Abstract: The functions that guarantee or control courts must fulfill in adversarial accusatory models are crucial for the proper protection of the rights and guarantees of all participants, especially the defendant and the accused. These functions are critical to the debates regarding the appropriateness of personal precautionary measures and require the judge to strictly observe the principles governing such measures and to justify how these principles are applied in each case. Supervisory courts must define and clearly state the standards required for each type of personal precautionary measure requested by the litigants and must reproduce in their rulings the criteria employed and the reasoning used to either confirm or dismiss the requirements of the personal precautionary measures, such as their material prerequisites and the necessity for caution

Resumen: Las funciones que los tribunales de garantía o de control deben cumplir en los modelos acusatorios de corte adversarial son fundamentales para la debida protección de los derechos y las garantías de todos los intervinientes, en especial del imputado y el acusado. Estas funciones resultan críticas para los debates en torno a la procedencia de las medidas cautelares personales y suponen por parte del juez la estricta observancia de los principios que regulan tales medidas y la fundamentación acerca del modo en que estos principios son aplicados en cada caso. Los tribunales de garantía deben definir y explicitar los estándares exigibles para cada tipo de medida cautelar personal solicitada por los litigantes, y reproducir en sus resoluciones los criterios empleados y los fundamentos utilizados para dar por acreditados o desestimados los requisitos de las medidas cautelares personales, como son los presupuestos materiales de estas y la necesidad de cautela

Resumo: As funções que os tribunais de garantias ou de controle devem cumprir nos modelos acusatórios de corte adversarial são fundamentais para a devida proteção dos direitos e garantias dos intervenientes, especialmente do imputado e do acusado. Essas funções são críticas para os debates sobre a procedência das medidas cautelares pessoais e implicam, por parte do juiz, a estrita observância dos princípios que regulam tais medidas e a fundamentação sobre a maneira como esses princípios são aplicados em cada caso. Os tribunais de garantia devem definir e explicitar os padrões exigíveis para cada tipo de medida cautelar pessoal solicitada pelos litigantes, e reproduzir em suas resoluções os critérios empregados e os fundamentos utilizados para considerar comprovados ou rejeitados os requisitos das medidas cautelares pessoais, como são os pressupostos materiais dessas medidas e a necessidade de cautela

Resumen El objetivo general del artículo fue analizar sistemáticamente mediante la revisión de literatura el impacto de la vulneración del derecho a contradicción en el proceso de colaboración eficaz que recurre al empleo de la prueba pericial. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, de tipo básico y con diseño de revisión sistemática, por ello contó con una muestra de 6 artículos relacionados con la temática del estudio. Respecto a los resultados, se determinó que la prueba pericial aporta cogniciones de otras materias cuya relación con el Derecho acrecienta la posibilidad de comprender la situación y resolver un juicio de la manera más integral posible, para lo cual también debe cerciorarse el principio de contradicción. Por otra parte, la indagación se limitó al no realizar comparaciones constitucionales con otros sistemas legales para concebir las diferencias constantes que implican concepciones a tener en consideración; sin embargo, el valor del estudio recayó en el reconocimiento del impacto que la vulneración del derecho mencionado implica para las sociedades y los individuos según su responsabilidad y las imputaciones por las cuales deben responder. Finalmente, se concluyó que el principio de contradicción es crucial para un juicio íntegro y debe reforzarse cuando se reciba evidencia desde otras ramas del conocimiento.

Abstract The general objective of the article was to systematically analyze through literature review the impact of the violation of the right to contradiction in the process of effective collaboration that resorts to the use of expert evidence. The methodology used was qualitative, basic and with a systematic review design, so it had a sample of 6 articles related to the subject of the study. Regarding the results, it was determined that the expert evidence provides cognitions of other matters whose relationship with the Law increases the possibility of understanding the situation and resolving a trial in the most comprehensive way possible, for which the principle of contradiction must also be ascertained. On the other side, the inquiry was limited by not making constitutional comparisons with other legal systems to conceive the constant differences that imply conceptions to be taken into consideration; however, the value of the study lay in the recognition of the impact that the violation of the aforementioned right implies for companies and individuals according to their responsibility and the imputations for which they must respond. Finally, it was concluded that the adversarial principle is crucial for an integral judgment and should be reinforced when evidence is received from other branches of knowledge.

