Purpose Foreign subsidiaries incur substantial institutional conformity costs because they have to respond to host-country institutional pressures (Slangen & Hennart, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to study this type of cost from institutional and regulatory perspectives. The authors argue that these costs decrease when the host country adopts concepts of international regulations that multinationals may be familiar with due to their own home country regulation experience. This prior regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an advantage of foreignness (AoF), which can offset their liability of foreignness (LoF). Design/methodology/approach This study compared the returns on assets of 35 domestic firms with those of foreign subsidiaries in the Brazilian energy industry between 2002 and 2021, using regression dynamic panel data. Findings The existence of a relationship between the international regulatory norm and the Brazilian regulator has transformed the LoF into an advantage of foreignness to compete with local energy firms. The results also suggest that the better the regulatory quality of the subsidiary’s country of origin, the better its performance in Brazil, as it can reduce compliance costs. Finally, the greater the psychic distance between Brazil and the foreign subsidiary’s home country, the worse its performance. Research limitations/implications The research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). Practical implications This research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). The practical implication is that the relationship between conformity costs, capital budget calculation and strategic planning for internationalization will be related to the governance quality of the home country of multinationals. The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Social implications The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Originality/value This research discuss firm and local regulator tie is one of core competitiveness in host countries (Yang and Meyer, 2020). This study also complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies in emerging economy (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022). Second, prior regulatory experience of multinational enterprise in similar environment can affect its foreign affiliate performance (Perkins, 2014). Third, this study confirms current literature that argues that knowledge and ability to operate in an institutionalized country can be transferred from parent to affiliate. In the end, this study investigates whether AoF persists when host governments improve the governance of their industries. hostcountry Slangen Hennart 2008. 2008 . 2008) perspectives AoF, , (AoF) LoF. (LoF) Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach 3 200 2021 data subsidiarys subsidiary s origin Finally limitationsimplications limitations ties AoF. CuervoCazurra Cuervo Cazurra Genc al al. 2022 Fainshmidt 2017. 2017 2017) standards Originalityvalue Originality value Yang Meyer 2020. 2020 2020) 2022. Second Perkins, Perkins (Perkins 2014. 2014 2014) Third end industries (AoF (LoF 20 202 201 2

RESUMEN: En las sociedades occidentales, la filiación se atribuye, fundamentalmente, a partir de los lazos de sangre. No obstante, las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (TRHA) originan diversas tensiones sociales en torno a la filiación como instrumento capaz de dar cuenta de las relaciones que un individuo establece con sus parientes y con la sociedad. Los cambios en la reproducción y la filiación están dejando atrás la uniformidad que trasmitía la naturaleza para reemplazarla por la diversidad propia de las relaciones sociales. Este artículo busca explicar las tensiones sociales que las TRHA están causando en el modelo biogenético y en la bilateralidad parental como elementos constitutivos de la filiación. Cuatro tensiones sociales serán analizadas: (i) el peso simbólico de la consanguinidad; (ii) el incumplimiento del derecho de mostrarse responsivo frente a la realidad social; (iii) la primacía de la dimensión estática de la filiación a pesar de la diversidad de dinámicas familiares donde se crean los vínculos filiales y, finalmente, (iv) el reconocimiento de la socioafectividad como fuente de atribución de la filiación.

ABSTRACT: In western society, the relationship of a child to his parents is fundamentally based on filiation by blood. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) arises a number of social tensions related to how filiation is accurately able to account for the relationships an individual establishes with his relatives and society. Advances in ART and filiation tend to abandon the natural biological perspective, replacing it with the diversity inherent to social relations. This paper seeks to explain the social tensions that ART brings about to the biogenetic and the bilateral parenthood filiation model. Four social tensions will be examined: i) the symbolic weight of consanguinity ii) the inability of regulations to respond to current social reality iii) the dimensions of filiation for the ascendency of the static dimension despite the diversity of family dynamics where affiliate links are created, and finally iv) the recognition of socioaffectivity as a source to establish filiation.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la percepción de médicos mexicanos sobre retrasos en la atención del cáncer de mama (CM) y el conocimiento de rutas de referencia (RR) diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se realizó una encuesta digital anónima entre médicos mexicanos. Se recopilaron y analizaron datos sociodemográficos, institución laboral, percepción de retrasos y barreras en la atención del CM, conocimiento de RR, y plan de acción ante sospecha o diagnóstico de CM. 785 médicos completaron la encuesta; 87 (18%) y 11 (2%) participantes del sector público y privado, respectivamente, estimaron retrasos > 90 días. 179 (36%) de los encuestados del sector público y 328 (66%) del privado desconocían las RR institucionales. Desconocer las RR se asoció con mayor percepción de retrasos (p < 0.001). Aunque la mayoría de los encuestados no percibieron retrasos, una proporción importante desconoce las RR institucionales y no siguen un patrón de referencia homogéneo. Se debe priorizar la implementación de estrategias nacionales para fortalecer los servicios de salud y disminuir los retrasos en la atención del CM en México.

