RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

Abstract Rural roads serve as pivotal conduits for the transportation of harvested crops to distribution hubs in Guarapuava-PR, a national agricultural focal point. This study evaluated the impact of incorporating brick kilns ashes(BKA) into the lateritic soil of an unpaved roadway. Mixtures of soil and BKA with three distinct granulometries were formulated, featuring substitution rates of 25%, 50%, and 75% ash relative to the total mixture mass,characterized in terms of: particle size distribution, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and the optimum point on the compaction curve under modified energy conditions (optimal moisture content and maximum dry bulk density). Results revealed that BKA inclusion led to increases in LL, PL, OMC, CBR, alongside a reduction of MDD and expansion for the majority of mixtures, particularly within granulometry C1 at a 25% content. Finer ashes exhibited prominence in ISC and expansion outcomes. Substitutions of 75% BKA detrimentally affected geotechnical properties; however, granulometric stabilization with BKA proved feasible, particularly in soil-C2 mixtures designated for use as a sub-base. These mixtures met recommended LL and PL parameters, providing effective waste mitigation and presenting an alternative for soil improvement in pavement applications. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR ashesBKA ashes(BKA roadway formulated 25 50 50% 75 masscharacterized mass characterized , (LL) (PL) optimal density. density . density) OMC CBR C outcomes properties however feasible soilC2 soilC C2 soil-C subbase. subbase sub base. base sub-base parameters applications 2 5 7 (LL (PL

Resumo Estradas vicinais são muito utilizadas para o escoamento da safra da área da colheita até os centros de distribuição na cidade de Guarapuava-PR, referência nacional no setor agrícola. Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da adição de cinzas de fornos de olarias (CFO) ao solo laterítico de uma estrada não pavimentada. Foram produzidas misturas de solo e CFO de três diferentes granulometrias, nos teores de substituição de 25%, 50% e 75%, de cinza em relação à massa total da mistura, caracterizadas quanto à:granulometria, limite de liquidez (LL), limite de plasticidade (LP) e ponto ótimo da curva de compactação sob energia modificada (umidade ótima (wot) e peso específico aparente seco máximo (ρdmáx)). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição da CFO foi responsável por aumentos nos parâmetros LL, LP, wot, ISC, bem como pela redução do ρdmáx e da expansão da maioria das misturas, principalmente para a granulometria C1, no teor de 25%. Cinzas mais finas destacaram-se nos resultados de ISC e expansão. Substituições de 75% de CFO prejudicaram as propriedades geotécnicas, mas a estabilização granulométrica com CFO revelou-se viável, especialmente em misturas solo-C2 para utilização como sub-base, atendendo aos parâmetros recomendados de LL e LP, proporcionando mitigação de resíduos e uma alternativa para melhoramento de solos para pavimentação. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR agrícola (CFO pavimentada granulometrias 25 25% 50 75 mistura àgranulometria, àgranulometria granulometria, à:granulometria , (LL) LP (LP umidade wot (wot ρdmáx. . (ρdmáx)) C1 C destacaramse destacaram se geotécnicas revelouse revelou viável soloC2 soloC C2 solo-C subbase, subbase sub base, base sub-base pavimentação 2 5 7 (LL (ρdmáx) (ρdmáx

ABSTRACT The proper disposal of fruit and vegetable waste is essential to promote environmental sustainability, reduce the carbon footprint, improve soil quality, and contribute to the transition to a circular economy. This study examined the impact of incorporating dairy cattle wastewater (DCWW) into anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable residues and utilization of the resulting biofertilizer as a diluent in the anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues (recycle). The specific biogas and methane production and the agronomic quality of the biofertilizer were evaluated in a semi-continuous trial. Two startup strategies were employed: initially, the reactors were entirely fed with inoculum (biofertilizer derived from DCWW), and fruit and vegetable residue feedstock was gradually introduced. Anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues with DCWW yielded the highest specific production of biogas and methane at 720 and 436 L kg-1 of volatile solids (VS), respectively. The addition of DCWW increases fruit and vegetable residue alkalinity by 249% and reduces the volatile acidity by 83.4%. Anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues enhances macronutrient recovery in the biofertilizer through recycle. Logistically, directing fruit and vegetable residues to rural areas for anaerobic co-digestion with DCWW promotes agricultural biofertilizer use. sustainability footprint economy (DCWW codigestion co digestion monodigestion mono recycle . (recycle) semicontinuous semi continuous trial employed initially DCWW, , DCWW) introduced 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- VS, VS (VS) respectively 249 834 83 4 83.4% Logistically use (recycle 7 (VS 24 8 83.4 2 83.

