ABSTRACT The physiological quality of soya bean seeds is a determining factor in establishing the crop in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soya bean seeds produced by plants grown from seeds of different sizes in two crop seasons. The BS 2606 SOYTECH, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, BS IRGA 1642 IPRO and LANÇA 58i60 IPRO cultivars were used, sown in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with treatments comprising seeds from plants grown from seeds of three sieve sizes (5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 mm for cultivars BS2606, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, LANÇA; and 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 mm for the BS IRGA 1642 IPRO cultivar). The following tests were conducted: germination, first germination count, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight, seedling emergence, accelerated ageing and electrical conductivity. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and the mean values were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The size classification of the soya bean seeds has no effect on the germination of the seeds that are produced. Higher seed vigour in the NA 5909 RR cultivar, determined by the seedling emergence test, and accelerated ageing in NS 6700 IPRO, were obtained from seeds produced by plants grown from seeds classified as a sieve size of 6.5 mm. For the other cultivars, the size classification of the seeds had no effect on the vigour of the produced seeds. field seasons 260 SOYTECH 670 590 164 i 58i6 used 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/2021 blocks 5.5, 55 5 (5.5 60 6 0 6. 65 BS2606 70 7 7. cultivar. cultivar . cultivar) conducted count length weight conductivity variance Tukeys Tukey s probability 26 67 59 16 58i 2019202 201 202 2019/20 2020202 2020/202 5.5 (5. BS260 2 1 201920 20 2019/2 202020 2020/20 5. (5 BS26 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/2 ( BS2 2020/

Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating. ACTS. ACTS . (ACTS) rains wall mortarconcrete 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021 procedures heat (heat dropin drop nonhomogeneous non homogeneous distribution, , distribution) nonuniform uniform (non-uniform consequently layers critical coating (ACTS 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico. SRCA. SRCA . (SRCA) chuvas concreto monitoraramse monitoraram colanteconcreto resfriamento 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021. 2021 2021) calor (calor homogênea, homogênea , homogênea) uniformes consequentemente camadas regiões críticas (SRCA 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

A Performance Grade (PG) Bitumen Specification, SATS-3208 (SATS 2019), was developed in South Africa during the period up to 2019. Since that time a period of implementation has begun on selected projects in South Africa. The implementation activities have included testing of data in accordance with the final anticipated standards. Formulation of a national standard is in the final stages and is expected to be published towards the end of 2024. The PG grade is specified using a high temperature number and a minimum temperature number that indicate the climate range within which a bitumen would be expected to perform. For example, a PG64-22 has a high temperature of 64°C and a minimum temperature of -22°C, from which intermediate and low operating temperatures are derived. A material meeting this grade will always have a performance range which is, ideally, just bigger than the specification grade and this is typically referenced as the continuous grade. A further definition is the difference between the two continuous grade numbers, referenced as the "Useful Temperature Interval" or UTI. As part of this implementation, it is required to determine the continuous grade for bitumen, including for modified binders, to ensure compliance with the specification. The UTI must be equal to or greater than 80°C. This technical note has been developed to demonstrate correct procedure to determine the continuous grade and UTI.

Abstract: With the neoliberal reform of the Chilean pension system in 1981, Latin America inaugurated a transformation of its pension funds. These economic changes have also generated a political rationality that sees old age as a social burden, assimilating the elderly to other subordinate identities. This article explores the contradiction between the economic failure of these reforms and their current political legitimacy as a model of governance of pension systems, a model that understands demographic ageing as a cause of the fiscal deficit of states.

Resumen: Con la reforma neoliberal del sistema previsional chileno en 1981, América Latina inauguró un proceso de transformación de los fondos de pensiones. Estos cambios económicos han generado una racionalidad política que ve a la vejez como carga social y conceptualiza a las personas mayores de forma similar a grupos de población con identidades subordinadas. Este artículo explora la contradicción entre el fracaso económico de estas reformas y su actual legitimidad política como modelo de gobernanza de los sistemas de pensiones, con el consecuente impacto en la comprensión del envejecimiento demográfico como causa del déficit fiscal de los Estados.

