ABSTRACT: Okra is a vegetable that stands out for its low production cost, high yield, high nutritional and value and socioeconomic importance in income generation, especially in family farming. In this context, the present study evaluated the physiology, production and water use efficiency of okra under irrigation with saline water and exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3 and 4.3 dS m-1) and three concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 25 and 50 μM), with five replicates, totaling 75 plants. Irrigation with ECw above 0.3 dS m-1 negatively affected stomatal conductance, transpiration, number of fruits, total production and water use efficiency of okra cv. Clemson Americano 80. Hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 22 μM mitigated the effects of salt stress on CO2 assimilation rate, number of fruits, average fruit weight and total production of okra cv. Clemson Americano 80. Water use efficiency is favored by H2O2 application at concentration of 12 μM, especially in plants irrigated with ECw of 0.3 dS m-1. ABSTRACT cost yield generation farming context physiology design arrangement 03 0 (0.3 1.3 13 1 2.3 23 2 33 3. 43 4 4. m1 m HO H O H2O 0, (0 , μM) replicates 7 0. m- conductance transpiration fruits cv 80 CO rate m1. 1. (0. 2. ( 8

RESUMO: O quiabeiro é uma hortaliça que se destaca pelo baixo custo de produção, elevada produtividade, alto valor nutricional e pela importância socioeconômica na geração de renda, principalmente na agricultura familiar. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a fisiologia, a produção e a eficiência no uso da água de quiabeiro sob irrigação com águas salinas e aplicação exógena de peróxido de hidrogênio. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 5 × 3, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e três concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio (0, 25 e 50 μM), com cinco repetições, totalizando 75 plantas. A irrigação com CEa acima de 0,3 dS m-1 afetou negativamente a condutância estomática, a transpiração, o número de frutos, a produção total e a eficiência no uso da água do quiabeiro cv. Clemson Americano 80. O peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 22 μM amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a taxa de assimilação de CO2, número de frutos, peso médio de frutos e produção total de quiabeiro cv. Clemson Americano 80. A eficiência no uso da água é beneficiada pela aplicação de peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 12 μM, sobretudo nas plantas irrigadas com CEa de 0,3 dS m-1. RESUMO produtividade renda familiar contexto fisiologia casualizados 3 03 0 (0,3 1,3 13 1 2,3 23 2 33 43 4 4, m1 m 0, (0 , μM) repetições 7 m- estomática transpiração cv 80 CO2 CO m1. 1. 1, 2, ( 8

RESUMEN Por su alto valor nutricional, el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la especie más importante para el consumo humano entre las leguminosas de grano comestibles. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar 11 líneas RAZ de frijol común, promisorias por su resistencia contra Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh. En octubre de 2019, se sembraron 11 líneas RAZ del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), San José de Las Lajas, Cuba. Se evaluaron 22 caracteres cuantitativos y cualitativos del descriptor del frijol común y se realizaron análisis de frecuencia para las características cualitativas y estadígrafos básicos y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) de los atributos cuantitativos. Los caracteres con mayor variabilidad fueron el color primario de la semilla (reportándose 5 diferentes, y siendo el blanco sucio el más frecuente); el color predominante de la vaina en la madurez fisiológica (las cuales presentaron 4 variantes de color, principalmente verdes y amarillas); el aspecto de la testa (destacando el aspecto opaco, registrándose en 6 líneas); así como la ausencia del color alrededor del hilo en 10 de ellas. Los parámetros relacionados con el ciclo biológico presentaron menor variabilidad. El peso de 100 granos correspondió al tipo de grano pequeño. El rendimiento promedio fue 1 685 kg/ha, destacándose la línea ‘RAZ 124’ con 4 237 kg/ha. El ACP explicó el 61.82 % de la variabilidad total e integró las 11 líneas en 4 grupos que caracterizaron su comportamiento. Los resultados indican que las líneas estudiadas pueden incorporarse en el programa de mejoramiento del frijol en Cuba a través de su evaluación en diferentes ambientes regionales para la selección de posibles nuevos cultivares comerciales.

ABSTRACT Due to high nutritional value, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important species for human consumption among the food grain legumes. The objective of this study was to characterize 11 RAZ lines of common bean, promising for their resistance to the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh.). In October 2019, 11 RAZ lines from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) were planted using a randomized complete block design at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA), San José de las Lajas, Cuba. Twenty-two quantitative and qualitative traits of the common bean descriptors were used, and frequency analyses were performed for the qualitative traits and basic statistics and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the quantitative traits. The traits with greater variability were the primary seed color (5 different colors were reported, with dirty white being the most frequent); the predominant color of the pods at physiological maturity, (which presented 4 color variants, with green and yellow ones standing out); the opaque aspect of the coat stood out, being registered in 6 lines, as well as the absence of color around the hilum in 10 of them. All possible variants were found for the predominant appearance of the seed coat, predominant pro-file of the pod and presence of color around the hilum. Variables related to the biological cycle showed less variability. The weight of 100 grains corresponded to the small grains type. The average yield was 1 685 kg/ha, with the ‘RAZ 124’ line standing out with 4 237 kg/ha. The PCA explained 61.82 % of total variability and classified the 11 lines into four groups that characterize their performance. These results indicate that the lines under study can be incorporated into the vean breeding program in Cuba by means of their evaluation in different regional environments for the selection of possible new commercial cultivars.

