Abstract This article contributes to developing and consolidating research on the connections between food and gentrification while highlighting the effects of these processes in areas beyond urban life. To achieve this, we draw on the concept of value chains connecting gentrified neighborhoods to rural agricultural communities. In this chain, processes of valorization and devaluation are generated, which unevenly affect the actors involved in the production and consumption of food. The paper focuses on the conflicts and contestations along the value chain of gentrification, putting interdisciplinary contributions into dialogue while presenting four cases from secondary sources. These cases are illustrative of how these processes operate at different levels, territories, and scales: signature coffee, as a symbol of distinction in gentrified neighborhoods; the avocado from its gastronomic manifestation as avocado toast; wine, from the touristification of its production to valorization strategies in urban consumption; and quinoa, from the patenting of new varieties to the development of markets that exclude large sectors of the population. The boom in the circulation of these foods has the effect of capital accumulation by dispossession in both rural and urban areas and in both production and consumption processes.

Resumen El presente artículo busca contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de los estudios sobre la gourmetización y la gentrificación alimentaria, enfatizando los efectos que estos procesos tienen en ámbitos que exceden a la vida urbana. En ese marco, se propone recuperar los engranajes de la cadena de valor y sus localizaciones -desde los barrios gentrificados hasta las comunidades rurales agrícolas-, indicando los procesos de valorización y desvalorización y cómo estos afectan de forma desigual a los actores involucrados. Se enfatiza sobre este punto estableciendo un diálogo interdisciplinar. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, el artículo se basa en cuatro casos recuperados de fuentes secundarias y que ilustran la forma en la que operan estos procesos en distintos niveles, territorios y escalas: el café de autor en cuanto símbolo de distinción en los barrios gentrificados; la palta o aguacate a partir de su manifestación gastronómica en el avocado toast; el vino, desde la turistificación de su producción hasta las estrategias de valorización en su consumo urbano; y la quinoa, desde el patentamiento de nuevas variedades hasta el desarrollo de mercados que excluyen a amplios sectores de población. Se concluye que el auge de estos alimentos tiene efectos de acumulación del capital por desposesión en los ámbitos rural y urbano, al igual que en los procesos de producción y de consumo.

Resumen El manejo y modificación del medio ambiente durante miles de años dio como resultado un paisaje fuertemente antropizado en la región este de Uruguay, caracterizado por la presencia de cientos de montículos de gran relevancia arqueológica y ambiental. Este artículo evalúa la vulnerabilidad y los riesgos que enfrentan los montículos de tierra de origen indígena dentro del contexto de producción agrícola en la región de India Muerta Uruguay. Se utiliza una metodología de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad, que pondera los factores de riesgo y resistencia de cada estructura monticular a partir de la confección de un formulario de evaluación de vulnerabilidad, llamado VEF por sus siglas en inglés. Los resultados alcanzados indican que son altamente vulnerables a los impactos de la producción agrícola desarrollada en la región. La expansión de los cultivos intensivos, particularmente de arroz, así como la ganadería bovina, produce un impacto negativo, generando incluso la destrucción de estos elementos del paisaje. La valoración de riesgos y vulnerabilidad implementada en este estudio proporciona indicadores concretos para la evaluación, seguimiento y conservación del patrimonio arqueológico en los paisajes agrícolas, que puede ser integrada a otros indicadores de uso común en la gestión ambiental y la planificación territorial.

Abstract The management and modification of the environment over thousands of years has resulted in a strongly anthropized landscape in the eastern region of Uruguay, characterized by the presence of hundreds of mounds of great archaeological and environmental relevance. This article evaluates the vulnerability and risks faced by indigenous earth mounds within the context of agricultural production in the India Muerta region of Uruguay. A vulnerability assessment methodology is used, which weighs the risk and resistance factors of each mound based on the creation of a vulnerability evaluation form (VEF). The results indicate that they are highly vulnerable to the impacts of agricultural production in the region. The expansion of intensive crops, particularly rice, as well as cattle farming, has a negative impact, even causing the destruction of these landscape elements. The risk and vulnerability assessment implemented in this study provides concrete indicators for the evaluation, monitoring, and conservation of archaeological heritage in agricultural landscapes, which can be integrated with other commonly used indicators in environmental management and territorial planning.

