ABSTRACT The production process of non-centrifuged cane sugar (NCS) involves a significant release of steam and heat due to the evaporation of cane juices in saucepans over a solid fuel oven. This results in a warm and moisture-saturated environment, which can be suffocating for workers. This study aimed to evaluate the bioclimatic behavior of an NCS processing facility, based on the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index. In addition, solutions are suggested to mitigate possible adverse effects of heat stress. This evaluation utilized computational simulations to determine the thermal comfort perceived by the workers. The accuracy of simulations was verified against temperature and relative air humidity data collected from the facility. Bioclimatic simulations encompassed twelve treatments, involving modifications to the enclosure on the walls and lantern window, incorporating three types of roof material. The WBGT index was determined by considering the effects of the radiant heat generated by the oven and the natural ventilation area on the facility’s temperature and relative air humidity. This helps to assess the comfort experienced by the workers. The thermal zone of the oven presented heat stress conditions; therefore, rest periods and mechanical ventilation were suggested when dissipating heat and steam through natural ventilation is not possible. For workers exposed to high temperatures and thermal radiation, the use of an aluminized apron and infrared goggles for eye protection was recommended. noncentrifuged non centrifuged (NCS moisturesaturated moisture saturated environment facility (WBGT addition treatments window material facilitys s conditions therefore radiation recommended

RESUMO O processo de produção de rapadura gera alta concentração de vapor e calor devido à evaporação do caldo da cana em panelas sobre forno a combustível sólido. Isso gera um ambiente quente e saturado de umidade que pode ser sufocante para os trabalhadores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições ambientais de uma instalação de processamento de rapadura, com base no Índice de Bulbo Úmido e Temperatura de Globo (IBUTG) e sugerir soluções para mitigar possíveis efeitos adversos do estresse térmico. Esta avaliação utilizou simulação computacional para determinar o conforto térmico dos trabalhadores. A simulação foi validada com dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar da instalação. As simulações bioclimáticas foram realizadas em doze tratamentos, modificando o fechamento nas paredes e lanternim, com três tipos de materiais de cobertura. Foi determinado o Índice IBUTG, considerando os efeitos do calor radiante gerado pelo forno, e pela área de ventilação natural sobre a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da instalação, e seu efeito no conforto dos trabalhadores. A zona térmica do forno apresentou condições de estresse térmico, portanto, foram sugeridos períodos de descanso e ventilação mecânica quando não for possível a evacuação do calor e vapor através da ventilação natural. O uso de avental aluminizado e óculos infravermelhos para proteção ocular foi recomendado para os trabalhadores expostos a altas temperaturas e radiação térmica. sólido IBUTG (IBUTG tratamentos lanternim cobertura portanto

Abstract Through interviews, participant observation, and a collective dialogue meeting among women, the results of an investigation into the challenges, difficulties, and forms of violence faced by young rural women who are studying or have graduated from the Sustainable Agricultural Innovation Engineering program in Cuquío, Jalisco, are gathered and presented. Since their early years, these young women have confronted various forms of violence within the agro-industrial context in which they are situated. Some of these forms of violence are linked to sexist dynamics surrounding monoculture maize production, compounded by others associated with their rural youth and gender condition. These challenges are interdependently reproduced, accumulated, and intensified within their university experiences, leading to psychosocial distress, academic dropout, and hindrances in accessing career-related opportunities. This article aims to shed light on these situations -prior to, during, and after their university studies- analyzing them through a feminist lens to enable the recognition, focus, and analysis of the patriarchal facet within the agro-industry.

Resumen A través de entrevistas, observación participante y un encuentro para el diálogo colectivo entre mujeres, se recuperan y presentan los resultados de una indagación sobre las dificultades, retos y violencias que enfrentan las mujeres jóvenes rurales que estudian y han egresado de la carrera de Ingeniería en Innovación Agrícola Sustentable, en Cuquío, Jalisco. Estas jóvenes desde pequeñas han enfrentado diversas violencias en el contexto agroindustrial donde se desarrollan; algunas de ellas asociadas a dinámicas sexistas en torno a la producción en monocultivo de maíz, sumadas a otras ligadas a su condición juvenil rural y de género, las cuales se reproducen, acumulan y profundizan interseccionalmente en su universidad, generando malestar psicosocial y deserción escolar, así como dificultándoles e impidiéndoles el acceso a trabajos relacionados con su carrera profesional. El artículo pretende visibilizar tales situaciones -antes, durante y después de sus estudios universitarios-, analizándolas desde una perspectiva feminista que posibilite reconocer, enfocar y analizar la faceta patriarcal de la agroindustria.