Resumen Introducción. En Costa Rica el sector agrícola es uno de los más diversos, este presenta una alta variabilidad socioeconómica. El cantón de Talamanca alberga un fuerte rezago económico y requiere la generación de alternativas productivas. Objetivo. Caracterizar a nivel socioeconómico, productivo y comercial, los agricultores del Caribe Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo en los distritos de Cahuita, Bratsi y Sixaola de Talamanca del 2019 al 2021. Se determinó un tamaño de muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado con veintisiete preguntas para los agricultores, y ocho para responsables de instituciones gubernamentales en la zona. Se aplicó encuestas a 155 agricultores y 33 representantes de instituciones y organizaciones. Los agricultores se clasificaron mediante un análisis de conglomerados jerárquico y análisis discriminantes, se utilizaron variables socioeconómicas cuantitativas continuas. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de agricultores, 1) agricultores de subsistencia (ATS, 7,10 %), 2) pequeños (ATP, 23,23 %), 3) medios (ATM, 41,29 %) y 4) grandes (ATG, 28,39 %), con diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05, χ2<0,05) entre sus variables de estudio. Sobre la agroindustria se identificó que el 77,91 % no industrializaron sus productos, por falta de mercado (14,68 %) y falta de recursos (14,37 %) como principales razones. Conclusión. La actividad agrícola se caracterizó por una agricultura familiar. Se producen plátano, cacao y banano; no obstante, la diversidad de cultivos y frutales representa un alto potencial para el desarrollo de la agroindustria.

Abstract Introduction. In Costa Rica, the agricultural sector is one of the most diverse, it presents, a high socioeconomic variability. The canton of Talamanca harbors a strong economic lag and it is necessary the generation of productive alternatives. Objective. To characterize the socioeconomic, productive, and commercial level of the South Caribbean farmers. Materials and methods. An exploratory and descriptive study was carried out in the districts of Cahuita, Bratsi, and Sixaola of Talamanca from 2019 to 2021. A sample size was determined with a confidence level of 95%. A structured questionnaire with twenty-seven questions was designed for farmers, and eight for heads of government institutions in the area. Surveys were applied to 155 farmers and 33 representatives of institutions and organizations. Farmers were classified through hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, continuous quantitative socioeconomic variables were used. Results. Four types of farmers were identified, 1) subsistence farmers (ATS, 7.10 %), 2) small (ATP, 23.23 %), 3) medium (ATM, 41.29 %), and 4) large (ATG, 28.39 %), with significant statistical differences (p<0.05, χ2<0.05) between their study variables. Regarding agro-industry, it was identified that 77.91 % did not industrialize their products, due to lack of market (14.68 %) and lack of resources (14.37 %) as the main reasons. Conclusion. The agricultural activity is characterized by family farming. Plantain, cocoa, and bananas are produced; however, the diversity of crops and fruit trees represents a high potential for the development of agro-industry.

Resumen Introducción. La reproducción asistida de animales tiene su origen en la domesticación de las especies ganaderas útiles al ser humano. Los consiguientes procesos de selección artificial permitieron desarrollar técnicas biotecnológicas que contribuyeron a la mejora de las capacidades de producción animal. Objetivo. Contextualizar el análisis seminal en la agricultura de precisión en el siglo XXI. Desarrollo. La visualización de espermatozoides en el microscopio puede considerarse como el primer paso en el advenimiento de la biotecnología de la reproducción y la base para el desarrollo de las técnicas de reproducción asistida. Con el perfeccionamiento de los métodos de microscopía, se logró caracterizar los gametos masculinos, lo que significó un avance significativo en la tecnología de inseminación artificial. El punto de inflexión marcado por el desarrollo de técnicas de conservación espermática, implicó un cambio sustantivo en el desarrollo de estas tecnologías en las especies ganaderas, ya sea con semen crio preservado o refrigerado. Estos métodos son de alto valor en el caso de especies amenazadas, dado que se pueden crear bancos de germoplasma con propósitos de conservación genética y rescate de especies en riesgo de extinción. El análisis seminal se ha desarrollado de forma paralela con las técnicas de reproducción asistida, al punto que hoy se considera como una técnica relevante en la biotecnología de la reproducción animal, que se ha perfeccionado mediante el avance de la ciencia y la tecnología, la física óptica y la computación. Conclusión. El análisis seminal ha tenido un cambio de paradigma al desechar técnicas obsoletas de evaluación subjetiva de la calidad seminal y adoptar métodos objetivos de evaluación del semen, mediante el análisis de grandes volúmenes de datos y variables de movilidad, cinéticas, morfométricas, morfológicas y fragmentación del ADN, que permiten caracterizar mejor los eyaculados de los reproductores en centros de inseminación artificial.

Abstract Introduction. Assisted reproduction of animals traces its origins in the domestication of livestock species useful to humans. The consequent artificial selection processes allowed the development of biotechnological techniques that contributed to the improvement of animal production capacities. Objective. To contextualize the seminal analysis in precision farming in the 21st century. Development. The visualization of spermatozoa under the microscope can be considered as the first step in the advent of reproductive biotechnology and the basis for the development of assisted reproductive techniques. With the improvement of microscopy methods, it was possible to characterize male gametes, which meant a significant advance in artificial insemination technology. The turning point marked by the development of sperm conservation techniques implied a substantive change in the development of these technologies in livestock species, either with cryopreserved or refrigerated semen. These methods are of high value in the case of threatened species since germplasm banks can be created for genetic conservation and rescue of species at risk of extinction. Semen analysis has been developed alongside with assisted reproduction techniques and today it is considered a relevant technique in animal reproduction biotechnology, which has been perfected through the advancement of science and technology, optical physics, and computing. Conclusion. Seminal analysis has undergone a paradigm shift by rejecting obsolete techniques of subjective evaluation of semen quality and adopting objective methods of semen evaluation, through the analysis of large volumes of data and motility, kinematics, morphometrics, morphological, and DNA fragmentation variables, which allow a better characterization of the ejaculates of breeders in artificial insemination centers.