RESUMO A destinação adequada dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais é fundamental para promover a sustentabilidade ambiental, reduzir a pegada de carbono, melhorar a qualidade do solo e contribuir para a transição para uma economia circular. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de água residuária da bovinocultura de leite em codigestão anaeróbia com resíduos de frutas e vegetais e o uso do biofertilizante como diluente na monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais (reciclo). A produção específica de biogás e metano, bem como a qualidade agronômica do biofertilizante em um estudo semicontínuo, foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias para partida dos reatores: o abastecimento inicial dos reatores totalmente com inóculo (biofertilizante proveniente da digestão anaeróbia da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite) e a progressão de carga para os resíduos de frutas e vegetais. A maior produção específica de biogás e metano foi atingida pela codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos de frutas e vegetais com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite, 720 e 436 L kg-1 de sólidos voláteis (SV), respectivamente. A adição da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite aumentou em 249% a alcalinidade dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais e diminuiu em 83,4% sua acidez volátil. A recuperação de macronutrientes no biofertilizante é favorecida pela monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais em função do uso do reciclo. Entretanto, visando a destinação destes ao meio rural, a codigestão anaeróbia com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite favorece o uso agrícola do biofertilizante. ambiental carbono circular reciclo . (reciclo) semicontínuo 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- SV, SV , (SV) respectivamente 249 834 83 4 83,4 volátil Entretanto rural (reciclo 7 (SV 24 8 83, 2

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop an eco-friendly, recyclable, and cost-effective composite material for use in storage sheds and machine workshops. The new composite consists of stone dust and gravel bricks bonded by recycled polypropylene through heat treatment. The main focus of this study is to determine the effects of varying polymer proportions on the resistance and permeability properties of the studied composite, intending to achieve optimal properties, i.e., high resistance and low permeability. To do this, the 2² factorial arrangement was employed, comprising four treatments along with three central points, each replicated three times. The data was statistically analyzed at a 95% confidence level from an adapted methodology. This involved tests of compression strength, 3-point bending strength, Los Angeles abrasion, and water absorption by immersion, in which three percentages of polymer content (PC) - 15, 25, and 35% - and aggregates (fine sand, medium sand, and coarse sand - FS, MS, and CS) were used to prepare the composite. The developed composite was deemed suitable for use in storage warehouses and machine workshops, as it presented physical and mechanical appropriate characteristics, i.e., a low water absorption rate and high resistance to compression and abrasion, in addition to being an environmentally friendly composite. ecofriendly, ecofriendly eco friendly, eco-friendly recyclable costeffective cost effective workshops treatment ie i e i.e. 2 employed points times 95 methodology strength 3point point 3 abrasion immersion PC (PC 15 25 35 fine FS MS CS characteristics i.e 9 1

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um material compósito ecológico, reciclável e de baixo custo para uso em galpões de armazenamento e oficinas de máquinas. O novo compósito consiste em um bloco de pó de pedra e cascalho unidos por polipropileno reciclado através de tratamento térmico. O foco principal deste estudo é determinar os efeitos de variações nas proporções de polímeros nas propriedades de resistência e permeabilidade do compósito estudado, visando alcançar propriedades ótimas, ou seja, alta resistência e baixa permeabilidade. Para isso, utilizou-se o arranjo fatorial 2², composto por quatro tratamentos e três pontos centrais, cada um replicado três vezes. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com nível de confiança de 95% a partir de metodologia adaptada. Isso envolveu testes de resistência à compressão, resistência à flexão em 3 pontos, abrasão Los Angeles e absorção de água por imersão, nos quais três porcentagens de teor de polímero (PC) - 15, 25 e 35% - e agregados (areia fina, areia média, e areia grossa - FS, MS e CS) foram usadas para preparar o compósito. O compósito desenvolvido foi considerado adequado para utilização em armazéns e oficinas de máquinas, pois apresentou características físicas e mecânicas adequadas, ou seja, baixa taxa de absorção de água e alta resistência à compressão e abrasão, além de ser um compósito ecologicamente correto. ecológico máquinas térmico estudado ótimas seja isso utilizouse utilizou se 2² centrais vezes 95 adaptada imersão PC (PC 15 2 35 fina média FS CS adequadas correto 9 1