The demand for macadamia nut production worldwide has led to increased use of pesticides and chemicals for pest and disease control. Reservoirs in these macadamia farming sectors are at risk, since these chemicals can enter and contaminate the water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, subsequently negatively affecting aquatic organisms. The current study investigated macroinvertebrate colonisation and succession associated with two macadamia orchards and two communal area reservoirs. The potential effects of stressors from these land uses was tested for and compared using stone substrates over a 6-week period. Stone substrates from both reservoir types were abundantly colonised over time and the total macroinvertebrate taxa and abundance showed an increasing trend across the sampled weeks, with macadamia orchards having the highest number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Strong ecological succession was observed across reservoirs, with the initial succession of early colonisers - i.e., Chironominae (collector-gatherers), Ostracoda (collector-filterers) and Anax sp. (predator) within communal area reservoirs, and Chironominae, Ostracoda and Radix natalensis (scrapers) in macadamia orchard reservoirs - followed by predatory colonisers such as Gyrinidae larvae, Trithemis sp. (macadamia orchard reservoirs), and Ranatra sp. (communal area reservoirs). Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly across sites and weeks, with no similarity being observed for communities across the different reservoirs. Redundancy analyses further highlighted 11 sediment chemistry variables (i.e., pH, resistivity, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, Fe and S) which were significantly related to macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, sediment variables were found to be better predictors of macroinvertebrate community structure in macadamia orchard reservoirs than communal area reservoirs. Consequently, we concluded that differences in colonisation ability among taxa and environmental stressors were important factors driving succession. These results add to the understanding of the macroinvertebrate colonisation processes and environmental stressors within agricultural landscapes, which can aid in the development of conservation management of freshwater ecosystems.

Abstract The widespread loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and ecosystems is a global concern. This loss is related to the intensification of agricultural practices, the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the fragmentation of natural habitats. All of this affects plant diversity and has an impact on the functioning of the ecosystem, limiting ecosystem services. Promoting greater functional diversity in the margins of our crops is an achievable goal through the management of the resources offered by the weed flora. In particular, species of the Brassicaceae Burnett family (hereinafter referred to as cruciferous), play a fundamental role in agrosystems by attracting natural enemies of pests and providing nectar and pollen to pollinators. The objective of this study was to detect and estimate the floral resources offered by cruciferous plants in the presence of other weed species. To this end, an experiment was designed at the “La Poveda” farm (CSIC, Madrid) in 2023, in which up to 4 flights were carried out with a drone over the floral margins where three cruciferous plants of interest were found: Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Eruca vesicaria and Moricandia arvensis. These species represent some of the key functional traits of crucifers that are often present in our agrosystems. The detection of these species was carried out through the analysis of images captured by the drone and the implementation of convolutional neural network architectures. In this work, we present the first results of the models we are developing.

Resumen La pérdida generalizada de biodiversidad en los paisajes y ecosistemas agrarios es una preocupación a nivel global. Esta pérdida se relaciona con la intensificación de las prácticas agrícolas, el uso inadecuado de agroquímicos y la fragmentación de hábitats naturales. Todo esto afecta la diversidad vegetal y tiene un impacto en el funcionamiento del ecosistema, limitando los servicios ecosistémicos. Promover una mayor diversidad funcional en los márgenes de nuestros cultivos es una meta alcanzable mediante el manejo de los recursos que nos ofrece la flora arvense. En particular, las especies de la familia Brassicaceae Burnett (en adelante, crucíferas), desempeñan un papel fundamental en los agrosistemas al atraer enemigos naturales de plagas y proporcionar néctar y polen a los polinizadores. El objetivo de este estudio era detectar y estimar los recursos florales ofrecidos por las crucíferas en presencia de otras especies arvenses. Para ello, se diseñó un experimento en la finca “La Poveda” (CSIC, Madrid) en 2023, en el que se llevaron a cabo hasta 4 vuelos con un dron sobre los márgenes florales donde se encontraban tres crucíferas de interés: Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Eruca vesicaria y Moricandia arvensis. Estas especies representan algunos de los rasgos funcionales clave de las crucíferas que suelen estar presentes en nuestros agrosistemas. La detección de estas especies se realizó mediante el análisis de imágenes capturadas por el dron y la implementación de arquitecturas de redes neuronales convolucionales. En este trabajo, presentamos los primeros resultados de los modelos que estamos desarrollando.

Resumen Los márgenes de las rutas que contienen vegetación natural brindan condiciones biológicas estables y promueven la biodiversidad. Estas áreas son importantes para mejorar los servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron i) evaluar la diversidad de insectos como visitantes florales (excluyendo apiformes), y la riqueza de especies de plantas en los márgenes de las rutas, ii) determinar los Grupos Funcionales de insectos registrados como visitantes florales en los márgenes de rutas, y iii) analizar el rol ecológico de los insectos presentes en ocho márgenes de rutas ubicados en la región centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de cuatro rutas provinciales (N°. 6, 10, 62 y 64) y la ruta nacional N°. 19; de noviembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se registraron un total de 1614 insectos, Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) y Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fueron las especies más abundantes. Las familias Brassicaceae, Apiaceae y Asteraceae recibieron el mayor número de visitas de insectos. Se registraron un total de 225 interacciones planta-insecto. Se discute la importancia de los márgenes de ruta con vegetación natural para proporcionar alimento y refugio a insectos polinizadores, depredadores, parasitoides, herbívoros y descomponedores.

