Resumen Introducción. Durante las últimas décadas, se ha observado un creciente interés por parte de los consumidores en productos agroalimentarios sostenibles. Debido a esto, han surgido normativas voluntarias que se han convertido en una herramienta para promover la sostenibilidad en la producción y el consumo en las cadenas de valor agroalimentarias. Objetivo. Evaluar el perfil de los consumidores y el grado de conocimiento sobre sellos de sostenibilidad de los productos agrícolas en los mercados costarricenses. Materiales y métodos. Durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2021, se llevó a cabo una encuesta virtual a nivel nacional a través de la plataforma Qualtrics de la que se recopilaron 397 respuestas válidas. Los sellos de sostenibilidad considerados fueron certificaciones de producción orgánica, comercio justo, denominación de origen, marca país Esencial Costa Rica y carbono neutral. Se empleó el modelo de regresión de Poisson (PRM) para estudiar el comportamiento de las variables, con el software Stata versión 16.0. Resultados. El sello Esencial Costa Rica es el más reconocido. Las personas que residen en la Gran Área Metropolitana están más familiarizadas con diversos sellos. La variable de ingresos resultó ser un factor significativo; las personas con ingresos más altos tienden a identificar y valorar más los sellos de sostenibilidad. Los niveles de conocimiento y consumo de productos certificados aumentan cuando el consumidor posee algún vínculo con el sector agropecuario. Conclusiones. El interés de las personas en productos certificados no se ve reflejado en el comportamiento de compra, debido, en parte, al precio de los productos, la falta de confianza o el exceso de información en las etiquetas. Los hallazgos del estudio permiten a las empresas definir sus estrategias de comercialización según las características de los consumidores de estos productos diferenciados.

Abstract Introduction. Over the last few decades, there has been growing interest on the part of consumers in sustainable agri-food products. As a result, voluntary standards have emerged as a tool to promote sustainability in production and consumption in agri-food value chains. Objective. To evaluate the profile of consumers and the degree of knowledge of sustainability seals for agricultural products in Costa Rican markets. Materials and methods. During October and November 2021, a nationwide virtual survey was conducted through the Qualtrics platform, from which 397 valid responses were collected. The sustainability seals considered were certifications of organic production, fair trade, denomination of origin, nation brand Essential Costa Rica, and carbon neutral. The Poisson regression model (PRM) was used to study the behavior of the variables, using Stata software version 16.0. Results. The Essential Costa Rica seal is the most recognized. People residing in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) are more familiar with various seals. The income variable turned out to be a significant factor; those with higher incomes tend to identify and value sustainability seals more. The levels of knowledge and consumption of certified products increase when the consumer has some link to the agricultural sector. Conclusions. People’s interest in certified products is not reflected in their purchasing behavior, due in part to the price of the products, lack of trust or excessive information on labels. The findings of the study allow companies to define their marketing strategies according to the characteristics of the consumers of these differentiated products.

ABSTRACT Water is a vital resource for human survival, being the center of sustainable development. On the other hand, the livestock sector emerges as a major water consumer, producing a substantial volume of nutrient-rich wastewater. Consequently, the feasibility of reusing wastewater and recovering its nutrients becomes necessary to promote the sustainability of water sources. The aim of this study was to generate knowledge about tertiary treatment of wastewater from livestock and poultry industry, the reutilization of water and recovery of its nutrients, and potential applications. A systematic literature review by searching ScienceDirect and Web of Science platforms provides an exploration of technologies that facilitate the reuse of water and recovery of nutrients from livestock and poultry wastewater, including membrane filtration. As a result, the concentrated waste stream from membrane filtration can be utilized by an additional treatment of microalgae, bacteria or synergic consortia of microalgae and bacteria, in particular lactic acid bacteria that are innocuous to humans. Finally, the integration of these technologies presents a promising way to produce valuable biotechnological products with versatile applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. However, the implementation of these technologies on an industrial scale requires more research.