Abstract This study explored the perception of Mexican physicians on delays and referral pathways (RPs) in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BC). An anonymous online survey was conducted among physicians in Mexico. Sociodemographic data, affiliate institution, perceived delays and barriers to care, knowledge about RPs, and action plan for BC suspicion or diagnosis were collected and analyzed. In total, 785 physicians completed the survey. 87 (18%) and 11 (2%) healthcare providers from the public and private sectors, respectively, estimated delays > 90 days. 179 (36%) participants from the public and 328 (66%) from the private sector were unaware of standardized RPs for BC. Lack of knowledge about RPs was associated with perceiving greater delays in care (p < 0.001). Despite not perceiving delays in BC care, an important proportion of participants lacked knowledge about institutional RPs for BC care and did not follow a common RP. The development and implementation of national strategies aimed at strengthening health services and reducing delays in BC care should be a national priority.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is twofold: 1 to investigate the strategies used by a group of trainee teachers during the implementation via WhatsApp of pre-task activities inspired by the autobiographical approach; 2. to analyse whether and how learners show emotional engagement through online messages, referred here as the ability to express their own personal sphere in the host country’s language. The case study consists of the observation of 900 WhatsApp messages sent over a period of 39 days, aimed at carrying out 9 pre-task activities to enhance the intra-personal emotional sphere. The data were collected during an Italian L2 course designed for students of A2 level according to Common European Framework of Reference for languages (CEFR) with a multilingual and multicultural background and taught by trainee teachers. The quantitative-qualitative survey, carried out on the basis of studies analysing digital communication and supported by the autobiographical approach, shows that pre-tasks offered the community of practice the opportunity to go beyond the teaching activity and to build an affiliate network with emotionally engaging communicative spaces, enriched by iconographic material and stylistically and linguistically refined life stories. From a professional perspective, the study shows the path taken by trainee teachers to acquire skills and competences – stylistic, pragmatic, linguistic, interactional and emotional – necessary to foster forms of affective and inclusive language learning through multimodal resources. twofold pretask pre task approach 2 countrys country s 90 3 days intrapersonal intra L A CEFR (CEFR quantitativequalitative quantitative qualitative survey pretasks tasks spaces stories perspective stylistic pragmatic linguistic resources

RESUMO Este estudo tem um duplo propósito: 1. investigar as estratégias utilizadas por um grupo de formandos durante a realização de pré-task inspiradas na abordagem autobiográfica e implementadas via WhatsApp; 2. analisar se e como os aprendizes manifestam formas de envolvimento emocional nas mensagens online, entendidas aqui como a capacidade de saber expressar sua própria esfera subjetiva na língua do país de acolhimento. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, baseado na observação de 900 mensagens enviadas via WhatsApp ao longo de 39 dias e destinadas à realização de 9 pré-task que potencializam a esfera emocional intrapessoal. Os dados foram coletados durante um curso de italiano L2/LS destinado a alunos com formação plurilíngue e pluricultural no nível A2 do Volume Complementar do QECR (2018) e ministrado por professores estagiários. A investigação quanti-qualitativa, realizada a partir de estudos que analisam a comunicação digital e auxiliada pela abordagem autobiográfica, mostra que os pré-task têm oferecido à comunidade de prática a possibilidade de ir além da atividade didática e construir uma rede de afiliação com espaços de comunicação emocionalmente envolventes, enriquecidos por suportes iconográficos e testemunhos de vida que denotam requinte estilístico e linguístico. Do ponto de vista profissional, o estudo destaca o caminho percorrido pelos professores estagiários para a aquisição de habilidades e competências – estilísticas, pragmáticas, linguísticas, interacionais e emocionais – necessárias para fomentar formas de aprendizagem afetiva e inclusiva de línguas por meio de recursos multimodais. propósito 1 prétask pré task 2 online acolhimento Tratase Trata caso 90 3 intrapessoal L2LS LLS L2 LS L 2018 (2018 quantiqualitativa, quantiqualitativa quanti qualitativa, qualitativa quanti-qualitativa envolventes linguístico profissional estilísticas pragmáticas linguísticas multimodais 201 (201 20 (20 (2 (