Abstract The roadside margins that contain natural vegetation provides biological stable conditions and promote biodiversity. These areas are important to enhance ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. The aims of this study were i) to assess the diversity of insects as floral visitors (excluding apiformes), and plant species richness in roadside margins, ii) to determine the Functional Groups of insects recorded as floral visitors of roadside margins, and iii) to analyze the ecological role of insects presents in eight roadside margins located in the central-eastern region of the Santa Fe province. The study was conducted along four provincial roads (No. 6, 10, 62, and 64) and the national road No. 19, on November 2013 to September 2015. A total of 1614 insects were recorded. Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were the most abundant species. The families Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae received the highest number of insect visits. A total of 225 plant-insect interactions were recorded. The importance of roadside margin with natural vegetation to provide food and shelters for pollinators, predators, parasitoids, herbivores, and decomposers insects is discussed.

ABSTRACT Land sharing (Lsh) and land sparing (Lsp) are land use strategies that present different potentials for achieving multiple objectives in the land use planning, such as biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services. Through a case study in the Saltinho Watershed in Imbaú/PR, we evaluated the extent to which the application of each of these strategies in landscape planning can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of water quality. The analysis was performed based on the comparison between three scenarios: native vegetation cover in 2008, compliance with the law nº. 12,651/12 and watershed-scale vegetation planning, in accordance with the precepts of the Lsh and Lsp. For each scenario, landscape metrics and sediment production were calculated, using a vector-based analysis tool (V-LATE) and an ecosystem service management tool (InVEST). In the studied models, the results indicate that the application of Lsh and Lsp contributed to the improvement of landscape metrics and to the reduction of the quantity of sediments exported to water courses, which could represent positive effects for biodiversity and water quality in the watershed. However, these effects were not directly proportional, according to the transition of the analyzed scenarios. Therefore, the exploration of different land use configurations and proportions between these strategies can contribute to identify potential thresholds for biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services, and, in addition, assist in land use planning for sustainable agricultural landscapes. (Lsh (Lsp services ImbaúPR Imbaú PR Imbaú/PR scenarios 2008 nº 1265112 12 651 12,651/1 watershedscale watershed scale scenario calculated vectorbased vector VLATE V LATE (V-LATE InVEST. InVEST . (InVEST) models courses However proportional Therefore addition landscapes 200 126511 1 65 12,651/ (InVEST 20 12651 6 12,651 2 1265 12,65 126 12,6 12,

RESUMO Land sharing (Lsh) e land sparing (Lsp) são estratégias de uso do solo que apresentam diferentes potenciais para o alcance de múltiplos objetivos no processo de planejamento da paisagem, como a conservação da biodiversidade e a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. Por meio da realização de um estudo de caso na bacia hidrográfica do rio Saltinho em Imbaú/PR, buscou-se avaliar em que medida a aplicação dessas estratégias contribui para a conservação da biodiversidade e a manutenção da qualidade da água na bacia. A análise foi realizada a partir da comparação entre três cenários: cobertura de vegetação nativa em 2008, conformidade com a Lei n.º 12.651/12 e planejamento da vegetação na escala da bacia, de acordo com os preceitos do Lsh e do Lsp. Para cada cenário, foram calculadas as métricas de paisagem e a produção de sedimentos, com o uso de uma ferramenta de análise baseada em vetores (V-LATE) e uma ferramenta de gestão de serviços ecossistêmicos (InVEST). Nos modelos estudados, os resultados indicam que a aplicação do Lsh e Lsp contribuiu para a melhoria de métricas de paisagem e para a redução da quantidade de sedimentos exportados aos corpos hídricos, o que poderia representar efeitos positivos para a biodiversidade e qualidade da água na bacia. No entanto, esses efeitos não se mostraram diretamente proporcionais, conforme transição dos cenários analisados. Dessa forma, a exploração de diferentes configurações e proporções de usos do solo entre essas estratégias pode auxiliar a identificação de potenciais limiares para conservação da biodiversidade e provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos, e, além disso, no planejamento de paisagens agrícolas sustentáveis. (Lsh (Lsp ImbaúPR Imbaú PR Imbaú/PR buscouse buscou 2008 nº n º 1265112 12 651 12.651/1 cenário VLATE V LATE (V-LATE InVEST. InVEST . (InVEST) estudados hídricos entanto proporcionais analisados forma disso sustentáveis 200 126511 1 65 12.651/ (InVEST 20 12651 6 12.651 2 1265 12.65 126 12.6 12.

