RESUMEN Quizás uno de los objetivos más importantes del desarrollo sostenible para los países en desarrollo es mejorar la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables en todos los sectores en general y en el sector agrícola en particular. El proceso de pre-enfriamiento ayuda a mantener la calidad y prolongar la vida útil de las frutas y verduras. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo fabricar un preenfriador solar evaporativo indirecto (IESP) para reducir las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha de productos agrícolas. El cultivo de tomate fue elegido para ser preenfriado como ejemplo de cadenas de valor agrícolas. Las variables experimentales incluyeron tres temperaturas del agua de enfriamiento (15, 10 y 5 °C) y dos velocidades del aire que pasó por el gabinete de enfriamiento (1,5 y 2,5 m s-1). Los resultados mostraron que a una velocidad del aire de 1,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 19,4, 25,5 y 34,7% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. A una velocidad del aire de 2,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 23,1, 28,8 y 37,2% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. El desempeño del IESP bajo estas condiciones fue de 15,4 oC, 91,5% HR, 0,338 TR carga frigorífica y 37,2% COPcyc. El consumo total de energía fue de 6,4 kWh día-1. El rendimiento del preenfriador solar resultó ser una solución muy viable para las demandas de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones hortícolas, especialmente en ciudades con un clima muy cálido, para evitar que las verduras y frutas se deterioren después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Perhaps one of the most important goals of sustainable development for developing countries is to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources in all sectors in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The pre-cooling process helps to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to fabricate an indirect evaporative solar precooler (IESP) to reduce post-harvest loss for agricultural products. Tomato crop was chosen to be pre-cooled as an example of agricultural value chains. Experimental variables included three temperatures of cooling water (15, 10 and 5 °C) and two air velocities that passed through the cooling cabinet (1.5 and 2.5 m s-1). The results showed that at 1.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 19.4, 25.5 and 34.7% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. At 2.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 23.1, 28.8 and 37.2% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 oC, respectively. The performance of the IESP under these conditions was 15.4 oC, 91.5% RH, 0.338 TR refrigeration load and 37.2% COPcyc. Total energy consumption was 6.4 kWh day-1. The solar pre-cooler performance proved a very feasible solution to the demands of small and medium horticultural holdings, especially in cities with a very hot climate to keep vegetables and fruits from deteriorating after harvest.

Abstract This article contributes to developing and consolidating research on the connections between food and gentrification while highlighting the effects of these processes in areas beyond urban life. To achieve this, we draw on the concept of value chains connecting gentrified neighborhoods to rural agricultural communities. In this chain, processes of valorization and devaluation are generated, which unevenly affect the actors involved in the production and consumption of food. The paper focuses on the conflicts and contestations along the value chain of gentrification, putting interdisciplinary contributions into dialogue while presenting four cases from secondary sources. These cases are illustrative of how these processes operate at different levels, territories, and scales: signature coffee, as a symbol of distinction in gentrified neighborhoods; the avocado from its gastronomic manifestation as avocado toast; wine, from the touristification of its production to valorization strategies in urban consumption; and quinoa, from the patenting of new varieties to the development of markets that exclude large sectors of the population. The boom in the circulation of these foods has the effect of capital accumulation by dispossession in both rural and urban areas and in both production and consumption processes.

Resumen El presente artículo busca contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de los estudios sobre la gourmetización y la gentrificación alimentaria, enfatizando los efectos que estos procesos tienen en ámbitos que exceden a la vida urbana. En ese marco, se propone recuperar los engranajes de la cadena de valor y sus localizaciones -desde los barrios gentrificados hasta las comunidades rurales agrícolas-, indicando los procesos de valorización y desvalorización y cómo estos afectan de forma desigual a los actores involucrados. Se enfatiza sobre este punto estableciendo un diálogo interdisciplinar. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, el artículo se basa en cuatro casos recuperados de fuentes secundarias y que ilustran la forma en la que operan estos procesos en distintos niveles, territorios y escalas: el café de autor en cuanto símbolo de distinción en los barrios gentrificados; la palta o aguacate a partir de su manifestación gastronómica en el avocado toast; el vino, desde la turistificación de su producción hasta las estrategias de valorización en su consumo urbano; y la quinoa, desde el patentamiento de nuevas variedades hasta el desarrollo de mercados que excluyen a amplios sectores de población. Se concluye que el auge de estos alimentos tiene efectos de acumulación del capital por desposesión en los ámbitos rural y urbano, al igual que en los procesos de producción y de consumo.