RESUMEN La literatura científica señala constantemente que los grupos históricamente afectados por el estigma social experimentan efectos nocivos en diferentes ámbitos de la vida. A pesar de su gravedad y omnipresencia, todavía hay vacíos en la investigación del tema, como el centrado en el estigma de cortesía, que experimentan las personas que tienen vínculos afectivos o profesionales con el individuo estigmatizado. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo presentar el estado del arte sobre el estigma de cortesía a través de una revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos originales publicados en revistas revisadas por pares e indexados en las principales bases de datos relacionadas con el campo de investigación (PsycNET (APA), Pubmed, Bvs Brasil, CAPES, SciELO y revistas Pepsic). Como palabras clave para la búsqueda de resúmenes, utilizamos: estigma de cortesía, estigma de afiliación y estigma de asociación. En total, 94 textos completos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los estudios han demostrado que el estigma de cortesía se ha investigado principalmente entre miembros de la familia de personas que tienen algún tipo de problema relacionado con su salud mental, además de los padres de niños con algún tipo de discapacidad. vida omnipresencia tema estigmatizado PsycNET APA, APA , (APA) Pubmed Brasil CAPES Pepsic. Pepsic . Pepsic) resúmenes utilizamos asociación total 9 exclusión mental discapacidad (APA

ABSTRACT The scientific literature consistently points out that groups historically targeted by social stigma experience deleterious effects in different spheres of life. Despite its gravity and pervasiveness, there are still gaps in the investigation of the topic, such as that focused on the Courtesy Stigma, which is experienced by people who have affective or professional ties with the stigmatized individual. This article aimed to present the state of the art on Courtesy Stigma through a systematic review of original empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in the main databases related to the research field (PsycNET (APA), Pubmed, Bvs Brasil, CAPES, SciELO, and Pepsic journals). As keywords for the search for abstracts, we used: courtesy stigma, affiliate stigma and associative stigma. Altogether, 94 complete texts met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies have shown that the Courtesy Stigma has been investigated predominantly among family members of people who have some type of problem related to their mental health, in addition to parents of children with some type of disability. life pervasiveness topic individual peerreviewed peer reviewed PsycNET APA, APA , (APA) Pubmed Brasil CAPES SciELO journals. . journals) abstracts used Altogether 9 criteria health disability (APA

RESUMO A literatura científica aponta consistentemente que grupos historicamente alvos de estigma social experimentam efeitos deletérios, em diversas esferas da vida. A despeito da sua gravidade e pervasividade, ainda existem lacunas na investigação do tema, tais como aquela voltada para o Estigma de Cortesia, que é vivenciado por pessoas que possuem vínculos afetivos ou profissionais com o indivíduo estigmatizado. O presente artigo teve como objetivo apresentar o estado da arte sobre estigma de cortesia, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos originais publicados em periódicos revisados por pares e indexados nas principais bases relacionadas ao campo de investigação (PsycNET (APA), Pubmed, Bvs Brasil, Periódicos CAPES, SciELO e Pepsic). Como palavras-chave, para a busca dos resumos, utilizou-se: estigma de cortesia, estigma de afiliação e estigma de associação. Ao todo, 94 textos completos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os estudos apontaram que o estigma de cortesia tem sido investigado predominantemente entre familiares de pessoas que possuem algum tipo de problema relacionado com sua saúde mental, além de pais de crianças com algum tipo de deficiência. deletérios vida pervasividade tema Cortesia estigmatizado PsycNET APA, APA , (APA) Pubmed Brasil CAPES Pepsic. Pepsic . Pepsic) palavraschave, palavraschave palavras chave, chave palavras-chave resumos utilizouse utilizou se utilizou-se associação todo 9 exclusão mental deficiência (APA

ABSTRACT Introduction: educational software plays an important role in the teaching-learning process in Higher Medical Education in Cuba. It is a valuable tool that will contribute significantly to the development of mathematics self-learning. Objective: to propose educational software as a didactic resource for the development of the teaching-learning process of the subject of mathematics in the profession of Surveillance and Vector Control. Methods: a technological development study was conducted in the area of learning resources at Lidia Doce Sánchez Medical Science Affiliate Institution of Mayarí, in the period from January 2018 to June 2019. The target group comprised 39 students of Health Technology Studies and 18 professors of these students and the sample included 27 students and 5 professors who teach the subject of mathematics, chosen intentionally. Theoretical methods were used, and among the empirical methods, the questionnaire, the brainstorming technique and observation. Likert Attitude Scale was used. Results: the need for the development of a learning resource for the subject of mathematics was identified. The educational software was designed for learning the four topics of the subject with methodological guidelines for its application in the program of study. Conclusion: the educational software motivates learning, raises the quality of the teaching process and stimulates the creative participation of students. It is recommended to use it and to continue its update and improvement.