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to define the professional competencies and subjects of the conservation and environmental protection axis of the new educational model of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics career of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, which establishes that the teacher and the student know the competencies by axes in order to make their educational processes more efficient from a global perspective. To do this, we worked with a core academic core of teachers from the academic unit, who were supported by a bibliographic methodology, synthesis and analysis, as well as the understanding of analyzed documents from the field of veterinary medicine. As a result of the teamwork of 50 teachers and 2 specialists in veterinary education, during workshops and based on the documentary review of research articles in veterinary education, through searching in databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences , Google Schoolar and Dialnet, the following competencies were defined in the axis of conservation and protection of the environment, where the student must be competent in carrying out adequate management and disposal of hazardous infectious biological waste (RPBI), as well as corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic, flammable and biological material infectious (CRETIB) generated by medical and agricultural activity to avoid environmental contamination and promote good public health. In addition, it must have the capacity to carry out integrated management of the waste produced as a result of agricultural activity to take advantage of it and avoid environmental contamination, as well as design and apply the methodology for the conservation and use of natural resources. The subjects contained in the curricular plan were defined from these competencies.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir as competências e disciplinas profissionais do eixo conservação e proteção ambiental do novo modelo educacional da carreira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Zacatecas, que estabelece que o educador e o aluno conheçam o competências por eixos, com o objetivo de tornar os seus processos educativos mais eficientes numa perspectiva global. Para o que trabalhamos com um núcleo académico constituído por docentes da Unidade Académica, que se apoiaram numa metodologia bibliográfica, de síntese e análise, bem como na compreensão de documentos analisados da medicina veterinária. Como resultado do trabalho em equipe de 50 professores e 2 especialistas em educação veterinária durante oficinas e com base na revisão documental de artigos de pesquisa em educação veterinária por meio da busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar e Dialnet, foram definidas as seguintes competências no eixo de conservação e proteção do meio ambiente onde o aluno deve ter competência na realização de gestão e destinação adequada de resíduos biológicos infecciosos perigosos (RPBI), bem como de resíduos biológicos corrosivos, reativos, explosivos, tóxicos, inflamáveis e infecciosos (CRETIB) gerados pela atividade médica e agrícola para evitar a contaminação ambiental e promover a boa saúde pública. Da mesma forma, deve ter capacidade para realizar a gestão integrada dos resíduos produzidos pela actividade agrícola para aproveitá-los e evitar a contaminação ambiental, bem como conceber e aplicar a metodologia de conservação e aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. recursos. As disciplinas constantes do plano curricular são definidas a partir destas competências.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue definir las competencias profesionales y las materias del eje de conservación y protección al medio ambiente del nuevo modelo educativo de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, la cual establece que el docente y el educando conozcan las competencias por ejes con la finalidad de hacer mas eficientes sus procesos educativos desde una óptica global. Para ello, se trabajó con un núcleo académico base de docentes de la unidad académica, los cuales se apoyaron en una metodología bibliográfica, síntesis y análisis, así como en la comprensión de documentos analizados del ámbito de la medicina veterinaria. Como resultado del trabajo en equipo de 50 docentes y 2 especialistas en educación veterinaria, durante talleres de trabajo y con base en la revisión documental de artículos de investigación en educación veterinaria, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar y Dialnet, se definieron las siguientes competencias en el eje de conservación y protección al ambiente, donde el estudiante debe de ser competente en la realización de un manejo y disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos (RPBI), así como de material corrosivo, reactivo, explosivo, tóxico, inflamable y biológico infeccioso (CRETIB) generados por la actividad médica y agropecuaria para evitar la contaminación del ambiente y propiciar una buena salud pública. Además, debe tener la capacidad de realizar un manejo integrado de los residuos producidos como resultado por la actividad agropecuaria para aprovecharlos y evitar la contaminación del ambiente, así como diseñar y aplicar la metodología para la conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. De estas competencias se definieron las asignaturas contenidas en el plan curricular.