The application of deep learning algorithms for fault identification in wind turbine components is contingent on extensive data. Such data is often scarce, especially in the faulty category. While adversarial data augmentation helps, biases from the original data persist, and larger datasets strain computational resources. As a solution, experts are turning to transfer learning. Leveraging insights from related domains, transfer learning enables machine learning models to circumvent the exigency oftraining from scratch with extensive data. This study proposed a transfer learning strategy for fault identification in high-speed wind turbine shaft bearings. Two-dimensional matrices extracted from vibration signals sampled from the turbine bearings are employed to train ResNet50 and VGG16 convolutional neural network models with frozen weights based on transfer learning. While both models performed well on the normal test samples, they showed differing robustness when evaluated with noise-induced test samples. Contrarily, the ResNet50 had an accuracy, F-score, and training time of 82.21 %, 78.34%, and 26.3 s, respectively, while the VGG16 model had an accuracy and F-score of 95.55 % and 95.35 %, respectively, but trained for 46 s. The ResNet50 may have converged quickly due to "skip connection" in its architecture, typical of residual learning models. While the VGG16 is computationally intensive, its superior performance and resilience to noise make it suited for vibration-based defect detection in the high-speed shaft bearing, where severe background noise is prevalent.

Abstract Motor imaging (MI) has been commonly employed in the domains of nervous analysis and robot control as an essential model of impulsive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Several approaches for extraction and classification based on MI signals have presented by researchers. Because of its random initialization technique, deep-learning (DL) procedures like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) employed in motor imagery categorization would suffer from the problem of extracting the features and improving the classification performance. To overcome these shortcomings, the proposed work presented a technique for reconstructing MI signals using empirical mode decomposition (EMD). In which it can manage the non-stationary problem and mix their Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) extended to multichannel analysis. The proposed works uses the transformation technique of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for extracting the signal. In classification wise, the proposed work used conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN), which provides the better classification performance and reduces the computational time. The proposed work used both binary class and multi-class classification. Scalp swarm optimization (SSO) used to enhance and optimize the learning parameters of the GAN model because in multi-class subjects, the performance of CGAN gradually degrades. In this BCI experimentation, the proposed work used two BCI competition datasets, such as BCI competition three dataset III (a) and BCI competition three dataset IV (a). Furthermore, evaluate the proposed technique performance by evaluating and comparing with DL technique as CNN (Alexnet and Resnet) model. The CNN achieved a classification accuracy performance of 81.61% in multiclass, while the CGAN showed better performance at 89.11%. (MI braincomputer brain computer BCIs. BCIs . (BCIs) researchers deeplearning deep (DL CNNs (CNNs shortcomings EMD. EMD (EMD) nonstationary non stationary IMFs (IMFs DWT (DWT signal wise CGAN, , (CGAN) time multiclass multi SSO (SSO subjects degrades experimentation datasets (a a. Furthermore Alexnet Resnet 8161 81 61 81.61 8911 89 11 89.11% (BCIs (EMD (CGAN 816 8 6 81.6 891 1 89.11 81. 89.1 89.

Abstract: Image-to-image translation (I2I) is a specialized technique aimed at converting images from one domain to another while retaining their intrinsic content. This process involves learning the relationship between an input and its corresponding output image through a dataset of aligned pairs. Our study utilizes the CycleGAN model to pioneer a method for transforming images from the domain of Monet’s paintings to a domain of varied photographs without the need for paired training examples. We address challenges such as mode collapse and overfitting, which can affect the integrity and quality of the translated images. Our investigation focuses on enhancing the CycleGAN model’s performance and stability through data augmentation strategies, such as flipping, mirroring, and contrast enhancement. We propose that judicious dataset selection for training can yield superior outcomes with less data compared to indiscriminate large-volume training. By online scraping Monet’s artwork and curating a diverse, representative image subset, we fine-tuned our model. This targeted approach propelled our results to 2nd place in the Kaggle challenge ”I am something of a Painter Myself” as of August 3rd, 2023, demonstrating the efficacy of our enhanced training protocol.