RESUMEN Introducción: el software educativo juega un rol importante en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en la Educación Médica Superior en Cuba. Es una valiosa herramienta que contribuirá de manera significativa al desarrollo del auto aprendizaje de la matemática. Objetivo: proponer un software educativo como recurso didáctico para el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura matemática en la carrera de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de desarrollo tecnológico en el área de recursos para el aprendizaje en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas ¨Lidia Doce Sánchez¨ de Mayarí, en el período de enero del 2018 a junio del 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 39 estudiantes de las carreras de Tecnología de la Salud y 18 profesores que les imparten docencia a estos estudiantes. La muestra fue de 27 estudiantes y cinco profesores que imparten la asignatura matemática, escogidos de forma intencional, se utilizaron métodos teóricos y dentro de los empíricos, el cuestionario, la técnica de lluvia de ideas y la observación. Se utilizó escala de actitud Likert. Resultados: se identificó la necesidad de la elaboración del recurso de aprendizaje para la asignatura matemática. Se diseñó un software educativo para el aprendizaje de los cuatro temas de la asignatura matemática con orientaciones metodológicas para su uso en las clases. Conclusión: el software educativo motiva el aprendizaje, eleva la calidad del proceso docente y estimulan la participación creadora de los estudiantes. Se recomienda la utilización del mismo y continuar su actualización y perfeccionamiento.

Abstract This article aims at assessing the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the academic educational process at the university affiliate of Technical Sciences located in 10 de Octubre municipality. A thematic revision on the use of ICT in face to face encounters and in teaching activities is carried out with the aim of identifying the perception of the students about the contribution of ICT to blended learning and the satisfaction of their interests with the purpose of evaluating the level in which students recognize the benefits of using ICT appropriately in their academic education. The project is developed through individual and group surveys which were applied to students of different academic courses in contrast with the results of the observation and interviews to executives and professors. The results show the perception of the students about the fact that an academic education which satisfies their interests can be developed diversifying the use of ICT and planning strategies for the development of new resources and teaching aids for the future in spite of the lack of enough technical equipment.

Resumen El artículo presenta una valoración del empleo de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la formación académica que se realiza en la Filial de Ciencias Técnicas de 10 de octubre. Se realiza una revisión temática sobre el uso de las TIC en los encuentros presenciales, y en las actividades docentes con el objetivo de identificar la percepción de los estudiantes acerca de la contribución del uso de las TIC al aprendizaje semipresencial y la satisfacción de sus intereses, a fin de valorar el nivel en que los estudiantes reconocen los beneficios para su formación académica, del empleo y aprovechamiento de las TIC. El proyecto investigativo se desarrolla a través de encuestas individuales y grupales, aplicadas a estudiantes de diferentes cursos académicos, que se contrastan con los resultados de la observación y entrevistas a directivos y profesores. Los resultados obtenidos, muestran que los estudiantes perciben que, a pesar de no contar con el equipamiento técnico suficiente y las condiciones óptimas en la filial, se puede desarrollar una formación académica que satisfaga sus intereses, a partir de la diversificación del uso de las TIC y la planificación de estrategias de desarrollo de nuevos recursos y medios de enseñanza para el futuro.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to design a novel semirigid ureterorenoscope with irrigation and vacuum suction system and a modified ureteral access sheath (UAS) named Sotn ureterorenoscope® (Sotn=ShuoTong Medical Company) to overcome the deficiencies of the current procedure and to improve the efficiency and safety of using Sotn ureterorenoscope® for treatment of upper urinary calculi. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight patients, comprising 31 males and 27 females, were evaluated. The medical records of 58 patients with upper urinary calculi treated with Sotn ureterorenoscope® from March 2015 to June 2017 were retrospectively reviewed at the Second Affiliate Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine in China. The primary outcome was stone-free rate (SFR) assessed by computed tomography on the 1st day and one month after treatment. The secondary outcome was postoperative complication rate. Results: The mean and SD of operative duration was 48.5 (10.4) min, and the mean and SD of stone size was 15.6 (5.6) mm. The primary overall SFR was 89.7% (52/58) and 100% at 1 month follow-up. Complication, which was Clavien I (minor fever managed by antipyretic therapy), was detected in 1.7% (1/58) of the patients. Conclusions: Sotn ureterorenoscope® is technically feasible, efficacious and safe for treatment of upper urinary calculi because of its advantages of high SFR and low complication rates.

