RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la emergencia del Consumo Problemático de Sustancias Psicoactivas (CP-SPA) de jóvenes estudiantes de un contexto universitario, como resultante de la interacción significativa entre los sistemas de regulación socioeducativa, sanitaria y normativa de la institución en estudio. Materiales y método: Estudio cualitativo de caso, desarrollado en una institución universitaria de carácter privado. Se realizó con soporte en la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner (2011), a través de inserción ecológica intervención (Koller et al., 2016). Participaron estudiantes, docentes y administrativos. Se realizaron cuatro entrevistas y seis grupos focales. Muestreo teórico hasta saturación de categorías. Codificación y categorización utilizando Atlas-Ti, a través de método comparativo constante en la recogida, codificación abierta, axial y selectiva de datos y análisis sistemático (Strauss y Corbin, 2002). Resultados: El CP-SPA en este contexto tiene lugar a través de una trilogía de procesos proximales de interinfluencia: 1. De influencia para la ingesta de múltiples SPA, 2. Enfocados en consumo problemático y 3. De transgresión de normas institucionales, que operan como gatilla-dores de la experiencia dentro y fuera de la universidad. Estos procesos, en la dinámica de la comunicación, configuran sistemas sociales de biorregulación: socioeducativa: indirecta (autorregulación), sanitaria: paliativa (ruta de atención) y normativa: punitiva (reglamento estudiantil), que intentan regular el CP-SPA. La regulación es posible gracias a la interacción de factores de riesgo/protección próximos y distantes, que pueden impulsar directa e indirectamente el CP-SPA. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de biorregulación actúan como garantes y dan forma a las simbolizaciones de la vida emocional, social e institucional del estudiante con CP-SPA, con exito en los procesos proximales persona-persona (microsistema), pero con poca efectividad en el mesosistema. Se propone a las instituciones universitarias generar las condiciones de posibilidad para una estructura regulatoria del CP-SPA que promueva un desarrollo favorable del estudiante, coherente con sus expectativas de formación profesional.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the emergence of Problematic Substance Use (FSV) among young students in a university context because of significant interaction between the socio-educational, health, and regulatory systems of the institution under study. Materials and method: A qualitative case study conducted at a private university, utilizing Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory (2011) with ecological intervention (Koller et al., 2016). Participants included students, teachers, and administrative staff. Four interviews and six focus groups were conducted. Theoretical sampling was carried out until category saturation. Coding and categorization were done using Atlas-Ti, employing constant comparative method in data collection, open, axial, and selective coding, and systematic analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 2002). Results: FSU in this context occurs through a trilogy of proximal processes of interinfluence: 1. Influence for the intake of multiple substances, 2. Focused on problematic use, and 3. Transgression of institutional norms, acting as triggers for the experience within and outside the university. These processes, in communication dynamics, shape social systems of bioregulation: socio-educational (indirect self-regulation), health-related (palliative care route), and regulatory (punitive student regulations), attempting to regulate FSU. Regulation is possible through the interaction of proximal and distal risk/protection factors, which can directly and indirectly drive FSU. Conclusions: Bio-regulation systems act as guarantors and shape symbolizations of the emotional, social, and institutional life of students with FSU, succeeding in proximal person-to-person processes (microsystem) but with little effectiveness in the mesosystem. It is proposed that universities create conditions for a regulatory structure of FSU that promotes favorable student development consistent with their professional training expectations.

Resumen Mediante el presente artículo se analizan los diferentes criterios existentes respecto a la posible vulneración del principio de prohibición de reforma en peor o reformatio in peius en el caso de una previa declaratoria de nulidad de sanción, y como este tema ha generado posiciones contradictorias en la jurisprudencia de tribunales y consejos administrativos peruanos. Así, por una parte, tenemos a los tribunales y consejos que propugnan la aplicación plena del principio y por otro, aquellos que señalan su inaplicabilidad haciendo alusión a los efectos de la declaratoria de nulidad del acto administrativo. En dicho contexto, se postula la idea que en el fondo del debate subyace la aplicación de diferentes métodos interpretativos de un principio recogido a modo de regla, que en lugar de ser enfrentados pueden ser consideradas en su conjunto para garantizar que se cumpla plenamente con el contenido del principio y los bienes jurídicos que protege.