Abstract Forensic science contributes to criminal science by using scientific methods, which allow for greater controllability in producing evidence, seeking to reduce the subjectivism inherent in other types of proof. In this scenario, we aim to answer the question: how can the comprehension and mitigation of forensic errors contribute to ensuring the rights of the adversarial principle, the entire defense, and legal evidence? The working hypothesis is that knowledge about forensic errors is indispensable for the high quality of expert evidence, resulting in a more coherent, evidential assessment that is more focused on the facts to reduce arbitrariness and judicial errors. To this end, the hypothetical-deductive method was used, with the technique of bibliographic review and reference to jurisprudence. In conclusion, it was possible to show that the scientific community should reflect, discuss and value more rigor in forensic science, prioritizing a clear communication of results to harmonize science, justice, and society. methods evidence proof scenario question principle defense coherent end hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive used jurisprudence conclusion reflect justice society

Resumo A ciência forense auxilia a compreensão da dinâmica fática a partir do emprego de métodos, que possibilitam uma maior controlabilidade à produção da prova, buscando reduzir o subjetivismo inerente a outros meios de prova. Neste cenário, o que se busca responder é: como a compreensão e a mitigação dos erros forenses pode auxiliar na garantia dos direitos ao contraditório, à ampla defesa e à prova lícita? Como hipótese de trabalho tem-se que o conhecimento sobre os erros forenses é indispensável para a produção de uma prova pericial de maior qualidade, que leve ao julgador um conhecimento especializado de maior confiança, resultando em uma valoração probatória mais coerente e direcionada aos fatos, buscando reduzir o arbítrio e os erros judiciais. Para isso, utilizou-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, com o emprego da técnica de revisão bibliográfica e consulta à jurisprudência. Foi possível demonstrar, ao final, que a comunidade científica deve refletir, discutir e prezar por mais rigor na ciência forense, priorizando uma comunicação clara dos resultados, de modo a integrar ciência, justiça e sociedade de maneira harmônica. métodos cenário contraditório lícita temse tem qualidade confiança fatos judiciais isso utilizouse utilizou hipotéticodedutivo, hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo, dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo jurisprudência demonstrar final refletir resultados harmônica

ABSTRACT: In the legal process, there are fewer ubiquitous cognitive problems than is often thought. Optimal fact-finding arrangements depend on a variety of factors, so that those intent on improving these arrangements face different problems in different procedural settings. In examining factors with a bearing on best fact-finding practices, the author focuses first on factors that are internal to legal culture, such as the varying profile of decision-makers, the type of proceedings, and the objectives of justice. He then explores the influence of extra-legal factors, such as the role of political ideology, governmental structure, and the general cultural context on adjudicative fact-finding. Special attention is given to the question of whether radically different cultural environments render their proof-technologies discontinuous, or incommensurable. The paper ends on a cautionary note, suggesting that the absence of a suitable taxonomy of facts subject to proof makes it very difficult to apply the insights of cognitive science to factual inquiries in adjudication.

RESUMEN: La omnipresencia de los problemas cognitivos en el proceso judicial es menor de lo que generalmente se piensa. Los mecanismos óptimos de establecimiento de hechos dependen de una variedad de factores, de modo tal que quienes intenten mejorarlos enfrentan diferentes problemas en distintos escenarios procesales. Al examinar los factores en relación con las mejores prácticas probatorias, el autor se enfoca, en un primer momento, en los factores internos de la cultura judicial, tales como el variado perfil de los órganos decisores, el tipo de procedimiento y los objetivos de la justicia. Posteriormente, explora la influencia de factores extrajudiciales, tales como el papel de la ideología política, la estructura estatal y el contexto cultural general en las decisiones judiciales sobre los hechos. Se da especial importancia a la cuestión relativa a si las técnicas probatorias en entornos culturales radicalmente distintos se vuelven discontinuas e inconmensurables. El trabajo termina con una nota de advertencia, sugiriendo que la ausencia de una adecuada taxonomía de los hechos sujetos a prueba dificulta en gran medida la aplicación de las perspectivas de la ciencia cognitiva en las decisiones judiciales concerniente a los hechos.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es analizar la obra literaria ''Corazón que ríe, corazón que llora'' de Maryse Condé en atención a la representación de la infancia de las niñas y su proceso de construcción identitaria, en un contexto particular vinculado con la negritud; y la interpretación del carácter violento de la educación, entendida como un mecanismo de control colonizador. Finalmente, se articula esta reflexión con una obra de la práctica artística y contestaria de Harmonia Rosales, artista afroamericana que plantea una pregunta profunda, política y reveladora: ¿Quién dijo que Dios no podía ser una mujer negra? Todo lo anterior, mediante la ejecución de un análisis de contenido e iconográfico de ambas obras, asumidas como recursos semióticos susceptibles de análisis. El estudio se desarrolló en el marco del curso doctoral Cuerpos, poder y subjetividad2 . Se concluye que la producción artística resulta un espacio fundamental para revertir los procesos de colonización y la recuperación de la memoria (individual y colectiva) desde el lugar propio y la voz singular de la persona creadora, ya que los procesos formativos formales no corresponden con las vivencias y convicciones de grupos poblacionales históricamente invisibilizados y excluidos. En ese sentido, tanto la obra de Condé como la de Rosales, constituyen efectivamente un contradiscurso o discurso político alternativo.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the literary work ''Corazón que ríe, corazón que llora'' by Maryse Condé in attention to the representation of girls’ childhood and its process of identity construction, in a particular context linked to blackness; and the interpretation of the violent character of education, understood as a colonizing control mechanism. Finally, this reflection is articulated with a work of the artistic and adversarial practice of Harmonia Rosales, an African American artist who poses a profound, political, and revealing question: Who said that God could not be a black woman? All the above, through the execution of a content and iconographic analysis of both works, assumed as semiotic resources susceptible of analysis. The study was developed within the framework of the doctoral course Bodies, power, and subjectivity. It is concluded that artistic production is a fundamental space to reverse the processes of colonization and the recovery of memory (individual and collective) from the own place and the singular voice of the creative person, since the formal formative processes do not correspond to the experiences and convictions of historically invisible and excluded population groups. In this sense, both Condé’s and Rosales’ works effectively constitute a counter-discourse or alternative political discourse.