Objectives. Estimate the prevalence of functional dependence, as well as assess its association with diabetes mellitus in older adults affiliated with the Social Health Security (EsSalud) in 2015. Materials and methods. Secondary analysis of the data of the National Socioeconomic Survey of Access to Health of the EsSalud Insured 2015 (ENSSA-2015), a household survey with two-stage probabilistic sampling, nationally representative of the EsSalud affiliate population. We include seniors (60 years and older) affiliated with EsSalud. Functional dependence was assessed using the Katz index (≥ 1 point). Diabetes mellitus was assessed by participant self-reporting. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for potential confounding factors using multiple log-Poisson regression. We report 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and p values. All analyzes considered the complex sampling of ENSSA-2015. Results. We included 10,985 participants from 12,805 eligible in the analysis. The prevalence of partial and severe functional dependence was 12.9% (95%CI: 11.9%-13.8%) and 6.0% (95%CI: 5.3%-6.7%), respectively. The prevalence of functional dependence (partial or severe) in diabetics was 23% higher than that of non-diabetics, after controlling for potential confounding factors (aPR = 1.23; 95%CI 1.04-1.44; p = 0.013). An alternative model showed consistent results. Conclusions. About one in five older adults affiliated with EsSalud had some degree of functional dependence (partial or severe). Likewise, diabetes was associated with a higher probability of having functional dependence in this population.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de dependencia funcional y evaluar su asociación con la diabetes mellitus (DM) en ancianos afiliados al seguro social de salud (EsSalud) del Perú en 2015. Materiales y métodos. Análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional Socioeconómica de Acceso a la Salud de los Asegurados de EsSalud 2015 (ENSSA-2015), una encuesta de hogares con muestreo probabilístico bietápico, representativa a nivel nacional de la población de afiliados a EsSalud. Incluimos ancianos (60 años a más) afiliados EsSalud. La dependencia funcional fue evaluada mediante el índice de Katz (≥ 1 punto). La DM fue evaluada mediante auto reporte del participante. Estimamos razones de prevalencia ajustadas (RPa) por potenciales factores de confusión mediante regresión log-Poisson múltiple. Reportamos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) y valores p. Todos los análisis tuvieron en cuenta el muestreo complejo de la ENSSA-2015. Resultados. Incluimos 10985 participantes de 12805 elegibles en el análisis. Las prevalencias de dependencia funcional parcial y severa fueron de 12,9% (IC 95%: 11,9%-13,8%) y 6,0% (IC95%: 5,3%-6,7%), respectivamente. La prevalencia de dependencia funcional (parcial o severa) en diabéticos fue 23% mayor que la de no diabéticos, luego de controlar por potenciales factores de confusión (RPa = 1,23; IC95%: 1,04-1,44; p = 0,013). Un modelo alternativo mostró resultados consistentes. Conclusiones. Cerca de uno de cada cinco ancianos afiliados a EsSalud tuvieron algún grado de dependencia funcional (parcial o severa). Asimismo, la DM estuvo asociada con una mayor probabilidad de tener dependencia funcional en esta población.

Resumo Objetivo – A pesquisa teve o propósito de investigar de que forma estilos de liderança dos gestores interferem no comprometimento de seus liderados. Foram testadas cinco hipóteses visando identificar relações entre o estilo de liderança e os componentes do comprometimento. Metodologia – O estudo privilegiou a estratégia quantitativa e adotou a survey como método de pesquisa. Foram aplicados dois questionários tendo-se como amostra final 587 respondentes. Na análise, foram utilizadas a estatística descritiva, a análise CHAID e a correlação de Pearson. Resultados – Há relação positiva entre o estilo de liderança com foco no relacionamento e o componente afiliativo do comprometimento dos liderados. Existe relação positiva entre o estilo com foco na tarefa e o componente normativo. Há relação positiva entre o estilo com foco na situação e o comprometimento afetivo, bem como entre esse estilo e o comprometimento geral. Contribuições – O estudo contribui com o debate sobre a existência de relação entre alguns componentes do comprometimento e os estilos de liderança, apontando como o estilo de liderança pode afetar o tipo de comprometimento dos liderados com a organização, especificamente quanto à relação positiva entre o estilo com foco na situação e o comprometimento geral, o estilo com foco no relacionamento e o componente afiliativo e o estilo com foco na tarefa e o componente normativo.