Abstract Rural communities have repertoires of knowledge associated with the use of plants related to various social and biological aspects. The objective of this study was to identify the diversity of use of food and medicinal plants by the Brejal rural community in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Ethnobotanical data was obtained using the snowball technique and semi-structured interviews with 22 farmers. Species diversity and use-value indices were calculated. Relationships among the numbers of plants cited, interviewee age, gender, and working time in agriculture were investigated. We identified a high diversity index, comprising 185 species belonging to 53 botanical families, notably Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Brassicaceae. The greatest use-values were associated with exotic species. Leaves were the plant structures most utilized, and infusions the predominant method of preparation. The prescriptions most commonly cited related to illnesses of the digestive system. Men and women did not differ in terms of the numbers of species cited. We found no correlations between the ages of the interviewees and their working time in agriculture. The uniformity of the number of citations demonstrates the shared knowledge throughout the community, covering a high diversity of plants, uses, indications and preparations. aspects state Brazil semistructured semi structured 2 farmers usevalue value calculated age gender investigated index 18 5 families Asteraceae Lamiaceae Brassicaceae usevalues values utilized preparation system uses preparations 1

Resumo As comunidades rurais possuem um repertório de conhecimentos associados ao uso de plantas que se relacionam com diversos aspectos biológicos e sociais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a diversidade do uso de plantas alimentícias e medicinais pela comunidade rural do Brejal no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os dados etnobotânicos foram obtidos por meio da técnica “Snow ball ” e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 22 agricultores. A diversidade de espécies e índices de valor de uso foram calculados. Foram investigadas as relações entre o número de plantas citadas, idade dos entrevistados, gênero e tempo de trabalho na agricultura. Identificamos um alto índice de diversidade, compreendendo 185 espécies pertencentes a 53 famílias botânicas, destacando Asteraceae, Lamiaceae e Brassicaceae. Os maiores valores de uso foram associados a espécies exóticas. As folhas foram as estruturas vegetais mais utilizadas e as infusões o método de preparo predominante. As prescrições mais citadas são relacionadas a doenças do sistema digestivo. Homens e mulheres não diferiram em termos do número de espécies úteis citadas. Não encontramos correlação entre a idade dos entrevistados e o tempo de trabalho na agricultura. A uniformidade do número de citações demonstra o conhecimento compartilhado por toda a comunidade, abrangendo uma grande diversidade de plantas, usos, indicações e preparações. sociais Janeiro Brasil Snow 2 agricultores calculados agricultura 18 5 botânicas Asteraceae Brassicaceae exóticas predominante digestivo usos preparações 1

Abstract The influence of environmental factors, such as lack of water and uneven rainfall, depletion of nutrients in the soil and reduced soil fertility, planting patterns and plant density, uneven growth stages, are the main limiting factors that hinder the growth of agricultural production in arid regions. The aim of the study was to assess the potential of Sentinel-2 to quantify soil conditions, which can improve the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics in organic agriculture in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan and improve productivity management of Linum usitatissimum. In the course of the research, the influence of individual factors of the general environmental impact, such as the influence of humidity, meteorological conditions, the content of individual nutrient components of the soil on the yield, was studied. The meteorological conditions in this region in 2021 and the data of agrochemical analysis of the soil on which the oilseed crop was grown were evaluated. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to determine the NDVI and GNDVI indices. A high content of nitrate nitrogen (12.3-16.2 mg/kg), a very low level of available phosphorus (3-10 mg/kg), and a high content of potassium (289-420 mg/kg) were found in the soil. A low content of humus (2.68-3.31%) and sulfur (1.1-4.9 mg/kg) was found. A study of the NDVI growth index showed that the highest value was reached by the period of July 20, 2021. After this period, a decrease in the vegetation index was observed. In conditions of severe drought, this change occurred earlier than under favorable conditions, and correlated with low flax yield (1.6-6.9 c/ha). This study demonstrates the potential of Sentinel-2 for quantifying soil conditions, which not only improves our understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics and environmental components in organic agriculture in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan, but also improves the management of Linum usitatissimum productivity. rainfall fertility density stages regions Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- research impact humidity studied 202 evaluated indices 12.316.2 123162 12.3 16.2 12 3 16 (12.3-16. mg/kg, mgkg mg/kg , mg kg 310 10 (3-1 289420 289 420 (289-42 2.683.31% 268331 2.68 3.31% 68 31 (2.68-3.31% 1.14.9 1149 1.1 4.9 1 4 9 (1.1-4. 20 observed drought 1.66.9 1669 1.6 6.9 6 (1.6-6. c/ha. cha c/ha . c ha c/ha) spatialtemporal spatial temporal 316 12.316. 12316 123 12. 162 16. (12.3-16 (3- 28942 28 42 (289-4 683 2.683.31 26833 268 2.6 331 3.31 (2.68-3.31 14 1.14. 114 11 1. 49 4. (1.1-4 66 1.66. 166 69 6. (1.6-6 12.316 1231 (12.3-1 (3 2894 (289- 2.683.3 2683 26 2. 33 3.3 (2.68-3.3 1.14 (1.1- 1.66 (1.6- 12.31 (12.3- ( (289 2.683. 3. (2.68-3. (1.1 (1.6 (12.3 (28 2.683 (2.68-3 (1. (12. (2 (2.68- (1 (12 (2.68 (2.6 (2.