ABSTRACT Firewood is one of the main sources of renewable energy used worldwide. In Brazil, the use of firewood for energy purposes is important for several family farming value chains. Thus, it is important to know the energy potential of forest production, with a view to emphasizing energy security and sustainability. Therefore, the objective was to analyze the dynamics and capacity of firewood production through family forestry production aimed at drying agricultural products in southern Brazil. The work consisted of analyzing the forestry production of family farmers integrated in the Virginia tobacco value chain in southern Brazil. The research was carried out in an exploratory manner to seek, through criteria and methods, a proximity to the reality of the universe of farmers that make up the tobacco value chain in seven regions of southern Brazil. Forest production and firewood consumption scenarios were built for each region. The constructed scenarios indicate that the family forestry base can supply all the demand for firewood for the curing process of tobacco leaves. Thus, family forestry production is favorable to the supply of thermal energy for the drying process of Virginia tobacco leaves in the southern region of Brazil. worldwide Brazil chains Thus sustainability Therefore seek methods

RESUMO A lenha é uma das principais fontes de energia renováveis utilizadas mundialmente. No Brasil, a utilização da lenha para fins energéticos é importante para diversas cadeias de valor da agricultura familiar. Assim, é importante que se conheça o potencial energético de produção florestal, tendo em vista ressaltar a segurança e sustentabilidade energética. Portanto, objetivou-se analisar a dinâmica e capacidade de produção de lenha através da produção florestal familiar direcionada à secagem de produtos agrícolas no sul do Brasil. O trabalho consistiu na análise da produção florestal de agricultores familiares integrados na cadeia de valor do tabaco Virgínia no sul do Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada de forma exploratória a fim de buscar, por meio de critérios e métodos, uma proximidade com a realidade do universo de agricultores que compõem a cadeia de valor do tabaco em sete regiões do sul do Brasil. Foram construídos cenários de produção florestal e consumo de lenha para cada região. Os cenários construídos indicam que a base florestal familiar é capaz de suprir toda a demanda de lenha para o processo de cura das folhas do tabaco. Sendo assim, a produção florestal familiar é favorável ao suprimento da energia térmica para o processo de secagem das folhas tabaco Virgínia da região Sul do Brasil. mundialmente Brasil Assim energética Portanto objetivouse objetivou buscar métodos assim

One of the fundamental challenges facing the South African government is expanding the smallholder farmer sector as part of its broader job creation strategy to ensure support services for productive activity on land once it is transferred to beneficiaries. There is insufficient information in the literature about the predisposition of private andpublic advisory services and the types of investments needed in extension services, which might improve small-scale vegetable farmers' productivity and participation in the supply chain. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from 55 small-scale vegetable farmers, 15 government extension officers and 16 agribusiness firm informants from Amathole District Municipality and Sarah Baartman (formerly Cacadu) District Municipality in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The respondents were selected using a non-purposive sampling technique, and data were collected using self-administered interviews and focus group discussions. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that even though the government has increased the budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector over the last two decades, these resources are skewed. Moreover, in most instances, the distribution favours a politically connected minority. Agribusinesses were found to focus more on capturing agricultural value chains by prioritising the production of high-value crops at the expense of small-scale farmers' livelihoods while failing to provide support services. It is recommended that both private andpublic advisory services should tailor support services provided to small-scale farmers based on the needs of the type of market targeted by these farmers.