Abstract Hunting has been banned in Brazil by a Federal Law (No. 5197), except in a few cases where it has been regulated, for over 50 years now. Since then, the country suffered dramatic land use change, especially in its Central-South region. In this study we investigate the possible influence of land use change on hunters’ socioeconomic profile (e.g., education, income) and motivation (e.g., leisure or subsistence) in the Central-South Brazil since the implementation of the ban policy. On a systematic literature review we found 18 papers about hunting activities and hunters’ profile in this region, one third of which presented evidence of change in hunting activities or in hunters’ profile somehow related to land use change since 1967. With this small number of articles, it was not possible to fully assess whether there was a change in hunting culture in the target region as a result of changes in land use. However, the found studies present consistent evidence of changes in hunting culture, especially in regard to a trade on the hunted species, hunting techniques and hunters’ profile. Considering the relevance of hunting in agricultural landscapes for wildlife conservation, we hope the present results stimulate further studies on this field. No. No (No 5197, 5197 , 5197) regulated 5 now then CentralSouth Central South hunters e.g., eg e g (e.g. education income subsistence policy 1 1967 articles However species conservation field 519 e.g. (e.g 196 51 e.g 19

Resumo A caça é uma atividade proibida no Brasil por uma Lei Federal (nº 5.197), exceto em alguns casos onde é regulamentada, há mais de 50 anos. Desde então, o país sofreu uma mudança dramática no uso da terra, especialmente na região Centro-Sul. Neste estudo investigamos a possível influência da mudança no uso da terra no perfil socioeconômico (e.g., educação, renda) e motivação (e.g., lazer, subsistência) dos caçadores no Centro-Sul do Brasil desde a implementação da política de proibição. Em uma revisão sistemática da literatura encontramos 18 artigos sobre atividades cinegéticas e o perfil dos caçadores nesta região, sendo que um terço apresentou evidências de alguma mudança nas atividades cinegéticas ou no perfil dos caçadores, relacionada à mudança do uso da terra desde 1967. Com este pequeno número de artigos, não foi possível avaliar plenamente se houve mudança na cultura cinegética na região-alvo em decorrência de mudanças no uso da terra. No entanto, os estudos encontrados apresentam evidências consistentes de mudanças na cultura da caça, principalmente no que diz respeito ao comércio das espécies caçadas, técnicas de caça e perfil dos caçadores. Considerando a relevância da caça em paisagens agrícolas para a conservação da vida selvagem, esperamos que os presentes resultados estimulem novos estudos nesta área. nº 5.197, 5197 5.197 , 5 197 5.197) regulamentada anos então CentroSul. CentroSul Centro Sul. Sul e.g., eg g (e.g. educação renda lazer subsistência proibição 1 1967 regiãoalvo alvo entanto caçadas selvagem área 519 5.19 19 e.g. (e.g 196 51 5.1 e.g 5.

Abstract The Global Forest Change (GFC) database has facilitated access to soil dynamics analysis and monitoring at different scales. However, these data may contain spatialtemporal inaccuracies caused by landscape characteristics, agricultural management practices, and the spatial scale of the assessment. To reduce these inaccuracies, it is recommended to evaluate each case study using probabilistic sampling estimates. The number of studies that calculate forest cover loss in Mexico using the GFC database has increased; however, few studies have used sampling estimates for this purpose. This study assessed probabilistic sampling estimates in four coffee regions of eastern Mexico with complex climatic and topographic characteristics and numerous smallholders. We used the GFC to carry out probabilistic sampling, grouping the annual coverage loss pixels into three categories: No Loss (NP), Possible Loss (PP), and Loss (P). For each region, we randomly generated 200 sampling points for P and 100 for PP and NP. Using time series of maximum and minimum NDVI and EVI values and high-resolution images from Google Earth, we carried out a visual verification to identify the year with a loss of forest cover at each sampling point. We then used three procedures to calculate the loss: an estimate based on the GFC map, a sampling estimate using the P+PP categories, and a sampling estimate using the three categories (P+PP+NP). Additionally, we validated the temporal accuracy of the GFC database by comparing the year in which the loss was reported with the year in which the loss was observed in the assessment. We found that forest cover loss was correctly detected by the database more than 90 % of the time in all regions. However, the loss observed in PP and NP and not detected by the database was high (53-65 % and 23-26 %, respectively). We also found that the loss calculated in the sampling estimates was four (P+PP) to 70 (P+PP+NP) times greater than map-based estimates. Furthermore, we found a relatively low temporal accuracy (59.5-77.5 %), showing a tendency to report the loss of forest cover one or more years after it occurred. This indicates that the GFC database can significantly underestimate the loss of forest cover by conducting regional assessments on heterogeneous landscapes managed by smallholders. This study highlights the importance of conducting probabilistic sampling assessments to reduce spatio-temporal inaccuracies that could lead to erroneous inferences about patterns of forest cover loss.