ABSTRACT Agroindustrial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) waste mainly includes peel and pulp; however, potatoes of low industrial quality are also discarded by industry. A viable alternative to give added value to these byproducts is the use of these as seeds, as well as the use of starch. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality (germination and vigor), starch content and relationship between these variables in discarded tubers from the industry through chemical-structural analyses to better understand their influence on starch composition. The physiological quality of the potatoes was evaluated through germination and vigor tests; likewise, starch was extracted, and the yield was determined. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was carried out through proximal and structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that the tubers had 100.00% germination and 98.66% vigor and were suitable for use as seeds. The starch yield did not significantly differ. However, characterization of the starch revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture, ash, carbohydrate and amylose contents, which were influenced by the storage temperature (4 °C) of the tubers subjected to a vigor test, which interferes with enzymatic activity. During germination, the NMR results showed type B crystallinity, which is typical of tubers, indicating that the viability tests did not promote changes in the type of crystallinity. The results obtained can help us understand the effect of germination on the composition of starch and, accordingly, choose the most appropriate applications for this starch, whether food or nonfood.

ABSTRACT Finding sustainable methods for utilizing biosolids, also known as municipal sewage sludge (SS), presents a pressing challenge in modern waste management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of SS amendment on growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal bioaccumulation parameters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder crop under field conditions. Trifolium alexandrinum was cultivated using different rates of SS mixing (i.e., T0: 0% as control with no SS application, T1: 5%, and T2: 10%). The results obtained showed a significant (p < 0.05) increment in growth, biochemical, and proximate parameters of T. alexandrinum with an increasing SS mixing rate. The highest productivity of T. alexandrinum fodder (1.92 kg m-2 fw) was observed in the T2 treatment as compared to the control treatment. The heavy metal analysis of shoot and root parts of T. alexandrinum showed that the contents (mg kg-1) of eight elements (Cd 0.02-0.13, Co 0.04-0.08, Cu 5.94-0.05, Cr 0.43-1.68, Fe 7.08-15.93, Ni 0.89-2.90, Mn 1.62-5.38, and Zn 3.30-7.04) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with SS mixing rate. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was below 1 except for Cu and Zn exhibiting their rapid uptake by plants from SS-treated soils. However, dietary intake modeling (DIM < 1) and health risk index (HRI < 1) studies showed that the levels of heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits in any SS treatment. Overall, SS amendment has a positive impact on the growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal characteristics of T. alexandrinum. Therefore, this study suggested a strategy for low-cost soil fertilization and fodder crop production which could sustainably benefit waste recycling.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water pollution by hydrocarbons is a worldwide concern due to its environmental and economic impact. Several highly effective synthetic sorbent materials have been developed to control oil spills, but the additional storage or disposal costs are high. Objective: To evaluate agro-industrial wastes (sugar cane bagasse and pine sawdust) and their mixtures, as biosorbent materials for the removal of hydrocarbons in water. Materials and Methods: Natural bagasse (NB) and pine sawdust (PS) were sieved to obtain a uniform biomass. The studies are carried out with granulometries (+1 -2 mm) and (+0.315 - 1 mm) for NB and PS for the mass percentages and homogeneity of the fractions. Humidity, real density, apparent density, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to EDX were determined for the selected material. To determine the maximum sorption capacity (Ca) of NB and PS, diesel (32.7 ºAPI) was used. An experimental design 22 was carried out. Statgraphics Centurion XV.II software was used for statistical analysis. Results and discussion: The results obtained show that the highest (Ca) was reached with (+0.315 -1 mm) and 80%NB/20%PS and 50%NB/50%PS mixtures. The results obtained show that the most influential variable on (Ca) is the biosorbent concentration. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is possible to use agricultural waste (NB and PS) and their mixtures as biosorbent materials, in non-conventional and sustainable treatments for the removal of hydrocarbons in water.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación de las aguas por hidrocarburos es una preocupación mundial debido a su impacto ambiental y económico. Se han desarrollado varios materiales sorbentes sintéticos muy efectivos para controlar los derrames de hidrocarburos, pero los costos adicionales de almacenamiento o disposición final son elevados. Objetivo: Evaluar residuos agroindustriales (bagazo de caña de azúcar y aserrín de pino) y sus mezclas, como materiales biosorbentes para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua. Materiales y Métodos: El bagazo natural (BN) y el aserrín de pino (AP) fueron tamizados para obtener una biomasa uniforme. Los estudios se realizan con granulometrías (+1 -2 mm) y (+ 0,315 - 1 mm) para el BN y el AP por los porcentajes másicos y la homogeneidad de las fracciones. Al material seleccionado se le determinó: humedad, densidad real, densidad aparente, porosidad y Microscopía Electrónica de Barredura (SEM) acoplada a EDX. Para la determinación de la máxima capacidad de sorción (Ca) de BN y AP, se utilizó diésel (32,7 ºAPI). Se realizó un diseño experimental 22. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurión XV.II. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor (Ca) se alcanzó con (+0,315 -1 mm) y mezclas 80%BN/20%AP y 50%BN/50%AP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variable más influyente en la (Ca) es la concentración de biosorbente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que es posible la utilizar de residuos agrícolas (BN y AP) y sus mezclas como materiales biosorbentes, en tratamientos no convencionales y sostenibles para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua.