Abstract The agricultural sector was one of the sectors that was most compromised during the confinements in the COVID-19 pandemic, guaranteeing the value chain and the necessary inputs. But even so, the problems of the sector are still evident: poverty, inequity, lack of rural and non-rural employment, low profit rates, lack of distribution chains and market development, among others. An alternative that is presented to achieve successful productive chains is that of inclusive businesses, for its better application and understanding, the application of a biological metaphor of coevolution and mutualism is presented in this document, noting that inclusive businesses should not occur. only on occasions of vulnerable producers, but to recognize in them their skills, knowledge, and capacities that they can share and put in favour of the integration model to achieve joint developments with the other organizations in the chain. The proposal focuses on strengthening inclusive models from the recognition of diversity and difference, and the development of management alternatives for the entire chain in general.

Resumen El sector agropecuario fue uno de los más comprometidos durante los confinamientos en la pandemia de COVID-19, garantizando la cadena de valor y los insumos necesarios. Pero, aun así, los problemas del sector siguen siendo evidentes, pobreza, inequidad, falta de empleo rural y no rural, bajas tasas de ganancia, falta de cadenas de distribución y desarrollo de mercados, entre otros. Una alternativa para lograr encadenamientos productivos exitosos es la de los negocios inclusivos. Para una mejor aplicación y entendimiento, este documento presenta la aplicación de una metáfora biológica de la coevolución y el mutualismo, señalando que los negocios inclusivos no solo deben darse en productores vulnerables, sino que deben reconocer sus habilidades, conocimientos y capacidades que pueden compartir y utilizar a favor del modelo de integración, para lograr desarrollos conjuntos con otras organizaciones de la cadena. La propuesta se centra en fortalecer los modelos inclusivos desde el reconocimiento de la diversidad y la diferencia, y el desarrollo de alternativas de gestión para toda la cadena en general.

ABSTRACT Studies related to climate change and agricultural value chains have in common the growing concern on conserving water resources. Thus, the concept of the water footprint stands out, which measures the amount of water (in volume) necessary to produce a unit (in mass) of a given product. Among Brazilian agricultural activities, coffee farming emerges as one of the most important, even though the crop is sensitive to potential climatic changes, especially to the increase in temperature and periods of drought. An alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change is shade management, which is common in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of shade management on the water footprint of coffee activity in the region of “Matas de Minas”. The water footprint was calculated for the field and product processing phase. Despite reducing the evapotranspiration of the coffee plant, shade management provided an increase in the water footprint, since it decreased the crop yield. The water footprint data obtained are expressive, with a calculated value of 13,862 m3 t-1 for full sun management and 16,895 m3 t-1 for shade management, in which both are the most recommended for the agricultural sector.

Resumen Ante la escasez de estudios socioagrarios municipales en El Salvador, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar la cadena de valor del maíz blanco en el municipio de Ciudad Arce. Para ello, se utiliza como herramienta teórica el mapa de mercado, resaltando el entorno promotor, los actores de la cadena y los proveedores de servicios. Así, en este texto se evidencian tendencias diferentes a las presentadas en la cadena de valor a nivel nacional. Adicionalmente, se destaca un nutrido número de actores y prácticas de cooperación multinivel. Se finaliza identificando dos líneas de investigación poco exploradas y relacionadas con las cadenas de valor.

Abstract Considering the scarcity of socio agrarian research in El Salvador at municipal level, the following work had the objective to identify and analyze the white maize value chain in Ciudad Arce. To do so, a market map was used as theoretical framework, focusing in the enabling environment, value chain actors and service providers. The present study was able to identify dynamics that differ with the nationwide maize chain of value. Additionally, it’s been highlighted the existence of a dense number of actors and multilevel cooperation practices. Text sums up by identifying two not extensively explored research lines related to value chains in El Salvador.

The consequences of climate change threaten existing agriculture systems across Zimbabwe. The researchers examined the possibility and potential for developing a smallholder farmer driven macadamia nuts value chain. Using the case of Chipinge district, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe, the study evaluated the potential of macadamia nut value chain functions as a climate change resilience strategy in Zimbabwe. Challenges faced by actors and positive developments made in incorporating smallholders into the macadamia nuts production sector were explored. The role of local markets and producers in the international trade in macadamia nuts were also examined, using a modified stakeholder analysis framework. Triangulation, a mixed methodology, was used to adequately capture the various quantitative and qualitative dimensions along the macadamia nuts value chain pillars. A sample of 220 farming units including Estates, A1 and A2 farmers was proportionately selected for the study. Primary data were collected from Key Informants through interviews and personal communications. Secondary data were collected from Agritex officers, buyers, and the Macadamia Association of Zimbabwe farmers ' records. The production-marketing interface for macadamia nuts is weakly coordinated in the study area as shown by the rudimentary production systems especially for the A1 and A2 farmers. Results show that the major missing links are the limited application of extension driven production enhancers and the limited visibility of farmers in more rewarding export markets. Production scales have, however, been increasing with more farmers allocating land towards the macadamia nuts trees. Decentralization of macadamia nuts markets and localized value addition needs to be done to realign domestic and export market prices.