Resumo A influência de fatores ambientais como: falta de água, chuvas irregulares, depleção de nutrientes no solo, redução da fertilidade do solo, padrões de plantio, densidade de plantas, estágios de crescimento irregulares são os principais fatores limitantes que dificultam o crescimento da produção agrícola em regiões áridas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do Sentinel-2 para quantificar as condições do solo, o que pode melhorar a compreensão da dinâmica espaço-temporal na agricultura orgânica na zona de estepe do Cazaquistão e aprimorar o manejo da produtividade de Linum usitatissimum. No decorrer da pesquisa, a influência de fatores individuais do impacto ambiental geral - tais como a influência da umidade, das condições meteorológicas, do teor de componentes nutrientes individuais do solo no rendimento - foi analisada. As condições meteorológicas nessa região em 2021 foram avaliadas e os dados de análise agroquímica do solo em que a oleaginosa foi cultivada. Imagens de satélite Sentinel-2 foram utilizadas para determinar os índices NDVI e GNDVI. Um alto teor de nitrogênio nitrato (12,3-16,2 mg/kg), um nível muito baixo de fósforo disponível (3-10 mg/kg) e um alto teor de potássio (289-420 mg/kg) foram encontrados no solo. Foi encontrado baixo teor de húmus (2,68-3,31%) e enxofre (1,1-4,9 mg/kg). Um estudo do Índice de crescimento do NDVI mostrou que o maior valor foi alcançado no período de 20 de julho de 2021. Após esse período, observou-se diminuição do Índice de vegetação. Em condições de seca severa, essa mudança ocorreu mais cedo do que em condições favoráveis, e correlacionou-se com a baixa produção de linho (1,6-6,9 c/ha). Nesse sentido, este estudo demonstra o potencial do Sentinel-2 para quantificar as condições do solo, o que não apenas melhora nossa compreensão da dinâmica espaço-temporal e dos componentes ambientais na agricultura orgânica na zona de estepe do Cazaquistão, mas também melhora o manejo da produtividade do Linum usitatissimum. água plantio plantas áridas Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- espaçotemporal espaço temporal usitatissimum pesquisa umidade analisada 202 cultivada GNDVI 12,316,2 123162 12,3 16,2 12 3 16 (12,3-16, mg/kg, mgkg mg/kg , mg kg 310 10 (3-1 289420 289 420 (289-42 2,683,31% 268331 2,68 3,31% 68 31 (2,68-3,31% 1,14,9 1149 1,1 4,9 1 4 9 (1,1-4, mg/kg. . observouse observou se vegetação severa favoráveis correlacionouse correlacionou 1,66,9 1669 1,6 6,9 6 (1,6-6, c/ha. cha c/ha c ha c/ha) sentido 316 12,316, 12316 123 12, 162 16, (12,3-16 (3- 28942 28 42 (289-4 683 2,683,31 26833 268 2,6 331 3,31 (2,68-3,31 14 1,14, 114 11 1, 49 4, (1,1-4 66 1,66, 166 69 6, (1,6-6 12,316 1231 (12,3-1 (3 2894 (289- 2,683,3 2683 26 2, 33 3,3 (2,68-3,3 1,14 (1,1- 1,66 (1,6- 12,31 (12,3- ( (289 2,683, 3, (2,68-3, (1,1 (1,6 (12,3 (28 2,683 (2,68-3 (1, (12, (2 (2,68- (1 (12 (2,68 (2,6 (2,

ABSTRACT The value chains that compose family farming constitute several economic activities relevant to the Brazilian economy. The tobacco sector stands out for its financial aspect but also its environmental appeal. For this reason, it has been giving special attention to the sustainability of the production process, including the energy efficiency of tobacco drying, where forest biomass is used as a renewable energy source. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out a diagnosis of forest production and consumption by tobacco producers. The applied methodology was based on the inventory of the producers’ forests and the Brazilian Association of Tobacco Growers’ database. It was estimated that the sector’s forestry base, comprised of the seven VTPR (Virginia tobacco-producing regions), had a total of 116,103.05 ha of Eucalyptus forest plantations. It is possible to observe that the forest structure is deregulated in both areas. The PR – Southeast, SC – North Plateau, SC – Alto Vale, and RS – Costa Doce regions showed a firewood deficit. The regions SC – Coast, and RS – Central Depression presented an oversupply of forest biomass. There is energy self-sufficiency for tobacco production for some of the VTPR. However, the scenarios showed a firewood deficit in part of the regions. Thus, results show that it is necessary to implement strategic plans to achieve energy self-sufficiency for the sector. economy appeal reason process drying source Thus producers Growers database sectors s base Virginia tobaccoproducing producing regions, , regions) 11610305 116 103 05 116,103.0 plantations areas Southeast Plateau Vale Coast selfsufficiency self sufficiency However 1161030 11 10 0 116,103. 116103 1 116,103 11610 116,10 1161 116,1 116,