Resumen La floricultura es un sector de creciente importancia a nivel mundial, contribuyendo a la generación de empleo, ingresos y a la promoción de la biodiversidad y la sostenibilidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores que influyen en la adopción de la floricultura como cultivo alternativo en la provincia de Leoncio Prado, Perú, y evaluar su viabilidad económica. Para ello, se encuestó a 269 agricultores, analizando actitudes, aptitud de la tierra, factores socioeconómicos y ambientales. Mediante análisis descriptivo, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística (p < 0,1) se seleccionaron los factores influyentes. Además, se emplearon múltiples algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (Árboles de Decisión, Regresión Logística, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Redes Neuronales, Naive Bayes) con validación cruzada (k = 5) y métricas AUC para modelar la intención de adopción. Se desarrollaron escenarios incrementando la predisposición a adoptar la floricultura, y se realizó un análisis económico de ocho especies tropicales (Ginger Rojo, Anturio, Bastón del Emperador, Heliconia, Gardenia, Pico de Loro, Heliconias Golden, Maracas). Los resultados revelan que la disposición a cambiar de cultivo, la participación en campañas de sensibilización, la destinación de áreas a la conservación y el control de costos son factores clave. El modelo de redes neuronales alcanzó un AUC de 83,3% y escenarios mejorados indican que la adopción podría incrementar hasta en 11,32%. El Ginger Rojo demostró alta rentabilidad (VAN S/10428; TIR 51%; PRI 0,7 años). En conclusión, la floricultura representa una alternativa económica y ambientalmente viable que contribuye a la diversificación agrícola y a la sostenibilidad.

Abstract Floriculture is a sector of growing global importance, contributing to employment generation, income creation, and the promotion of biodiversity and sustainability. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of floriculture as an alternative crop in the province of Leoncio Prado, Peru, and to assess its economic viability. A total of 269 farmers were surveyed, analyzing attitudes, land suitability, and socioeconomic and environmental factors. Influential factors were identified using descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.1). Additionally, multiple machine learning algorithms (Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes) with cross-validation (k = 5) and AUC metrics were employed to model adoption intentions. Scenarios were developed to increase the willingness to adopt floriculture, and an economic analysis of eight tropical species (Red Ginger, Anthurium, Emperor's Staff, Heliconia, Gardenia, Parrot's Beak, Golden Heliconias, Maracas) was conducted. The results reveal that willingness to change crops, participation in awareness campaigns, allocation of areas for conservation, and cost control are key factors. The neural network model achieved an AUC of 83.3%, and improved scenarios indicate that adoption could increase by up to 11.32%. Red Ginger demonstrated high profitability (NPV S/10428; IRR 51%; PBP 0.7 years). In conclusion, floriculture represents an economically and environmentally viable alternative that contributes to agricultural diversification and sustainability.

Resumo: Biotecnologia é uma área multidisciplinar que utiliza sistemas biológicos, organismos vivos e derivados para modificar produtos e processos específicos. No agronegócio, a Biotecnologia desempenha papel fundamental na produção de alimentos em larga escala, sendo considerada essencial para enfrentar crises alimentares. Este estudo bibliométrico tem como objetivo analisar e apresentar os avanços e aplicações da Biotecnologia no setor do agronegócio, utilizando a produção científica disponível na principal base de dados Web of Science de 2018 a 2023. A Biotecnologia aplicada à agricultura engloba técnicas de engenharia genética para melhorar plantas, animais e microrganismos. Além de contribuir para a segurança alimentar, esta área está alinhada a diversos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Agenda 2030 das Nações Unidas. Constatou-se que a Biotecnologia é um tema transversal que abrange áreas mais técnicas com uma mescla de tópicos como nanotecnologia, engenharia genética, questões regulatórias, riscos, impactos positivos e negativos, inovação, formas de reprodução de sementes, sustentabilidade e aplicações verdes. Os autores, instituições e países que se destacaram são de: Estados Unidos, China, Índia, Reino Unido, Brasil, Coreia, Polônia, França e Alemanha. Esta pesquisa demonstrou os avanços e aplicações para reduzir riscos negativos, inovações advindas de novas técnicas e os desafios técnicos e legais enfrentados por pesquisadores neste campo de estudo e forneceu insights valiosos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da Biotecnologia aplicada no agronegócio, promovendo não apenas avanços científicos e tecnológicos, mas também abordando questões sociais e ambientais. Além de demonstrar que as aplicações biotecnológicas no agronegócio abrangem desde melhoramentos genéticos em culturas agrícolas até a criação de materiais biodegradáveis e soluções sustentáveis.