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the exercise of institutional power through questions presented by former judge Sergio Moro in former president Luiz Inácio “Lula” da Silva’s questioning in may 2017. For this, the questions asked by the former judge at that moment will be analyzed. Questioning is a well-known tool in Linguistics to exercise power, however, regarding the defendant’s questioning, no research on Brazilian judicial setting was found. In order to contribute to this research gap, this paper investigates, by means of mixed methods, the control the former judge exercises through his questions, and the extent to which the former judge’s utterances have adversarial traits. This study draws onTeun A. van Dijk’s (2018) approach to critical discourse studies as the main underlying framework. The results show the former judge’s questioning style on that questioning carries accusatory traits and resembles police interviews. Lula “Lula Silvas Silva s 2017 analyzed wellknown well known however defendants defendant found gap investigates methods judges A Dijks Dijk 2018 (2018 framework interviews 201 (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar o exercício do poder institucional por meio de perguntas feitas pelo ex-juiz Sergio Moro quando do depoimento do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio “Lula” da Silva, em maio 2017. Para isso, serão analisadas as perguntas feitas pelo ex-juiz naquele momento. A forma como as perguntas são elaboradas é uma ferramenta de exercício de poder conhecida na Linguística, no entanto, no que tange à oitiva do acusado, ainda não há pesquisas no âmbito do Judiciário brasileiro. Para contribuir com essa área, o presente artigo investiga, quantitativa e qualitativamente, como as perguntas exerceram controle sobre a fala do acusado e até que ponto há características de confrontação nas falas do ex-juiz. O estudo tem como pressuposto teórico os estudos críticos do discurso desenvolvidos por Teun A. van Dijk (2018). Os resultados mostram que o estilo de fazer perguntas adotado pelo ex-juiz naquele episódio tem traços acusatórios e lembra interrogatórios policiais. exjuiz ex juiz expresidente presidente Lula “Lula Silva 2017 isso momento Linguística entanto brasileiro área investiga qualitativamente exjuiz. juiz. 2018. 2018 . (2018) policiais 201 (2018 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract Apples are the fourth most produced fruit in the world, so it is important to safeguard them from disease damage. Although there are many deep learning-based plant disease detection models, the existing deep learning networks have complex structures and require large amounts of computational resources for support. Lightweight networks such as MobileNet and ShuffleNet designed for mobile devices could achieve better classification and faster recognition on public datasets, but their accuracy rates are not yet up to the requirements of practical applications. To address these problems, we constructed an improved apple leaf disease recognition algorithm based on MobileNetV2. We used feature reuse to improve the network structure, added a dense connection structure to the inverse residual module, and an ECA-Net attention module to increase the model's focus on diseased regions. We trained the improved model on the network on a dataset expanded by a generative adversarial network. The results showed that the improved model had a smaller number of model parameters, only 3.3 M, and a higher accuracy rate of 96.23% compared to Resnet50, ShuffleNet, and MobileNet models. The improved model had only 0.34 M addition in the number of parameters compared with MobileNet-V2, and had a 2.2% improvement in accuracy. world damage learningbased models support datasets applications problems MobileNetV2 MobileNetV ECANet ECA Net s regions 33 3 3. 9623 96 23 96.23 Resnet50 Resnet 034 0 34 0.3 MobileNetV2, V2, V2 V MobileNet-V2 22 2 2.2 962 9 96.2 Resnet5 03 0. MobileNet-V 2. 96.