Abstract This article analyzes the different existing criteria regarding the possible violation of the principle of prohibition of reform for the worse or reformatio in peius in the case of a prior declaration of nullity of a sanction, and how this issue has generated contradictory positions in jurisprudence. of Peruvian courts and administrative councils. Thus, on the one hand, we have the courts and councils that advocate the full application of the principle and on the other, those that point out its inapplicability, alluding to the effects of declaring the administrative act null and void. In this context, the idea is postulated that at the heart of the debate lies the application of different interpretative methods of a principle collected as a rule, which instead of being opposed can be considered as a whole to guarantee that the content of the principle and the legal assets it protects.

Resumen La función administrativa designa un universo de actividades necesarias para cumplir los fines del Estado. Uno de los instrumentos predominantes para estos efectos es el acto administrativo. En el marco de una elaboración doctrinal estándar, el acto administrativo es definido como una declaración unilateral de voluntad que produce efectos jurídicos. Tales rasgos generan tensiones con una lectura contemporánea de las normas y del lenguaje normativo. En este artículo se analiza, de manera crítica, el conjunto de propiedades atribuidas al acto administrativo en aras de reformular aquellos rasgos que parecen semánticamente críticos. A partir de los presupuestos metodológicos del análisis conceptual se plantea que, en un concepto de acto administrativo, los atributos psicológicos no capturan adecuadamente la función directiva del lenguaje normativo y los genéricos no suministran criterios suficientes para su reconocimiento. En su lugar, se sugiere una reconceptualización del acto administrativo a partir de las propiedades comunes que pueden derivarse de las normas de competencia que reglamentan su adopción.

Abstract The administrative function designates a universe of activities necessary to fulfill the State's purposes. One of the predominant instruments for these effects is the administrative act. Within the framework of a standard doctrinal elaboration, the administrative act is defined as a unilateral declaration of will that produces legal effects. These features generate tensions with a contemporary reading of norms and normative language. This article critically analyzes the set of properties attributed to the administrative act to reformulate those features that seem semantically critical. Based on the methodological presuppositions of conceptual analysis, it is argued that, in a concept of the administrative act, psychological attributes do not adequately capture the directive function of normative language, and generics do not provide sufficient criteria for recognition. Instead, a reconceptualization of the administrative act is proposed based on the common properties that can be derived from the competence rules that regulate its enactment.

Abstract In Cuba, the value and execution of science are being enhanced. For this purpose, there are some initiatives that seek to promote the dissemination and exchange of scientific production derived from R+D+i projects. However, they are not enough to overcome the isolation of companies in the scientific sector. In this context, the importance of collaboration between knowledge-generating institutions and the sectors that benefit from this exchange, especially companies and public administrations, stands out. To address this problem, a module was developed for a problem and solution bank, which, integrated into the Administrative Management System of R+D+i Programs and Projects, seeks to connect the needs of companies with the available research and development (R+D+i) capabilities. This bank will act as a centralized repository where companies, research institutes, and researchers can publish both their specific problems and the solutions developed. To guide the process of building the solution proposal, the AUP software development methodology was used in its UCI scenario 4 version. Django REST Framework was used, based on a 3-layer architecture, application, serialization, and data. Docker was used as a deployment tool with the aim of automating the application deployment. As a validation strategy, black box tests and integration tests were carried out.

Resumen En Cuba se está potenciando el valor y la ejecución de la ciencia. Para este fin existen algunas iniciativas que buscan promover la divulgación y el intercambio de la producción científica derivada de proyectos de I+D+i. Sin embargo, no son suficientes para superar el aislamiento de las empresas del sector científico. En este contexto se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre las instituciones generadoras de conocimiento y los sectores que se benefician de este intercambio, especialmente las empresas y las administraciones públicas. Para abordar esta problemática, se desarrolló un módulo para un banco de problemas y soluciones, que, integrado en el sistema de Gestión Administrativa de Programas y Proyectos de I+D+i, busca conectar las necesidades de las empresas con las capacidades de investigación y desarrollo (I+D+i) disponibles. Este banco actuará como un repositorio centralizado donde las empresas, institutos de investigación y los investigadores puedan publicar tanto sus problemáticas específicas como las soluciones desarrolladas. Para guiar el proceso de construcción de la propuesta de solución se utilizó la metodología de desarrollo de software AUP en su versión UCI escenario 4. Se trabajó con Django REST Framework, basado en una arquitectura de 3 capas, aplicación, serialización y datos. Como herramienta de despliegue se utilizó Docker con el objetivo de automatizar el despliegue de la aplicación. Como estrategia de validación se realizaron pruebas de caja negra y pruebas de integración.