RESUMO As cadeias de valor que compõem a agricultura familiar constituem várias atividades econômicas que são relevantes para a economia brasileira. O setor fumageiro é destacado pelo aspecto econômico, mas também pelo apelo ambiental. Por isso este vem dando atenção especial para sustentabilidade do processo produtivo, entre eles a eficiência energética da secagem do tabaco, onde é utilizada biomassa florestal como fonte de energia renovável. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção e consumo florestal de produtores de tabaco. A metodologia aplicada baseou-se no inventário das florestas dos produtores e no banco de dados da Associação dos fumicultores do Brasil. Foi estimado que a base florestal do setor, composta pelas sete RPTV (regiões produtoras de tabaco Virgínia) apresentaram um total de 116.103,05 ha de plantios florestais de Eucalyptus. Ao analisar a distribuição das áreas de florestas alocadas nas classes de 2 a 7 anos foi possível observar que a estrutura florestal está desregulada em ambas as regiões. As regiões PR – Sudeste, SC – Planalto Norte, SC – Alto Vale e RS – Costa Doce apresentaram déficit de lenha. Já as regiões SC – Litoral e RS – Depressão Central apresentaram superoferta de biomassa florestal. Há autossuficiência energética para a produção de tabaco para algumas das RPTV. Contudo em parte das regiões os cenários mostraram déficit de lenha. Deste modo, resultados demonstram que é necessário a efetivação de planos estratégicos para alcance da autossuficiência energética para o setor. brasileira econômico ambiental produtivo renovável Assim baseouse baseou se Brasil Virgínia 11610305 116 103 05 116.103,0 Eucalyptus Sudeste Norte lenha modo 1161030 11 10 0 116.103, 116103 1 116.103 11610 116.10 1161 116.1 116.

Abstract Cowpea is one of the main crops in family agriculture, especially in the Northeastern region of Brazil, and it is expanding to other regions in Brazil. The use of seeds with low physiological and health quality is reflected in the plant development and consequently yield, making it important to study the seed physiological and health quality. The objective of the present study was to assess the physiology and health of traditional and biofortified cowpea seeds. The traditional cowpea varieties (Angelim, Mercado and Manteguinha) and the biofortified cowpea cultivars (BRS Aracê, BRS Xique-Xique and BRS Tumucumaque) were assessed for the following physiological parameters: water content (WC), first count (FC), germination test (G), germination speed index (GSI), seedling emergence in the greenhouse (E), emergence speed index (ESI), seedling aerial part and root length (APL and RL) and electric conductivity test (EC). The seed health quality was assessed by the Blotter Test. The water content present in the seeds of the traditional and biofortified varieties ranged from 10% to 14%. All the traditional and biofortified varieties showed high germination and emergence value in the greenhouse. The germination and emergence speed indexes indicated the BRS Aracê and BRS Xique-Xique cultivars as the most vigorous. In the health tests the highest indexes were the storage fungi Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp., with the highest prevalence in the BRS Tumucumaque variety, which was probably related to the higher water content present in this variety. agriculture Brazil yield Angelim, Angelim (Angelim Manteguinha XiqueXique Xique parameters WC, WC , (WC) FC, FC (FC) G, G (G) GSI, GSI (GSI) E, E (E) ESI, ESI (ESI) APL RL EC. EC . (EC) Test 10 14 14% vigorous sp variety (WC (FC (G (GSI (E (ESI (EC 1

Resumo O feijão-caupi é uma das principais culturas da agricultura familiar, especialmente da região Nordeste, e encontra-se em expansão para as demais regiões do Brasil. O uso de sementes com baixa qualidade fisiológica e sanitária refletem no desenvolvimento das plantas e consequentemente na produtividade. Desse modo ressalta-se a importância do estudo da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a fisiologia e sanidade de sementes tradicionais e biofortificadas de feijão-caupi. As variedades tradicionais (Angelim, Mercado e Manteguinha) e as biofortificadas (BRS Aracê, BRS Xique-Xique e BRS Tumucumaque) de feijão-caupi foram avaliadas quanto aos seguintes parâmetros fisiológicos: Teor de água (T.A), Primeira contagem (PC), Teste de germinação (G), Índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), Emergência de plântulas em casa de vegetação (E), Índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) Comprimento da parte aérea e raiz da mudas (CPA e CR) e Teste de Condutividade Elétrica (CE). Para avaliação da qualidade sanitária das sementes foi adotado o Blotter Test. O teor de água presente nas sementes das variedades tradicionais e biofortificadas, encontra-se entre 10% a 14%. Todas as variedades tradicionais e biofortificadas apresentaram alto valor de germinação e emergência em casa de vegetação. O índice de velocidade de germinação e emergência indicaram as cultivares BRS Aracê e BRS Xique-Xique as mais vigorosas. Nos testes de sanidade a maior incidência foram dos fungos de armazenamento Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp. e o Penicillium sp., com maior prevalência na variedade BRS Tumucumaque, provavelmente relacionado ao maior teor de água presente nessa variedade. feijãocaupi feijão caupi familiar Nordeste encontrase encontra se Brasil produtividade ressaltase ressalta feijãocaupi. caupi. Angelim, Angelim (Angelim Manteguinha XiqueXique Xique Tumucumaque fisiológicos T.A, TA T.A , T A (T.A) PC, PC (PC) G, G (G) IVG, IVG (IVG) E, E (E) IVE (IVE CPA CR CE. CE . (CE) Test 10 14 14% vigorosas sp (T.A (PC (G (IVG (E (CE 1

Abstract The allocation of ecosystem services has been a challenge for the market, given their behavior as public goods. The Protected Natural Area "Ejidos de Xochimilco and San Gregorio Atlapulco" houses an area of chinampas that provides sustenance and ecosystem services to the inhabitants of Mexico City. The objective of this research was to identify and prioritize Ecosystem Services based on the hierarchy of four groups of users to determine possible patterns or differences. A survey with 17 ecosystem services was applied to 380 users where they were asked to select three in order of priority. The level of importance assigned to each service was estimated using weighted averages, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Games-Howell tests were used to determine the differences between groups. Food production, storage and retention of water and cultural services were selected as the most important, the first two being the ones that obtained a higher weighted value. The difference in means showed that there are differences between the groups, and the post-hoc analysis reveals that the group of producers is the one that presents the greatest contrasts with respect to the rest of the groups, mainly in terms of provisioning services, denoting the value that the regional population gives to agriculture. For this reason, the authorities must consider the participation of chinampas’ producers in the design of public policies and management of local natural resources.