Abstract The article aims to evaluate the economic effects of purchases form family farming, under the Brazilian School Feeding Program (PNAE), for the municipalities of Minas Gerais. Of quantitative nature, the chosen method is the multiple linear regression. Four models were estimated, in which the variables are total Gross Domestic Product-GDP (PIB), agriculture and cattle ranching GDP (PIB agropecuário), industry GDP (PIB indústria), and services GDP (PIB serviços). As dependent variables were chosen: the volume of PNAE transfers (in Reais) for family agriculture as the independent variable of interest; the values (in Reais) of rural credit through the Brazilian Program Strengthening Program for Family Farming (PRONAF), the production of family farming agro-industry and the number of family farming establishments linked to cooperatives or associations as the independent control variables. The main results indicate that the independent variable PNAE was statistically significant at 1% for total GDP, industry GDP and services GDP, and statistically significant at 10% for the agriculture and cattle ranching GDP, showing greater effect on total GDP. This means that purchases from family farming , through the PNAE, have positive economic effects on these sectors and, especially, on the total GDP. It is recommended for future researches comparative studies, the application of other quantitative techniques and studies with qualitative approaches. We also recommend research that includes other theoretical lenses for the perception of the effects of public policy. (PNAE) Gerais nature regression estimated ProductGDP Product PIB, PIB (PIB) agropecuário, agropecuário agropecuário) indústria, indústria indústria) serviços. serviços . serviços) Reais interest PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) agroindustry agro 1 10 especially approaches policy (PNAE (PRONAF

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo avaliar efeitos econômicos das aquisições da agricultura familiar, no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), para os municípios mineiros. De cunho quantitativo, o método escolhido é a regressão linear múltipla. Foram estimados quatro modelos, em que as variáveis econômicas, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) total, agropecuário, indústria e serviços, são dependentes; o volume de repasses do PNAE (em reais) para agricultura familiar é a variável independente de interesse; e os valores (em reais) do crédito rural por meio do Programa de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), a produção da agroindústria familiar rural e o número de estabelecimentos da agricultura familiar vinculados a cooperativas ou associações são variáveis independentes de controle. Os principais resultados indicam que a variável PNAE mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa a 1% para os PIBs total, indústria e serviços, e estatisticamente significativo a 10% para o PIB agropecuária, apresentando maior efeito sobre o PIB total. Isso significa que as aquisições da agricultura familiar, por meio do PNAE, exercem efeitos econômicos positivos sobre esses setores e, principalmente, sobre o PIB total. Sugerem-se, para pesquisas futuras, estudos comparativos, aplicações de outras técnicas quantitativas e estudos com abordagens qualitativas. Recomendam-se também pesquisas que contemplem outras lentes teóricas para a percepção dos efeitos da política pública. , (PNAE) mineiros quantitativo múltipla modelos econômicas (PIB total agropecuário serviços dependentes reais interesse PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) controle mostrouse mostrou se 1 10 agropecuária principalmente Sugeremse, Sugeremse Sugerem se, Sugerem-se futuras comparativos qualitativas Recomendamse Recomendam pública (PNAE (PRONAF

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos económicos de las compras de la agricultura familiar, en el marco del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), para los municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil. De carácter cuantitativo, el método elegido es la regresión lineal múltiple. Se estimaron cuatro modelos, en los que las variables el Producta Interno Bruto (PIB) total, el PIB de la agricultura y la ganadería, el PIB de la industria y el PIB de los servicios, son variables dependientes; el volumen de las transferencias del PNAE (en reales) para la agricultura familiar es la variable independiente de interés; y los valores (en reales) del crédito rural a través del Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), la producción de la agroindustria familiar rural y el número de establecimientos de la agricultura familiar vinculados a cooperativas o asociaciones son las variables de control independientes. Los principales resultados indican que la variable PNAE, resultó estadístícamente significativa al 1% para el PIB total, la industria y los servicios, y estadístícamente significativa al 10% para el PIB agrícola y ganadero, presentando mayor efecto sobre el PIB total. Esto significa que las compras de la agricultura familiar tienen efectos económicos positivos en estos sectores. Se sugiere para futuras investigaciones estudios comparativos, la aplicación de otras técnicas cuantitativas y estudios con enfoques cualitativos. También recomendamos una investigación que incluya otras lentes teóricas para la percepción de los efectos de las políticas públicas. , (PNAE) Gerais Brasil cuantitativo múltiple modelos (PIB total ganadería servicios dependientes reales interés PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) independientes 1 10 ganadero sectores comparativos cualitativos públicas (PNAE (PRONAF