Resumen: En este artículo se sostiene que los estudios de políticas públicas encontraron un terreno fértil en México desde su llegada a principios de los años noventa. Estimularon a la comunidad académica a discutir dos nociones que, aunque se daban por supuestas en países occidentales, resultaron novedosas en México: la gobernanza orientada por políticas y el gobierno del interés público. Posteriormente, el estudio de las políticas públicas en México consideró tres rasgos del contexto político y administrativo del país. Primero, la prominencia del Estado como el actor más importante en la formulación de políticas que, paradójicamente, carece de las capacidades institucionales para ser más eficaz. En segundo lugar, las reglas informales heredadas del periodo autoritario de México todavía ejercen una fuerte influencia en el comportamiento de las personas y los grupos organizados. Por último, la desigualdad social influye en la formulación de políticas al desmovilizar sectores sociales que podrían actuar en favor de los pobres, impidiendo que los gobiernos hagan cumplir la ley o permitiendo que las burocracias en el nivel de calle apliquen criterios de manera discrecional.

Résumé : Cet article soutient que les études sur les politiques publiques ont trouvé un terrain fertile au Mexique depuis leur arrivée au début des années 1990. Elles ont incité la communauté universitaire à discuter de deux notions qui, bien que considérées comme allant de soi dans les pays occidentaux, étaient nouvelles au Mexique : la gouvernance axée sur les politiques et le gouvernement d’intérêt public. Par la suite, l’étude des politiques publiques au Mexique a considéré trois caractéristiques du contexte politique et administratif du pays. Premièrement, l’importance de l’État en tant qu’acteur le plus important dans la formulation des politiques, lequel, paradoxalement, ne dispose pas des capacités institutionnelles nécessaires pour être plus efficace. Deuxièmement, les règles informelles héritées de la période autoritaire mexicaine exercent encore une forte influence sur le comportement des individus et des groupes organisés. Enfin, les inégalités sociales influencent l’élaboration des politiques en démobilisant les secteurs sociaux qui pourraient agir en faveur des pauvres, en empêchant les gouvernements d’appliquer la loi ou en permettant aux bureaucraties de base d’appliquer des critères de manière discrétionnaire.

Abstract: In this article, it is argued that public policy studies found fertile ground in Mexico upon their arrival in the early 1990s. They stimulated Mexican scholars to discuss two notions that had been taken for granted in Western countries, but that turned out to be novel concepts in Mexico: policy-oriented governance and governing the public interest. The policy field in Mexico made further progress by considering three features that characterize the country’s political and administrative background. First, the salience of the State as the most important policymaking actor, which, paradoxically, lacks the institutional capacities to become a more effective one. Second, informal rules inherited from Mexico’s authoritarian period still strongly influence the behavior of people and organized groups. Finally, social inequality influences Mexico’s policymaking by demobilizing social sectors that could act in favor of the poor, preventing governments from enforcing the law, or letting streetlevel bureaucracies apply selective enforcement criteria in discretionary ways.