Resumen Uno de los grandes desafios del siglo XXI es satisfacer las demandas derivadas del envejecimiento de la población mundial. Este fenómeno instiga a las sociedades a reflexionar sobre los prejuicios y discriminaciones referentes a la persona anciana, materializados en diferentes aspectos entre los cuales se destaca: la negligencia en la educación para esta franja etaria. Así, este artículo reflexiona sobre la educación para la persona anciana, resaltando la Universidad Abierta para la Tercera Edad (UATI por sus siglas en portugués) como acción extensionista que promueve la inclusión educativa de la persona anciana. También tiene como objetivo identificar los desafíos y límites de las UATI, referentes de la educación de este grupo de edad. La inclusión y la exclusión son conceptos estrechamente relacionados pues al combatir los prejuicios y discriminaciones se está fomentando la inclusión. Creer en el potencial de aprendizaje, independientemente de la edad, es fortalecer la inclusión educativa de la persona anciana y como resultado evitar la exclusión educativa. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica, resaltando producciones que abordan el envejecimiento, la inclusión y los procesos educativos de la persona anciana.

Abstract One of the great challenges of the 21st century is to meet the demands of the world's ageing population. This phenomenon is prompting societies to reflect on the prejudices and discrimination against the elderly, which are materialized in different aspects, including the neglect of education for this age group. Thus, this article reflects on education for the elderly, highlighting the University of the Third Age (UATI) as an extension action that promotes the educational inclusion of the elderly. It also aims to identify the challenges and limits of the UATI with regard to the education of this age group. Inclusion and exclusion are closely related concepts because fighting prejudice and discrimination fosters inclusion. Believing in the potential for learning, regardless of age, strengthens the educational inclusion of the elderly and, as a result, avoids educational exclusion. A bibliographical survey was carried out, highlighting productions that address aging, inclusion and the educational processes of the elderly.

Resumo Um dos grandes desafios do século XXI é atender as demandas decorrentes do envelhecimento da população mundial. Fenômeno este que instiga as sociedades a refletirem sobre os preconceitos e discriminações referentes à pessoa idosa, materializados em diferentes aspectos entre os quais a negligência quanto à educação para esta faixa etária. Assim, este artigo reflete sobre a educação para a pessoa idosa, ressaltando a Universidade Aberta para a Terceira Idade enquanto ação extensionista que promove a inclusão educacional da pessoa idosa. Objetiva também identificar os desafios e os limites das UATI referentes a educação desta faixa etária. A inclusão e a exclusão constituem conceitos estreitamente relacionados pois ao se combater os preconceitos e discriminações, está se fomentando a inclusão. Acreditar no potencial de aprendizagem, independentemente da idade é fortalecer a inclusão educacional da pessoa idosa e, como decorrência evitar a exclusão educacional. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, ressaltando produções que abordam o envelhecimento, a inclusão e os processos educativos da pessoa idosa.

SIGNIFICANCE: Retirees represent a growing segment of the population as life expectancy increases and the length of retirement is extended. This growth has prompted a number of studies into the nature of retirement. Associated with this interest is an exploration of the meaning of work and impacts on meaning formation in the transition to retirement. Increasingly, retirees are exploring concepts such as the 'third age' and 'successful ageing' as they enter their retirement years in a good state of mental and physical capacity. This exploration is particularly prevalent in those retiring from academic posts, for whom identity is often closely bound with their productive work, whether in research or teaching. Whatever the mode of stepping down from full-time paid employment, the literature is unanimous in its observation that planning for retirement is the strongest indicator of a successful and meaningful transition.

Abstract This study analysed the effect of variations in income and inequality of income distribution, relative and severe poverty, academic qualifications,employment by occupation, concentration of the population in urban areas, ageing population, incidence of drug use and immigration on 11 groups of crimes in Portugal. The results showed the effects of academic qualifications on crimes against property, life and physical integrity and driving offences and the effects of gross domestic product per resident, the average age of the population, occupation, urbanisation, inequality in the distribution of income and immigration.

Resumen Este estudio analizó el efecto de la variación del rendimiento y de la desigualdad en su distribución, de la privación relativa y severa, de las cualificaciones académicas, del empleo por profesiones, de la concentración de la populación en regiones urbanas, del envejecimiento de la populación, de la incidencia del uso de drogas y de la inmigración sobre la variación verificada, en Portugal, en once grupos de crímenes. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan para efectos de las cualificaciones académicas sobre los crímenes registrados contra la propiedad, contra la vida e integridad física, y de conducción, así como para efectos del producto interno bruto por residente, de la edad promedio de la populación, de las profesiones, de la urbanización, de la desigualdad en la distribución del rendimiento y de la inmigración.