Abstract: One key factor in the studies carried out on cross-border regions, are the value chains that are established through economic trade. This article examines this issue with respect to the Dominican Republic/Haitian border (Elías Piña-Departamento Central), through an analysis of agri-food chains. For this purpose, a study was made of six agricultural products that cross the border in both directions. This work included observations, the gathering of statistical data, and interviews with key stakeholders in these processes. The value chains highlight typical features of unequal cross-border trade. Moreover, they also show how the region, and specifically local producers, have limited access to the profits generated by such cross-border economic activity.

Resumen: Un factor clave para el estudio de las regiones transfronterizas lo constituyen las cadenas de valor que organizan los intercambios económicos. Este artículo explora este tema en una región de la frontera dominico-haitiana (Elías Piña-Departamento central) centrando su análisis en las cadenas agroalimentarias. A efectos de lo anterior, se estudiaron seis productos agrícolas que cruzan el borde en una u otra dirección, para lo cual se realizaron observaciones, recopilaciones estadísticas y entrevistas a actores clave de estos procesos. Las cadenas muestran rasgos típicos de los intercambios desiguales en las fronteras, pero también la manera como la región -y en particular sus productores- participa marginalmente en las utilidades de esta actividad económica transfronteriza.

Resumen: En Uruguay entre 2006 y 2012 se propusieron, como instrumento de apoyo a la Granja, los denominados «Planes de Negocios» (PN). El instrumento permitía acceder a fondos no reembolsables, según los kilos de fruta entregados, y fondos reembolsables sin interés destinados a insumos y asistencia técnica. El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia del instrumento para facilitar la integración de los productores familiares (PF) a cadenas de valor. Se realizó una investigación no experimental transversal a partir de los 57 planes de frutales de hoja caduca aprobados entre 2006 y 2012. El criterio de eficacia se asocia a la evidencia de que los PF participan en reiteradas convocatorias, se vinculan en forma estable con agentes comerciales, perciben iguales beneficios que los productores no familiares y tienen una opinión favorable del instrumento. Se analizó la información cuantitativa a través de tablas de contingencia con un nivel de significancia del 5 %. Participaron 510 productores, de ellos 162 fueron PF, aprobándose para los PN 203 millones de pesos uruguayos (constantes a diciembre de 2016). Se concluye que el instrumento no fue eficaz para integrar PF por la inexistencia de cadenas de valor que acepten fruta producida con sus restricciones técnicas. A pesar de la reiterada participación de los PF y su percepción favorable, la apropiación de los beneficios fue disímil, con un beneficio parcial en el financiamiento de insumos y asistencia técnica. Para los PF la comercialización no mejoró porque tienen dificultades para cumplir los contratos y participan de cadenas de comercialización con relaciones antagónicas.

Abstract: In Uruguay, between 2006 and 2012, the so-called «Business Plans» (BP) were proposed as an instrument to support the Farm. The instrument allowed access to non-reimbursable funds, according to kilograms of fruit delivered, and to interest-free reimbursable funds for inputs and technical assistance. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the BPs in facilitating the integration of family producers (FPs) into value chains. Non-experimental cross-sectional research was conducted on the 57 deciduous fruit plans approved between 2006 and 2012. The criterion of effectiveness is associated with evidence showing that FPs participate in repeated calls, have stable links with commercial agents, perceive the same benefits as non-family producers, and have a favorable opinion of the instrument. Quantitative information was analyzed through contingency tables with a significance level of 5 %. A total of 510 producers participated, of which 162 were FPs, and 203 million Uruguayan pesos (constant as of December 2016) were approved for the BP. It is concluded that the instrument was not effective in integrating FPs due to the lack of value chains that accept fruit produced with its technical restrictions. Despite the repeated participation of the FPs and their favorable perception, the appropriation of the benefits was dissimilar, benefiting only partially in financing inputs and technical assistance. For the FPs, marketing did not improve because they have difficulties in fulfilling contracts and the marketing chains in which they participate have antagonistic relationships.

