Abstract (Introduction): The current cultivation of trees is insufficient to cover the national demand for wood, in this way small producers become an alternative solution to this situation, since despite having small areas, in the country there are abundant farms with these conditions; However, the current forest management scheme does not meet adequate standards for the incorporation of these small producers. (Objective): To present an adaptive forest management scheme (AFMS) to the needs of the small farmer, in addition, to demonstrate the institutional availability to change according to expert criteria. (Methodology): 1) the factors that influence the decision to adopt an agricultural or forestry production system were identified; 2) a profile of an ideal productive system that met the interests and preferences of the small producer was made, which was compared with the characteristics of agricultural and forestry production; 3) the proposal of an EMFA adjusted to the preferences and interest of the producer was made, which was also compared with the ideal profile; 4) three proposed change actions were presented to experts, obtaining different degrees of possibility of changes in the EMFA. (Results): The discrepancy of the forest management scheme for the cultivation of trees with the perspective that a small producer has on an ideal production system was evidenced, as well as the substantial improvement that an EMFA would have in the valuation of the small producer and the institutional availability to change the EMFA according to the perspective of the small producers. (Conclusions): The adjustment of the forest management scheme allows a greater adoption of the activity by the small producer, but it was recognized that any proposal that is made would be successful only if forest governance makes it more flexible and allows change.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo actual de árboles es insuficiente para cubrir la demanda nacional de madera, de este modo, los pequeños productores se tornan como una alternativa de solución ante esta situación, ya que pese a contar con áreas pequeñas, en el país son abundantes las fincas con estas condiciones; sin embargo, el esquema actual de manejo forestal no cumple con estándares adecuados para la incorporación de estos pequeños productores. (Objetivo): Presentar un esquema de manejo forestal adaptativo (EMFA) a las necesidades del pequeño productor, además de evidenciar la disponibilidad institucional al cambio, según el criterio experto. (Metodología): 1) se identificaron los factores que influyen en la decisión de adopción de un sistema productivo agrícola o forestal; 2) se realizó un perfil de un sistema productivo ideal que cumpliera con los intereses y preferencias del pequeño productor, el cual se confrontó con las características de la producción agrícola y forestal; 3) se efectuó la propuesta de un EMFA ajustado a las preferencias e interés del productor, que fue también confrontada con el perfil ideal; 4) se expusieron tres acciones de cambio propuestas ante expertos, obteniendo diferentes grados de posibilidad de cambios en el EMFA. (Resultados): Se evidenció la discrepancia del esquema de manejo forestal para el cultivo de árboles con la perspectiva que un pequeño productor tiene sobre un sistema de producción ideal, asimismo la mejora sustancial que un EMFA tendría en la valoración del pequeño productor y la disponibilidad institucional al cambio del EMFA, según la perspectiva de los pequeños productores. (Conclusiones): El ajuste del esquema de manejo forestal permite una mayor adopción del cultivo de árboles por parte del pequeño productor, pero se reconoció que cualquier propuesta que se realice lograría ser exitosa si la gobernanza forestal flexibiliza y posibilita el cambio.

RESUMO O conhecimento da complicada correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e o rendimento das culturas é crucial para a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade agrícola. Este estudo está centrado na investigação de como a radiação solar incidente afetou a produção agrícola na região de Gadarif, no Sudão, nos últimos quarenta anos. Usando uma estrutura preditiva, a pesquisa avalia tendências recentes na radiação solar incidente anual, examina variações temporais durante as estações de cultivo de sorgo e gergelim e utiliza técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para prever o rendimento das culturas. Além disso, ML, incluindo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF) e K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), foram empregados para previsão de rendimento. Através de abordagens de redução de tendências e análises de correlação, foram identificadas relações significativas entre os indicadores de radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas. Os resultados indicam uma correlação inversa substancial entre a radiação solar e a produção de sorgo, enquanto a produção de gergelim demonstra uma correlação positiva com a radiação solar. Tanto para o rendimento do sorgo como do gergelim, o K-NN surge como o modelo mais preciso, mostrando a importância da radiação solar incidente e da temperatura na previsão do rendimento das culturas. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial da aprendizagem de máquina para melhorar os modelos de previsão agrícola e informar as práticas agrícolas adaptativas na região. Em geral, este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre a relação dinâmica entre a radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas, enfatizando a importância de considerar fatores meteorológicos no planeamento e gestão agrícola. Gadarif Sudão anos preditiva anual disso ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF (BRF KNearest K Nearest KNN, KNN NN (K-NN) preciso geral (XGBoost (K-NN