Resumo Este estudo analisou o efeito da variação do rendimento, da desigualdade na distribuição do mesmo, da privação relativa e severa, das qualificações académicas, do emprego por profissões, da concentração da população em regiões urbanas, do envelhecimento da população, da incidência do uso de drogas e da imigração sobre a variação verificada, em Portugal, em onze grupos de crimes. Os resultados obtidos apontam para efeitos das qualificações académicas sobre os crimes registados contra a propriedade, contra a vida e integridade física e de condução, bem como para efeitos do produto interno bruto por residente, da idade média da população, das profissões, da urbanização, da desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento e da imigração.

Résumé Cette étude analyse l’effet de la variation du revenu, de l’inégalité de la répartition de ce dernier, de la privation relative et sévère, des qualifications académiques, de l’emploi par professions, de la concentration de la population en régions urbaines, du vieillissement de la population, de l’incidence de la consommation de drogues et de l’immigration sur la variation constatée, au Portugal, sur onze groupes de crimes. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les qualifications académiques ont des effets sur les crimes contre la propriété, contre la vie et l’intégrité physique et en rapport avec la conduite, tout comme le produit intérieur brut par résident, l’âge moyen de la population, les professions, l’urbanisation, l’inégalité dans la répartition du revenu et de l’immigration en ont aussi.

Abstract This research seeks to delve into the dynamics of participation within news platforms curated by non-professional journalists residing in inland Portugal. Through an exploratory study, two initiatives originating from communities located in the country’s inland areas are analysed: Vela Notícias, in the Centre region, and Jornal da Aldeia, in the Alentejo region. These initiatives serve as empirical objects illustrating a phenomenon that reflects the shift away from traditional media, the community’s eagerness to disseminate locally pertinent knowledge, and the citizens’ yearning for social and cultural representation. Both initiatives have emerged in ageing and sparsely populated regions, with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, according to the 2021 Census (Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2021). To understand and address these concerns, alongside a thorough review of pertinent literature, semi-structured interviews were conducted as a methodological approach involving participants engaged in information production for the two community media outlets. The significance of this study lies in unravelling the intricacies of proximity communication dynamics spearheaded by non-journalist citizens. The residents of both parishes actively contribute to content creation, topic selection, editing, and distribution of the newspapers. Production operates outside the norms of journalistic selection, filtering, and hierarchy. Nevertheless, interviewees exhibit keen interest and confidence in the published information. The motivation for participation stems from a desire to share common values and cultural connections, fostering a sense of belonging and social responsibility.

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender as dinâmicas de participação presentes em veículos informativos produzidos por cidadãos não-jornalistas, no interior de Portugal. A partir de um estudo exploratório, são analisadas duas iniciativas desenvolvidas por comunidades localizadas no interior do país, o Vela Notícias, na região Centro, e o Jornal da Aldeia, na região do Alentejo. Estas são entendidas como objetos empíricos de um fenómeno que reflete o distanciamento e os constrangimentos dos média tradicionais, o desejo das populações destes territórios de partilharem conhecimento de interesse local e a necessidade de os cidadãos se sentirem representados social e culturalmente. As duas iniciativas surgiram em regiões desertificadas, com menos de 1.000 habitantes, e envelhecidas, segundo os Censos 2021 (Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2021). A fim de compreender e discutir tais questões, além da revisão da literatura pertinente ao tema, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, como procedimento metodológico, aos participantes envolvidos na produção informativa dos dois média comunitários. A importância do estudo consiste em compreender dinâmicas comunicacionais de proximidade que envolvem cidadãos não-jornalistas. Os cidadãos das duas freguesias participam na criação de conteúdos, na escolha dos assuntos, na edição e na distribuição dos periódicos. A produção não está submetida às lógicas de seleção, filtragem e hierarquização jornalísticas. Ainda assim, os entrevistados demonstram interesse e confiança nas informações publicadas. O interesse em participar relaciona-se com o desejo de partilha de valores comuns e vínculos culturais, que contam ainda com o sentimento de pertença e de responsabilidade social.