Resumen La base de datos de Global Forest Change (GFC) ha facilitado el acceso al análisis y monitoreo de dinámicas del suelo a distintas escalas. Sin embargo, estos datos pueden presentar imprecisiones espacio-temporales ocasionadas por las características del paisaje, las prácticas de manejo agrícola y la escala espacial de la evaluación. Para reducir dichas inexactitud es recomendable realizar evaluaciones para cada caso de estudio utilizando estimaciones por muestreo probabilístico. En México ha habido un incremento en estudios con la base de datos de GFC para calcular la pérdida de cobertura forestal; sin embargo, pocos lo han hecho usando estimaciones por muestreo. En este estudio realizamos una evaluación utilizando estimaciones por muestreo probabilístico en cuatro regiones cafetaleras del este de México con características climáticas y topográficas complejas y una alta presencia de minifundistas. Utilizamos el GFC para llevar a cabo el muestreo probabilístico, agrupando los pixeles de pérdida de cobertura anual en tres categorías: No Pérdida (NP), Posible Pérdida (PP) y Pérdida (P). Para cada región, generamos aleatoriamente 200 puntos de muestreo para P y 100 para PP y NP. Con la ayuda de series de tiempo de los valores máximos y mínimos de NDVI y EVI e imágenes de alta resolución de Google Earth, llevamos a cabo una verificación visual para identificar el año en el que hubo una pérdida de cobertura forestal en cada punto de muestreo. Posteriormente, utilizamos tres procedimientos para calcular la pérdida: una estimación basada en el mapa de GFC; una estimación por muestreo utilizando las categorías P+PP, y una estimación por muestreo utilizando las tres categorías (P+PP+NP). Adicionalmente verificamos la precisión temporal de la base de datos GFC, comparado el año en que se reportó la pérdida con el año en que se observó la pérdida en la evaluación. Encontramos que la pérdida de cobertura forestal fue detectada correctamente por la base de datos más del 90% de las veces en todas las regiones. Sin embargo, la pérdida observada en las categorías PP y NP no detectada por la base de datos fue alta (53-65% y 23-26%, respectivamente). Asimismo, encontramos que la pérdida calculada en las estimaciones por muestreo fue desde cuatro (P+PP) hasta 70 (P+PP+NP) veces mayor que la estimación basada en el mapa. Además, encontramos que la precisión temporal fue relativamente baja (59.5-77.5%), con una tendencia a reportar la pérdida de cobertura forestal uno o más años después de haber tenido lugar. Esto indica que, al realizar evaluaciones regionales en paisajes heterogéneos manejados por pequeños propietarios, la base de datos de GFC puede subestimar considerablemente la pérdida de cobertura forestal. Resaltamos la importancia de realizar evaluaciones por muestreo probabilístico para reducir imprecisiones espaciotemporales que podrían llevar a inferencias erróneas sobre los patrones de pérdida de cobertura forestal.

Abstract Land cover changes resulting from agricultural expansion and cattle ranching are the primary factors influencing the diversity of amphibian and reptile communities. In this study, we assessed the variation in the diversity of amphibians and reptiles across four land-cover types (ponds, grasslands, temporary crops, and secondary vegetation) in a rural landscape in the Colombian Caribbean region. Amphibians and reptiles were sampled through visual encounter surveys between April and August 2018. A total of 19 species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and 23 species of reptiles (14 lizards, 7 snakes, 1 turtle, and 1 alligator) were recorded. Species diversity differed among land covers, for both amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian diversity was higher in ponds and lower in grasslands, whereas reptile diversity was higher in secondary vegetation and lower in temporary crops. Our results suggest that the maintenance of ponds and secondary vegetation could be important for the conservation of herpetofauna in rural landscapes where anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and cattle ranching predominate.

Resumen Los cambios en la cobertura del suelo debido a la expansión agrícola y ganadera son las principales causas que influyen en la diversidad de las comunidades de anfibios y reptiles. En este estudio, evaluamos la variación de la diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en cuatro tipos de cobertura del suelo (jagüeyes, pastizales, cultivos transitorios y vegetación secundaria) en un paisaje rural de la región Caribe colombiana. Los anfibios y reptiles fueron muestreados a través del método de relevamiento por encuentros visuales entre abril y agosto de 2018. Se registró un total de 19 especies de anfibios (ranas y sapos) y 23 especies de reptiles (14 lagartos, 7 serpientes, 1 tortuga y 1 caimán). La diversidad de especies difirió entre las coberturas del suelo, tanto para anfibios como para reptiles. La diversidad de anfibios fue mayor en los jagüeyes y menor en los pastizales, mientras que la de reptiles fue mayor en la vegetación secundaria y menor en los cultivos transitorios. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el mantenimiento de jagüeyes y vegetación secundaria podría ser importante para la conservación de la herpetofauna en paisajes rurales donde predominan actividades antropogénicas como la agricultura y la ganadería.

