Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to define the professional competencies and subjects of the conservation and environmental protection axis of the new educational model of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics career of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, which establishes that the teacher and the student know the competencies by axes in order to make their educational processes more efficient from a global perspective. To do this, we worked with a core academic core of teachers from the academic unit, who were supported by a bibliographic methodology, synthesis and analysis, as well as the understanding of analyzed documents from the field of veterinary medicine. As a result of the teamwork of 50 teachers and 2 specialists in veterinary education, during workshops and based on the documentary review of research articles in veterinary education, through searching in databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences , Google Schoolar and Dialnet, the following competencies were defined in the axis of conservation and protection of the environment, where the student must be competent in carrying out adequate management and disposal of hazardous infectious biological waste (RPBI), as well as corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic, flammable and biological material infectious (CRETIB) generated by medical and agricultural activity to avoid environmental contamination and promote good public health. In addition, it must have the capacity to carry out integrated management of the waste produced as a result of agricultural activity to take advantage of it and avoid environmental contamination, as well as design and apply the methodology for the conservation and use of natural resources. The subjects contained in the curricular plan were defined from these competencies.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir as competências e disciplinas profissionais do eixo conservação e proteção ambiental do novo modelo educacional da carreira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Zacatecas, que estabelece que o educador e o aluno conheçam o competências por eixos, com o objetivo de tornar os seus processos educativos mais eficientes numa perspectiva global. Para o que trabalhamos com um núcleo académico constituído por docentes da Unidade Académica, que se apoiaram numa metodologia bibliográfica, de síntese e análise, bem como na compreensão de documentos analisados da medicina veterinária. Como resultado do trabalho em equipe de 50 professores e 2 especialistas em educação veterinária durante oficinas e com base na revisão documental de artigos de pesquisa em educação veterinária por meio da busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar e Dialnet, foram definidas as seguintes competências no eixo de conservação e proteção do meio ambiente onde o aluno deve ter competência na realização de gestão e destinação adequada de resíduos biológicos infecciosos perigosos (RPBI), bem como de resíduos biológicos corrosivos, reativos, explosivos, tóxicos, inflamáveis e infecciosos (CRETIB) gerados pela atividade médica e agrícola para evitar a contaminação ambiental e promover a boa saúde pública. Da mesma forma, deve ter capacidade para realizar a gestão integrada dos resíduos produzidos pela actividade agrícola para aproveitá-los e evitar a contaminação ambiental, bem como conceber e aplicar a metodologia de conservação e aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. recursos. As disciplinas constantes do plano curricular são definidas a partir destas competências.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue definir las competencias profesionales y las materias del eje de conservación y protección al medio ambiente del nuevo modelo educativo de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, la cual establece que el docente y el educando conozcan las competencias por ejes con la finalidad de hacer mas eficientes sus procesos educativos desde una óptica global. Para ello, se trabajó con un núcleo académico base de docentes de la unidad académica, los cuales se apoyaron en una metodología bibliográfica, síntesis y análisis, así como en la comprensión de documentos analizados del ámbito de la medicina veterinaria. Como resultado del trabajo en equipo de 50 docentes y 2 especialistas en educación veterinaria, durante talleres de trabajo y con base en la revisión documental de artículos de investigación en educación veterinaria, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar y Dialnet, se definieron las siguientes competencias en el eje de conservación y protección al ambiente, donde el estudiante debe de ser competente en la realización de un manejo y disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos (RPBI), así como de material corrosivo, reactivo, explosivo, tóxico, inflamable y biológico infeccioso (CRETIB) generados por la actividad médica y agropecuaria para evitar la contaminación del ambiente y propiciar una buena salud pública. Además, debe tener la capacidad de realizar un manejo integrado de los residuos producidos como resultado por la actividad agropecuaria para aprovecharlos y evitar la contaminación del ambiente, así como diseñar y aplicar la metodología para la conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. De estas competencias se definieron las asignaturas contenidas en el plan curricular.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Abstract: In vitro propagation protocols for Theobroma cacao have focused on the multiplication of genotypes with the use of 2,4-diclorofenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the initial phase of the process. There are no reports of the use of indole-3-acetic acid (AIA) as a source of auxin. Due to risks for human health and the environment, international bans have been placed on the use of 2,4-D. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of AIA in combination with TDZ as inducers of embryogenic usfrom staminodes and petals of the Creole and Trinitarian genotypes of T. cacao. The results showed that the combination of AIA 1.0 mg L-1 and TDZ0.005 mg L-1 induced callus in 100 % of explants; the rest of the combinations of AIA and TDZ induced callus in 50 % and 80 % of explants. In conclusion, the use of AIA is useful for the formation of friable callus in in vitro cultures of T. cacao.