Resumen Durante el proceso de envejecimiento aparece el dolor como uno de los síntomas más comunes y al que menos se le presta atención, este puede generar un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. También, la fatiga se manifiesta frecuentemente, pero no se suele evaluar o exteriorizar en consulta. Por esto, la presente investigación tuvo como propósito estudiar la validez y fiabilidad de las escalas Siluetas de Fatiga, Caras de Dolor Revisada y Catastrofización del Dolor en una muestra de adultos mayores del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. La muestra estuvo conformada por 131 adultos mayores tanto institucionalizados como no institucionalizados. Los resultados evidenciaron altos valores de fiabilidad en las tres escalas y se revisan las evidencias de validez con el análisis factorial exploratorio. En conclusión, las escalas contribuyen a la medición del dolor en adultos mayores colombianos, brindando a los profesionales de la salud instrumentos confiables. Se sugiere ampliar la muestra con estudios en otras regiones del país.

Abstract Throughout the ageing process, pain arises as one of the most prevalent symptoms which regularly receives the least attention. As a result, pain can negatively impact the quality of life of older people. Fatigue is often present in older adults, yet it is frequently overlooked during consultations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Fatigue Silhouettes, Pain Faces Revised, and Pain Catastrophizing scales in a sample of older adults from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. The study included 131 older adults, both institutionalized and non-institutionalized. The results yielded high levels of reliability across all three scales. Moreover, the evidence of validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis. Overall, these measuring scales provide reliable instruments to healthcare professionals evaluating pain in older adults in Colombia. Future research should expand the sample to other regions of the country.

Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical extraction techniques could help the forensic anthropologist in a precise and inclusive assessment of biological phenotypes for the development of facial reconstruction methods. In this research, the nose morphology and the underlying hard tissue of two South African populations were studied. To this end, a 3D computer-assisted approach based on an automated landmarking workflow was used to generate relevant 3D anatomical components, and shape discrepancies were investigated using a data set of 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The anatomical landmarks were placed on the external nose and the mid-facial skeleton (the nasal bones, the anterior nasal aperture, the zygoma, and the maxilla). Shape differences related to population affinity, sex, age, and size were statistically evaluated and visualised using geometric morphometric methods. Population affinity, sexual dimorphism, age, and size affect the nasal complex morphology. Shape variation in the mid-facial region was significantly influenced by population affinity, emphasising that shape variability was specific to the two population groups, along with the expression of sexual dimorphism and the effect of ageing. In addition, nasal complex shape and correlations vary greatly between white and black South Africans, highlighting a need for reliable population-specific 3D statistical nose prediction algorithms. SIGNIFICANCE: • 3D anatomical structures were acquired and extracted from 200 CBCT scans of modern South Africans. • Geometric morphometric methods were applied. • Soft- and hard-tissue nasal complex morphology vary across South African groups.

BACKGROUND. Preventable blindness is a global public health problem. In South Africa (SA) the prevalence of blindness is increasing, with a higher proportion of cataracts than the global norm, and a large rural population with limited access to specialised eye-care services. OBJECTIVE. To determine the level of knowledge regarding preventable blindness and treatment options within a rural and urban population. SETTING. Rural and urban areas in the Eastern Cape, SA. METHODS. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 309 participants. Questionnaires were administered by fieldworkers at the different sites. Proportions were calculated and χ² tests done to determine whether there was any significant relationship between the categorical variables. Data analysis was done using Stata version 15. RESULTS. Participants were almost equally distributed among the urban (49.2%) and rural areas (50.8%). Both groups had a similar composition of males and females. Most participants had completed high school. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the urban and rural participants' knowledge about the causes of blindness: refractive error χ² (1, N=30) = 8.20, p<0.05, and cataract χ² (1, N=28) = 8.64, p<0.05. The top two differences in the views between urban and rural participants regarding symptoms associated with eye problems (p<0.05) were: 'people who need spectacles have double vision', χ² (1, N=122) = 28.19; and 'people who need spectacles squint their eyes', χ² (1, N=124) = 17.37. The majority of urban participants reported opting to go to a private optometrist for eye health services, while the majority of rural participants would go to a pharmacy. Both groups were aware of the role of ageing in blindness. CONCLUSION. Urban participants in this study appeared to be more knowledgeable than rural participants about the causes and symptoms of blindness and its treatment options. These findings should provide some value to those who provide primary healthcare services in rural areas as there is a clear opportunity for patient education and health promotion regarding the causes and symptoms of these common preventable causes of blindness. Addressing this knowledge gap regarding the causes and symptoms of blindness and the treatment options is a critical first step for awareness programmes in rural areas. Without this, there will be little demand for any treatment or service. Future studies are needed to understand which health promotion interventions are effective in preventable blindness in rural populations.