Resumen Introducción. En Costa Rica el sector agrícola es uno de los más diversos, este presenta una alta variabilidad socioeconómica. El cantón de Talamanca alberga un fuerte rezago económico y requiere la generación de alternativas productivas. Objetivo. Caracterizar a nivel socioeconómico, productivo y comercial, los agricultores del Caribe Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo en los distritos de Cahuita, Bratsi y Sixaola de Talamanca del 2019 al 2021. Se determinó un tamaño de muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado con veintisiete preguntas para los agricultores, y ocho para responsables de instituciones gubernamentales en la zona. Se aplicó encuestas a 155 agricultores y 33 representantes de instituciones y organizaciones. Los agricultores se clasificaron mediante un análisis de conglomerados jerárquico y análisis discriminantes, se utilizaron variables socioeconómicas cuantitativas continuas. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de agricultores, 1) agricultores de subsistencia (ATS, 7,10 %), 2) pequeños (ATP, 23,23 %), 3) medios (ATM, 41,29 %) y 4) grandes (ATG, 28,39 %), con diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05, χ2<0,05) entre sus variables de estudio. Sobre la agroindustria se identificó que el 77,91 % no industrializaron sus productos, por falta de mercado (14,68 %) y falta de recursos (14,37 %) como principales razones. Conclusión. La actividad agrícola se caracterizó por una agricultura familiar. Se producen plátano, cacao y banano; no obstante, la diversidad de cultivos y frutales representa un alto potencial para el desarrollo de la agroindustria.

Abstract Introduction. In Costa Rica, the agricultural sector is one of the most diverse, it presents, a high socioeconomic variability. The canton of Talamanca harbors a strong economic lag and it is necessary the generation of productive alternatives. Objective. To characterize the socioeconomic, productive, and commercial level of the South Caribbean farmers. Materials and methods. An exploratory and descriptive study was carried out in the districts of Cahuita, Bratsi, and Sixaola of Talamanca from 2019 to 2021. A sample size was determined with a confidence level of 95%. A structured questionnaire with twenty-seven questions was designed for farmers, and eight for heads of government institutions in the area. Surveys were applied to 155 farmers and 33 representatives of institutions and organizations. Farmers were classified through hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, continuous quantitative socioeconomic variables were used. Results. Four types of farmers were identified, 1) subsistence farmers (ATS, 7.10 %), 2) small (ATP, 23.23 %), 3) medium (ATM, 41.29 %), and 4) large (ATG, 28.39 %), with significant statistical differences (p<0.05, χ2<0.05) between their study variables. Regarding agro-industry, it was identified that 77.91 % did not industrialize their products, due to lack of market (14.68 %) and lack of resources (14.37 %) as the main reasons. Conclusion. The agricultural activity is characterized by family farming. Plantain, cocoa, and bananas are produced; however, the diversity of crops and fruit trees represents a high potential for the development of agro-industry.

Resumo: O artigo caracterizou a adoção do Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) na produção paulista de laranja a partir do LUPA 2016/2017. Para tanto, buscou apoio nas construções teóricas e conceituais sobre mudança tecnológica e MIP, para conduzir análise pautada no cenário de produção, comercialização, organizacional e de P&D da cultura da laranja, assim como do tratamento e análise de informações censitárias, LUPA 2016/2017, no recorte do MIP e da produção de laranja. Os resultados apontam o forte posicionamento internacional do suco de laranja brasileiro e paulista, associado a uma ampla e consolidada estrutura de representação da agroindústria e da produção agrícola, bem como das atividades públicas e privadas de P&D. Esses resultados convivem com a limitada oferta de tecnologias para solução dos principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura. Nesse ambiente, o MIP toma espaço como alternativa viável e importante, estando presente em 40% da área e pés em produção, em propriedades em que a laranja é a principal fonte de renda familiar, com proprietários que possuem maior nível educacional e são cooperados ou associados. O MIP também foi relacionado a outras tecnologias, a exemplo do uso de mudas certificadas e do crédito e seguro rural.