Abstract This paper aims to improve the quality of reconstructed visual stimuli and reduce the computational complexity of the visual stimuli reconstruction processes in the form of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) profiles. The preceding work envisions the non-cognitive contents of brain activity vain to integrate visual data of diverse hierarchical levels. Existing approaches such as Deep Canonically Correlated Auto Encoder detect the significant challenges of reconstructing visual stimuli from brain activity: fMRI noise, large dimensionality of a limited number of data instances, and complex structure of visual stimuli. In this activity, we will also analyze the scope for utilizing the spatiotemporal data to resolve the neural correlates of visual stimulus representations and reconstruct the resembling visual stimuli. The purpose of this work is to manipulate those suffering from developmental disabilities. A novel Siamese conditional Generative Adversarial Network (ScGAN) approach is proposed to resolve these significant issues. The key features of ScGAN are as follows: 1. Siamese Neural Network (SNN) is a dimensionality reduction approach that takes as visual stimulus information alloy component and its goals to discover each of them effectively. It shows the critical component of visual stimuli. 2. In a conditional Generative Adversarial Network, the labels portrayan expansion to a latent variable to better generate and discriminate visual stimuli. Experiments on four fMRI datasets prove that our technique can reconstruct visual stimuli precisely. The performance metrics are evaluated by Mean Squared Error (MSE), Accuracy, Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC), Losses, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Computational Time, etc. It proves that the proposed method yields better outcomes in terms of accuracy. (fMRI profiles noncognitive non cognitive levels noise instances disabilities (ScGAN issues follows 1 SNN (SNN effectively 2 precisely MSE, MSE , (MSE) Accuracy PCC, PCC (PCC) Losses SSIM, SSIM (SSIM) Time etc accuracy (MSE (PCC (SSIM

Church conflicts arise due to poor ethics, hermeneutics or doctrine. Unending conflicts may be historical and conflict resolution may not have been done. This article identifies fissures in the history of conflict in the Church of Christ in Zimbabwe (COCZ). It proposes to use 'Robert's Rules of Order' (RONR) to redirect deliberants' energies towards comprehensive solutions (Robert 2020). This can eradicate collegial competition, litigious animosity, divided loyalties, mutual hatred, and violent tendencies in negative energy to increase growth tendencies in the organisation. Trust was lost due to highly adversarial contact where legal battles and acrimonious criticisms have not been addressed. The COCZ has tactical, technical and strategic management principles inherited from the restoration history, which can apply in conflict resolution. Using scientific methods of handling conflicts like RONR, and the COCZ principles can hopefully lead to better results in that church. CONTRIBUTION: The paper contributes to alternatives to conflict resolutions which have been tested within the Church of Christ. The Robert's Rules can be used in different religious organisations to resolve conflict through peaceful resolutions of difference.

Resumen: Los mapas históricos contienen datos importantes sobre el carácter cultural, social y urbano de las ciudades. La mayoría de los mapas históricos utilizan notaciones específicas que difieren de los mapas de uso común en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, la conversión de datos de mapas históricos a formatos de mapas recientes puede considerarse una actividad que requiere mucha mano de obra. Este artículo tiene como objetivo exponer cómo se puede utilizar una técnica de aprendizaje automático (machine learning), para transformar mapas antiguos de Estambul en datos espaciales que simulan vistas de satélite modernas (SVs) a través de un marco de trabajo de mapas recíprocos. Con este objetivo, se utilizan los mapas de Estambul de Jacques Pervititch (IPMs) de 1922-1945 y las vistas de satélite actuales para probar y evaluar el marco propuesto. El estudio consta de dos etapas: (i) el estilo y la transferencia de información de IPMs a SVs, (ii) de SVs a IPMs con CycleGAN (un tipo de red adversarial generativa). Los resultados iniciales muestran que el marco de trabajo propuesto puede trasladar atributos tales como áreas verdes, técnicas y materiales constructivos, y etiquetas.