Resumen La plaza de mercado La esmeralda se ubica en Popayán (Cauca), un municipio del Suroccidente Colombiano, es un lugar de suministro de productos agrícolas, considerada como un punto crítico por el manejo de residuos y el deterioro de su entorno, que afecta principalmente a comerciantes de la zona. El objetivo fue evaluar el manejo de residuos e identificar los síntomas en salud más comunes en los comerciantes del sector. Se llevó a cabo una investigación descriptiva empleando lista de verificación, encuestas, entrevistas y narrativas con los comerciantes de la plaza. La información recopilada se sistematizó utilizando Microsoft Excel y se importó al programa BioEstat 5.0 para analizar las variables socio-demográficas, ocupacionales y realizar pruebas Chi2 para comparar la relación entre condiciones de sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, manejo de residuos y síntomas presentados. Se establece un incumplimiento del 67% para planes y programas y un 90% para los aspectos ambientales, reflejando de manera significativa el problema organizacional frente a programas ambientales en la plaza de mercado. En el aspecto salud, el 75% de los comerciantes presentan síntomas gastrointestinales, 65.6% diarrea y 53.12% náuseas o vómitos. Se identificó la inadecuada disposición de residuos como un factor que podría agravar los problemas ambientales y de salud en el sector. Adicional, se evidenció que el 65.6% de los comerciantes no recibieron capacitación para el manejo de residuos, destacando la necesidad de estrategias de educación ambiental acerca de manejo y disposición adecuada de residuos, se recomienda implementarlas de manera continua dirigidas a los comerciantes y a la población en general, con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de salud, fomentar el autocuidado y reducir la vulnerabilidad a enfermedades.

Abstract The La Esmeralda marketplace is located in Popayán (Cauca), a municipality in southwestern Colombia. It is a place where agricultural products are supplied and is considered a critical point due to waste management and the deterioration of its environment, which mainly affects traders in the area. The objective was to evaluate waste management and identify the most common health symptoms in the traders of the sector. Descriptive research was carried out using a checklist, surveys, interviews and narratives with merchants in the plaza. The information collected was systematized using Microsoft Excel and imported into the BioEstat 5.0 program to analyze the socio-demographic and occupational variables and to perform Chi2 tests to compare the relationship between sociodemographic conditions, lifestyle, waste management and symptoms presented. A non-compliance of 67% for plans and programs and 90% for environmental aspects is established, reflecting in a significant way the organizational problem regarding environmental programs in the market place. In terms of health, 75% of the traders had gastrointestinal symptoms, 65.6% diarrhea and 53.12% nausea or vomiting. Inadequate waste disposal was identified as a factor that could aggravate environmental and health problems in the sector. In addition, it was found that 65.6% of the merchants did not receive training in waste management, highlighting the need for environmental education strategies on proper waste management and disposal, which should be implemented on an ongoing basis for merchants and the general population, in order to improve health conditions, promote self-care and reduce vulnerability to disease.