Resumen: El nitrógeno en el suelo es crucial para la agricultura, pero a menudo es limitante, afectando el rendimiento de los cultivos. La deficiencia requiere fertilizantes sintéticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa daños ambientales y costos elevados. Las bacterias del género Rhizobium, simbiontes de leguminosas, ofrecen una solución al fijar nitrógeno de manera sostenible, reduciendo la dependencia de fertilizantes. Esta investigación determinó el número más probable (NMP) de células de Rhizobium spp. procedente de dos biofertilizantes comerciales de origen ecuatoriano y mexicano en condiciones de invernadero. Para esto, se realizó la inoculación directa con disoluciones seriadas (10-1 a 10-10) en macetas con pomina esterilizada al vapor, donde se germinaron plantas de frijol ejotero (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de la variedad Blue Lake. A los 45 días después de siembra (DDS) se evaluaron los siguientes indicadores morfológicos: área foliar, peso de la planta en húmedo, altura de planta y número de flores, determinándose diferencias estadísticas entre el tipo de biofertilizante y la concentración de cada dilución. El experimento se adecuó a un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcela dividida con tres repeticiones por dilución, en consideración de las fluctuaciones de temperatura presentes en la zona de estudio. El NMP, al 95% de confianza, fue de 4,45x107 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-5 para el biofertilizante mexicano, y 1,48x105 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-4 para el biofertilizante ecuatoriano. La dilución óptima estimada para ambos productos fue de 10-8.

Abstract: Soil nitrogen is crucial for agriculture, but it is often limited, affecting crop yields. Deficiency requires synthetic fertilizers, but their improper use results in environmental damage and high costs. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, symbionts of legumes, offer a sustainable solution by fixing nitrogen, thus reducing dependence on fertilizers. This research determined the most probable number (MPN) of cells of Rhizobium spp. from two commercial biofertilizers of Ecuadorian and Mexican origin under greenhouse conditions. For this, direct inoculation with serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-10) was performed in pots with steam-sterilized pumice where Blue Lake variety snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were germinated. The following morphological indicators were evaluated at 45 days after sowing (DAS): leaf area, plant wet weight, plant height, and number of flowers, determining statistical differences between the type of biofertilizer and the concentration of each dilution. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates per dilution, considering temperature fluctuations in the study area. The MPN at 95% confidence was 4.45x107 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-5 dilution for the Mexican biofertilizer, and 1.48x105 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-4 dilution for the Ecuadorian biofertilizer. The estimated optimal dilution for both products was 10-8.