Resumen La asignación de servicios ecosistémicos ha resultado un reto para el mercado, dado su comportamiento como bienes públicos. El área natural protegida “Ejidos de Xochimilco y San Gregorio Atlapulco” alberga una superficie chinampera que provee de sustento y servicios ecosistémicos a los habitantes de la Ciudad de México. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo identificar y priorizar los servicios ecosistémicos en función de la jerarquización de cuatro grupos de usuarios para determinar posibles patrones o diferencias. Se aplicó una encuesta con 17 servicios ecosistémicos a 380 usuarios donde se les pidió seleccionar tres en orden de prioridad. Por promedios ponderados se estimó el nivel de importancia asignado a cada servicio, y se emplearon pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskal-Wallis y Games-Howell para determinar las diferencias entre grupos. Los servicios producción de alimentos, almacenamiento y retención de agua, así como los servicios culturales fueron seleccionados como los más importantes. Los dos primeros son los que obtuvieron un valor ponderado más alto. La diferencia de medias demostró que existen diferencias entre los grupos y el análisis pos-hoc reveló que el grupo de los productores es el que presenta mayores contrastes con respecto al resto de grupos, principalmente en cuanto a servicios de aprovisionamiento, ello denota el valor que la población regional otorga a la agricultura. De esta manera, las autoridades deben de tomar en cuenta la participación de los productores chinamperos en el diseño de políticas públicas y manejo de recursos naturales locales.

Resumen: Agave salmiana L., es una planta con alto valor agroecológico, agroindustrial y gastronómico, sin embargo, su propagación tradicional por hijuelos reduce su variabilidad genética. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca, clorofila total y algunos compuestos nitrogenados como respuesta a la aplicación foliar de quitosano en plántulas de A. salmiana. El estudio se realizó en el Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huichapan, México. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones. Se evaluaron cinco dosis foliares de quitosano (mg L-1) (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 y 1.0), donde T0 corresponde al testigo (agua destilada). Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas, longitud y volumen radicular, materia seca, clorofila total, nitrógeno total y nitratos. La aplicación foliar de 0.75 y 1.0 g L-1 incrementaron la altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, longitud y volumen de raíz. Sin embargo, la dosis de 0.5 g L-1 también mostró efecto significativo en la altura de planta y el diámetro de tallo. Por otro lado, los tratamientos con 0.5, 0.75 y 1.0 mg L-1 mostraron los valores más altos de clorofila total, nitrógeno total y nitratos, aunque la acumulación de materia seca, solo fue significativa con la dosis de 1.0 mg L-1. La aplicación foliar de quitosano es una alternativa que podría ayudar a mejorar algunas de las características morfofisiologicas en plántulas de A. salmiana, una especie endémica de México.

Summary: Agave salmiana L., is a plant with high agroecological, agro-industrial and gastronomic value, however, its traditional propagation by suckers reduces the genetic variability of this species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter, total chlorophyll and some nitrogenous compounds as response to the foliar application of chitosan in A. salmiana seedlings. The study was conducted at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior of Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico. The experimental design was completely random with 10 replications. Five foliar doses of chitosan (mg L-1) were evaluated (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0), where T0 corresponds to the control (distilled water). The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length and volume, dry matter, total chlorophyll, and total nitrogen and nitrates. Foliar application of 0.75 and 1.0 g L-1 increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length and root volume. However, the dose of 0.5 g L-1 also showed significant effect on plant height and stem diameter. On the other hand, treatments with 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg L-1 showed the highest values of total chlorophyll and total nitrogen and nitrates, where dry matter accumulation was only significant with the dose of 1.0 mg L-1. The foliar application of chitosan is an alternative that could help improve some of the morphophysiological characteristics in seedlings of A. salmiana, a species endemic to Mexico.

RESUMO A cunicultura é uma atividade com alto potencial de crescimento devido à facilidade em seu manejo e à alta prolificidade, por apresentar baixo impacto poluidor, por se enquadrar bem em sistemas próprios de agricultura familiar, além de produzir carne de alto valor biológico. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio do modelo não linear de von Bertalanffy, curvas de crescimento de coelhos mestiços de Gigante de Flandres e Nova Zelândia Branco, utilizando-se dois métodos distintos da coleta dos dados: o método longitudinal e o método transversal, a fim de estimar o crescimento do peso em função da idade. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Lavras, situado no município de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram avaliados 10 coelhos mestiços, cuja pesagem foi realizada de 0 a 150 dias de idade. Os dois métodos se mostraram adequados para descrever o crescimento de coelhos, e o método transversal se revelou uma boa alternativa, com ganho de tempo na coleta dos dados e apresentando estimativas consistentes.

ABSTRACT Rabbit farming is an activity with high growth potential due to its easy handling, high prolificacy, low polluting impact, and easy adaptability to family farming systems, producing meat of high biological value. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate, using von Bertalanffy's nonlinear model, growth curves of weight as a function of age in ‘Flemish Giant Rabbits’ and ‘New Zealand White’ crossbred rabbits. Two different data collections were used: the longitudinal method and the cross-sectional method. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras, located in the municipality of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where 10 crossbred rabbits were evaluated, and animals were weighed from 0 to 150 days of age. Both methods proved to be adequate to describe the development of rabbits and the cross-sectional method proved to be an adequate alternative to obtention of growth curves, saving time in data collection and showing consistent estimates.