Abstract: Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary area that uses biological systems, living organisms and derivatives to modify specific products and processes. In agribusiness, Biotechnology plays a fundamental role in large-scale food production, being considered essential to face food crises. This bibliometric study aims to analyze and present the advances and applications of Biotechnology in the agribusiness sector, using the scientific production available in the main Web of Science database from 2018 to 2023. Biotechnology applied to agriculture encompasses genetic engineering techniques to improve plants, animals and microorganisms. In addition to contributing to food security, this area is aligned with several Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. It was found that Biotechnology is a transversal theme that covers more technical areas, with a mix of topics such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, regulatory issues, risks and positive and negative impacts, innovation, forms of seed reproduction, sustainability and green applications. Authors, institutions and countries that stood out are from: United States, China, India, United Kingdom, Brazil, Korea, Poland, France and Germany. This research demonstrated advances and applications in order to reduce negative risks, innovations arising from new techniques and the technical and legal challenges faced by researchers in this field of study and provided valuable insights, contributing to the development of Biotechnology applied in agribusiness, promoting not only scientific and technological advances, but also addressing social and environmental issues. In addition to demonstrating that biotechnological applications in agribusiness range from genetic improvements in agricultural crops to the creation of biodegradable materials and sustainable solutions.

RESUMO O conhecimento da complicada correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e o rendimento das culturas é crucial para a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade agrícola. Este estudo está centrado na investigação de como a radiação solar incidente afetou a produção agrícola na região de Gadarif, no Sudão, nos últimos quarenta anos. Usando uma estrutura preditiva, a pesquisa avalia tendências recentes na radiação solar incidente anual, examina variações temporais durante as estações de cultivo de sorgo e gergelim e utiliza técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para prever o rendimento das culturas. Além disso, ML, incluindo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF) e K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), foram empregados para previsão de rendimento. Através de abordagens de redução de tendências e análises de correlação, foram identificadas relações significativas entre os indicadores de radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas. Os resultados indicam uma correlação inversa substancial entre a radiação solar e a produção de sorgo, enquanto a produção de gergelim demonstra uma correlação positiva com a radiação solar. Tanto para o rendimento do sorgo como do gergelim, o K-NN surge como o modelo mais preciso, mostrando a importância da radiação solar incidente e da temperatura na previsão do rendimento das culturas. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial da aprendizagem de máquina para melhorar os modelos de previsão agrícola e informar as práticas agrícolas adaptativas na região. Em geral, este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre a relação dinâmica entre a radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas, enfatizando a importância de considerar fatores meteorológicos no planeamento e gestão agrícola. Gadarif Sudão anos preditiva anual disso ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF (BRF KNearest K Nearest KNN, KNN NN (K-NN) preciso geral (XGBoost (K-NN

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the complicated correlation between meteorological variables and crop yield is crucial for food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to investigate how incident solar radiation has affected crop production in the Gadarif region of Sudan over the last 41 years. Using a predictive framework, trends in annual incident solar radiation and temporal variations during sorghum and sesame growing seasons were examined and machine learning (ML) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) was used to predict crop yield. Significant relationships between incident solar radiation indicators and crop yields were identified via detrending approaches and correlation analyses. Results indicate a significant inverse correlation between solar radiation and sorghum yield, and a positive correlation between sesame yield and solar radiation. For both sorghum and sesame yield, K-NN was the most accurate model, demonstrating the significance of incident solar radiation and temperature in predicting crop yield. These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve agricultural forecasting models and inform adaptive agricultural practices in the region. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between incident solar radiation and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of considering meteorological factors in agricultural planning and management. sustainability 4 years framework (ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF, BRF (BRF) KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN analyses model general management (XGBoost (BRF