Abstract: Historical maps contain significant data on the cultural, social, and urban character of cities. However, most historical maps utilize specific notation methods that differ from those commonly used today and converting these maps to more recent formats can be highly labor-intensive. This study is intended to demonstrate how a machine learning (ML) technique can be used to transform old maps of Istanbul into spatial data that simulates modern satellite views (SVs) through a reciprocal map conversion framework. With this aim, the Istanbul Pervititch Maps (IPMs) made by Jacques Pervititch in 1922-1945 and current SVs were used to test and evaluate the proposed framework. The study consists of a style and information transfer in two stages: (i) from IPMs to SVs, and (ii) from SVs to IPMs using CycleGAN (a type of generative adversarial network). The initial results indicate that the proposed framework can transfer attributes such as green areas, construction techniques/ materials, and labels/tags.

Resumo Sabemos que a ciência é uma preciosa aliada do juiz na busca pela verdade. Mas também sabemos que toda moeda tem a sua outra cara. A ciência pode, de fato, ser uma falsa aliada do juiz, potencializando perigosamente o erro judicial no processo. O assunto é bem conhecido. A justiça criminal agora se fundamenta fortemente nos resultados da ciência, mas tem que lidar com sua sabida falibilidade. Muitas vezes, o processo torna-se o lugar onde peritos e pareceristas revelam as lacunas nessas mesmas disciplinas que deveriam orientar corretamente as decisões dos juízes criminais. Portanto, o juízo criminal sempre precisa de testemunhas. Especialmente testemunhas contra o acusado, é claro. No entanto, atualmente a prova testemunhal como instrumento essencial de tomada de decisão judicial está em crise. Uma crise que surgiu como resultado da redução do direito do acusado de efetivamente questionar as testemunhas que depõem contra ele (ou ela), restringindo as chances de o juiz perceber a versão da testemunha da melhor maneira possível. Esse é o risco de baixar significativamente o standard de qualidade das sentenças criminais. A crise da prova testemunhal no processo penal pode ser atribuída a dois fatores. A primeira razão. A multiplicação de testemunhas protegidas no processo. Figuras que, como uma espécie de contrapartida à sua contribuição para o julgamento, requerem níveis de proteção elevados, constantes e diversificados: pessoas "frágeis" e vulneráveis, menores, pessoas com transtornos mentais, delatores ou testemunhas "anônimas". Como podemos ver, em regra, trata-se de pessoas que costumam testemunhar contra os arguidos. Em relação ao direito e à jurisprudência europeia e italiana a tendência é clara. As necessidades de proteção dessas categorias de testemunhas resultam em redução do número de audiências e, portanto, das oportunidades de confronto dialético entre acusado e testemunha. Isso pode resultar também no impulso para a "personalização" dos métodos utilizados para esse exame cruzado, adaptando-o às necessidades de proteção a serem cumpridas. Em alguns casos, essas formas de proteção podem ser usadas para obter informações mais genuínas da testemunha, mas também não podemos subestimar o risco oposto, de obter declarações qualitativamente menos confiáveis: porque podem estar muito condicionadas por essas necessidades de proteção, impossibilitando ao defensor do acusado a possibilidade de aprofundar alguns pontos controversos. A segunda razão. Em nível político nacional e europeu, prevalece agora a ideia de que a celeridade da Justiça Criminal é o critério primordial para definir o padrão de fiabilidade e solidez de um Estado economicamente avançado. Esta perspectiva dominante é fruto de uma concepção exasperada e errônea do princípio da duração razoável do julgamento (art. 6, par. 1, CEDH e art. 111, par. 2, Constituição Italiana). O fator tempo passa a ser um valor absoluto, apical e atraente no processo penal, o que parece capaz de impactar negativamente também a qualidade da prova testemunhal: nos referimos, em particular, à recente denominada Reforma da Cartabia ao Código de Processo Penal italiano, onde é claramente perceptível um enfraquecimento do princípio fundamental da imediação. Ou seja, o juiz que assiste à produção da prova oral e o juiz que deve proferir a sentença devem ser o mesmo. Quando o juiz de primeira instância muda, a ideia é que a imediação pode ser facilmente substituída pela tecnologia (a gravação audiovisual do depoimento perante o primeiro juiz e posterior visualização da gravação pelo novo juiz).