Abstract In the world and in Mexico, agriculture uses approximately 75% of fresh water. The scarcity of water worldwide forces that water-saving techniques are increasingly used in the agricultural sector, since it has economic value. An important concept that helps to know the amount of water used in production and consumption is the water footprint. The objective of this research is to estimate the water footprint for the cultivation of sugarcane in the Papaloapan basin to propose measures that contribute to improving the efficiency of water use in this crop. For this research, the water footprint of the 12 sugar mills in the Papaloapan region was calculated, it was carried out following the procedure of Allen et al. (2006); FAO (2006); Haro et al. (2014). The largest water footprint is recorded in the areas that supply cane to the sugar mills of El Carmen (328 m3 t-1 of cane), San Nicolás (313 m3 t-1 of cane) and San José de Abajo (309 m 3), while the mill of San Pedro registered the smallest water footprint (239 m3 t-1). Per hectare, the areas that supply cane for El Carmen have the highest value with 21 301 m3, followed by San Nicolás with 21 221 m3 and by San Miguelito with 20 923 m3. In these areas, it is possible to reduce the water footprint by better managing the crop and using varieties with more productivity.

Resumen En el mundo y en México la agricultura usa aproximadamente 75% del agua fresca. La escasez del agua a nivel mundial obliga que cada vez se utilicen técnicas ahorradoras de agua en el sector agropecuario, ya que tiene valor económico. Un concepto importante que ayuda a conocer la cantidad de agua utilizada en la producción y el consumo es la huella hídrica. El objetivo de esta investigación es estimar la huella hídrica para el cultivo de caña de azúcar de la cuenca Papaloapan para proponer medidas que contribuyan a mejorar la eficiencia del uso del agua en este cultivo. Para esta investigación se calculó de la huella hídrica de los 12 ingenios azucareros de la región del Papaloapan, se realizó siguiendo el procedimiento de Allen et al. (2006); FAO (2006); Haro et al. (2014). La mayor huella hídrica se registra en las áreas que abastecen de caña a los ingenios de el Carmen (328 m3 t-1 de caña), el de San Nicolás (313 m3 t-1 de caña) y el de San José de Abajo (309 m3), mientras que el Ingenio de San Pedro registró la menor huella hídrica (239 m3 t-1). Por hectárea las superficies que suministran caña para El Carmen tienen el valor más alto con 21 301 m3, seguidas por San Nicolás con 21 221 m3 y por San Miguelito con 20 923 m3. En estas zonas es posible reducir la huella hídrica haciendo un mejor manejo del cultivo y usando variedades con más productividad.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, a composição química, teor de vitamina C, vitamina E, carotenoides e minerais em frutos de biribiri (Averrhoa bilimbi) do território do Médio Rio Doce (Minas Gerais, Brasil). A acidez titulável foi determinada por neutralização volumétrica, o pH por potenciometria direta, os sólidos solúveis por refratometria, a umidade por gravimetria, as cinzas por calcinação em mufla, as proteínas pelo método micro-Kjeldahl, as fibras alimentares pelo método gravimétrico não enzimático e os lipídios usando um extrator Soxhlet. Os carotenoides e a vitamina C foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A vitamina E foi analisada por CLAE com detector de fluorescência e quatorze minerais foram analisados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O biribiri apresentou alto rendimento de porção comestível (100%), baixos teores de lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos e, consequentemente, baixo valor total de energia (25,36 kcal 100 g-1). Os frutos também apresentaram baixos teores de fibra alimentar (0,62 g 100 g-1), vitamina E total (17,62 µg 100 g-1), carotenoides totais (0,32 g 100 g-1) e altos teores de vitamina C, zinco, cobre, ferro, manganês, molibdênio e conteúdo cromado. Em relação aos metais pesados, os frutos não apresentaram cádmio e tiveram vestígios de alumínio e níquel. Em conclusão, o biribiri apresentou baixo valor energético e conteúdos expressivos de fibras alimentares, vitamina C, ferro, manganês, molibdênio, cromo, zinco e cobre.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated physical characteristics, chemical composition, content of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and minerals in biribiri fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi) from the Middle Doce River region (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization, pH by direct potentiometry, soluble solids by refractometry, humidity by gravimetry, ash by calcination in muffle, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetric method and lipids using a Soxhlet extractor. Carotenoids and vitamin C were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and vitamin E by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Fourteen minerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Biribiri showed high yield of edible portion (100%), low lipid, protein and carbohydrate content, and; consequently, low total energy value (25.36 kcal 100 g-1). The fruit also showed low dietary fiber content (0.62 g 100 g-1), total vitamin E (17.62 µg 100 g-1), total carotenoids (0.32 g 100 g-1), and high vitamin C, zinc, copper, iron content, manganese, molybdenum and chrome content. Regarding the heavy metals, the fruit showed no cadmium, and traces of aluminum and nickel. In conclusion, biribiri presented low energy value and expressive contents of dietary fibers, vitamin C, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, and copper.