ABSTRACT The collapse of the Fundão Dam in Mariana, MG, in 2015 introduced the challenge of using Technosol, a soil type formed by deposition of iron mining waste along the Doce River banks, for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to determine the optimal water depth for enhancing production of tropical forage, Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa, when grown on iron ore tailings. Additionally, it sought to establish a crop coefficient applicable to the edaphoclimatic conditions of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted throughout the summer, fall, and winter of 2022, employing 21 drainage lysimeters. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, featuring six treatment groups (plants in Technosol receiving water depths ranging from 20 to 120% of the crop’s evapotranspiration, as derived from the control treatment), along with a control group (plants in Latosol with a depth of 100%), each with three repetitions. Our findings showed that irrigation must replace 40% of the crop evapotranspiration. Moreover, cultivating in Technosol resulted in a reduction of productive capacity by 37.39% during the summer/fall and fall seasons. For Mombasa grass grown in Oxisol, crop coefficients of 1.2 during the summer and 1.5 during the fall and winter are advised. Mariana MG 201 banks purposes forage cv tailings Additionally Viçosa Brazil 2022 2 lysimeters adopted plants 120 crops s evapotranspiration treatment, , treatment) 100%, 100 100% 100%) repetitions 40 Moreover 3739 37 39 37.39 summerfall seasons Oxisol 12 1 1. 15 5 advised 202 10 4 373 3 37.3 37.

RESUMO O rompimento da Barragem do Fundão em Mariana, MG, ocorrida em 2015, trouxe o desafio de usar o Tecnossolo (tipo de solo) formado pela deposição do rejeito de mineração de ferro nas margens do Rio Doce para agricultura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter a lâmina de água para otimizar a produção da forragem tropical Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombaça, cultivada em rejeito de mineração de ferro e determinar seu coeficiente de cultura para as condições edafoclimáticas de Viçosa, MG. O experimento foi realizado durante as estações de verão, outono e inverno do ano de 2022, com a utilização de 21 lisímetros de drenagem. O experimento foi distribuído em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos (plantas em Tecnossolo com lâminas variando de 20 a 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura, obtida do tratamento-testemunha) e adição de uma testemunha (plantas em Latossolo com lâmina de 100%) com três repetições. Recomenda-se irrigação com reposição de 40% da evapotranspiração da cultura. O cultivo em Tecnossolo diminuiu a capacidade produtiva em 37,39% nos ciclos das estações do verão/outono e outono. Recomenda-se os coeficientes de cultura de 1,2 no verão e 1,5 no outono e no inverno, para o capim-Mombaça cultivado em um Latossolo. Mariana MG 2015 tipo solo agricultura cv Mombaça Viçosa 2022 2 drenagem plantas 120 tratamentotestemunha tratamento tratamento-testemunha 100% 100 repetições Recomendase Recomenda se 40 3739 37 39 37,39 verãooutono 12 1 1, 15 5 capimMombaça capim 201 202 10 4 373 3 37,3 37,