Abstract Purpose – The aim of the research was to investigate how managers’ leadership styles interfere with the commitment of their team members. Five hypotheses were tested in order to identify relationships between the leadership style and the components of the commitment. Design/methodology/approach – The method chosen was quantitative and a survey was conducted. The data were collected through the application of two questionnaires. A total of 587 questionnaires were considered valid. Descriptive statistics, CHAID analysis and Pearson’s correlation were used in the analysis. Findings – The correlation between the managers’ leadership styles with relationship orientation and the affiliate component of commitment was significant; there is a positive relationship between the task orientation and the normative commitment; there is a positive relation between situational leadership style and affective commitment, as well as between this style and the general commitment. Originality/value – This study contributes to the debate about the existence of a relationship between some components of commitment and leadership styles, pointing out how the leadership style can affect the type of commitment of the team members, specifically regarding the positive relation between the situational leadership style and the general commitment; the relationship orientation and the affiliate component; and the task orientation and normative component.

Resumen Los descuentos en salud como deducciones retroactivas son aquellos que realizan las administradoras de pensiones a los pensionados por vejez de la mesada a partir de la fecha que se causó el derecho a recibir la prestación económica, esto es, desde que se adquiere el estatus jurídico. Lo anterior sustentado en los principios de solidaridad y sostenibilidad financiera, independientemente de que el pensionado o sus beneficiarios hayan o no gozado de los servicios de salud de manera real y oportuna por causas imputables a las Administradoras de Pensiones; bien sea por negligencia, por interpretación desfavorable y errónea de la norma que termina desconociendo el derecho pensional, por desinformación que hace incurrir en error al afiliado bajo el argumento de poder mejorar su derecho o en razón a un cambio normativo o jurisprudencial. De cualquier manera, estos descuentos terminan por representar un problema económico para los pensionados por vejez en Colombia. En tal sentido, a través de este artículo académico se permite sustentar una acción inconstitucional derivada de la vulneración de los derechos a la igualdad, la seguridad jurídica, el debido proceso, la solidaridad, la libre escogencia, la favorabilidad y la continuidad de la prestación de los servicios de salud, puesto que hoy no existe en el ordenamiento jurídico una diferenciación objetiva de la norma que permita de manera excepcional exonerar a un pensionado del aporte retroactivo en salud o que establezca una solidaridad compartida entre este y las Administradoras de Pensiones en circunstancias especiales como las anteriormente descritas, más aún cuando se trata de reconocimientos tardíos atribuibles a las entidades pagadoras.

Abstract Health discounts as retroactive deductions are those made by pension managers to old-age pensioners from their allowance since the date that their right to receive the economic benefit was caused, that is since it is acquired the legal status. The foregoing is based on the principles of solidarity and financial sustainability, irrespective of whether the pensioner or his beneficiaries have or have not enjoyed the health services in a real and timely manner for reasons attributable to pension funds. This can happen either by Negligence; by unfavourable and erroneous interpretation of the norm which ends up ignoring the pension law; by misinformation that makes it wrong to the affiliate under the argument of being able to improve their pension rights; or because of a normative or jurisprudential change. Either way, the situation represents an economic problem for old age pensioners in Colombia. Nowadays, in the legal system, there is no objective differentiation of the standard that allows an exceptional exemption of a pensioner from the retroactive contribution in health, or to establish a shared solidarity between them and pension funds in special circumstances such as those described above, and even more so when it comes to late recognition attributable to paying entities.

ABSTRACT The present study is directed to establish coincidences between the thought of José Martí and Carlos Marx in the philosophical area. Both are represented by the highest exponents of the philosophical and humanist knowledge of the European and Latin-American culture of the 19th century, respectively, with an authentically universal scope. It was not objective in any way to turn Martí into Marxist, in the same way that it would be absurd to affiliate Marx to the ideas and the Martí´s conceptions. Nevertheless, it is not possible to stop underlining the depth of the Martí´s ideology in the philosophical, political, social and economic area and his approaches to the Marxist conceptions or to the scientific socialism.

RESUMEN El presente estudio está dirigido a establecer coincidencias entre el pensamiento de José Martí y de Carlos Marx en el terreno filosófico. Ambos representan los más altos exponentes del saber filosófico y humanista de la cultura europea y latinoamericana del siglo XIX, respectivamente, con un alcance genuinamente universal. No fue objetivo en modo alguno convertir a Martí en marxista, del mismo modo que sería absurdo afiliar a Marx a las ideas y las concepciones martianas. Sin embargo, no es posible dejar de subrayar la profundidad del ideario martiano en el terreno filosófico, político, social y económico y sus aproximaciones a las concepciones marxistas o al socialismo científico.

