinam spp T (T asperellum harzianum longibrachiatum, longibrachiatum , longibrachiatum) sp sp. falciforme EC50 EC (EC5 001 0 01 0,0 088 88 0,8 mg/L mgL mg L 007 07 eficientes 231 2 31 2,3 977 9 77 9,7 F M 70 70% 28,00 2800 28 00 (28,0 69,33% 6933 69 33 0,95 095 95 (0,9 2,25 225 25 doenças eou resistência mundo EC5 (EC 0, 08 8 23 3 2, 97 7 9, 28,0 280 (28, 69,33 693 6 0,9 09 (0, 2,2 22 28, (28 69,3 (0 (2 69, (

ABSTRACT Soil-borne fungal pathogens pose an increasing challenge to melon cultivation globally. The demand for reduced agrochemical use in melon farming, driven by limitations on chemical residues in the fruit, underscores the need for alternative control strategies. This study assesses the effectiveness of various fungicides-difenoconazole, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and procymidone -and Trichoderma spp. strains (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and two strains of T. longibrachiatum) in combatting Ceratobasidium sp., Fusarium falciforme, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Monosporascus cannonballus. Fluazinam (EC50 from 0.01 to 0.88 mg/L) and fludioxonil (EC50 from 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L) emerged as the most effective fungicides in suppressing the mycelial growth of the pathogens in vitro, whereas procymidone (EC50 from 2.31 to 9.77 mg/L) was the least effective. Fludioxonil demonstrated significant efficacy against Ceratobasidium sp., F. falciforme, M. phaseolina, and M. cannonballus. In vitro assays revealed that all tested Trichoderma spp. strains significantly inhibited mycelial growth, with over 70% reduction for all pathogens examined. Field trials indicated that Trichoderma treatments could decrease disease incidence (28.00 to 69.33%) and severity (0.95 to 2.25) in melon crops. These findings illuminate the potential of various fungicides and Trichoderma spp. in managing soil-borne pathogens in melon cultivation. Such control methods might be employed independently or synergistically with other strategies like grafting onto resistant rootstocks or breeding for resistance to mitigate the threats these pathogens pose to global melon production. Soilborne Soil borne globally farming fruit fungicidesdifenoconazole, fungicidesdifenoconazole difenoconazole, difenoconazole fungicides-difenoconazole fluazinam spp T (T asperellum harzianum longibrachiatum sp sp. falciforme phaseolina cannonballus EC50 EC (EC5 001 0 01 0.0 088 88 0.8 mg/L mgL mg L 007 07 231 2 31 2.3 977 9 77 9.7 F M 70 examined 28.00 2800 28 00 (28.0 69.33% 6933 69 33 0.95 095 95 (0.9 2.25 225 25 crops soilborne soil production EC5 (EC 0. 08 8 23 3 2. 97 7 9. 28.0 280 (28. 69.33 693 6 0.9 09 (0. 2.2 22 28. (28 69.3 (0 (2 69. (

Abstract The growing demand for honey bee pollination services induces fluctuations in their populations and changes in bee health status. The current study aims to characterize the health condition of managed honey bees in three territories of the Department of Lambayeque, Peru, from a holistic perspective, considering several factors affecting bee health, including management practices, traits of the beekeepers and their apiaries, colony strength, infestation rates by Varroa sp., and the presence of agrochemical residues in bee bread. The results showed changes in land use, with large areas of crops dependent on bee pollination, determining their exposition to agrochemical residues. The 67% of bee bread samples presented pesticide residues, mainly, chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, boscalid, and azoxystrobin. In addition, limited expertise on good management practices by the beekeepers (i.e., inadequate disinfection of beekeeping materials, unsatisfactory varroa mites’ surveillance, lack of protein supplements, presence of sanitary gaps) leads to deficiencies in bee colony strength and a high Varroa sp. prevalence in the territory, altering the bee health condition. To the best of our knowledge, this article illustrates the impact of the strongly anthropized ecosystems found along Peru’s coast’s arid zone on managed populations of honey bees in that territory with a One Health perspective. status Lambayeque Peru perspective apiaries sp use 67 mainly chlorpyrifos carbendazim boscalid azoxystrobin addition i.e., ie i e (i.e. materials mites surveillance supplements gaps knowledge Perus s coasts coast 6 i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumen El pronóstico de cosecha es un gran desafío en la producción de peras. Estimar el tamaño de los frutos a partir de curvas de crecimiento permite predecir tanto la cantidad como la calidad de la fruta para cosecha. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo ajustar modelos mixtos no lineales multiniveles (MMNL) basados en la curva logística para describir el crecimiento de peras “William´s” en el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, Argentina. Los modelos ajustados incorporaron diferentes índices termoacumulativos que contemplan los efectos de la temperatura en la fisiología del crecimiento de los frutos. De esta manera, se logra no solo describir el crecimiento de los frutos, sino también se pueden observar las variaciones ambientales a lo largo de las temporadas de crecimiento. El estudio se realizó en perales “William´s” durante 16 temporadas. Se seleccionaron e identificaron al azar numerosos árboles y frutos. A cada fruto se le midió su diámetro ecuatorial semanalmente con un calibre digital electrónico. Los datos climáticos se obtuvieron de la estación meteorológica del INTA Alto Valle y los índices termoacumulativos se calcularon a partir de los datos de temperaturas. Los mejores modelos fueron seleccionados según los criterios de información. El MMNL multinivel permitió discernir y cuantificar las fuentes de variabilidad estocástica en diferentes niveles, lo que permitió obtener mejores criterios de información en comparación con los modelos que solo consideraron un único nivel de variabilidad entre los efectos aleatorios. La incorporación de índices termoacumulativos mejoró notablemente la performance de los modelos obtenidos.