The aim of this paper is to develop a model of sustainable added value chain (SAVC). The model i) considers consumers expectations, ii) analyses the determinant producers´ factors to perform the SAVC and iii) ranks the agricultural subsectors according the SAVC. The value chain methodology was used to assess the sustainability of the agricultural value chain and develop the model. The model was tested in the Dominican Republic's agricultural value chain. The results showed i) producers´ access to SAVC depends on the subsector, location and resources, ii) organic banana and avocado are the subsectors with the best potential SAVC while sweet potatoes and rice have the lowest potential and iii) producers are in an early stage to adopt the consumers´ expectations endangering SAVC. Using mixed methods to investigate the SAVC this paper provides an approach that reflects the complex and iterative nature of a real supply chains and can be used by researchers, policymakers and practitioners to better understand and describe decision making and to develop informed policies and interventions beyond SAVC. This research challenges the innate complexity of local supply chains and the presence of barriers for SAVC.

Este artículo tiene por objeto el desarrollo de un modelo de cadena de valor agraria sostenible (CVS). El modelo tiene en cuenta, i) la demanda de los consumidores, ii) los factores determinantes para que los productores accedan a la CVS y iii) ordena los sectores en la CVS. En el desarrollo se empleó la metodología de la cadena de valor y el modelo fue validado en la cadena de valor agraria de la República Dominicana. Los resultados muestran que, i) el acceso a la CVS por los productores dominicanos depende del sector, la localización y los medios disponibles, ii) sectores como el plátano orgánico y el aguacate están mejor posicionados en la CVS y los sectores del arroz y la batata están peor situados y iii) los productores consideran poco la demanda de los consumidores alejándose de la CVS. Este trabajo ayudará a investigadores, políticos y gestores en la toma de decisiones para alcanzar la CVS.

The role of extension in strengthening relationships among stakeholders along agricultural commodity value chains remains an important discussion point especially with orphan crops in semi-arid areas. The study used a participatory framework to analyse the sorghum value chain in the Mid Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe. A sample comprising of 380 small scale farmers, proportionately selected from five major sorghum producing wards, was used. Six agro-dealers, 15 traders, 10 retailers, three wholesalers, and two processors were also sampled. In addition, focus group discussions, informant interviews, questionnaires and reviews of financial records were conducted. Input supply systems for sorghum are weakly developed and production is stalled by inappropriate innovations including seed and fertilizer application. Marketing and processing channels are limited due to erratic supply and low producer prices. Demand for sorghum inputs can be created by engaging extension agents in helping farmers with realising the benefits of using improved sorghum seed varieties and fertilizer in sorghum production. This will smoothen the flow of sorghum products along strategic value chain nodes.

Abstract This paper describes the characteristics of technological development of Coast of Hermosillo’s agricultural system in Sonora, and its relation to the forms of integration of producers into national and global value chains. For this purpose, quantitative and qualitative information was collected, analyzed and correlated, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The research problem is original and innovative; it is systematically posed, and the theoretical-analytical tools necessary for studying and analyzing it are developed. However, the role played by private companies and government institutions in the management of regional technological development is not sufficiently accounted for. The results provide valuable quantitative and qualitative data for understanding and giving evidence of Sonoran agriculture’s socio-economic reality. It follows that such technological development has not benefited all producers equally and sufficiently.