Abstract: El liderazgo docente resulta ser una variable importante debido al papel que juega en la mejora de la calidad del profesorado y su relación positiva con los resultados escolares; sin embargo, en las realidades institucionales persisten situaciones que obstaculizan o desalientan al magisterio a asumir estos roles. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el de describir cuáles son los factores que facilitan o inhiben el desarrollo del liderazgo docente en una escuela primaria de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Se siguió un estudio de caso con métodos mixtos. Para el análisis cualitativo, se trabajó con los datos recabados mediante las técnicas de observación participante y la entrevista semi-estructurada. Para el análisis de datos cuantitativos se utilizó la técnica de la administración de encuestas online, y se llevaron a cabo inferenciales no paramétricos: Ji cuadrada y prueba U de Mann Whitney. Se encontró que tener un liderazgo docente alto está relacionado positivamente con tener iniciativa para emprender proyectos innovadores escolares; a diferencia, el nivel bajo de liderazgo se asoció con la incomodidad con roles de liderazgo. Se detectaron diferencias en los resultados de las técnicas cualitativas y las cuantitativas. En el estudio cualitativo se obtuvo que ser docente de apoyo, la figura del director, el individualismo, la disponibilidad de tiempo, la carga administrativa, los grupos numerosos, entre otros, fueron categorías que pueden influir en el hecho de actuar o no con liderazgo. Es indispensable conocer todas las situaciones por la que atraviesan los profesores para poder tomar las decisiones de manera informada, así como encontrar las raíces reales de los problemas que están estrechamente relacionadas con las decisiones sobre po lítica pública.

Abstract: Teacher leadership is an important variable due to the role it plays in improving teacher quality and its positive relationship with school results. However, contextual situations exist within institutions that hinder or discourage teachers from assuming these roles. The objective of this research was to describe the characteristics and factors that foster or inhibit the development of teacher leadership in a primary school in Mérida, Yucatán. A case study with mixed methods was followed. For the qualitative phase data were collected employing participant observation and semi-structured interviews. For the quantitative phase of the study online surveys were administered and the following non-parametric inferential tests were carried out: chisquare and Mann-Whitney U test; Findings suggest that high levels of leadership are positively correlated to having the initiative to undertake innovative school projects. In contrast, low levels of leadership were associated to discomfort with leadership roles. Significant differences were identified in the results of the qualitative and quantitative phase. The qualitative phase revealed that being a support teacher, the principal’s role, individualism, the availability of time, the administrative burden, large groups, among others, were categories that can influence teacher’s intentions to act or not with leadership. It is essential to know the situations that all teachers go through in order to make decisions in an informed manner, as well as to find the real roots of the problems that are closely related to decisions on public policy.

ABSTRACT This commentary analyzes a decision of the Second Environmental Court on the administrative decay of the Environmental Qualification Resolution (RCA). It reviews the state of the art and the reasoning of the court, identifying the origin of the figure, the competence of the environmental judiciary and its parallel with other figures. It concludes that an RCA can lose its purpose during the environmental evaluation, activating the decay; that the Committee of Ministers can pronounce on this in the administrative appeal phase, making its review extensible to the Environmental Courts in the contentious-administrative phase and; that the origin of the decay must be differentiated from other figures that seek to leave without effect an administrative act that lost its validity, being evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

RESUMEN Este comentario analiza una sentencia del Segundo Tribunal Ambiental sobre el decaimiento administrativo de la Resolución de Calificación Ambiental (RCA). Revisa el estado del arte y el razonamiento del tribunal, identificando la procedencia de la figura, la competencia de la judicatura ambiental y su paralelo con otras figuras. Concluye que una RCA puede perder su objeto durante la evaluación ambiental, activando el decaimiento; que el Comité de Ministros puede pronunciarse sobre esto en la fase recursiva administrativa, haciendo extensible su revisión a los Tribunales Ambientales en la fase contencioso-administrativa y; que la procedencia del decaimiento debe diferenciarse de otras figuras que buscan dejar sin efecto un acto administrativo que perdió su validez, evaluándose de manera casuística.

ABSTRACT On June 7, 2023, the First Environmental Court (1TA) accepted an action for review of agency decisions against the act that approved the Atmospheric Decontamination Plan (PDA) of Calama and its surrounding area, questioning the elimination of a monitoring station. This commentary will analyze how the 1TA implicitly applied the principle of the primacy of reality, a criterion that is supported by previous administrative and judicial jurisprudence. It will examine the possible consequences that this requirement imposed on the administration may entail, especially in relation to the balance between this principle and other mandates that the administration must observe, which could generate tensions in its application.