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the complicated correlation between meteorological variables and crop yield is crucial for food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to investigate how incident solar radiation has affected crop production in the Gadarif region of Sudan over the last 41 years. Using a predictive framework, trends in annual incident solar radiation and temporal variations during sorghum and sesame growing seasons were examined and machine learning (ML) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) was used to predict crop yield. Significant relationships between incident solar radiation indicators and crop yields were identified via detrending approaches and correlation analyses. Results indicate a significant inverse correlation between solar radiation and sorghum yield, and a positive correlation between sesame yield and solar radiation. For both sorghum and sesame yield, K-NN was the most accurate model, demonstrating the significance of incident solar radiation and temperature in predicting crop yield. These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve agricultural forecasting models and inform adaptive agricultural practices in the region. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between incident solar radiation and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of considering meteorological factors in agricultural planning and management. sustainability 4 years framework (ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF, BRF (BRF) KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN analyses model general management (XGBoost (BRF

ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

Abstract In Brazil, soybeans account for 29.4% of the gross value of agricultural production. However, this crop faces various climate-related challenges. Agricultural insurance has been introduced to address these challenges, but its growth is hindered by adverse selection and systemic risks affecting insurers' financial results. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the profitability of agricultural insurers in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2007 to 2021 using panel data regression, which allows for the analysis of data from various units such as municipalities and companies over time. The study findings indicate that the primary determinants of insurers' profitability, in terms of costs and productivity, were the insured area, effective productivity, and the variable for indemnity. Only Brasilseg and Mapfre showed negative results among the companies analyzed, while the new entrant, Newe, had positive results. The findings provide a detailed understanding of the factors that impact the profitability of agricultural insurers and offer valuable information for improving risk management and formulating policies, thereby contributing to the sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. Brazil 294 29 4 29.4 production However climaterelated climate related challenges Paraná 200 202 regression time productivity area indemnity analyzed entrant Newe policies sector 2 29. 20

Resumo No Brasil, a soja representa 29,4% do valor bruto da produção agropecuária. Todavia, essa cultura enfrenta diversas intempéries climáticas. Nesse sentido, o seguro agrícola emerge com o propósito de mitigar esses desafios, porém sua expansão é dificultada por problemas como a seleção adversa e os riscos sistêmicos que afetam os resultados das seguradoras. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar os fatores que afetam a lucratividade das seguradoras agrícolas no estado do Paraná, no período de 2007 a 2021, por meio da regressão de dados em painel, a qual possibilita a análise de dados de várias unidades, como municípios e empresas, ao longo do tempo. Observou-se que a área segurada, a produtividade efetiva e a variável dummy indenização constituem os principais fatores determinantes da lucratividade das seguradoras tanto na modalidade de custeio como na de produtividade. Entre as empresas analisadas, apenas a Brasilseg e a Mapfre apresentaram resultados negativos, enquanto a Newe, uma empresa iniciante, teve resultados positivos. As contribuições do estudo incluem a compreensão detalhada dos fatores que afetam a lucratividade das seguradoras agrícolas e o fornecimento de informações úteis para o aprimoramento da gestão de riscos e para a formulação de políticas, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade e a competitividade do setor. Brasil 294 29 4 29,4 agropecuária Todavia climáticas sentido desafios Paraná 200 2021 painel unidades tempo Observouse Observou se segurada analisadas negativos Newe iniciante positivos políticas setor 2 29, 20 202