Abstract The onus of re-constructing a diverse socio-spatial and economically-prepared urban framework in the design of greenfield cities rests on the foresight of a Master Plan document. The conceptualisations in the making of a ‘brand-new city’ are challenged with its subsequent realisation. Often, urbanisation doesn’t tread its planned course, and contentious dualities of planned vs unplanned persists. In Navi Mumbai, five decades later, small-scale slum-settlements emerge as landscapes of dispossession and inevitable gentrification creating urban ruptures within the city morphology. Navi Mumbai was an expression of India’s euphoria as a newly independent nation, exemplified by pragmatic city planning. However, five decades later, the emergence of planning disruptions continues to indicate inadequacies. The paper examines the spatial logics of habitation under changing economic conditions and built-in spatial inequalities. It initiates a discourse on the type of environments planned cities foster towards residents from lower economic and social backgrounds. The key research questions addressed are: How do master plans further socio-economic segregations? What was the impact of neoliberal changes on affordable housing? Points of critique: Navi Mumbai’s reliance on ‘Euro-American’ visions and Fordist planning present several delinkages with adjacent industrial districts, indigenous farming settlements and sensitive ecological edges. The analysis conferred that affordable housing schemes became an unequal instrument of social cohesion, in light of built-in inequities. The Development Plan of Navi Mumbai excluded its original inhabitations- agricultural and fishing villages, a characteristic adopted by several development plans in contemporary Indian cities. Close examination of mechanisms of ‘incrementality’, as a hall-mark of affordable housing projects, suggests disconnections between designer’s vision and dweller’s aspirations.

Resumen (Introducción): Los estudios de antropización de áreas naturales protegidas generalmente se realizan utilizando estudios de fauna, parcelas y otros indicadores. (Objetivo): Determinar el grado de antropización de un área natural protegida usando el índice de antropización de la cobertura vegetal, que toma como unidad de evaluación el paisaje físico-geográfico. (Metodología): La antropización se calculó a partir del índice de antropización de la cobertura vegetal, que evalúa cuantitativa y cualitativamente la modificación antrópica de los paisajes de un territorio, tomando como caso el área natural protegida Pico Azul-La Escalera, con el soporte de los paisajes físico-geográficos, lo que permite establecer su diferenciación en el territorio. (Resultados): Los paisajes altamente antropizados representan el 2.45% del territorio, son los más planos, y muestran un predominio de la antropización por actividades agrícolas; los paisajes categorizados como antropizados ocupan el 22.36% del territorio, están relacionados con relieves de baja pendiente y suelos óptimos para la agricultura; los paisajes con calificación media cubren el 24.46% del área y sirven de zona de amortiguamiento entre los paisajes más y menos antropizados; los paisajes de valores bajos de antropización representan el 42.13% y los no modificados el 8.60% del área y representan los paisajes menos accesibles con pendientes más pronunciadas y suelos menos fértiles. (Conclusiones): Esta propuesta es una opción confiable para diferenciar el grado de antropización de los paisajes y, en particular, para evaluar la modificación de la cobertura vegetal en un área natural protegida.

Abstract (Introduction): Anthropization studies of protected natural areas are generally carried out using fauna studies, grids, and other indicators. (Objective): To determine the degree of anthropization of a protected natural area using the vegetation cover anthropization index, which takes the physical-geographic landscape as the evaluation unit. (Methodology): Anthropization was calculated using the vegetation cover anthropization index, which quantitatively and qualitatively evaluates the anthropic modification of the landscapes of a territory, taking as a case the natural protected area Pico Azul-La Escalera, with the support of physical-geographic landscapes, which allows establishing their differentiation in the territory. (Results): Highly anthropized landscapes represent 2.45% of the territory, are the flattest, and show a predominance of anthropization by agricultural activities; landscapes categorized as anthropized occupy 22.36% of the territory, are related to low-sloping reliefs and optimal soils for agriculture; landscapes with a medium-level index rating cover 24.46% of the area and serve as a buffer zone between the most and least anthropized landscapes; landscapes showing low anthropization values represent 42.13% of the area, and unmodified landscapes represent 8.60% of the area and are the least accessible landscapes with steeper slopes and less fertile soils. (Conclusions): This proposal is a reliable option for differentiating the degree of anthropization of landscapes and, in particular, for assessing the modification of vegetation cover in a protected natural area.