Abstract: The article characterized the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in orange production in São Paulo from LUPA 2016/2017. To this end, it sought support in theoretical and conceptual constructions on technological change and MIP, to conduct an analysis based on the production, commercialization, organizational and R&D scenario of the orange crop, as well as the treatment and analysis of census information, LUPA 2016/ 2017, in the cut of MIP and orange production. The results point to the strong international positioning of Brazilian and São Paulo orange juice, associated with a broad and consolidated structure of representation of agro-industry and agricultural production, as well as public and private R&D activities. These results coexist with the limited supply of technologies to solve the main phytosanitary problems of the crop. In this environment, MIP takes place as a viable and important alternative, being present in 40% of the area and plants in production, in properties where orange is the main source of family income, with owners who have a higher educational level and are cooperative or associated. . The MIP was also related to other technologies, such as the use of certified seedlings and rural credit and insurance.

Between March 2021 and April 2022, researchers from the Humboldt Institute, together with the community of the Campo Gala village and three fishermen's associations from the municipality of Barrancabermeja (Santander-Colombia), within the framework of the Fibras Agreement, designed and implemented a participatory monitoring promoted under the local interest to know what is the quality status of the swamp and the San Silvestre stream? This interest arose considering that this swampy complex is one of the most important for the municipality of Barrancabermeja and its surroundings, since it is home to the greatest amount of biodiversity and species of economic and ecological importance such as the bocachico and the manatee, and from there supplies water for the aqueduct of the entire area. For the methodological development of the participatory monitoring scheme, nine participatory meetings were held to strengthen capacities in the identification of environmental problems, formulation of research questions, registration, systematization and analysis of data, and information dissemination processes for decision-making. . In the monitoring exercise, simple observation and measurement techniques of different physicochemical parameters were used. The results obtained from the registration events carried out during seven months, showed that of twelve sampling points at least eight are of great concern due to low environmental quality, especially due to the presence of heavy metals in fishing areas for consumption and sale, these results They may be associated with the effects of certain economic activities such as the exploitation of hydrocarbons, unsustainable tourism and agro-industry that to date is generating water quality problems and damage to public health.

Entre marzo de 2021 y abril de 2022, investigadoras del Instituto Humboldt de manera conjunta con la comunidad de la vereda Campo Gala y tres asociaciones de pescadores y pescadoras del municipio de Barrancabermeja (Santander-Colombia) en el marco del Convenio Fibras diseñaron e implementaron un esquema de monitoreo participativo impulsado bajo el interés local de conocer ¿cuál es el estado de calidad de la ciénaga y el caño San Silvestre? Este interés surgió considerando que este complejo cenagoso es uno de los más importantes para el municipio de Barrancabermeja y sus alrededores pues en él se alberga la mayor cantidad de biodiversidad y especies de importancia económica y ecológica como el bocachico y el manatí, y de allí se surte el agua para el acueducto de toda la zona. Para el desarrollo metodológico del esquema de monitoreo participativo se realizaron nueve encuentros participativos de fortalecimiento de capacidades en identificación de problemáticas ambientales, formulación de preguntas de investigación, registro, sistematización y análisis de datos, y procesos de divulgación de la información para la toma de decisiones. En el ejercicio de monitoreo se utilizaron técnicas sencillas de observación y medición de diferentes parámetros fisicoquímicos.nbsp; Los resultados obtenidos a partir de losnbsp; eventos de registro realizados durante siete meses, mostraron que de doce puntos de muestreo al menos ocho son de gran preocupación por baja calidad ambiental especialmente por presencia de metales pesados en zonas de pesca para consumo y venta, estos resultados pueden estar asociados a efectos de ciertas actividades económicas como la explotación de hidrocarburos, turismo no sostenible y agroindustria que a la fecha está generando problemas de calidad de agua y daños en la salud pública.