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and select biomass sorghum genotypes for growing in different regions of Brazil based on adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method. The 25 genotypes evaluated were from trials of value for cultivation and use (VCU) of biomass sorghum of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Maize and Sorghum) Breeding Program, conducted in eight locations across Brazil (Sobral, CE; Jaguariúna and Narandiba, SP; Nova Porteirinha and Sete Lagoas, MG; Planaltina, DF; Vilhena, RO; and Terra Rica, PR) during the 2021-2022 crop season. A randomized block experimental design with three replications was used. The following traits of were subjected to joint analysis of variance: plant height, flowering, and fresh and dry matter yields. The confirmation of genotype-by-environment interaction (G×E) was followed by adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method for all traits. The adjusted means were used to obtain the mean clustering using the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). Biomass sorghum genotypes showed a longer growth cycle, taller plants, and higher biomass yield than forage sorghum genotypes. The experimental sorghum hybrids 202129B014 and 202129B016 and the commercial hybrid BRS 716 can be recommended for fresh and dry matter production in all tested environments due to their high adaptability and stability. 2 VCU (VCU Embrapa Sorghum Program Sobral, Sobral (Sobral CE Narandiba SP Lagoas MG Planaltina DF Vilhena RO Rica PR 20212022 2021 2022 2021-202 season variance height flowering yields genotypebyenvironment genotype environment G×E GE G E (G×E ScottKnott Scott Knott p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) cycle plants B 202129B01 71 2021202 202 2021-20 00 0.0 202129B0 7 202120 20 2021-2 0. 202129B 20212 2021-

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico e selecionar genótipos de sorgo biomassa para diferentes regiões do Brasil a partir da análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método GGE Biplot. Foram avaliados 25 genótipos, que constituíram os ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso (VCU’s) de sorgo biomassa do Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, conduzido em oito locais do Brasil (Sobral-CE, Jaguariúna-SP, Nova Porteirinha-MG, Planaltina-GO, Sete Lagoas-MG, Narandiba-SP, Vilhena-RO e Terra Rica-PR), na safra de 2021/2022. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram realizadas as análises de variância conjuntas para as características altura de plantas, florescimento e produtividades de matéria verde e seca. Constada interação (GxA), procedeu-se a análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método de GGE Biplot, para todas as características. Com os valores de médias ajustadas, foram obtidos os agrupamentos de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p < 0.05). Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa apresentam maior ciclo, bem como altura e produtividade de biomassa superior a genótipos de sorgo forrageiro. Os híbridos experimentais 202129B014 e 202129B016, bem como o híbrido comercial BRS 716 podem ser recomendados para todos os ambientes, pois apresentam alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade para todos os ambientes para a produção de matéria verde e seca. Biplot 2 VCUs VCU s (VCU’s Sorgo SobralCE, SobralCE Sobral CE, CE (Sobral-CE JaguariúnaSP, JaguariúnaSP Jaguariúna SP, SP Jaguariúna-SP PorteirinhaMG, PorteirinhaMG Porteirinha MG, MG Porteirinha-MG PlanaltinaGO, PlanaltinaGO Planaltina GO, GO Planaltina-GO LagoasMG, LagoasMG Lagoas Lagoas-MG NarandibaSP, NarandibaSP Narandiba Narandiba-SP VilhenaRO Vilhena RO RicaPR, RicaPR Rica PR , Rica-PR) 20212022 2021 2022 2021/2022 casualizados repetições plantas seca GxA, GxA (GxA) procedeuse procedeu se ajustadas ScottKnott Scott Knott p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) ciclo forrageiro B 202129B01 202129B016 71 Rica-PR 2021202 202 2021/202 (GxA 00 0.0 202129B0 7 202120 20 2021/20 0. 202129B 20212 2021/2 2021/