Resumen En este trabajo se describen las características del desarrollo tecnológico del sistema agrícola de la Costa de Hermosillo, en Sonora, y su relación con las formas de integración de los productores en las cadenas de valor nacionales y mundiales. Para ello se recolectó, analizó y relacionó información cuantitativa y cualitativa, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas. El problema de investigación es original y novedoso, está planteado de manera sistemática, y se desarrollan las herramientas teórico-analíticas necesarias para estudiarlo y analizarlo. La limitante es que no da cuenta suficiente del papel de las empresas privadas e instituciones gubernamentales en la gestión del desarrollo tecnológico regional. Los resultados aportan datos cuantitativos y cualitativos valiosos para comprender y dar testimonio de la realidad socioeconómica de la agricultura sonorense. Se concluye que dicho desarrollo tecnológico no ha beneficiado a todos los productores por igual ni de manera suficiente.

Este artigo procura mensurar o PIB do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e caracterizar o agronegócio na economia do estado e de seus agregados na economia regional, para o ano de 2012. Neste cálculo deve ser considerada a contribuição de cada elo da economia dentro da cadeia produtiva do agronegócio do estado e suas relações de compras e vendas com outros setores. O modelo de insumo-produto constitui-se como ferramenta importante para dimensionar, com maior grau de detalhamento, as cadeias produtivas e o agregado das atividades constituintes do agronegócio. A metodologia e os dados utilizados baseiam-se em diversas fontes secundárias onde foi estimada uma matriz de insumo-produto regional onde foram compilados os valores adicionados a preços de consumidor, além da estrutura dos agregados como: insumos, agropecuária, agroindústria e distribuição. Constatou-se o agronegócio participa com cerca de 37% do PIB da economia do estado em 2012, onde os setores com maior participação relativa seriam os agregados de distribuição e de agropecuária.

This article seeks to measure the GDP of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and characterize the agribusiness in the state's economy and their aggregates in the regional economy, for the year 2012. This calculation considered should be the contribution of each link in the economy within the productive chain of the state of agribusiness and its purchasing and sales relationships with other sectors. The input-output model constitutes an important tool to scale, with a higher degree of detail, the production chains and the aggregate of the constituent activities of agribusiness. The methodology and the data used based on various secondary sources where a regional input-output matrix where the value added to the consumer prices compiled and estimated, in addition to the aggregate structure as inputs, agriculture, agribusiness and distribution. It was found agribusiness participates with about 37% of the GDP of the state's economy in 2012, where the sectors with the highest relative share would be the distribution and agricultural households.

Abstract The article shows and values the antecedents of the simple form of cooperation between the cooperatives, which differs in form and content from the INTERCOOPERATION variant, which is being developed in Cuban agriculture as an experience in four municipalities of the country under the Project APOCOOP. The above is an expression of the processes of changes and transformations, which are currently being developed, in the updating of the Cuban economic model, leading to the search for superior forms of organization. This process of inter-cooperation arises from the bottom up as a necessity of the development of the productive forces, as the economic-social relations in the territories require new modalities that facilitate the necessary progress of the said forces. The inter-cooperation constitutes the appropriate framework to achieve the full advancement and application of the productive-value chains, under a new win-win conception for all. The chain is really achievable as from the inter-cooperation in the territories (the local) and often exceeds the geographical limits of the municipality and even extends to the exterior Global Value Chains (CGV).

Resumen En el artículo son expuestos y valorados los antecedentes de la forma simple de cooperación entre cooperativa, lo cual dista en forma y contenido de la variante de intercooperación que se está desarrollando en el agro cubano, como experiencia en cuatro municipios del país bajo el Proyecto APOCOOP. Ello constituye una expresión de los procesos de cambios y transformaciones que se están gestando en la actualización del modelo económico cubano y dan lugar a la búsqueda de formas superiores de organización. Este proceso de intercooperación surge desde la base como una necesidad del desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas, por cuanto las relaciones económicas-sociales en los territorios requieren de nuevas modalidades que faciliten el necesario progreso de dichas fuerzas. La intercooperación constituye el marco adecuado, propicio, para lograr el pleno avance y aplicación de los encadenamientos productivos-valor, bajo una nueva concepción ganar-ganar, para todos. El encadenamiento es realmente alcanzable a partir de la intercooperación en los territorios (lo local) y suele rebasar los límites geográficos del municipio e, incluso, hacerse extensivo hacia el exterior Cadenas Globales de Valor (CGV).