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivos identificar los paisajes que se forman en el municipio de Zinapécuaro, a escala 1: 250,000; caracterizar la apropiación del paisaje realizada por parte de los pobladores a través de su uso y proponer un mejor uso de los paisajes diferenciados. Se aplica la metodología de diferenciar el territorio a través de Localidades y Comarcas complejas y, al interior de ellas se realiza trabajo de campo mediante la comparación de su uso actual con lo recomendado por la FAO, en su propuesta de zonificación agroecológica. Se encuentra que en el municipio de Zinapécuaro se distinguen 4 Comarcas complejas y cada una de ellas tiene varias clases de tierras. En la mayoría de las Comarcas y clases de tierras, el uso actual, agrícola y ganadero, no corresponde con lo recomendando por la FAO, ya que deberían tener un uso forestal y de conservación. Por lo anterior, se debe controlar el cambio de uso de la tierra forestal a agrícola y ganadero, para detener la degradación del suelo y vegetación.

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa são: identificar as paisagens que se formam no município de Zinapécuaro, na escala 1:250.000; caracterizar a apropriação da paisagem feita pelos habitantes através do seu uso e; propor um melhor aproveitamento de paisagens diferenciadas. Aplica-se a metodologia de diferenciação do território por Municípios e Regiões Complexas, e foi realizado trabalho de campo dentro deles, comparando seu uso atual com o recomendado pela FAO, em sua proposta de zoneamento agroecológico. Constatou-se que no município de Zinapécuaro existem 4 comarcas complexas e cada uma delas possui vários tipos de terra. Na maioria das Comarcas e classes de terra, o uso atual, agrícola e pecuário, não corresponde ao recomendado pela FAO, pois deveriam ter um uso florestal e de conservação. Devido ao exposto, a mudança de uso das terras florestais para agricultura e pecuária deve ser controlada, para impedir a degradação do solo e da vegetação.

Abstract This research aims to identify the landscapes that are formed in the municipality of Zinapecuaro, at a scale of 1: 250,000; characterize the appropriation of the landscape made by the inhabitants through its use and propose a better use of differentiated landscapes. The methodology of differentiating the territory through complex Towns and Regions is applied and, within them, field work is carried out by comparing their current use with that recommended by the FAO, in its agroecological zoning proposal. It is found that in the municipality of Zinapecuaro there are 4 complex Comarcas and each one of them has several classes of land. In most of the Comarcas and classes of land, the current use, agricultural and livestock, does not correspond to what is recommended by the FAO, since they should have a forestry and conservation use. Due to the above, the change of use of forest land to agriculture and livestock must be controlled, to stop the degradation of soil and vegetation.

Abstract Background: The identification of land-uses (e.g., crop types) that generate the loss of different vegetation types, degradation trends, and biodiversity loss has been poorly explored in most studies on land-use dynamics in agricultural landscapes. Questions: What areas are occupied by the different land-use types and vegetation? What are the permanence, rate of change, and loss rate of the different land-use types and vegetation? What kind of land-uses and vegetation is driving the observed changes? Study area and dates: The Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Analysis period, 2000-2017. Methods: Land-use cover maps were created using Google Earth images and employing the image interpretation method and field verification. Matrixes of permanence and transition were created, and relative change rates and loss area were calculated for the different land-uses types and vegetation. Results: Agricultural activity and natural vegetation were the categories with the largest surface and permanence. The agricultural activity showed the highest annual rates of gain, and it was promoted by the expansion of economically important crops, mainly mango and the African oil palm. Natural vegetation had the highest annual loss rate, mainly for tular and secondary vegetation that changed to agricultural areas. Conclusions: Considering the limited secondary forest formation and the high permanence and increment of agricultural areas, it is important to consider actions that diversify these agricultural landscapes.

Resumen Antecedentes: La identificación de los usos de suelo particulares (e.g., tipo de cultivo) que generan la pérdida de los diferentes tipos de vegetación, las tendencias de degradación y la pérdida de biodiversidad ha sido limitadamente explorada en estudios sobre dinámica del uso de suelo en paisajes agropecuarios. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las superficies ocupadas por los diferentes usos de suelo y vegetación? ¿cuál es la permanencia, tasa de cambio y tasa de pérdida de los diferentes usos de suelo y vegetación? ¿qué usos de suelo dirigen los cambios observados? Área de estudio y fechas: Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Período: 2000-2017. Métodos: Se usaron imágenes de Google Earth, el método de fotointerpretación y la verificación en campo para generar mapas de cambio de uso de suelo y vegetación. Se crearon matrices de permanencia/transición y se calcularon tasas de cambio relativo y de pérdida de superficie para los diferentes usos de suelo y vegetación. Resultados: La zona de actividad agropecuaria y la vegetación natural fueron las categorías con mayor superficie y permanencia. La mayor tasa de ganancia anual de superficie se observó en la zona de actividad agropecuaria, influenciada por el incremento de cultivos de importancia económica (mango y palma africana). La mayor tasa de pérdida anual se registró en la vegetación natural, y fue dirigida principalmente por la transición de tular y de vegetación secundaria hacia zonas agropecuarias. Conclusiones: Ante la limitada formación de vegetación secundaria y la alta permanencia/incremento de zonas agropecuarias, es importante considerar acciones que diversifiquen estos paisajes agropecuarios.