RESUMEN Con fecha 7 de junio de 2023 el Primer Tribunal Ambiental (1TA) acogió una reclamación interpuesta en contra del acto que aprobó el Plan de Descontaminación Atmosférica (PDA) de Calama y su área circundante, cuestionando la eliminación de una estación de monitoreo. En este comentario se analizará cómo el 1TA aplicó, de manera implícita, el principio de primacía de la realidad, criterio que se encuentra respaldado en jurisprudencia administrativa y judicial previa. Se examinarán las posibles consecuencias que esta exigencia impuesta a la administración puede acarrear, especialmente en relación con el equilibrio entre este principio y otros mandatos que la administración debe observar, lo cual podría generar tensiones en su aplicación.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo versa sobre omisión de pronunciamiento por parte de la administración en relación con los argumentos y los medios probatorios presentados por los administrados, situación que no ha merecido mayor desarrollo en la doctrina que se aborda, pero que ha sido considerada como una causal de nulidad del acto administrativo en determinadas resoluciones judiciales, dado que se vulnera el principio del debido procedimiento administrativo y se incumple el requisito de motivación y, por ende, se afecta fuertemente el derecho de defensa del administrado. En esta línea, conviene profundizar y difundir sobre esta omisión como causal de nulidad del acto administrativo.

RESUMO O presente trabalho trata da omissão de pronunciamento por parte da administração em relação aos argumentos e provas apresentados pelas autoridades administrativas, situação que não foi aprofundada na doutrina abordada neste trabalho, mas que tem sido considerada como causa de nulidade do ato administrativo em determinadas decisões judiciais, uma vez que o princípio do devido processo administrativo é violado e o requisito de fundamentação não é cumprido, e, portanto, o direito de defesa da autoridade administrativa é fortemente afetado. Nesse sentido, é recomendável aprofundar e divulgar informações sobre essa omissão como causa de nulidade do ato administrativo.

ABSTRACT The present work deals with the omission of pronouncement by the administration in relation to the arguments and evidence presented by the administered, a situation that has not deserved further development in the doctrine addressed in it, but that has been considered as a cause of nullity of the administrative act in certain judicial decisions, given that the principle of due administrative procedure is violated and the motivation requirement is breached and, therefore, the right of defense of the company is strongly affected. In this line, it is convenient to deepen and disseminate this omission as grounds for nullity of the administrative act.

Resumen La potestad anulatoria de la Administración Pública es uno de los temas que más atención capta en la doctrina administrativista argentina. No obstante, este asunto ha sido abordado fundamentalmente desde un enfoque jurídico-dogmático sin que a la par se hayan elaborado estudios empíricos sobre la cuestión. Este último tipo de enfoque, sin embargo, reviste interés puesto que permitiría indagar, entre otros puntos, acerca de qué tan frecuente se anulan actos administrativos, sobré qué asuntos versan mayormente los actos anulados, quiénes son los más afectados por la anulación y qué procedimientos se aplican en la práctica. En este trabajo, se realiza una aproximación empírica a la actividad anulatoria, comprendiendo en este examen a las anulaciones de oficio, las acciones judiciales de lesividad y las instadas por recursos administrativos. A este fin, siguiendo una metodología que se detalla, se presentan y analizan los resultados de 18 pedidos de acceso a información pública formulados a los ministerios de la Administración Pública Nacional existentes al finalizar el período 2022. El trabajo también distingue las anulaciones según el tema que versaron y revisa el procedimiento aplicado de acuerdo a lo indicado en los actos anulatorios. En un último punto, se discuten las implicancias de los resultados.

Abstract The annulment power of the Public Administration is one of the topics that draws most attention in the Argentine administrative doctrine. However, this issue has been approached mainly from a legal-dogmatic point of view, without any empirical studies on the matter. This last type of approach, however, is of interest since it would make it possible to inquire, among other things, how often administrative acts are annulled, on what issues the annulled acts are mostly based, who are the most affected by the annulment and what procedures are applied in practice. In this paper, we made an empirical approach to the annulment activity, including in this examination the ex officio, the judicial actions for annulment and the annulments requested by administrative appeals. To this end, we present and analyze the results of 18 requests for access to public information formulated to the ministries of the National Public Administration existing at the end of the period 2022. The paper also distinguishes the annulments according to the subject they dealt with and reviews the procedure applied according to what was indicated in the administrative acts. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results.