RESUMO: O advento de tratores articulados proporcionou aumento significativo da produtividade e redução dos custos das operações agrícolas. Para que o conjunto mecanizado seja eficiente é necessário que haja um entendimento do desempenho energético dos tratores nas operações. Semeadoras adubadoras operam entre 6 e 9 km/h, enquanto semeadoras permitem velocidades superiores. Aumentar a velocidade de semeadura favorece a eficiência operacional e reduz custos com mão de obra. No entanto, é importante ajustar o conjunto a fim de otimizar os parâmetros energéticos, buscando o equilíbrio entre produtividade e sustentabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros energéticos e operacionais de um trator agrícola articulado de 398kW em diferentes velocidades. O experimento foi conduzido em faixas, no delineamento de blocos casualizado. Foram empregadas cinco relações de velocidade teórica para operação de semeadura (6, 7, 8, 9 e 10 km h-1), com sete repetições, totalizando 35 unidades experimentais. Sendo mensurados os parâmetros: velocidade operacional, patinagem, rotação do motor, consumo horário e específico de combustível, eficiência térmica do motor, força e rendimento na barra de tração, consumo de combustível por área e capacidade operacional de campo. Os dados coletados foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade, quando significativos, submetidos à análise de variância. Os resultados evidenciam elevada capacidade de campo, superior a 20 ha h-1, para operação de semeadura com trator articulado, com consumo de combustível por área foi inferior 3,2 L ha-1 nas velocidades avaliadas, demonstrando vantagem em operar em maiores velocidades. RESUMO agrícolas kmh h km/h superiores obra entanto sustentabilidade kW faixas casualizado 6, (6 7 8 1 h1, h1 , h-1) repetições 3 experimentais patinagem motor tração campo normalidade significativos variância 2 1, h-1 32 3, ha1 ha- avaliadas ( h-

ABSTRACT: The breakthrough of articulated tractors has led to a significant increase in productivity and a cost reduction of agricultural operations. The performance of the tractor implement system depends on the understanding of the tractors’ energy parameters. Fertilizer seeders operate between 6 and 9 km h-1, while seed drills allow higher speeds. Increasing sowing speed improves operational efficiency. However, it is important to adequately set the machinery, to optimize the energy parameters, considering the balance between productivity and sustainability. This study evaluated the energy and operating parameters of a 398kW articulated agricultural tractor in a sowing operation at different speeds. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design. Five theoretical speeds were chosen for the sowing operation (6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 km h-1), with seven replications (35 units). The tractor operating parameters were measured: operational speed, slippage, engine speed, hourly fuel consumption, engine thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, drawbar force, drawbar efficiency, fuel consumption per area and field operating capacity. The data were subjected to normality test, when significant, variance analysis. Results showed high field capacity in the highest speed and low fuel consumption per area at the highest speed. ABSTRACT operations h1, h1 h 1, 1 h-1 efficiency However machinery sustainability kW design 6, (6 7 8 , h-1) 35 (3 units. units . units) measured slippage force test analysis h- ( 3

Resumo No Brasil, a soja representa 29,4% do valor bruto da produção agropecuária. Todavia, essa cultura enfrenta diversas intempéries climáticas. Nesse sentido, o seguro agrícola emerge com o propósito de mitigar esses desafios, porém sua expansão é dificultada por problemas como a seleção adversa e os riscos sistêmicos que afetam os resultados das seguradoras. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar os fatores que afetam a lucratividade das seguradoras agrícolas no estado do Paraná, no período de 2007 a 2021, por meio da regressão de dados em painel, a qual possibilita a análise de dados de várias unidades, como municípios e empresas, ao longo do tempo. Observou-se que a área segurada, a produtividade efetiva e a variável dummy indenização constituem os principais fatores determinantes da lucratividade das seguradoras tanto na modalidade de custeio como na de produtividade. Entre as empresas analisadas, apenas a Brasilseg e a Mapfre apresentaram resultados negativos, enquanto a Newe, uma empresa iniciante, teve resultados positivos. As contribuições do estudo incluem a compreensão detalhada dos fatores que afetam a lucratividade das seguradoras agrícolas e o fornecimento de informações úteis para o aprimoramento da gestão de riscos e para a formulação de políticas, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade e a competitividade do setor. Brasil 294 29 4 29,4 agropecuária Todavia climáticas sentido desafios Paraná 200 2021 painel unidades tempo Observouse Observou se segurada analisadas negativos Newe iniciante positivos políticas setor 2 29, 20 202