Summary: Nitrogen use efficiency of nitrogen use in agriculture is very low, causing environmental problems and low crop productivity, therefore, knowing the spatial and temporal distribution of biophysical variables such as the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and the canopy nitrogen content (CNC) of the crops will provide valuable information to improve this condition. The use of freely accessible satellite imagery, such as Sentinel-2 (S-2) images, can facilitate this task. Due to the above, a study was carried out in six corn plots grown by producers in Texcoco de Mora, Estado de Mexico. The first objective was to investigate the relationship between spectral indices, estimated from the reflectance measured with a multispectral radiometer at surface level and S-2 images, with FVC, estimated by digital photographs through the Canopeo mobile application. The second objective was to obtain a linear model that estimated the CNC from the analysis of different spectral indices. Two models were generated to estimate FVC, from the radiometric information at surface level, their validation yielded a high value of R2 = 0.92 and a RMSE = 7.3% between measured and estimated FVC data; however, in the case of the data estimated with S-2 images, lower values of R2 = 0.67 and RMSE = 17.6% were obtained, which was attributed to a possible effect of the atmosphere, since the study period coincided with the rainy season. Finally, to estimate the CNC, the best results were obtained with the model generated from ClGreen, in which an R2 of 0.91 and a RMSE of 0.63 g m-2 were obtained, when comparing the CNC measured in relation to the estimate.

Resumen La eficiencia del uso de nitrógeno en la agricultura es muy baja, provocando problemas ambientales y baja productividad de los cultivos, por lo que conocer la distribución espacial y temporal de variables biofísicas que estimen su crecimiento, como la fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV), y el contenido de nitrógeno del dosel (CND) aportará información valiosa para mejorar esta condición. El uso de imágenes satelitales de libre acceso, como las imágenes del satélite Sentinel-2 (S‑2), puede facilitar esta tarea. Con base en lo anterior, se realizó un estudio en seis parcelas de maíz, cultivadas por productores de la zona de Texcoco de Mora, Estado de México, cuyo primer objetivo fue investigar la relación entre índices espectrales, estimados a partir de la reflectancia, medida con un radiómetro multiespectral a nivel de superficie y de imágenes S-2; con la FCV, estimada mediante fotografías digitales a través de la aplicación para celulares Canopeo. El segundo objetivo fue obtener un modelo lineal para estimar el CND a partir del análisis de diferentes índices espectrales. Se generaron dos modelos para estimar la FCV, a partir de la información radiométrica a nivel de superficie, la validación de estos arrojó un valor alto de R2 = 0.92 y un CME = 7.3% entre datos de FCV medidos y estimados; sin embargo, en el caso de los datos estimados con imágenes S-2 se obtuvieron valores más bajos de R2 = 0.67 y CME = 17.6%, lo cual se atribuyó a un posible efecto de la atmósfera, ya que el periodo de estudio coincidió con la temporada de lluvias. Finalmente, en el caso del CND, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el modelo generado a partir del ClGreen, con el cual se obtuvo un R2 de 0.91 y un CME de 0.63 g m-2, al comparar el CND medido con relación al estimado.

Summary: Compost is the main degradation channel for organic waste, however, the whole process requires long maturation times, which is why the search for quick ways to decompose and transform these wastes into by-products with high agronomic value is essential. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sugary substances on the degradation of organic substrates to elaborate compost. The substances investigated were sugar, molasse and cane juice (Saccharum officinarum), mixed with an organic substrate composed of 30% manure, 50% corn pancake, 10% legume remains, 9% soil and 1% ash. The experimental design was completely random, with 16 experimental units, one absolute control and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were the following: days for decomposition, temperature, humidity, substrate weight and nutriment content. Molasses mixed with organic waste decreased the decomposition period by 6 days (9.68%), relative to the control (62 days). The treatment added with molasses showed the greatest temperature decline (8.7 °C), although no significant differences were found between treatments, at the beginning and end of the trial. The moisture content among treatments ranged from 56.5 to 59.0%, however, differences were not significant. The molasses treatment showed the greatest weight loss (10.8 kg) during the organic substrate degradation; however, there were no differences in pH and nutrient content (B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, P, S, Zn, and MO). The treatment with the highest concentration of nutrients was the conformed by organic substances and molasses, thus, its use or integration is recommended to accelerate the degradation process in compost.

Resumen: El compost es una forma principal para degradar desechos de origen orgánicos; no obstante, todo el procedimiento requiere de largos tiempo de maduración por lo cual, es indispensable la búsqueda de formas rápidas para descomponer y transformar estos desechos en subproductos con alto valor agronómico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de sustancias azucaradas en la descomposición de sustratos orgánicos para elaborar compost. Las sustancias investigadas fueron azúcar, melaza y jugo de caña (Saccharum officinarum), mezclados con un sustrato orgánico compuesto por 30% estiércol, 50% panca de maíz, 10% de restos de leguminosa, 9% de tierra y 1% de ceniza. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 16 unidades experimentales, un testigo absoluto y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron días para la descomposición, temperatura, humedad, peso del sustrato y contenido de nutrimentos. La melaza mezclada con residuos orgánicos disminuyó 6 días (9.68%) el período de descomposición, con relación al testigo (62 días). El tratamiento con melaza añadida presentó el mayor descenso de temperatura (8.7 ºC), aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, al inicio y al final del ensayo. El contenido de humedad entre los tratamientos osciló entre 56.5 y 59.0%, sin embargo, las diferencias no fueron significativas. El tratamiento con melaza fue el que presentó la mayor pérdida de peso (10.8 kg) durante la descomposición del sustrato orgánico; no obstante, no hubo diferencias en el pH y contenido de nutrimentos (B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, P, S, Zn, M.O.). El tratamiento con mayor concentración de nutrimientos fue el conformado por sustancias orgánicas y melaza, por lo cual, se recomienda su uso o integración para acelerar el proceso de descomposición en el compost.