Resumen La frutilla chilena (Fragaria chiloensis) es una especie nativa de Chile. Es un fruto apreciado por los consumidores por sus propiedades organolépticas, pero es altamente perecedero. Dado que es un fruto no climatérico, debe ser cosechado en el momento óptimo de maduración para asegurar su calidad durante la comercialización. La calidad de estos frutos se mide por apariencia, sabor, aroma, valor nutricional y firmeza, la cual experimenta cambios durante el proceso de maduración. La especie presenta una alta tasa de pérdida de firmeza o ablandamiento, que se asocia a la elevada actividad de enzimas de las fracciones hemicelulosa y pectina de la pared celular, como la poligalacturonasa, a-arabinofuranosidasa, p-galactosidasa, endo-glucanasa, p-xilosidasa, xiloglucano endotransglicosilasa/hidrolasa y ramnogalacturonano liasa en diversas etapas de maduración. La firmeza es un atributo clave para la comercialización y la mantención de la calidad organoléptica, por lo que su control es necesario durante el almacenamiento. Para ello, se han investigado los efectos de tratamientos pre o postcosecha, como atmósferas modificadas, y aplicaciones exógenas de calcio, auxina, metil jasmonato, quitosano y sulfuro de hidrógeno, que contribuyen a mantener este atributo al reducir la solubilización de las pectinas, así como otros aspectos de la calidad organoléptica y nutricional durante el almacenamiento. Esta revisión bibliográfica presenta hallazgos sobre la biología de maduración de Fragaria chiloensis, las investigaciones más recientes sobre el fenómeno de ablandamiento y sus bases bioquímicas y moleculares, así como intervenciones orientadas a mantener la calidad y extender la vida postcosecha de este fruto.

Abstract The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is a native species to Chile. Consumers value this fruit for its organoleptic properties, but it is highly perishable. Since it is a non-climacteric fruit, harvesting at the optimum ripening stage is essential to ensure its quality during commercialization. In this fruit, quality is determined by appearance, flavor, aroma, nutritional value, and firmness, which changes during ripening. The species presents a high rate of firmness loss or softening, associated with the elevated enzymatic activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes of the pectin and hemicellulose fractions, such as polygalacturonase, a-arabinofuranosidase, p-galactosidase, endo- glucanase, p-xylosidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosilase/hydrolase and rhamnogalacturonan lyase at different ripening stages. Firmness is a key trait for commercialization and organoleptic quality; hence, its management during storage is necessary. Different studies have investigated the effects of pre or postharvest treatments, such as modified atmosphere packaging and exogenous applications of calcium, auxin, methyl jasmonate, chitosan, and hydrogen sulfide, which maintain fruit firmness by reducing pectin solubilization and improve other attributes responsible for organoleptic and nutritional quality during storage. This literature review focuses on the ripening biology of Fragaria chiloensis and recent findings regarding softening and its biochemical and molecular basis, as well as interventions oriented to maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of this fruit.

Abstract: The expected population growth will increase global food consumption, particularly meat consumption, which is estimated to increase 14% by 2030. Hence, the efficient utilization of all the resources involved in meat production, predominantly feed additives in livestock, is important due to economic costs and the high environmental in terms of gas production and ammonia excretion. Efforts have been made to increase efficiency in livestock production and improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Nevertheless, advances in technology in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries have barely been used by the livestock and poultry industry. The micro/nano encapsulation process has been used in animal nutrition to protect bioactive compounds or to control the release of feed additives into the animal gastrointestinal tract, avoiding rumen microbes attack, or monogastric digestion in swine and poultry, to be available in the small intestine. However, not all the encapsulation techniques are suitable for applications in animal feeding. For example, spray drying, emulsion and coacervation can be used to control the release of feed additives in ruminants. In this sense, micro encapsulation of different feed additives such as amino acids, fatty acids, and probiotics may face enormous challenges to help improve livestock and poultry nutrition. The objective of this review is to highlight and discuss the techniques, compounds, and key aspects involved in the encapsulation of feed additives and nutrients with potential applications in the livestock and poultry production.

Abstract: Solid and liquid formulations based on the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bs006 were designed as biological inoculant for vegetable nursery production. Considering the importance of microbial survival from the production process to the soil application, spore viability (CFU) in each formulation was assessed during twelve months of storage at 20, 30, and 40°C. At the three temperature levels evaluated, survival was higher than 85 and 90% for solid and liquid formulations, respectively. The bacterial biological activity was evaluated as plant growth promotion on lettuce, broccoli, and tomato in nursery. The formulations were applied at three concentrations (1x107, 5x107, 1x108 CFU/mL) at sowing and 21 days after seeding. Root and aerial part length and dry weight were the response variables evaluated. A positive effect was observed, particularly with the liquid formulation at 1x108 spores/mL, showing the longest length of root and aerial part and the highest dry weight values in the root and foliar parts. Regarding the endophytism, B. subtilis colonized roots, stems, and leaves, achieving concentrations between 8x102 and 1x105 CFU/g.