Abstract We know that science is a precious ally for the judge in the search for truth. But we also know that every coin has its flipside. Science can in fact constitute a false ally for the judge, dangerously channeling the process towards judicial error. The matter is well known. Criminal justice now draws heavily on the results of science, but has to deal with its overt fallibility. Often the process becomes the place where experts and consultants reveal the gaps in those same disciplines that should instead correctly orientate the decisions of criminal judges. Therefore, the Criminal trial always needs witnesses. Especially witnesses against the accused, of course. However testimonial evidence as a fundamental judicial decision making tool is in crisis today. A crisis that has come about as a result of the downsizing of the right of the accused to effectively cross-examine the witnesses testifying against him (or her), thereby reducing the chances for the judge to perceive the witness’s story in the best possible way. Hence the risk of significantly lowering the quality standard of criminal sentences. The crisis of testimony in the criminal trial can be attributed to two factors. The first reason. The multiplication of protected witnesses on the trial scene. Figures who, as a sort of counterpart for their contribution to the assessment, require high, constant and diversified levels of protection: “fragile” and vulnerable people, minors, the mentally ill, witnesses of justice, or “anonymous” witnesses” (undercover agents). As we can see, as a rule, we are dealing with persons who usually testify against the accused. At the level of European and Italian law and jurisprudence the trend is clear. The needs of protection for these categories of witnesses result in a reduction in the number of hearings, and therefore the opportunities for dialectical confrontation between the accused and the witness. The may also result in the push to “personalization” of the methods used for that confrontation, by adapting it to the protection needs to be met. In some cases those forms of protection could be used to get more genuine information from the witness, but we also cannot underestimate the opposite risk of obtaining qualitatively less reliable statements: because they might too conditioned by those protection needs, precluding the defender of the accused the possibility of deepening some controversial points. The second reason. At the national and European political level, the idea now prevails that the speed of Criminal justice is the primary instrument by which to calibrate the standard of reliability and solidity of an economically advanced State. This mainstream perspective is the fruit of an exasperated and erroneous conception of the principle of the reasonable duration of the trial (Art. 6 par. 1 ECHR and Art. 111 par. 2 Italian Constitution). The time factor is now an absolute, apical and absorbing value in the Criminal trial, which seems capable of negatively impacting the quality of the witness evidence as well: we refer, in particular, to the recent so-called Cartabia Reform of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure, where a weakening of the fundamental principle of immediacy is clearly perceptible. That is, the judge attending the construction of the oral evidence and the judge who must adopt the judgment must be the same. When the trial judge changes, the idea is that immediacy can be easily replaced by technology (the audiovisual recording of the testimony before the first judge and subsequent viewing of the recording by the new judge).

Abstract Colombia's new criminal procedural regime, established by Law 906 of 2004, has meant a profound transformation of Colombian legal culture since it went from an inquisitorial system to an adversarial one. Thus, discovery was introduced as an element of due process and by which the accuser must reveal all the evidence he intends to use in trial. However, discovery has particularities related to who and how must be done. This paper examines what is discovery and its characteristics. It also studies the role of victims in discovery and their relationship to the right to truth and justice. The conclusion is that discovery is an element of due process and can only be exercised by the parties. Therefore, the victim must act only through the accuser, because his direct participation would cause an imbalance in criminal proceedings.

Resumen El nuevo régimen procesal penal en Colombia establecido mediante la Ley 906 de 2004 ha significado una transformación profunda de la cultura jurídica colombiana, se pasó de un sistema de tendencia inquisitiva a uno de tendencia adversativa. Así, se introdujo el descubrimiento probatorio como elemento del debido proceso y mediante el cual, en principio, el acusador debe revelar toda la evidencia que pretenda usar en el juicio. Empero, el descubrimiento probatorio tiene particularidades en cuanto a quiénes están obligados a hacerlo y cómo se cumple tal obligación. En este trabajo se examina qué es el descubrimiento probatorio y sus características mediante el examen y análisis de la doctrina, ley y jurisprudencia, con énfasis en el derecho procesal penal colombiano. Asimismo, se indaga sobre el papel de las víctimas en el descubrimiento probatorio y su relación con el derecho a la verdad y justicia. Se concluye que el descubrimiento probatorio es un elemento del debido proceso y cuya carga corresponde al acusador y al acusado, mientras que la víctima debe actuar a través del acusador, so pena de generar un desequilibrio en el proceso penal.