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, there is a tendency to decentralize productions with the creation of livestock modules where different livestock species coexist, such as swine, cattle and poultry. In this context, anaerobic digestion (AD) is an alternative for the decarbonization of the agricultural sector, since it generates energy during waste treatment. Objective: To evaluate the AD of swine manure (SM) and poultry manure (PM) with cattle manure (CM) in terms of biochemical methane potential (BMP), and kinetic parameters in mono and co-digestion. Materials and Methods: The trial was conducted in 2 L reactors at 27 °C (average). The BMP of SM, PM and CM was determined in mono-digestion, and then with addition of 15, 30 and 45 % of CM, to the PM40:SM60 mixture. To describe the kinetic behavior of the process, experimental data were fitted to three first and second order models. Results and Discussion: The experimental BMP with CM addition was higher than expected, with increase between 26-31 %, demonstrating the synergy of the mixtures; since the C/N ratio and the methanogenic archaeal community were improved. The models were adjusted to the experimental data with adjusted coefficients of determination higher than 90 %. Conclusions: The addition of CM increased the experimental methane yield over the expected one. The Hill model shows a maximum yield of 369 LCH4/kgVS for mixtures with 15 and 30 % CM. The best variant was with 15 %, and it is necessary to transport manure from 20 cows to the biodigester.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, existe tendencia a descentralizar producciones con la creación de módulos pecuarios donde coexisten diferentes especies de ganado, como porcino, vacuno y avícola. En este contexto, la digestión anaerobia (DA) resulta una alternativa para la descarbonización del sector agropecuario, ya que genera energía durante el tratamiento de residuales. Objetivo: Evaluar la DA de estiércol porcino (EP) y gallinaza (EG) con estiércol vacuno (EV) en términos del potencial bioquímico de metano (PBM), y parámetros cinéticos en mono y codigestión. Materiales y Métodos: El ensayo se realizó en reactores de 2 L a 27 ºC (promedio). Se determinó el PBM del EP, EG y EV en monodigestión, y luego con adición de 15, 30 y 45 % de EV, a la mezcla EG40:EP60. Para describir el comportamiento cinético del proceso, se ajustaron los datos experimentales a tres modelos de primero y segundo orden. Resultados y Discusión: El PBM experimental con adición de EV fue superior al esperado, con incremento entre 26-31 %, demostrando la sinergia de las mezclas; ya que se mejoró la relación C/N y la comunidad de arqueas metanogénicas. Los modelos se ajustaron a los datos experimentales con coeficientes de determinación ajustado superiores al 90 %. Conclusiones: La adición de EV aumentó el rendimiento de metano experimental respecto al esperado. El modelo de Hill muestra un rendimiento máximo de 369 LCH4/kgSV para las mezclas con 15 y 30 % de EV. La mejor variante fue con 15 %, y se necesita transportar estiércol de 20 vacas al biodigestor.

ABSTRACT In current agriculture it is necessary to control the safety of the food that is produced, for this it is vital to take into account the levels of contamination caused by heavy metals. One aspect to consider is the study of soil quality to preserve or improve its productivity, in order to guarantee environmental protection, human health and food safety. Trace elements in high concentrations in soils are food toxins with negative effects on health that manifest themselves in the long term as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water. The objective of this work is: to study mathematical models to predict the behavior of cobalt, lead and zinc concentrations in agricultural soil, adjacent to the dumping of industrial waste in the San José de las Lajas municipality. For this, the concentration data of heavy metals cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were taken from the year 2005 to the year 2018 to predict their behavior from the use of statistical-mathematical tools until the year 2034. It was obtained that, according to the mathematical models obtained, these soils should not be used to grow vegetables for consumption, at least until 10 years after this investigation.

RESUMEN En la agricultura actual es necesario controlar la inocuidad de los alimentos que se producen, para ello es vital tener en cuenta los niveles de contaminación que provocan los metales pesados. Un aspecto a considerar es el estudio de calidad del suelo para conservar o mejorar su productividad, de forma que se garantice la protección ambiental, la salud humana y la seguridad alimentaria. Elementos traza en concentraciones elevadas en suelos son tóxicos alimentarios con efectos negativos sobre la salud que se manifiestan a largo plazo como resultado del consumo de aguas y alimentos contaminados. El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo: estudiar modelos matemáticos para predecir el comportamiento de las concentraciones de cobalto, plomo y zinc en un suelo agrícola, aledaño al vertimiento de residuos industriales en el municipio San José de las Lajas. Para ello se tomaron los datos de concentración de metales pesados cobalto (Co), plomo (Pb) y zinc (Zn) desde el año 2005 al año 2018 para predecir su comportamiento a partir del uso de herramientas estadístico-matemáticas hasta el año 2034. Se obtuvo que, según los modelos matemáticos obtenidos, estos suelos no deban emplearse para cultivar hortalizas con objeto de consumo, al menos hasta 10 años después de esta investigación.