Resumen: A pesar de todo el conocimiento generado en torno a las técnicas de injerto en especies vegetales, existe poca investigación que evalúe los resultados encontrados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar, mediante técnicas bibliométricas, la información publicada en artículos científicos donde se evalúo alguna técnica de injerto, para identificar metodologías de análisis, tipos de injertos, especies vegetales y la aplicación de los resultados encontrados. La palabra clave utilizada para la búsqueda de los artículos científicos fue ‘grafting’, y se consideraron publicaciones hasta diciembre de 2022. De 1994 a 2022 se identificaron 293 artículos científicos, la frecuencia de su publicación mostró una tendencia exponencial (R2 = 0,54). Se encontró que se evalúan variables asociadas al portainjerto, injerto y sobrevivencia de la nueva planta formada, que son evaluadas cada vez con mayor frecuencia con técnicas multivariadas por el interés de detectar las variables más significativas a partir de un número elevado de variables analizadas. Se documentaron 11 técnicas de injerto: púa, hendidura, empalme, inglés, yema, in vitro, microinjerto, en T, chapado, chip y entube. Las especies de mayor análisis correspondieron a frutícolas (cítricos), hortícolas (tomate), forestal (nogal), y ornato (rosa). Sin embargo, el 63,47% de los artículos científicos se limitaron a hacer análisis descriptivos sobre prendimiento, compatibilidad y sobrevivencia de los materiales vegetativos. Lo anterior, deja un área de oportunidad para desarrollar investigación sobre los procesos de mejora genética en la búsqueda de caracteres agronómicos de interés (fruto y crecimiento), o bien en la diversidad genética orientada a la productividad y/o conservación.

Abstract: Despite all the knowledge generated about grafting techniques in plant species, there is little research that evaluates the results found. The objective of this work was to analyze, through bibliometric techniques, the information published in scientific articles in which a grafting technique was evaluated, to identify analysis methodologies, types of grafts, plant species, and the application of the results found. The keyword used for the search of scientific articles was ‘grafting’, and publications up to December 2022 were considered. From 1994 to 2022, 293 scientific articles were identified, the frequency of their publication showed an exponential trend (R2 = 0,54). It was found that variables associated with rootstock, graft and survival of the newly formed plant are evaluated, with an increasing use of multivariate techniques in order to detect the most significant variables. Eleven grafting techniques were documented: bark grafting, cleft grafting, splice grafting, whip and tongue grafting, budding, in vitro grafting, micrografting, T-budding, side-veneer grafting, chip budding, and tube grafting. Fruit (citrus), horticultural (tomato), forest (walnut), and ornamental (rose) crops were the most widely analyzed. However, 63,47% of the scientific articles were limited to descriptive analyses on success rate, compatibility and survival rate of vegetative materials. This provides the opportunity to conduct research on genetic improvement processes in the search for agronomic traits of interest (fruit and growth), or on genetic diversity aimed to improve productivity and/or conservation.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de algunos factores en características de la canal y las correlaciones fenotípicas entre ellas. Se utilizó la información de registro de 514 bovinos Simmental y 178 Simbrah nacidos entre 2011 y 2018 en México. Las características evaluadas fueron área del ojo del lomo (AOL), grasa de la cadera (GC), grasa dorsal (GD), grasa intramuscular ajustada (GI), marmoleo (M) y grado de rendimiento en canal (R). Las medias ajustadas y las correlaciones fenotípicas entre características se estimaron con PROC MIXED y PROC CORR de SAS®. Los efectos fijos incluidos en los modelos fueron: raza, sexo del animal, hato, año de medición, época de medición y edad en días a la medición como covariable lineal; se incluyó al semental anidado en raza como efecto aleatorio. El efecto de raza fue significativo para GC (p<0,001), R (p<0,07) y GD (p<0,07). Los efectos de sexo y época fueron significativos (p<0,001) para todas las características evaluadas. Las correlaciones de AOL con las otras características estudiadas fueron significativas (p<0,001); negativas con GI y M; y positivas con GC, GD y R. Las correlaciones de GC con GD y R fueron importantes y positivas (p<0,001). La selección de fenotipos para aumentar la carne magra puede conducir a una disminución del contenido de grasa. Las correlaciones fenotípicas positivas entre R y los rasgos de calidad de la canal implicarían que los rasgos mencionados pueden mejorarse sin ningún efecto adverso en éstos y R en la población.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some factors on carcass traits and the phenotypic correlations between them. Records from 514 Simmental and 178 Simbrah bovine individuals born in Mexico between 2011 and 2018 were used. The variables evaluated were rib eye area (AOL), rump fat thickness (GC), back fat thickness (GD), adjusted intramuscular fat (GI), marbling (M) and carcass yield grade (R). Adjusted means and phenotypic correlations between traits were estimated with PROC MIXED and PROC CORR of SAS®. The fixed effects included in the models were breed, sex of the animal, herd, year of measurement, season of measurement, and age in days at measurement as a covariate; sire nested in breed was included as a random effect. The effect of breed was significan for GC (p<0.001), R (p<0.07) and GD (p<0.07). The effects of sex and season were significant (p<0.001) for all the evaluated traits. The correlations of AOL with all other traits were significant (p<0.001); negative with GI and M; and positive with GC, GD, and R. The correlations of GC with GD and R were important and positive (p<0.001). Selecting phenotypes to increase lean meat can lead to a decreased fat content. The positive phenotypic correlations between R and carcass quality traits would imply that the aforementioned traits can be improved without any adverse effects on them and R in the population.