Resumen Este artículo es el producto generado de una de las dimensiones de análisis de la investigación denominada “Las capacidades de las personas de la comunidad que orientan la formulación del currículum de la carrera de ingeniería mecánica con énfasis en protección de incendios de la sede interuniversitaria de Alajuela”. Se busca develar el modelo de afiliación adoptado por la población de estudiantes, herramienta que servirá de base para la reformulación del currículo de la carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica con Énfasis en Protección de incendios. Este modelo se asocia a la capacidad de afiliación y se devela como práctica socioeducativa. El abordaje metodológico de este trabajo es de corte mixto, en el que se utilizaron diferentes estrategias de observación y entrevistas, que permitieron abordar, por medio de un sistema de votación y el programa Net Draw, la construcción gráfica de mapas de afiliación. Los principales hallazgos refieren a la caracterización de un modelo de afiliación informal de encadenamiento horizontal de corto plazo, dependiente de la zona espaciamiento.

Abstract This article is the generated output from one of the research dimensions of analysis called ‘” Capabilities of the community individuals that guide the curriculum formulation of the Mechanical Engineering major with emphasis on fire protection at Sede Interuniversitaria de Alajuela (Alajuela’s Inter- university branch).’’ This article aims at unveiling the affiliate university model adopted by the student population, tool serving as a basis for the Mechanical Engineering curriculum reformulation with emphasis on fire protection. This model of affiliation is associated with the capacity of affiliation and it is considered a socio-educational practice. The methodological approach of study was mixed and used different observation strategies and interviews allowing voting by means of a voting system as well as the NetDraw software for the construction of graphical affiliation maps. The main findings are related to an informal characterization short-term horizontal chaining model dependent on the spacing area.

Resumo O desenvolvimento do ensino superior é uma questão importante para o desenvolvimento social e para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade do conhecimento. No Brasil, como na França, o ensino superior passou por um processo de massificação ao longo dos últimos anos e alguns identificam esse processo como democratização. Se a democratização do acesso ao ensino superior é incontestável, não se pode dizer o mesmo sobre a democratização do acesso ao saber, marcado, ao contrário, pela desigualdade. Em verdade, depois que entram na universidade, os estudantes de primeiro ano, cujo nível é muito heterogêneo, enfrentam, frequentemente, grandes dificuldades. Na França, os numerosos fracassos e reorientações que ocorrem no primeiro ano testemunham a dificuldade da passagem do ensino médio para o superior. Com base em pesquisas empíricas, mostrei que os estudantes que não conseguem se afiliar a seu novo universo fracassam, pois o sucesso universitário passa pela aprendizagem de um verdadeiro ofício de estudante. A passagem do ensino médio ao superior é acompanhada por mudanças importantes em sua relação com o saber: as regras não são as mesmas, elas são mais sofisticadas, complexas, simbólicas e devem ser rapidamente assimiladas pelos novos estudantes. Partindo desse contexto, o artigo discute a possibilidade de uma pedagogia da afiliação, e apresenta duas experiências bem-sucedidas: a escrita cotidiana e a aprendizagem da metodologia documental. Essas duas atividades, facilmente realizadas, são eficazes para fazer com que os novos estudantes entrem em seu novo mundo: o mundo das ideias.

Abstract The development of higher education is a major asset for social development and for that of a society of knowledge, all over the world. In Brazil, as in France, a phenomenon of mass enrolment at university has occurred over the past few years. For some, it is a sign of the democratisation of higher education. The democratisation is real regarding enrolling at university, but access to knowledge is, conversely, marked by inequality. Indeed, first year students have extremely different levels of competence, and after they have enrolled at university, freshmen often experience serious difficulties. In France, students fail or are reoriented massively during their first year at university. This is an indication of how difficult the passage from high school to university is. The author rests his studies on empirical research, and demonstrates that the students who have not managed to affiliate to their new world fail or drop out, as success in higher education implies learning the job of being a student. The passage from high school to university comes with substantial changes in the students’ relations to knowledge. The rules differ, they are more sophisticated, more complex and more symbolic and have to be rapidly assimilated by the new students. The author raises the question of a pedagogy of affiliation, illustrating his purpose with two examples of successful experiments that he carried out: having the students write a diary on a daily basis on the one hand, having them learn the methodology of library work on the other hand. These two activities are easily carried out and are efficient in helping freshmen successfully enter their new world: the world of ideas.