Abstract In Brazil, soybeans account for 29.4% of the gross value of agricultural production. However, this crop faces various climate-related challenges. Agricultural insurance has been introduced to address these challenges, but its growth is hindered by adverse selection and systemic risks affecting insurers' financial results. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the profitability of agricultural insurers in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2007 to 2021 using panel data regression, which allows for the analysis of data from various units such as municipalities and companies over time. The study findings indicate that the primary determinants of insurers' profitability, in terms of costs and productivity, were the insured area, effective productivity, and the variable for indemnity. Only Brasilseg and Mapfre showed negative results among the companies analyzed, while the new entrant, Newe, had positive results. The findings provide a detailed understanding of the factors that impact the profitability of agricultural insurers and offer valuable information for improving risk management and formulating policies, thereby contributing to the sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. Brazil 294 29 4 29.4 production However climaterelated climate related challenges Paraná 200 202 regression time productivity area indemnity analyzed entrant Newe policies sector 2 29. 20

RESUMO O semiárido é marcado por incertezas e variabilidade do volume hídrico disponível para usos múltiplos. O objetivo com o estudo foi construir um modelo de programação linear que proporcione a maximização da receita líquida do produtor e a otimização do uso dos recursos hídricos em aquífero aluvial no semiárido brasileiro, com vistas à sustentabilidade econômica e hídrica, estabelecendo um plano ótimo de exploração agropecuária. O modelo proposto utilizou coeficientes técnicos oriundos de dados primários obtidos nas diversas unidades de produção, bem como de dados secundários de trabalhos técnico-científicos realizados na região e considerou restrições. Foram realizadas simulações de três níveis de disponibilidade de água e de apenas dois ciclos anuais da produção de camarão, tendo em vista o volume explotado por ciclo e a contínua expansão da atividade na região. O modelo se mostrou eficiente na proposta de um plano ótimo de ocupação e na otimização dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, que, em sua condição potencial, tem na atividade da carcinicultura uma importância relevante sob a ótica da dimensão econômica. A análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo permitiu compreender a estabilidade da solução ótima frente às variações nos coeficientes técnicos. O recurso água apresentou folga igual a zero, indicando se tratar de um recurso limitante. A drástica redução na receita líquida face à redução na disponibilidade de água sinaliza para os riscos associados aos anos de escassez hídrica. A redução em um ciclo no cultivo do camarão em anos de escassez hídrica moderada é uma alternativa factível sob a ótica financeira. múltiplos brasileiro agropecuária técnicocientíficos técnico científicos restrições subterrâneos potencial zero limitante financeira

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region is marked by uncertainties and variability in the water volume available for multiple uses. The objective of the study was to construct a linear programming model that promotes maximization of the net income of the producer and optimization of the use of water resources in alluvial aquifer in the Brazilian semi-arid region, with a view to economic and water sustainability, establishing an optimal plan for agricultural exploitation. The proposed model used technical coefficients from primary data obtained in the various production units, as well as secondary data from technical-scientific studies conducted in the region, and considered constraints. Simulations were performed for three levels of water availability and two annual cycles of shrimp farming, considering the volume exploited per cycle and the continuous expansion of the activity in the region. The model proved to be efficient in the proposal of an optimal plan of occupation and optimization of groundwater resources, which, in its potential condition, has a relevant importance in the shrimp farming activity from the economic dimension perspective. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters allowed understanding the stability of the optimal solution in the face of variations in the technical coefficients. The water resource had slack equal to zero, indicating that it is a limiting resource. Drastic reduction in net income due to reduction in water availability points to risks associated with years of water scarcity. Reduction of one cycle in shrimp farming in years of moderate water scarcity is a feasible alternative from a financial perspective. semiarid semi arid uses sustainability exploitation units technicalscientific scientific constraints which condition perspective zero