ABSTRACT Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an excellent crop for research in semi-arid regions, due to its tolerance to high temperatures and water deficit, with satisfactory yields in rain-fed cultivation. The objective this work was to evaluate the genotype x environment (G × E) interaction, adaptability and stability of cowpea landraces used in the Cariri, Paraíba, in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. The experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions in two locations of this region. For all traits evaluated, the G × E interaction was simple, which means that the evaluated landraces can be recommended for the different environments tested. The results also suggest that phenotypic selection can be efficient to enhance the yield of cowpea landraces and, therefore, can be practiced by the farmers themselves. The most advantageous landraces were ranked with good stability (qi <5%). Although the performance standards between the cowpea landraces were similar in the different environments, the best values were obtained on the farm with the best environmental conservation history and with higher precipitation. Therefore, the integration between the yield of cowpea landraces, environmental conservation in agricultural landscapes, and strategic planning that considers possible variations in local precipitation is essential in models of sustainable agricultural development in semi-arid zones of Northeast Brazil. Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp semi arid regions deficit rainfed rain fed cultivation Cariri Paraíba Brazil simple tested therefore themselves qi <5%. 5 <5% . <5%) Therefore landscapes (L <5 <

RESUMO O feijão-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é uma cultura de grande importância nas regiões semiáridas, devido à sua tolerância a altas temperaturas e déficit hídrico, com rendimentos satisfatórios no cultivo de sequeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação genótipo x ambiente (G × A), a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de variedades crioulas de feijão-de-corda utilizadas no Cariri paraibano, zona semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em regime de sequeiro em duas localidades desta região. Para todas as características avaliadas, a interação foi simples, o que significa que os genótipos avaliados podem ser recomendados para os diferentes ambientes testados. Os resultados também sugerem que a seleção fenotípica pode ser eficiente para aumentar o rendimento de variedades crioulas de feijão-de-corda e esta pode ser praticada pelos próprios agricultores. As variedades crioulas mais vantajosas foram classificadas com boa estabilidade (i <5%). Embora os padrões de desempenho entre as variedades crioulas de feijão-de-corda tenham sido semelhantes nos diferentes ambientes, os melhores valores foram obtidos na fazenda com melhor histórico de conservação ambiental e com menor déficit hídrico. Portanto, a integração entre a produtividade de variedades crioulas de feijão-de-corda, a conservação ambiental nas paisagens agrícolas e um planejamento estratégico que considere possíveis variações nas precipitações locais é fundamental em modelos de desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável em zonas semiáridas do Nordeste brasileiro. feijãodecorda feijão corda Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp hídrico G A, A , A) paraibano brasileiro região avaliadas simples testados agricultores i <5%. 5 <5% . <5%) Portanto feijãodecorda, corda, (L <5 <

RESUMEN En este trabajo abordamos diferentes procesos sociohistóricos que entre los siglos XVIII y XIX conformaron un paisaje campesino en la serranía de El Alto-Ancasti y cuyas materialida des aún prevalecen en el entorno. Nuestro objetivo es generar información que contribuya a la historización y el entendimiento de los diferentes paisajes culturales serranos. Para ello, meto dológicamente incorporamos diversas fuentes de información como los documentos históricos, el trabajo de campo arqueológico y entrevistas etnográficas. Nos centraremos aquí en dos casos que permiten abordar el proceso de transformación del paisaje agrario en El Taco, en el pastizal del sector cumbral, y Oyola, en el bosque serrano a media altura de la ladera oeste de la serranía. Caracterizaremos sucesivos paisajes productivos agropecuarios y estableceremos una genealogía de sus cambios y continuidades, relacionando las transformaciones con el devenir de las condiciones socioeconómicas a escala regional y local.

ABSTRACT In this work we address different socio-historicalprocesses that between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shaped a peasant landscape in the El Alto-Ancasti mountains and whose materialities still prevail in the environment. Our objective is to generate information that contributes to the historicization and understanding of the different mountain cultural landscapes. To do this methodologically we incorporate diverse sources of information such as historical documents, archaeological fieldwork and ethnographic interviews. We will focus here on two cases that allow us to address the process of transformation of the agrarian landscape in El Taco, in the grassland of the cumbral sector, and Oyola. In the mountain forest at mid-height on the western slope of the mountain range. We will characterize successive gricultural productive landscapes and we will establish a genealogy of their changes and continuities, relating the transformations with the evolution of socioeconomic conditions at a regional and local scale.