Abstract The provision of inclusive health services for older adults requires a holistic approach to the health needs of the ageing population and their social environment, to deliver an effective response. To describe the health needs of older adults and their social environment, as a basis for integration of primary health care services. A non-systematic narrative review of the literature was conducted based on an electronic database covering the period 2019-2023 along with a combination of citation references. Information collection followed the principles of the thematic analysis derived from the qualitative approach. Two groups of health needs for older adults were identified: natural aging processes and disease processes. The social environment for these health needs were conceptualized in three interconnected dimensions: socioeconomic conditions, health services, and place of residence. Understanding the elements underlying the health needs which are determined by contextual conditions, supports strategies to improve services for older adults as part of the primary health care approach.

Resumen El otorgamiento de servicios de salud integradores para personas mayores requiere un abordaje holístico de las necesidades de salud y contexto inherentes a la población envejecida, para brindar una respuesta efectiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las necesidades de salud de personas mayores y las condiciones del contexto, como base para la integración de servicios de atención primaria de salud. Se realizó una revisión narrativa no sistemática de la literatura en una base de datos electrónica entre 2019 y 2023 y una combinación de referencias de citas. La recolección de la información siguió los principios del análisis temático derivado del enfoque cualitativo. Dos grupos de necesidades de salud de las personas mayores fueron identificados: procesos naturales de envejecimiento y procesos de enfermedad. Las condiciones del contexto en estas necesidades se conceptualizaron en tres dimensiones interconectadas: condiciones socioeconómicas, servicios de salud y lugar de residencia. La comprensión de las necesidades de salud determinadas por las condiciones del contexto respalda estrategias para mejorar los servicios para personas mayores bajo el enfoque de atención primaria de salud.

Resumo O idadismo pode a influenciar participação cívica dos idosos com efeito na saúde mental. Este estudo teve como questão de investigação: Como o idadismo e a participação cívica intervêm na saúde mental dos idosos? e apresentou três objetivos: Investigar o efeito do idadismo nas atividades cívicas dos idosos; Analisar a influência do idadismo na saúde mental; e Explorar o impacto da participação cívica na saúde mental dos idosos. Este estudo qualitativo transnacional, com amostragem por conveniência em sistema de bola de neve, incluiu 391 idosos. As entrevistas foram analisadas usando a análise de conteúdo. Para o primeiro objetivo, os resultados indicaram quatro temas: Recusa social (86%); Aptidão reduzida (84%); Expectativas de insucesso (83%); e, Incapacidade de contribuir (77%). Relativamente ao segundo objetivo, os resultados indicaram seis categorias: Desilusão (89%); Zanga (81%); Incompetência (77%); Irrelevância (71%); Ansiedade (68%); e Tensão emocional (63%). Para o terceiro objetivo, surgiram cinco temas: Desenvolver sentido de propósito (81%); Sentir-se socialmente integrado (80%); e, Aprender competências (71%); Praticar o sentido de agência (67%); Exprimir-se emocionalmente (54%). Os resultados indicaram a relação entre o idadismo, saúde mental e participação cívica e destacam a participação cívica como relevante para a saúde mental dos idosos.

Abstract Ageism can influence the civic participation of older adults with an effect on mental health. The research question of this study was: How do ageism and civic participation affect the mental health of older adults? and it had three objectives: To investigate the effect of ageism on the civic activities of older people; To analyze the influence of ageism on mental health; and To explore the impact of civic participation on the mental health of older adults. This cross-national qualitative study, with snowball convenience sampling, included 391 older people. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis. For the first objective, the results indicated four themes: Social rejection (86%); Reduced ability (84%); Expectations of failure (83%); and, Inability to contribute (77%). Regarding the second objective, the results indicated six categories: Disappointment (89%); Anger (81%); Incompetence (77%); Irrelevance (71%); Anxiety (68%); and Emotional tension (63%). For the third objective, five themes emerged: Developing a sense of purpose (81%); Feeling socially integrated (80%); and, Learning skills (71%); Practicing a sense of agency (67%); Expressing oneself emotionally (54%). The results indicate a relationship between ageism, mental health and civic participation and highlight civic participation as relevant to the mental health of older adults.