RESUMEN El manejo inadecuado de los pastizales ha provocado la degradación de extensas áreas, la pérdida de productividad y sostenibilidad de muchas de ellas, reflejando una realidad común entre los ganaderos de Colombia. Por ello, en la Estación Agraria Paysandú de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación para determinar un índice de calidad del suelo (SQI) mediante la evaluación de los indicadores físicos y químicos más relacionados con el deterioro y producción de materia seca del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus). Se estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) para los indicadores más sensibles, elegidos mediante el análisis de componentes principales PCA, y se utilizó una función de puntuación no lineal para obtener el SQI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre todos los tratamientos y la producción de materia seca (P<0,05: 1,91x10-32). Los indicadores más sensibles fueron: densidad aparente DR > porosidad total TP > macroporos MAC > microporos MIC > resistencia a la penetración PR > capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva ECEC > pH. Como resultado, se obtuvo el siguiente SQI = (0,225×BD) + (0,224×TP) + (0,220×MAC) + (0,218×MIC) + (0,113×PR) + (0,0879×ECEC) + (0,0877×pH). Se sugiere probar el índice en praderas dominadas por pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto colombiano. La línea de base es crítica a valores > 0,58 Mg m-3 para BD y > 2,25 MPa para PR. Además, el intervalo de pH óptimo para el desarrollo del pasto kikuyo se situó entre 5,4 y 6,4.

ABSTRACT Inadequate grassland management has resulted in the degradation of extensive areas, loss of productivity and sustainability of many of them, reflecting a common reality among livestock farmers in Colombia. Therefore, at the Paysandú Agricultural Station of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in the Santa Elena township of the city of Medellín, a study was carried out to determine a soil quality index (SQI) by evaluating the physical and chemical indicators that were most related to the deterioration and dry matter production of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). A minimum data set (MDS) was established for the most sensitive indicators, selected by principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonlinear scoring function was used to obtain the SQI. Statistical differences were found between all the treatments in relation to dry matter production (P<0.05: 1.91x10-32). The most sensitive indicators were bulk density BD > total porosity TP > macropores MAC > micropores MIC > penetration resistance PR > effective cation exchange capacity ECEC > pH. As a result, the following formula was obtained: SQI = (0.225×BD) + (0.224×TP) + (0.220×MAC) + (0.218×MIC) + (0.113×PR) + (0.0879×ECEC) + (0.0877×pH). This index should be tested in kikuyu grass-dominated pastures located in the Colombian high tropics. The baseline is critical at values > 0.58 Mg m-3 for BD and > 2.25 MPa for PR. In addition, the optimum pH range for kikuyu grass development was between 5.4 and 6.4.

RESUMEN Quizás uno de los objetivos más importantes del desarrollo sostenible para los países en desarrollo es mejorar la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables en todos los sectores en general y en el sector agrícola en particular. El proceso de pre-enfriamiento ayuda a mantener la calidad y prolongar la vida útil de las frutas y verduras. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo fabricar un preenfriador solar evaporativo indirecto (IESP) para reducir las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha de productos agrícolas. El cultivo de tomate fue elegido para ser preenfriado como ejemplo de cadenas de valor agrícolas. Las variables experimentales incluyeron tres temperaturas del agua de enfriamiento (15, 10 y 5 °C) y dos velocidades del aire que pasó por el gabinete de enfriamiento (1,5 y 2,5 m s-1). Los resultados mostraron que a una velocidad del aire de 1,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 19,4, 25,5 y 34,7% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. A una velocidad del aire de 2,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 23,1, 28,8 y 37,2% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. El desempeño del IESP bajo estas condiciones fue de 15,4 oC, 91,5% HR, 0,338 TR carga frigorífica y 37,2% COPcyc. El consumo total de energía fue de 6,4 kWh día-1. El rendimiento del preenfriador solar resultó ser una solución muy viable para las demandas de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones hortícolas, especialmente en ciudades con un clima muy cálido, para evitar que las verduras y frutas se deterioren después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Perhaps one of the most important goals of sustainable development for developing countries is to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources in all sectors in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The pre-cooling process helps to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to fabricate an indirect evaporative solar precooler (IESP) to reduce post-harvest loss for agricultural products. Tomato crop was chosen to be pre-cooled as an example of agricultural value chains. Experimental variables included three temperatures of cooling water (15, 10 and 5 °C) and two air velocities that passed through the cooling cabinet (1.5 and 2.5 m s-1). The results showed that at 1.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 19.4, 25.5 and 34.7% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. At 2.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 23.1, 28.8 and 37.2% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 oC, respectively. The performance of the IESP under these conditions was 15.4 oC, 91.5% RH, 0.338 TR refrigeration load and 37.2% COPcyc. Total energy consumption was 6.4 kWh day-1. The solar pre-cooler performance proved a very feasible solution to the demands of small and medium horticultural holdings, especially in cities with a very hot climate to keep vegetables and fruits from deteriorating after harvest.