Agroindustrial processes related to sugar cane generate agricultural waste that, for the most part, is not treated adequately and is often finally burned. This poor waste management leads to socio-economic and environmental problems, such as air, soil, and water pollution. The biomass of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is mainly made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the latter is a complex biopolymer which represents challenges for its degradation due to its resistance to chemical and physical treatments naturally in the environment. Therefore, the use of microorganisms and enzymes in the biological treatment of lignocellulosic materials promotes sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the most efficient method to achieve the total decomposition of insoluble lignin present in sugarcane biomass, using four different methodological approaches to achieve integration into soils, closing the cycle. The methods used in this study achieved complete degradation of insoluble lignin, therefore, the application of solid matrix discs inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus is recommended for the degradation of insoluble lignin.

Los procesos agroindustriales relacionados con la caña de azúcar generan residuos agrícolas que, en su mayoría, no son tratados adecuadamente y a menudo son finalmente quemados. Esta gestión deficiente de los residuos conlleva problemas socioeconómicos y medioambientales, como la contaminación del aire, el suelo y el agua. La biomasa de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) está constituido principalmente de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, siendo esta última un biopolímero complejo que representa desafíos para su degradación debido a su resistencia a tratamientos físicoquímicos y de manera natural en el ambiente, de forma que, la utilización de microorganismos y enzimas en el tratamiento biológico de materiales lignocelulósicos fomenta la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta investigación consistió en identificar el método más eficiente para lograr la descomposición total de la lignina insoluble presente en la biomasa de caña de azúcar, utilizando cuatro enfoques metodológicos distintos a fin de lograr la integración a los suelos, cerrando el ciclo. Los métodos empleados en este estudio lograron la degradación completa de lignina insoluble, por lo cual, se recomienda la aplicación de discos de matriz sólida inoculados con Pleurotus ostreatus para la degradación de la lignina insoluble.

ABSTRACT Vermiculite mining residues, although of low solubility, contain nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium at concentrations that allow their agricultural use. Beneficial bacteria can increase the solubility of this waste and its efficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of bio-inoculation of vermiculite residue, associated with cattle manure, on the release of nutrients and initial growth of maize. A completely randomized design was performed in a greenhouse with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: T1 - soil without fertilization; T2 - soil fertilized with soluble sources of nutrients (conventional fertilization); T3 - application of vermiculite residue (VR); T4 - VR enriched with cattle manure (CM); T5 - VR + CM with Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens, and T7 - VR + CM +B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). Regardless of the use of cattle manure or beneficial microorganisms, vermiculite mining waste increased the availability of Ca and K in the soil, but was not able to match the soluble sources of nutrients. Mining waste associated with cattle manure and beneficial microorganisms (B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens) increased microbial activity and enhanced the release of available calcium for maize. VR increased the growth and the dry mass production of maize compared to the non-fertilized soil, but was consistently inferior to conventional fertilizer. residues magnesium efficiency bioinoculation bio inoculation replications were T fertilization fertilization) (VR) (CM) B amyloliquefaciens +B amyloliquefaciens. . (B nonfertilized non fertilizer (VR (CM

RESUMO Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita, embora de baixa solubilidade, contêm nutrientes como cálcio, magnésio e potássio em concentrações que permitem seu uso agrícola. Bactérias benéficas podem aumentar a solubilidade deste resíduo e sua eficiência. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da bioinoculação do resíduo de vermiculita, associado ao esterco bovino, na liberação de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial do milho. Foi realizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - solo sem adubação; T2 - solo adubado com fontes solúveis de nutrientes (fertilização convencional); T3 - aplicação de resíduo de vermiculita (VR); T4 - VR enriquecido com esterco bovino (CM); T5 -VR+CM com Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens e T7 - VR + CM + B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). O VR aumentou a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, porém seu desempenho foi inferior às fontes solúveis. Independentemente da utilização de esterco bovino ou de microrganismos benéficos, os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, mas não foram capazes de igualar as fontes solúveis de nutrientes. Os resíduos de mineração associados ao esterco bovino e aos microrganismos benéficos (B. subtilis e B. amyloliquefaciens) aumentaram a atividade microbiana e aumentaram a liberação de cálcio disponível para o milho. Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram o crescimento e a produção de massa seca do milho em comparação ao solo não fertilizado, mas foram consistentemente inferiores ao fertilizante convencional. agrícola eficiência Objetivouse Objetivou se repetições T adubação fertilização convencional convencional) (VR) (CM) VR+CM VRCM B amyloliquefaciens. . (B fertilizado (VR (CM