Abstract The aim of this article is to reveal the spatial pattern of structural ageing at the local level in Türkiye and distinguish the ageing regions by linking this pattern with the demographic dynamics that establish it. The data for the study obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute for 2020 to represent structural ageing, general fertility rate, the proportion of very olderly population, and in-migration and out-migration levels by districts were used for this purpose. The data were analyzed with the multivariate grouping technique. As a result of the analysis, Türkiye has been divided into four ageing regions with different characteristics. It was determined that structural ageing, fertility, longevity, and internal migration levels affect the character of each region in different ways and the regions were labeled in terms of ageing level. As a result, ageing regions can contribute to the development of useful regional strategies for policy and implementation programs.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es revelar el patrón espacial del envejecimiento estructural a nivel local en Turquía y distinguir las regiones de envejecimiento vinculando este patrón con la dinámica demográfica que lo establece. Los datos para el estudio se obtuvieron del Instituto de Estadística Turco para el año 2020 para representar el envejecimiento estructural, la tasa general de fertilidad, la proporción de la población muy anciana y los niveles de inmigración y emigración por distritos se utilizaron para este propósito. Los datos fueron analizados con la técnica de agrupamiento multivariado. Como resultado del análisis, Turquía ha sido dividida en cuatro regiones de envejecimiento con características diferentes. Se determinó que el envejecimiento estructural, la fertilidad, la longevidad y los niveles de migración interna afectan el carácter de cada región de diferentes maneras y las regiones fueron etiquetadas en términos de nivel de envejecimiento. Como resultado, las regiones de envejecimiento pueden contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias regionales útiles para políticas y programas de implementación.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é revelar o padrão espacial do envelhecimento estrutural ao nível local na Turquia e distinguir as regiões de envelhecimento ao vincular esse padrão com a dinâmica demográfica que o estabelece. Os dados para o estudo foram obtidos do Instituto de Estatística Turco para o ano de 2020, representando o envelhecimento estrutural, a taxa geral de fertilidade, a proporção da população muito idosa e os níveis de imigração e emigração por distritos foram utilizados para esse fim. Os dados foram analisados com a técnica de agrupamento multivariado. Como resultado da análise, a Turquia foi dividida em quatro regiões de envelhecimento com características diferentes. Foi determinado que o envelhecimento estrutural, a fertilidade, a longevidade e os níveis de migração interna afetam o caráter de cada região de maneiras diferentes e as regiões foram rotuladas em termos de nível de envelhecimento. Como resultado, as regiões de envelhecimento podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias regionais úteis para políticas e programas de implementação.

ABSTRACT In this work, the effect of the barrel bung-hole stave on the volume loss during rum natural ageing in palletized (vertical) system is statistically assessed. Eighty-four traditional 250 L (+/- 10 L) hogshead barrels typically applied in rum natural ageing were studied. For the 50 % of the barrels the bung-hole stave was removed (without bung-hole: WBH) and the others barrels kept the bung -hole stave (BH). Barrels were jointly stored (randomly assorted) under palletized ageing system during one year into a non-conditioned cellar of the major rum producer in Cuba. The volume loss of the barrels was determined after one year of ageing period. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences in the volume loss between barrels with and without bung-hole staves. It was found, that the bung-hole stave can increase the average volume loss (%/year) in about 17% compared with barrels without bung-hole staves during rum ageing in palletized system at the studied conditions. Theoretical arguments to explain the increment of the liquid evaporation due to barrel bung-hole stave during palletized ageing system are presented and debated.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evalúa estadísticamente el efecto del orificio del tapón en la pérdida de volumen durante el añejamiento natural del ron en sistema paletizado (vertical). Se estudiaron ochenta y cuatro barriles tradicionales de 250 L (+/- 10 L) que se utilizan normalmente en el añejamiento natural del ron. Para el 50 % de las barricas se eliminó el orificio de tope (sin tope: WBH) y el resto de las barricas mantuvo el orificio de tope (BH). Las barricas se almacenaron conjuntamente (seleccionadas al azar) bajo un sistema de añejamiento paletizado durante un año en una bodega no climatizada del principal productor de ron en Cuba. La pérdida de volumen de las barricas se determinó después de un año de añejamiento. Los análisis estadísticos demostraron diferencias significativas en la pérdida de volumen entre barricas con y sin orificio del tapón. Se observó que el orificio de tapón puede aumentar la pérdida de volumen promedio (%/año) en aproximadamente un 17 % en comparación con las barricas sin orificio de tapón durante el añejamiento del ron en el sistema paletizado en las condiciones estudiadas. Se presentan y debaten argumentos teóricos para explicar el incremento de la evaporación del líquido debido al orificio durante el sistema de añejamiento paletizado.