RESUMEN Los plátanos (Musa balbisiana) y bananos (M. acuminata) son frutas importantes para la salud humana, debido a su contenido de almidón, vitaminas y proteínas. Sin embargo, los programas de mejoramiento genético se focalizan principalmente en aspectos agronómicos, sin tener en cuenta sus propiedades funcionales en los procesos agroindustriales. Por tal razón, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades químicas y funcionales de harinas y almidones en 104 accesiones de la Colección Colombiana de Germoplasma de Musáceas de AGROSAVIA. Se evaluó la viscosidad, propiedades calorimétricas, poder de hinchamiento, solubilidad, contenidos de amilosa, materia seca en almidones y contenido de azúcares y ácidos orgánicos en harinas. Los resultados mostraron que el contenido de materia seca varió entre 87,2 - 89,4% y el de amilosa entre 27,5 - 29,3%, siendo criterios importantes para diferenciar grupos genómicos y orientación al uso. Se resalta los contenidos de fructosa (11,4 - 17,2 mg/g en base seca) (bs) y glucosa (15,9 - 22,3 mg/g) (bs) como principales azúcares encontrados, así como el contenido de ácido cítrico (9,2 - 10,9 mg/g) (bs) y ácido málico (6,3 - 8,1 mg/g) (bs). El análisis de componentes principales logró reducir en un 58% la dimensionalidad de las propiedades evaluadas, explicando más del 70% de la variabilidad con 15 variables. Estas propiedades presentan alta variabilidad para discriminar entre accesiones y grupos formados, lo que indica potencial importante para la estructura de programas de fitomejoramiento en musáceas cultivadas en Colombia, con base en el sector agroindustrial.

ABSTRACT Plantains (Musa balbisiana) and bananas (M. acuminata) are important fruits for human health, due to their high starch, vitamin and protein content. However, genetic improvement programs are focused mainly on agronomic aspects, ignoring their functional properties in agro-industrial processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and functional properties of flours and starches in 104 accessions from the AGROSAVIA Colombian Musaceae Germplasm Collection. Viscosity, calorimetric properties, swelling power, solubility, amylose content, and dry matter in starches, as well as contents of sugars and organic acids in flours were evaluated. The results showed that the dry matter varied between 87.2 - 89.4%, while the amylose content ranged between 27.5 - 29.3%, being important criteria to differentiate genomic groups and orientation to use. The contents of fructose (11.4 - 17.2 mg/g on a dry basis) (bs) and glucose (15.9 - 22.3 mg/g) (bs) are highlighted as the main sugars found, as well as the contents of citric acid (9.2 - 10.9 mg/g) (bs) and malic acid (6.3 - 8.1 mg/g) (bs). The principal component analysis managed to reduce the dimensionality of the evaluated properties by 58%, explaining more than 70% of the variability with 15 variables. These properties present high variability to discriminate between accessions and formed groups, which can be potentially used for the development of plant breeding programs in Musaceae cultivated in Colombia, based on the agro-industrial sector.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, sugarcane is the crop whose agro-industrial development has taken the longest path and has the greatest prominence in the national agro-industry, without precedent. With 500 years of history, Brazil is today the largest producer of sugarcane raw material and sugarcane ethanol in the world. In addition, has the world's largest program for the replacement of fossil fuel by ethanol in vehicles and shares with India the position of largest sugar producer; in addition, it has developed the largest active sugarcane genetic improvement program in the world. However, in contrast to these achievements throughout its history, it has also received criticism even from businesspersons of the sector itself, mainly regarding State intervention and its inefficiency. This is a paradox: “success and inefficiency?” The general objective of this work was to analyze exactly this contradiction since the great agro-industrial development occurred especially during the 60 years of State intervention (1930‒1990). We concluded that this intervention was a key element in the success of the agroindustry both during and after the intervention. Many personalities deserve mention in this process, in both the field of ideas and decisions and practical actions: politicians, public agents, businesspersons, sugar mill owners, agroindustry technicians, and independent producers. We selected a researcher, Dr. Gilberto Miller Azzi, as an example, due to the fact that, from 1955 onwards, as a researcher at the IAA, he represented the scientific and technological area of the Brazilian State, acting decisively for the achievements of the sector. In this regard, an analysis was made of the main factors that have leveraged the national sugar and alcohol sector from the 1930s to the present day. agroindustrial agro industrial agroindustry, industry, industry agro-industry precedent 50 history world addition worlds s However itself inefficiency paradox inefficiency? 6 1930‒1990. 19301990 1930‒1990 . 1930 1990 (1930‒1990) process actions politicians agents owners technicians producers Dr Azzi example 195 onwards IAA regard day 5 1930199 1930‒199 193 199 (1930‒1990 19 193019 1930‒19 (1930‒199 1 19301 1930‒1 (1930‒19 1930‒ (1930‒1 (1930‒ (1930 (193 (19 (1 (