Résumé Le développement de l’enseignement supérieur est, partout dans le monde, un enjeu pour le développement social et pour celui d’une société de la connaissance. Au Brésil comme en France, l’enseignement supérieur a connu un phénomène de massification au cours des dernières années, certains parlant même de démocratisation. Si la démocratisation à l’entrée de l’enseignement supérieur est incontestable, il n’en est pas de même pour la démocratisation de l’accès au savoir, marqué au contraire par l’inégalité. En effet, une fois entrés à l’université, les étudiants de première année, dont le niveau est très hétérogène, connaissent souvent de grandes difficultés. En France, les nombreux échecs et les réorientations en première année témoignent de la difficulté du passage entre enseignement secondaire et enseignement supérieur. L’auteur, s’appuyant sur des recherches empiriques, montre que les étudiants qui ne parviennent pas à s’affilier à leur nouvel univers échouent, la réussite universitaire passant par l’apprentissage d’un véritable métier d’étudiant. Le passage du secondaire au supérieur s’accompagne de changements importants dans leur relation au savoir: les règles ne sont plus les mêmes, elles sont plus sophistiquées, plus complexes, plus symboliques, et doivent être rapidement assimilées par les nouveaux étudiants. Enfin, l’auteur s’interroge sur la possibilité d’une pédagogie de l’affiliation, et donne deux exemples qu’il a lui-même expérimentés avec succès : l’écriture quotidienne, d’une part, l’apprentissage de la méthodologie documentaire, d’autre part. Ces deux activités, faciles à mettre en œuvre, sont efficaces pour faire entrer les nouveaux étudiants dans leur nouvel monde: celui des idées.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os fundamentos, o prognóstico e o estabelecimento da terapia de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea ECMO neonatal-pediátrica em países da América Latina com recursos limitados. Fontes: A base de dados PubMed foi explorada de 1985 até hoje, selecionamos os principais periódicos da América Latina e relatos da Organização de Suporte de Vida Extracorpóreo. Resumo dos achados: A oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea proporciona “tempo” para descanso pulmonar e cardíaco e para recuperação. Ela é usada no campo neonatal-pediátrico como terapia de resgate, com mais de 1.300 pacientes com insuficiência respiratória e cerca de 1.000 pacientes com cardiopatias por ano. Os melhores resultados de sobrevida de curto e longo prazo são de pacientes com doenças respiratórias isoladas, o que estabelece uma terapia padrão em centros de encaminhamento para pacientes de alto risco. O primeiro programa de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea neonatal/pediátrico na América Latina foi estabelecido no Chile em 2003, que também foi o primeiro programa na América Latina a se afiliar à Organização de Suporte de Vida Extracorpóreo. Novos programas de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos em centros de encaminhamento em Argentina, Colômbia, Brasil, México, Peru, Costa Rica e Chile, que atualmente fundam a seção da América Latina da Organização de Suporte de Vida Extracorpóreo. Conclusões: Os melhores resultados de sobrevida de curto e longo prazo são de pacientes com doenças respiratórias isoladas. Atualmente, a terapia de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea é uma terapia padrão em alguns centros de encaminhamento da América Latina. Esperamos que esses novos centros de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea tenham um impacto positivo sobre a sobrevida de neonatos e crianças com insuficiência respiratória ou cardíaca e que estejam disponíveis para um número cada vez maior de pacientes de nossa região no futuro próximo.

Abstract Objective: To review the principles of neonatal-pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy, prognosis, and its establishment in limited resource-limited countries in Latino America. Sources: The PubMed database was explored from 1985 up to the present, selecting from highly-indexed and leading Latin American journals, and Extracorporeal Life Support Organization reports. Summary of the findings: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides “time” for pulmonary and cardiac rest and for recovery. It is used in the neonatal-pediatric field as a rescue therapy for more than 1300 patients with respiratory failure and around 1000 patients with cardiac diseases per year. The best results in short- and long-term survival are among patients with isolated respiratory diseases, currently established as a standard therapy in referral centers for high-risk patients. The first neonatal/pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Program in Latin America was established in Chile in 2003, which was also the first program in Latin America to affiliate with the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. New extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs have been developed in recent years in referral centers in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Perú, Costa Rica, and Chile, which are currently funding the Latin American Extracorporeal Life Support Organization chapter. Conclusions: The best results in short- and long-term survival are in patients with isolated respiratory diseases. Today extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy is a standard therapy in some Latin American referral centers. It is hoped that these new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers will have a positive impact on the survival of newborns and children with respiratory or cardiac failure, and that they will be available for an increasing number of patients from this region in the near future.