Resumen Introducción. En la actualidad, los sistemas agropecuarios y forestales se han visto fuertemente afectados por la variabilidad de los fenómenos climáticos, entre ellos El Niño Oscilación Sur (ENOS). Debido a estas circunstancias, un manejo adecuado y eficiente de los recursos naturales como el suelo y agua resulta imperativo para garantizar una producción sostenible. Para ello, el estudio de las variables físicas del suelo, tales como el contenido del agua en el suelo y su correspondiente estado energético (potencial hídrico total) es fundamental. Objetivo. Describir las principales metodologías para la determinación del contenido de agua y el potencial hídrico en el suelo, así como las potenciales implicaciones de la selección de un método en el manejo de los recursos naturales (agua y suelo). Metodología. En la determinación del contenido de agua en el suelo se hizo referencia a los métodos de determinación directa como el análisis gravimétrico y a otras metodologías indirectas que utilizan las propiedades electromagnéticas del suelo para inferir su contenido de agua. En la evaluación y determinación del potencial hídrico se abordaron los métodos que se realizan tanto en condiciones de campo como en el laboratorio. En el caso de las determinaciones en laboratorio se dividieron según el rango de medición desde valores altos de potencial (cercanos al suelo húmedo; tensiones < 0,1 MPa) hasta valores de potencial muy bajos (cercanos al suelo seco; 0,1 - 1,5 MPa de tensión). Análisis. Se contrastaron las distintas metodologías en función de sus fortalezas, limitaciones, así como su potencial uso en sistemas agrícolas. Conclusión. Una adecuada selección de los métodos de análisis para estas dos variables físicas del suelo resulta fundamental para gestionar eficazmente los recursos suelo y agua, generando a su vez un impacto positivo en la productividad y sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas, forestales y los servicios ecosistémicos asociados.

Abstract Introduction. Currently, agricultural and forestry systems have been strongly affected by the variability in climatic phenomena such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Due to these circumstances, a proper and efficient management of natural resources like soil and water becomes mandatory to attain sustainability. Therefore, the study of soil physical properties such as soil water content and its corresponding energy state (known as water potential) is fundamental. Objective. To describe the main methodologies employed to determine soil water content and soil water potential, as well as the selection criteria and its possible implications in natural resources (soil and water) management. Methods. Within soil water content, we refer to direct methodologies such as gravimetric measurements, as well as indirect methods based on the assessment of soil electromagnetic properties. Meanwhile, methods to determine soil water potential can be separated as field and laboratory measurement methods. Within the last methods, they can be categorized depending on the range of measurement, being those high-water potential values (close to wet soil state; tension < 0.1 MPa) and low-water potential values (close to dry soil state; 0.1 - 1.5 MPa tension). Analysis. All these aforementioned methodologies were contrasted by their strengths, weaknesses, as well as its potential use within different agricultural systems. Conclusion. A proper choosing of methods for analysis of both soil physical properties becomes fundamental for a proper management of soil and water resources, impacting positively the productivity and sustainability of agriculture and forestry systems, and their associated ecosystemic services.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Ecuador son ideales para el cultivo del arroz, los rendimientos son mayores al promedio mundial, pero su manejo agronómico conlleva a un aumento de cadmio en el suelo, que puede llegar al grano por translocación, lo cual afectan su inocuidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la absorción de cadmio mediante la técnica de omisión de macronutrientes en seis suelos del Ecuador y su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo de arroz. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador, durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron nueve tratamientos 1) Sin fertilización y sin Cd (testigo 1), 2) sin fertilización y con Cd (Testigo 2), 3) Fertilización completa y seis tratamientos de omisión de un nutriente a la vez, se usó un diseño de experimentos de bloques completamente al azar, parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron las relacionadas a la producción de materia seca en raíz y parte aérea. Para la comparación entre medias, se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados. Las omisiones de los nutrientes (N y P) llevaron a la reducción de la absorción del Cd, que disminuyó la producción de materia seca, en particular en los suelos muy ácidos o alcalinos como en Sucumbíos (pH 4) y Guayas (pH 7,9), respectivamente. Conclusiones. La absorción de cadmio en plantas de arroz se redujo en mayor medida con la omisión de los macronutrientes N y P, principalmente en los suelos de Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro y Manabí, afectando también la omisión de nutrientes a la producción de materia seca y los rendimientos, observándose además que un pH por debajo de 5 o superior a 7,9 afecta la absorción de cadmio en los suelos estudiados