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate, at short term, the physico-chemical and biological quality of residually contaminated soils after the Aznalcóllar mine spill and treated with “tailor-made Technosols”. Two Technosols with different properties (T4 and T6) were used as treatments. Both are composed of ex-situ contaminated soil and two wastes from mining (sludge rich in iron oxyhydroxides and marble sludge); and T4 by a waste from agro-industry (solid olive-mill by-product) and T6 by one from urban activity (vermicompost from gardening). After 6 months of application, samples of Technosols and treated contaminated soils were characterised (soil properties, total, soluble and available concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs), and toxicity bioassay with Lactuca sativa L.) and compared with baseline conditions. Some soils in the Guadiamar Green Corridor presented a significant environmental and human health risk due to their extreme characteristics (pH<4, low fertility and multielemental contamination). After only six months, the application of Technosols on these soils has led to a significant improvement in their physico-chemical and biological properties (pH neutralisation, reduction of mobility PHEs and enrichment in organic carbon). So, in the long term, soil remediation through the Technosols is expected to be effective and proven in future studies.

Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar, a corto plazo, la calidad fisicoquímica y biológica de suelos contaminados tras el accidente de Aznalcóllar y ser tratados con "Tecnosoles a la carta". Se aplicaron dos Tecnosoles (T4 y T6); ambos compuestos por suelos contaminados ex-situ y dos residuos procedentes de la minería (lodos ricos en oxihidróxidos de hierro y lodos de mármol); y T4 también por uno agrícola (subproductos sólidos de almazara) y T6 por uno urbano (vermicompost de jardinería). Tras 6 meses, se caracterizaron los Tecnosoles y los suelos contaminados tratados (propiedades del suelo, concentraciones totales, solubles y disponibles de elementos potencialmente contaminantes (EPCs), y bioensayo de toxicidad con Lactuca sativa L.) y compararon con las condiciones de partida. Algunos suelos del Corredor Verde del Guadiamar presentaban un importante riesgo ambiental y para la salud humana debido a sus características extremas (pH<4, baja fertilidad y contaminación multielemental). La aplicación de los Tecnosoles ha mejorado significativamente sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas (neutralización del pH, reducción de la movilidad de los PHE y enriquecimiento en carbono orgánico) en tan solo 6 meses. Así pues, a largo plazo, se espera que la remediación de los suelos mediante los Tecnosoles sea eficaz y demostrada en futuros estudios.

Resumen La agroindustria del aceite de oliva es un importante sector económico en los países mediterráneos, cuya producción va acompañada de la generación de enormes cantidades de residuos orgánicos. La reciente proliferación de olivares superintensivos, más rentables, genera una mayor demanda de agua para riego y está aumentando la producción de estos residuos. La conversión de los residuos de almazara en biochar mediante pirólisis, para su posterior uso como enmienda orgánica en suelos de olivar superintensivo, podría contribuir a solucionar ambos problemas, ya que el biochar tiene una alta porosidad y contenido en carbono orgánico de alta estabilidad. Sin embargo, los efectos de su aplicación en las propiedades del suelo y en la fisiología del olivo no son bien conocidos. Este estudio aborda los efectos de la aplicación de biochar de alperujo de almazara, de compost vegetal (enmienda orgánica tradicional) y de la mezcla de ambos sobre las propiedades de un suelo (Xerochrept) y en la fisiología de olivos de “arbequina”. Esta plantación de olivar superintensivo y riego deficitario está situada en la estación experimental del IRNAS-CSIC "La Hampa" (Coria del Río, Sevilla, España). Tanto el biochar como el compost redujeron la resistencia a la penetración e incrementaron el contenido en Carbono orgánico y la humedad del suelo. La aplicación de biochar resultó más eficaz para aumentar la capacidad de retención de agua y la humedad del sueloy el estatus hídrico de los olivos en la fase anterior a la cosecha sin incrementar las tasas de respiración (emisión de CO2) del suelo.

Abstract The olive oil agro-industry is an important economic sector in Mediterranean countries, whose production is accompanied by the generation of huge quantities of organic waste. The recent proliferation of super-intensive olive groves, more profitable, generates a greater demand of water for irrigation and is increasing the production of organic waste. The conversion of these olive mill wastes into biochar by pyrolysis, for subsequent use as an organic amendment in super-intensive olive grove soils, could contribute to solving both problems, since biochar has a high porosity and a highly stable organic carbon content. Nevertheless, the effects of its application on soils properties and plant physiology are still not well known. This study addresses the effects of the application of olive mill pomace (alperujo) biochar, 100% vegetable compost (traditionally used organic amendment) and the mix of both organic amendments on the properties of a Xerochrept soil and on the physiology of “arbequina” olive trees”. The super-intensive olive trees plantation, with irrigation deficit, is located in the IRNAS-CSIC field station "La Hampa" (Coria del Río, Seville, Spain). Both biochar and compost reduced soil penetration resistance and increased soil organic Carbon and moisture content. However, the application of biochar was more effective than the addition of green compost or the compost+biochar mixture in increasing soil moisture. Biochar application improved soil physical properties and plant water status at the pre-harvest phase without increasing soil respiration (CO2 emission) rates.