Abstract Yield prediction is still a major challenge in pear production. Forecasting fruit growth after modeled curves allows predicting both potential yield and quality. This research aimed to fit multilevel no-linear mixed models (NLMM) based on logistic curves to describe pear growth in the Upper valley of Rio Negro and Neuquén, Argentina. The models incorporated several thermo-accumulative indices accounting for temperature effects on fruit-growth physiology. In this way, they captured normal fruit-growth patterns and environmental variations along the growing season. The study was conducted on “William´s” pear trees for 16 seasons. Many trees and fruits were randomly selected and identified. Equatorial diameters were weekly measured with an electronic digital caliper. Climatic data was recorded for all studied seasons from INTA Upper Valley agrochemical station and thermo accumulative indexes were calculated from daily temperature. The best models were selected according to the information criteria index. Multilevel NLMM discerned and quantified the sources of stochastic variability at different levels, allowing better index criteria in comparison to models only considering a single level of variability among random effects. The incorporation of thermo accumulative indexes also increased model performance.

Resumen En la provincia de La Paz (Antioquia Oriental, Colombia), la floricultura de hortensias ha surgido como un importante motor de desarrollo económico y social tras la situación de posconflicto, ofreciendo contribuciones de alto valor agregado al territorio. El objetivo fue identificar los aspectos sociales y ambientales del cultivo de hortensias por parte de pequeños y medianos productores, evaluando los impactos ambientales y externalidades a lo largo del ciclo de vida del cultivo. Esta iniciativa tuvo como propósito fomentar un crecimiento sostenible en la producción de floricultura en condiciones eco-amigables, salvaguardando la salud humana y beneficiando a los actores locales. Para establecer un marco metodológico, el estudio se adhirió a los requisitos y pautas delineados en las normas ISO 14040 y 14044 para la evaluación del ciclo de vida ambiental, además de utilizar la Guía Metodológica del PNUMA. La investigación reveló hallazgos significativos, resaltando los impactos ambientales clave que afectan la producción de hortensias a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Estos impactos provienen principalmente del uso excesivo de agroquímicos, que representan riesgos para la salud humana y los ecosistemas debido a alteraciones en las propiedades del suelo. Además, la dependencia de recursos fósiles (como plásticos y combustibles) en diversas etapas del proceso de cultivo contribuye a estos impactos. Desde una perspectiva social, el estudio identificó actores y aspectos críticos que requieren mejoras, incluyendo la integración, la seguridad, la salud ocupacional, el manejo adecuado de agroquímicos, el cumplimiento normativo y los problemas de reemplazo del sistema. Estos desafíos subrayan la complejidad de lograr la sostenibilidad, enfatizando la necesidad de apoyo técnico especializado y nuevos conocimientos para los productores. La implementación de tecnologías rentables es crucial para mitigar los impactos ambientales, junto con fomentar modelos de asociatividad entre productores de hortensias, lo cual contribuye significativamente a mejorar las condiciones de cultivo.