ABSTRACT The application of wood ash in agriculture emerges as a promising technique to enhance agricultural productivity. Its chemical composition can improve soil attributes, acting as a fertilizer, corrective agent, and assisting in water retention. However, studies recommend controlled adoption to avoid adverse impacts. The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential of wood ash as a fertilization strategy in peanut cultivation, with an emphasis on optimizing plant productivity and reducing water deficit. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in 5 dm3 pots; the experimental design applied was randomized blocks, forming a 5x5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five doses of wood ash (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm-3) and five levels of water availability (25; 50; 75; 100 and 125% of field capacity), with four repetitions. The cultivar used was IAC OL-3. The data were subjected to the normality test to check whether they followed the normal distribution and, subsequently, subjected to analysis of variance and, when significant, subjected to regression analysis, at a 5% probability of error. Wood ash, rich in nutrients, proved to be a viable alternative source of nutrients. Doses between 18.4 and 22.8 g dm-3 of wood ash led to the most satisfactory results. The water availability that responded best ranged from 96 to 111.3%. Wood ash, at doses of 22.8 and 19.64 g dm-3, contributed to water consumption and soil water efficiency. attributes fertilizer agent retention However impacts cultivation deficit dm pots blocks x 5x scheme 0 (0 8 16 2 3 25 (25 50 75 10 125 capacity, capacity , capacity) repetitions OL3. OL3 OL 3. OL-3 subsequently significant error nutrients 184 18 4 18. 228 22 22. dm- results 9 1113 111 111.3% 1964 19 64 19.6 dm3, 3, efficiency ( 1 (2 7 12 OL- 11 111.3 196 6 19. 111.

RESUMO A aplicação de cinza vegetal na agricultura surge como técnica promissora para potencializar a produtividade agrícola. Sua composição química tem aptidão para aprimorar os atributos do solo, atuando como fertilizante, corretivo e auxiliando na retenção de água. Entretanto, estudos recomendam adoção controlada, para evitar impactos adversos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial da cinza vegetal como estratégia de adubação na cultura do amendoim, com ênfase na otimização da produtividade das plantas e na redução do déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em vasos de 5 dm3; o delineamento experimental aplicado foi em blocos casualizados, formando um esquema fatorial 5x5, correspondente a cinco doses de cinza vegetal (0; 8; 16; 24 e 32 g dm3) e cinco disponibilidades hídricas (25; 50; 75; 100 e 125% da capacidade de campo), com quatro repetições. A cultivar utilizada foi a IAC OL-3. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade para verificar se seguiram a distribuição normal e, posteriormente, submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativo, submetidos à análise de regressão, a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A cinza vegetal, rica em nutrientes demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável de fonte de nutrientes. Doses entre 18 e 23 g dm-3 de cinza vegetal apresentaram os resultados mais satisfatórios. A disponibilidade hídrica que melhor respondeu foi de 96 a 112%. A cinza vegetal, nas doses de 23 e 20 g dm-3, contribuiu no consumo da água e na eficiência hídrica do solo. agrícola solo fertilizante Entretanto controlada adversos amendoim hídrico dm3 dm casualizados 5x5 x 0 (0 8 16 2 3 25 (25 50 75 10 125 campo, campo , campo) repetições OL3. OL3 OL 3. OL-3 posteriormente significativo regressão erro 1 dm- satisfatórios 9 112 112% dm3, 3, 5x ( (2 7 12 OL- 11

ABSTRACT: The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy. ABSTRACT propagation development species applications However subject Therefore researchers organizations (WOS 198 202 9 articles France Corporation Viçosa CIRAD areas diversity nematology stress micropropagation farming significantly risk management irrigation agronomy 19 20 1 2

RESUMO: A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira. RESUMO vegetal espécie Entendese Entende se aplicações Porém assunto sentido (WOS pesquisadores canephora 198 202 VOSviewer 9 artigos França Agropecuária CIRAD áreas genética assexuada nematologia micropropagação porém destacase destaca brasileira integrandoo integrando climático hídrica gotejamento cafeeira 19 20 1 2