Abstract: This study determined the in vitro effects of ethyl nitroacetate (ENA), ethyl 2-nitropropionate (E-2-NPP) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) on ruminal production of CH4, H2, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and in vitro dry matter disappearance of ground alfalfa. In vitro incubations were carried out over 24-h succeeding days (3 batches). Total gas and methane production decreased with all nitro compounds (P < 0.05) in all the batches. Total production of VFAs was reduced by ENA and E-2- NPP (P < 0.05), but not by NPA. DM disappearance was similar between treatments but decreased across batches. Further studies should be aimed at understanding the impact of NPA on ruminal metabolism, as well as its effect on in vivo models.

Abstract: Pig farming is an important component of the livestock sector at a global scale since pork is the most widely produced and consumed meat in the world. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing different levels of fermented coffee husk flour on the productive performance of pigs and economic viability in pig farming. Coffee husks were incorporated with probiotics based on Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extracts. Five gilts between 3 to 5 months of age, with an initial average weight of around 13.38 kg, were used. The experiment was conducted using a Latin Square Design, with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were a control treatment (T0) without coffee husks in the diet; and treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 with coffee husks at 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% in the diet, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that T1, which contained 4% fermented coffee husks in the diet, was the most efficient diet formulation with respect to the rest of the treatments. The animals that received T1 showed a high increase in average daily weight, with an average value of 867.70 g; and a better feed conversion rate, requiring only 3.57 kg to produce one kilogram of meat. The results of a descriptive yield analysis on feed cost showed that T1 could generate a higher yield of about $6.04 per kilogram of meat sold in the local market compared to the other treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that the incorporation of fermented coffee husks at 4% into pig diets can improve pig productive performance and reduce feed costs.