ABSTRACT In La Paz Province (Eastern Antioquia, Colombia), hydrangea floriculture has emerged as a significant driver of economic and social development following the post-conflict situation, offering high value-added contributions to the territory. The objective was to identify both the social and environmental aspects of hydrangea cultivation by small and medium-sized growers, assessing the environmental impacts and externalities across the crop's life cycle. This initiative aimed to foster sustainable growth in floriculture production under eco-friendly conditions, safeguarding human health, and benefiting local stakeholders. To establish a methodological framework, the study adhered to the requirements and guidelines outlined in ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for environmental life cycle assessment, in addition to utilizing the UNEP Methodological Guide. The research revealed significant findings, highlighting the key environmental impacts affecting hydrangea production throughout its life cycle. These impacts primarily stem from the excessive use of agrochemicals, which pose risks to human health and ecosystems due to alterations in soil properties. Moreover, the reliance on fossil resources (such as plastics and fuels) at various stages of the cultivation process contributes to these impacts. From a social perspective, the study identified stakeholders and critical aspects requiring improvement, including integration, safety, occupational health, proper agrochemical handling, regulatory compliance, and system replacement issues. These challenges underscore the complexity of achieving sustainability, emphasizing the need for specialized technical support and new knowledge for growers. Implementing cost-effective technologies is crucial to mitigate environmental impacts, along with fostering associativity models among hydrangea crop producers, which significantly contribute to enhancing growing conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción: La percepción del riesgo en el ámbito laboral se convierte en un elemento crucial para entender las prácticas de trabajo inseguras de trabajadores. Objetivo: Determinar, a partir de la estimación de atributos psicosociales, la percepción del riesgo que tienen los trabajadores de una empresa agroquímica venezolana. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, de campo, no experimental, descriptivo con enfoque psicométrico. La población estuvo conformada por 260 trabajadores y la muestra estuvo integrada por 84 trabajadores. Se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta y la observación directa para recabar la información, y como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó el formulario normalizado Evaluación dimensional del riesgo percibido. El análisis de la información se realizó a través de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que los factores de riesgo percibidos por el grupo estudiado fueron los riesgos químicos, físicos y disergonómicos. Conclusiones: Los trabajadores conocen los riesgos a los que se exponen en sus lugares de trabajo y les temen a las consecuencias a la salud que puedan ocasionar, fundamentalmente los que generan daños inmediatos. Paradójicamente, a pesar de conocer los riesgos, se exponen a ellos sin tomar las medidas preventivas correspondientes. Esta conducta podría estar relacionada con la alta valoración otorgada al atributo: conocimiento de los riesgos que los expertos en la empresa poseen y la posibilidad de evitar el daño.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The perception of risk in the work environment becomes a crucial element to understand the unsafe work practices of workers. Objective: To determine, from the estimate of psychosocial attributes, the risk perception of workers in a Venezuelan agrochemical company. Methods: Quantitative, field, non-experimental, descriptive study with psychometric approach. The population consisted of 260 workers and the sample consisted of 84. The survey technique and direct observation were used to collect information, and the standardized form Dimensional evaluation of perceived risk was used as a data collection instrument. The analysis of the information was carried out using descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed that the risk factors perceived by the studied group were chemical, physical and dysergonomic risks. Conclusions: Workers are aware of the risks to which they are exposed in their workplaces and fear the health consequences they may cause, mainly those that generate immediate damage. Paradoxically, despite knowing the risks, they expose themselves to them without taking the corresponding preventive measures. This behavior could be related to the high valuation given to the attribute: knowledge of the risks that the experts in the company possess and the possibility of avoiding harm.

Resumen El presente trabajo se realizó en Chanchamayo, provincia perteneciente a la Región Junín, en la selva central del Perú, con el objetivo de analizar el conocimiento que tienen los profesionales involucrados en el cultivo de café respecto a las malezas. Para ello se elaboró una encuesta, aplicada de manera presencial a 22 profesionales en el cultivo de café. Participaron profesionales de las diversas dependencias del Ministerio de Agricultura (55%), seguido de profesionales que trabajan en las agroindustrias (18%), profesionales independientes (18%) e integrantes de Cooperativas agrarias cafetaleras (9%). Se concluyó que los encuestados conocen la importancia de las malezas en el cultivo de café, pero sus conocimientos son muy generales, por lo que estiman necesaria la implementación de programas de capacitación en temas de identificación de malezas y métodos de control. La mayoría de encuestados considera que existen condiciones en la zona para investigar las malezas en el cultivo de café y sugieren hacerlo en temas tales como efectos sobre el rendimiento y calidad, su rol como hospederos de plagas y enfermedades y en métodos de control.