ABSTRACT: This study was to understand, evaluated and analyzed various issues related to durum wheat production. The population of the study consisted of durum wheat producers working in Ergani, Yenişehir, Bismil and Çınar districts of Diyarbakır province. The sample of the study was determined by using simple random sampling method among durum wheat producers operating in Ergani, Yenişehir, Bismil and Çınar districts of Diyarbakır province. In the study, the “sales kg” criterion was reported to be more important than the others. The “Eyyübi” variety was have the highest performance compared to other alternatives. It was also found that producers’ priorities in variety selection were resistance/tolerance of the variety to diseases and pests, market selling price and seed price. Türkiye stands out as an important durum wheat producing country. Secondly, the best performing product in Türkiye on the cost-benefit axis is Eyyübi This study was carried out with the financial support of TAGEM. It is declared that there is no conflict of interest. ABSTRACT understand production Ergani Yenişehir province sales kg others “Eyyübi alternatives resistancetolerance resistance tolerance pests country Secondly costbenefit cost benefit TAGEM interest

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender, avaliar e analisar diversas questões relacionadas à produção de trigo duro. A população do estudo consistia em produtores de trigo duro que trabalhavam nos distritos de Ergani, Yenişehir, Bismil e Çınar, na província de Diyarbakır. A amostra do estudo foi determinada usando o método de amostragem aleatória simples entre produtores de trigo duro que operam nos distritos de Ergani, Yenişehir, Bismil e Çınar, na província de Diyarbakır. No estudo, o critério “quilo vendas” mostrou-se mais importante que os demais. A variedade “Eyyübi” apresentou o melhor desempenho em comparação com outras alternativas. Verificou-se também que as prioridades dos produtores na seleção das variedades eram a resistência/tolerância da variedade a doenças e pragas, o preço de venda no mercado e o preço da semente. A Turquia se destaca como um importante país produtor de trigo duro. Em segundo lugar, o produto com melhor desempenho na Turquia no eixo custo-benefício é o Eyyübi. RESUMO compreender Ergani Yenişehir Çınar Diyarbakır quilo vendas mostrouse mostrou demais Eyyübi “Eyyübi alternativas Verificouse Verificou resistênciatolerância resistência tolerância pragas semente lugar custobenefício custo benefício

ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

ABSTRACT Due to the importance of grain production, and the need to work the soil under limited moisture, the aim of this study was to develop computer software to predict the tractive capacity of wheeled tractors for two types of tyre, the effect of different inflation pressures and levels of soil moisture. A mathematical model was developed to predict the tractive capacity of a 4 x 2 AFT tractor. Software was developed and tested by comparing the computational data with those from tests of a working tractor in the field. The parameters under evaluation were drawbar force and front and rear drive wheel slip. At both moisture levels, the bias tyres had the lowest front to rear slip ratio at the lower pressure; the ratios were similar when equipped with radial tyres. The bias tyres show maximum force at a slip ratio of 1.09 at the higher pressure and 1.03 at the lower, while for the radial tyres the ratio was 1.05 at the higher pressure and 1.07 at the lower. Software was developed to process data from the model, with the results used for estimating the tractive force of the tractor. The tractive force was overestimated by the model, which needs further adjustment for direct application in the field. production tyre field 109 1 09 1.0 103 03 105 05 107 07 10 0 1.

ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

ABSTRACT Potassium (K) and B are important for phloem translocation, reproductive growth, and grain formation. A 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of K and B applied through the soil and foliar application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Experiments included the soil application of K (62 kg ha-1) and B (5 kg ha-1) and foliar spray of K (1%) and B (0.1%). Furthermore, the soil-applied K and B was supplemented with three foliar sprays of either K, B, or both at 45, 60 and 75 d after sowing. The results revealed that K and B fertilization improved the agronomic parameters of sunflower, including plant height, head diameter, achenes per head, achene weight, yield, seed oil contents and oil quality. The soil applied K at 62 kg ha-1 followed by foliar spray of 1% K + 0.1% B at 45, 60 and 75 DAS resulted in production of taller plants (192 and 172 cm), head diameter (23 and 28 cm), achene per head (954 and 1063), 1000 achene weight (68 and 67.58 g), achene yield (2976 and 2621 kg ha-1), biological yield (11363 and 8430 kg ha-1), oil contents (43.37% and 41.87%), and oleic acid (70.33% and 80.83%) over 2 yr of study. Hence it can be concluded that soil application of 62 kg ha-1 K followed by foliar application of 1% K + 0.1% B is the preferable fertilization strategy for sunflower for improved yield, seed oil contents, and oil quality.

Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

Abstract Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) is sensitive to weed competition, and chemical control in Costa Rica is challenging due to limited local information on herbicide selectivity. Objective. To determine the selectivity of six herbicides applied at different stages of development to Criollo sweet potatoes and their effect on coverage, biomass, and crop yield. Materials and methods. Between August and December 2021, three experiments were conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Herbicides were applied (in kg a.i. ha-1) as follows: a) Experiment 1: 0.36 of metribuzin, 1.50 of pendimethalin, 0.48 of clomazone, 0.075 of halosulfuron, 1.00 of linuron, and 1.25 of metolachlor, applied six days after planting (dap) in a randomized block design with four repetitions; b) Experiment 2: 1.00 of linuron and 0.36 of metribuzin 0.36, applied at -1, 15 and 30 dap, in a randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement and three repetitions; and c) Experiment 3: 0.075 of halosulfuron and 0.36 of metribuzin, mixed with 0.125 of fluazifop-p-butyl in a randomized block design with three repetitions. Weeding was performed at 15 and 30 dap in all cases. Results. Root yield was not affected in any of the three experiments. Experiment 1: Only halosulfuron caused mild damage to the plants; no herbicide affected above-ground biomass production. Experiment 2: Only linuron and metribuzin applied at 15 and 30 dap caused mild damage. Experiment 3: The mixtures caused temporary damage to the plants. Conclusions. The evaluated herbicides were selective to the Criollo sweet potatoes, and did not affect the yield of marketable storage roots. Only halosulfuron caused mild damage in all application forms, and metribuzin and linuron only in late applications.

Resumen Introducción. El camote (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) es sensible a la competencia por arvenses, cuyo control químico en Costa Rica se dificulta por la limitada información local generada sobre selectividad de herbicidas. Objetivo. Determinar la selectividad de seis herbicidas aplicados en diferentes etapas de desarrollo al camote Criollo y su efecto en la cobertura, biomasa y rendimiento del cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y diciembre 2021, se realizaron tres experimentos en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Estos incluyeron la aplicación de herbicidas (en kg i.a. ha-1) de la siguiente manera: a) experimento 1: 0,36 de metribuzin, 1,50 de pendimetalina, 0,48 de clomazone, 0,075 de halosulfuron, 1,00 de linuron y 1,25 de metolaclor, aplicados seis días después de la siembra (dds) en diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; b) experimento 2: 1,00 de linuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, aplicados a los -1, 15 y 30 dds, en diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y tres repeticiones; y c) experimento 3: 0,075 de halosulfuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, mezclado con 0,125 de fluazifop-p-butil en diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En todos los casos se realizó deshierba 15 y 30 dds. Resultados. En ninguno de los tres experimentos se vio afectada la producción de raíces reservantes. Experimento 1: solo el halosulfuron causó daños leves en las plantas; ningún herbicida afectó la producción de biomasa aérea. Experimento 2: solo el linuron y metribuzin aplicados 15 y 30 dds causaron daños leves. Experimento 3: las mezclas causaron daños temporales en las plantas. Conclusiones. Los herbicidas evaluados fueron selectivos al camote variedad Criollo y no afectaron el rendimiento de raíces reservantes comercializables; solo halosulfuron causó daños leves en todas las formas de aplicación, y metribuzin y linuron solo en aplicaciones tardías.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.