Resumen: Anualmente se realiza una feria ganadera en el sur del Perú, la que se caracteriza por exponer ejemplares de ganado de planteles seleccionados de camélidos sudamericanos del altiplano peruano. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la fibra de alpacas Suri que fueron admitidas en la LVIII Feria Ganadera, Artesanal y Agroindustrial del Sur (FEGASUR) del 2019. Se evaluaron características tecnológicas. Para el efecto, se utilizó 178 muestras de fibras de la alpaca Suri. El diseño estadístico fue completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial de tres factores (sexo, color del vellón y categorías de juzgamiento). La comparación de medias fue a través de Tukey-Kramer. La fibra de alpacas Suri evidenció características tecnológicas particulares de calidad. El diámetro medio de la fibra tuvo una media general de 22,14 ± 3,42 pm, con valores muy próximos por el efecto del sexo, color del vellón y edad. Los resultados para las otras características tecnológicas relacionadas al diámetro medio de la fibra acreditan la calidad de la fibra, contexto que visualiza la calidad genética de las alpacas Suri a nivel de los rebaños élite en la Región Puno de Perú.

Abstract: A livestock fair is held annually in the south of Peru. The fair is characterized by the exhibition of livestock from selected herds of camelids from the Peruvian Altiplano. The aim of this study was to characterize the fiber of Suri alpacas admitted to the livestock fair LVIII Feria Ganadera, Artesanal y Agroindustrial del Sur (FEGASUR) of 2019. Technological characteristics were evaluated. For this purpose, 178 samples of Suri alpaca fiber were used. The statistical design was a complete randomized design with a factorial arrangement of three factors (sex, fleece color and judging categories). Means were compared using Tukey-Kramer test. Suri alpaca fibers showed extraordinary characteristics in terms of technological quality. The mean fiber diameter had an overall mean of 22,14 ± 3,42 pm, with very close values due to the effect of sex, fleece color and age. The results for the other technological characteristics related to mean fiber diameter confirm the quality of the fiber, providing evidence of the genetic quality of Suri alpacas at the level of elite herds in the Puno region of Peru.

Abstract: This study compared forage yield and agronomic characteristics of 9 maize cultivars (Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444, Pioneer 30K08, SC-128W, SC-166Y, SC-78Y, TWC-324W, TWC-368Y and TWC- 321W) ensiled with or without urea as for ruminants on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. A factorial randomized complete block design was used. Pioneer 30N11 and Pioneer 4444 showed the greatest silage forage yield, ear weight, and plant height. The chemical composition of maize silage cultivars without urea revealed that Pioneer 30K08 had the greatest (P<0.001) crude protein (CP) content (127 g/kg), while the lowest CP content (89 g/kg) was observed with SC-78Y. CP content ranged from 118 to 156 g/kg when urea was added to the maize silage cultivars. The neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin contents recorded the highest values (P<0.01) in TWC-324W, SC-128W and SC-78Y. Urea treatment of different cultivars affected (P<0.05) the concentrations of CP, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and fibers. Urea treatment increased CP and EE in all cultivars and increased or decreased truly degraded dry matter (TDDM), truly degraded organic matter (TDOM), protozoa, ammonia and methane (P<0.05). Overall, Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444 and Pioneer 30K08 showed the greatest forage yield and nutritive value as a feed for ruminants.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body weight (BW) and different biometric measurements in llamas (Lama glama) from the Bolivian highlands and to generate prediction models of BW. A total of 515 individual records of BW and biometric measurements were used. The measurements were taken on 202 males and 313 females aged between 0.5 and 5 years, and included: neck length (NL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), abdomen circumference (AC), rib depth (RD), hip width (HW), pin bone width (PBW), thoracic width (TW), and back length (BKL). The relationships between BW and biometric measurements were developed using simple linear and multiple regression. For the evaluation, the relationship between the observed and predicted values of BW was determined by linear regression, the mean squared error of prediction (MSEP) and root MSEP (RMSEP); concordance correlation coefficient analysis was also used. The BW ranged from 22 to 122 kg. Regression equations between BW, HG and RD had an r2 of 0.94 and 0.92, respectively (RMSEP= 6.06 and 6.70 kg, respectively). The equations were highly precise (r2 >0.86) and accurate (Cb>0.98), with a reproducibility index > 0.92. The model efficiency (MEF) indicated a higher efficiency of prediction (MEF > 0.86). Using a single predictor, HG and RD accounted for more than 92% of the variation in BW. Overall, HG may be used as a single predictor to predict BW in llamas maintained under the conditions of the Bolivian highlands.