Abstract This study was carried out in Chanchamayo, a province belonging to the Junín Region, in the central jungle of Peru with the objective of analyze the knowledge of weeds from professionals involve in the coffee cultivation. For this purpose, and was made face-to-face to professionals in coffee crop. Professionals were from the various departments of the Ministry of Agriculture (55%), followed by professionals working in agrochemical companies (18%), independent professionals (18%) and members of Agricultural Coffee Cooperatives (9%). It was concluded that professionals know the importance of weeds in coffee cultivation, but their knowledge is very general, so they consider it is necessary to implement training programs on weed identification and control methods. The majority of them consider that exist conditions in the area for research on weeds in coffee cultivation and suggest doing so on topics such as their effect on yield and quality, their role as hosts for pests and diseases, and control methods.

RESUMO: A frequente presença do morango entre os alimentos com resíduos de agrotóxicos acima do limite máximo ou não autorizados gera uma série de questionamentos em relação aos riscos envolvidos no seu consumo. Nos processos de avaliação do riscopodemserutilizadosmétodosdeterminísticos e probabilísticosdependendo dos dados disponíveis. O objetivodestetrabalhofoiconduzirumaavaliaçãodeterminística e probabilística do risco de ingestão de agrotóxicosatravés do consumo de morangos. Para tanto, 62 amostras de morangosforamanalisadasatravés do método de multiresíduos entre osanos de 2018 e 2019. Osresultados de concentração dos ingredientesativosforamorganizados e utilizados para oscálculos de estimativa da ingestão. No métododeterminísticoaingestãofoicalculada com base nos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras de morangos, dados de consumoprovenientes de um questionário online e pesos corporais entre 5 e 70 kg. No métodoprobabilísticoforamutilizadosos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras e peso corporal de 60 kg noscenários um e dois, onde, no primeiro, os dados de consumoutilizadosforamos dados do questionário e no segundoos dados de consumo de morangoprovenientes da Pesquisa de OrçamentosFamiliares. Nas 62 amostras de morangoanalisadasforamdetectados 38 ingredientesativos, sendo 25 amostrasconsideradassatisfatórias, e 37 insatisfatórias. Entre osingredientesativosdetectados, 40% nãotêmseuusoautorizado para a cultura. Na avaliaçãodeterminística, 23% dos ingredientesativosapresentaramingestãocalculada superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitávelempelomenos um cenário, estando o riscoconcentradonos pesos corporais entre 5 e 30 kg, sendo o riscobaixoquandoconsiderado o peso corporal de 60 kg. Todososingredientesativostestados no primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticaapresentaramalgumapossibilidade de aingestãoser superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitável, enquanto que para o segundocenárioapenas o ingredienteativoprocimidonasuperou a ingestãodiáriaaceitável. Entre osmodelosestudados, o primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticafoi o que apresentou a maiorprobabilidade de provocarintoxicação e procimidonafoi o ingredienteativomaisfrequentementedetectadonasamostras, e que apresentou as maiores chances de oferecerrisco à saúde.

ABSTRACT: Repeated presence of strawberries amongst produce with pesticide residues results in questionings related to the risks involved by its consumption. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods might be used depending on the available data. In the present study, both methods were used to estimate risks of pesticide intake by strawberry consumption. Strawberry samples along two years were analyzed via the multiresidue method. Results of active ingredients (a.i.) concentrations were organized and used for calculations for intake estimates. On the deterministic method, intake was calculated based on the data of a.i. concentration and consumption data coming from an online questionnaire and body weight between 5 and 70 kg. On the probabilistic method, the concentrations of a.i. and body weight of 60 kg were evaluated in two scenarios: a) consumption data from an online questionnaire or b) consumption data retrieved from Family Budget Survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. In the 62 strawberry samples, 38 a.i. were quantified and in 25 samples the residue analyses were considered satisfactory and 37 had an unsatisfactory outcome. In the deterministic approach, 23% of the a.i. had a calculated intake higher than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and risk concentrated in body weights between 5 and 30 kg. The risk is low when considering a body weight of 60 kg. All a.i. tested in the first scenario of the probabilistic method pointed towards some possibility of intake being higher than the ADI. In the second scenario, only the a.i. procymidone exceeded the ADI.