Abstract Introduction. The soil and climatic conditions of Ecuador are ideal for rice cultivation, yields are higher than the world average, but agronomic management leads to an increase of cadmium in the soil, which can reach the grain by translocation, which affects its safety. Objetive. To evaluate the absorption of cadmium through the omission of macronutrients technique in six soils of Ecuador and its effect on the vegetative development of rice crops. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out at the Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ecuador, during 2018. Nine treatments were studied: 1) Without fertilization and without Cd (control 1), 2) without fertilization and with Cd (Control 2), 3) Complete fertilization and six omission treatments of one nutrient at a time, a completely randomized block design of experiments, divided plots and three repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were those related to the production of dry matter in the root and aerial part. For the comparison between means, the Tukey test was used (p<0.05). Results. Nutrients omissions (N and P) led to reduced Cd absorption, which decreased dry matter production, particularly in very acidic or alkaline soils such as in Sucumbíos (pH 4) and Guayas (pH 7, 9), respectively. Conclusions. The absorption of cadmium in rice plants was reduced to a greater extent with the omission of the macronutrients N and P, mainly in the soils of Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro and Manabí, the nutrient omission technique also affecting the production of dry matter and yields, also observing that a pH below 5 or higher than 7.9 affects the absorption of cadmium in the soils studied.

RESUMEN Las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA) abarcan tres pilares fundamentales: seguridad, medio ambiente y calidad. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar los beneficios económicos, ambientales y sociales de la implementación de BPA en la producción de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) en el distrito de Naranjal, ubicado en Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Se puso especial atención en el análisis de la implementación de tecnologías, los desafíos que enfrentan los productores y los beneficios que obtienen de la adopción de estas prácticas. Se empleó una metodología descriptiva de enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, utilizando encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los beneficios reportados por los productores tras la adopción de BPA incluyeron: control de gastos, aumento de productividad, menor riesgo laboral, manejo y conservación de suelo, manejo eficiente de plagas, reducción de contaminación del agua, y mayor biodiversidad y seguridad. La inversión se considera rentable, siendo dirigida principalmente a mejorar las estructuras. Seis de cada diez productores entrevistados financiaron las BPA con recursos propios. El estudio profundizó en los efectos económicos, ambientales y sociales de aplicar BPA en la producción de soja, destacando la necesidad de afrontar desafíos actuales como la accesibilidad y los incentivos para promover su adopción y beneficios a largo plazo. Se puede concluir que la adopción de BPA constituye una estrategia beneficiosa en términos económicos, ambientales y sociales.

ABSTRACT Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) encompass three fundamental pillars: safety, environment, and quality. The main objective of this study was to analyze the economic, environmental, and social benefits of implementing GAP in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in the Naranjal district, located in Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Special attention was paid to analyzing the implementation of technologies, the challenges faced by producers, and the benefits they obtain from adopting these practices. A descriptive methodology with a quali-quantitative approach was employed, using surveys and semi-structured interviews. The benefits reported by producers after adopting GAP included: expense control, increased productivity, lower occupational risk, soil management and conservation, efficient pest management, reduced water pollution, and greater biodiversity and safety. The investment is considered profitable, being mainly directed towards improving structures. Six out of ten interviewed producers financed GAP with their own resources. The study delved into the economic, environmental, and social effects of applying GAP in soybean production, highlighting the need to address current challenges such as accessibility and incentives to promote its adoption and long-term benefits. It can be concluded that the adoption of GAP constitutes a beneficial strategy in economic, environmental, and social terms.