Resumen La agroindustria genera cantidades importantes de residuos lignocelulósicos. Estos son utilizados como sustrato en la producción de hongos del género Pleurotus, que a través de la fermentación en estado sólido (FES) producen metabolitos secundarios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos totales y la actividad antioxidante de extractos de metanol obtenidos de la FES en bagazo de manzana con la cepa Pleurotus ostreatus durante 28 días. La fermentación sólida se realizó en los días 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28 de los extractos de metanol. Posteriormente, se evaluaron el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales y la actividad antioxidante por los métodos 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo (DPPH•) y 2,2’-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina)-6 sulfonato de amonio (ABTS+). Las 45 muestras fueron analizadas a través de un análisis de varianza y prueba de medias de Tukey. Los resultados mostraron la biosíntesis de compuestos fenólicos totales a partir del día 21 de la FES, con una concentración de 0,39 ± 0,07 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/g sustrato en base seca (mg de EAG/g sustrato bs). La actividad antioxidante en ambos métodos también se manifestó en el día 21 con actividades equivalentes, de 342,10 ± 1,08 mg/mL para DPPH y 323,02 mg/mL en ABTS. En consecuencia, los compuestos fenólicos extraídos de la FES del residuo de manzana con la cepa P. ostreatus pueden considerarse como una alternativa de valorización de un subproducto que actualmente es considerado como un desecho agroindustrial.

Abstract Agro-industry generates significant amounts of lignocellulosic waste. These residues are used as a substrate in the production of Pleurotus fungi, which produces secondary metabolites through solid-state fermentation (SSF). The aim of this project was to determine the amount of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the solid fermentation of the apple residue with the Pleurotus ostreatus strain during 28 days. Solid fermentation was carried out in 45 mL bioreactors with apple residue. Then, methanol extracts were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Subsequently, the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were evaluated by two different methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+). The 45 samples were analyzed through an analysis of variance and Tukey’s test means. Results showed the biosynthesis of the total phenolic compounds from the 21st day of the SSF, giving a concentration of 0.39 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of substrate of dry weight (mg GAE/g substrate dw). The antioxidant activity in both methods was also manifested on 21st day with 342.10 ± 1.08 mg/mL concentrations for DPPH and 323.02 mg/mL in ABTS. In consequence, the phenolic compounds extracted from the SSF of the apple residue with the P. ostreatus strain can be an alternative for recovery of a derivative considered as a waste.

Resumen Los sistemas térmicos solares emplean radiación solar para calentar un fluido, generalmente, constan: de colectores solares que absorben la luz y cubierta de vidrio que protege la instalación y permite conservar el calor, produciendo un efecto invernadero. Según el propósito de uso y las condiciones del lugar pueden presentar modificaciones. Dichos sistemas pueden adaptarse en actividades como la agricultura, por ello, se implementó los sistemas térmicos solares activos forzados híbridos modificados, así como los sistemas pasivos autónomos en diferentes unidades productivas agrícolas y agroindustriales en la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. La instalación de estos sistemas se realizó a través de un programa local piloto, financiado por instituciones gubernamentales, desde el 2016 al 2019 para mejorar el proceso de secado de los productos agrícolas en comparación con los sistemas tradicionales. Se pretende que, con el uso de estos sistemas, se logre disminuir los gases de efecto invernadero, tanto a nivel local como global y que estos sistemas sean una alternativa de producción limpia que mejore la eficiencia energética de pequeños y medianos productores. Los sistemas híbridos forzados están equipados con registro de datos computarizados. Al más actual, se le diseñó y aplicó un suelo radiante, y al pasivo se le adicionó un sistema fotovoltaico de 1 K, el cual le da autonomía. Los resultados han permitido verificar que las unidades productivas beneficiadas mejoraron sus procesos productivos al reducir los tiempos de trabajo y al aumentar la eficiencia de los procesos, la calidad e inocuidad de sus productos.

Abstract Thermal solar systems use solar radiation to heat a fluid, generally consist of solar collectors that absorb the light and a glass cover that protect installation and maintains the heat producing a greenhouse effect. Depends of the use and place conditions can present modifications. These systems can adapt in agricultural activities thus was implemented the modified hybrid forced active solar systems as well as autonomous passive systems in different agricultural and agro-industrial productive units in the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica. Through a local pilot program, were financed by governmental institutions from 2016 to 19, with a view to improving the drying process of agricultural products compared to traditional systems. It is intended that, with the use of these systems, greenhouse gases will be reduced, locally and globally, and these systems are a clean production alternative that improves the energy efficiency of small and medium producers. The hybrid forced systems are equipped with computerized devices for data recording. The most current, it was designed and applied a radiant floor, and the passive was added a photovoltaic system of 1 K, which gives it autonomy. The results have made it clear, the production units that were benefited improved their production process by reducing working times and increasing the efficiency of the process the quality and safety of their products.

Resumo A história do povo indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, habitante nos municípios de Pesqueira e Poção, no Semiárido pernambucano, é marcada por mobilizações pela afirmação, exigências de reconhecimento e garantias de direitos desde o início da colonização portuguesa na região. Nas reflexões apresentadas em diferentes situações e contextos sociohistóricos, após meados do Século XIX quando o antigo Aldeamento de Cimbres foi oficialmente declarado extinto ocorrendo a legitimação das invasões de fazendeiros e da agroindústria no Século XX, buscou-se evidenciar as narrativas e registros das continuas reivindicações dos indígenas, o que possibilita compreender os significados dessas mobilizações e a importância para a afirmação da identidade indígena e o reconhecimento do território onde habitam.

Abstract The history of the Xukuru of Ororubá indigenous people, who inhabit the municipalities of Pesqueira and Poção, in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco (Brazilian northeast), is marked by mobilizations for affirmation, demands for recognition and guarantees of rights since the beginning of the Portuguese colonization in the region. This article draws a series of reflections considering different situations and socio-historical contexts, specially after the middle of the 19th century when the former Cimbres Village was officially declared extinct and the invasions by farmers and agro-industry in the 20th century were legitimized. We sought to highlight the narratives and records of the continuous claims made by the indigenous people, which makes it possible to understand the meanings of these mobilizations and their importance for the affirmation of indigenous identity and the recognition of the territory where they live.

Abstract The safety problems related to the occurrence of benzo(a)pyrene in edible oil have been a major threat to human health, and now significant attention has been to remove benzo(a)pyrene. So in this work, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biochars were prepared, and then were used to remove benzo(a)pyrene from contaminated oil. Based on the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and the scanning election micrographs, the modified biochars had a huge specific surface area of 983.50-1915.55 m2/g and a well-developed porous structure. The modified biochars showed higher removal rate for benzo(a)pyrene than unmodified biochars. The highest adsorption (95.79%) of benzo(a)pyrene was achieved using the modified lignin biochar, which was therefore selected for evaluation of adsorptive capacity. The ability of the modified lignin biochar to adsorb benzo(a)pyrene was consistent with the pseudo-second order kinetic equation indicating mainly chemisorption, and it fit the Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.999), thereby revealing the occurrence of multilayer adsorption. The effect of π-π conjugation interaction and pore-filling together promoted the high adsorption performance of the modified lignin biochar. This work demonstrates that the modified lignin biochar could be a promising adsorbent for the removal of benzo(a)pyrene from edible oils.

Abstract To investigate factors that influence free fluoride release in Antarctic krill cuticle, the enzyme properties of a chitinase from Antarctic krill were analyzed to identify its role on free fluoride release from Antarctic krill cuticle. The chitinase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation,ion and gel chromatography, and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The molecular mass of the chitinase purified from Antarctic krill was 59.0 kDa and its peptide sequences were similar to chitinase precursor sequences from Penaeus vannamei. The optimal pH of the chitinase was pH 6.5 and temperature 45 °C and exhibited high stability within pH 5.0-6.0 and temperatures below 35 °C. The chitinase activity was increased by Ca2+ and Mg2+, while inhibited by Fe2+, Cu2+ and Co2+. The purified chitinase had Km and Vmax values of 5.88 mmol/L and 2.11 μmol/min·mL, respectively. The endogenous chitinase purified from Antarctic krill could degrade chitin fibers and induced the release of free fluoride from Antarctic krill cuticle. Under experimental conditions, the free fluoride release law in Antarctic krill cuticle can be described by equation: C W = 1 − 0.98 e − 0.0111 t − 0.02 e 0.15 t × 175.52 + 10.80.