The President's power to grant pardons, remit fines, penalties or forfeitures and the nature of the accountability for the exercise of such power remains unclear. The question of accountability relates to whether the President has a constitutional obligation to disclose the reasons for his decision. The nature of the power is broadly formulated and should undergo reform to enhance the attendant accountability. Over the years, there were debates on whether the granting of pardons constitutes administrative action in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA). Because it is a power that potentially has an adverse effect on rights enshrined in the Bill of Rights, it is submitted that it should be construed in terms of PAJA. Similarly, the role of Parliament in exercising oversight over the process is unclear and inadequate. The article submits that the President should exercise the power together with the relevant Cabinet Minister, and subject to legislative endorsement.

This article analyses the importance of the solvency capital requirement (hereafter SCR) and the minimum capital requirement (hereafter MCR) formulae and why an insurer's external auditor should audit these and disclose its contents in the insurer's financial statements. When calculating the SCR, the reason for requiring such a disclosure is to allow the Prudential Authority an opportunity to understand whether the assumptions, parameters and techniques (also referred to as economic considerations) applied by actuaries comply with section 36 of the Insurance Act 18 of 2017. Administrative costs and written premiums are considered when calculating the MCR, although written premiums could be subjected to different interpretations, which might affect this formula. Accordingly, had Constantia Insurance Company Limited's auditor audited these formulae in 2018 and disclosed their contents in the financial statements, the Prudential Authority would have commenced liquidation procedures in 2019, not choosing instead to wait and monitor the company's solvency requirements on a weekly basis for four years. As a result, owing to the lack of transparency in the financial statements and non-compliance with the SCR and MCR, Constantia spent nearly R733 000 000 over the three-year period to fund its business activities.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa observou que o advento do Regresso se refletiu nos debates sobre criação de vilas em Minas Gerais, revelando a imbricada relação entre surtos de autonomia municipal e acirramento da tensão partidária, que culminou na revolta de 1842. A proposta se insere na perspectiva teórica que enfatiza o papel do Poder Legislativo e das elites regionais no funcionamento da política imperial. Com o Ato Adicional de 1834, tais elites representadas nas recém-criadas Assembleias Provinciais passaram a ter o poder de decidir sobre a divisão territorial. A análise de debates parlamentares e leis votadas no período revelou, de maneira inédita, a conexão entre o processo de criação de vilas e a política imperial em seus diferentes níveis. Com efeito, a intensa descentralização político-administrativa observada em Minas Gerais em pleno alvorecer do Regresso evidenciou que o binômio centralização/descentralização não explica a complexidade da política do período. partidária 1842 1834 recémcriadas recém criadas territorial revelou inédita níveis efeito políticoadministrativa político administrativa centralizaçãodescentralização centralização 184 183 18 1

RESUMEN Este estudio observó que la llegada del Regreso se reflejó en los debates de la creación de las villas en Minas Gerais, revelando la entrelazada relación entre focos de autonomía municipal e intensificación de la tensión política partidaria, que culminó en la revuelta de 1842. La propuesta se introduce en la perspectiva teórica que enfatiza el papel del poder legislativo y de las élites regionales en el funcionamiento de la política imperial. Con el Acto Adicional de 1834, estas élites representadas en las recién creadas Asambleas Provinciales pasaron a tener el poder de decidir sobre la división territorial. El análisis de los debates parlamentares y de las leyes votadas en el periodo reveló, de forma inédita, la conexión entre el proceso de creación de las villas y la política imperial en sus diferentes niveles. De hecho, la intensa descentralización político-administrativa observada en Minas Gerais en pleno inicio del Regreso, evidenció que el binomio centralización - descentralización no explica la complejidad de la política del periodo. partidaria 1842 1834 territorial reveló inédita niveles hecho políticoadministrativa político administrativa 184 183 18 1

ABSTRACT This research observed that the advent of the Regresso was reflected in the debates on the creation of towns in Minas Gerais, revealing the intertwined relationship between outbreaks of municipal autonomy and the intensification of partisan tension, which culminated in the revolt of 1842. The proposal is part of the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role of legislative power and regional elites in the functioning of imperial politics. With the Additional Act of 1834, these elites represented in the newly created Provincial Assemblies gained the power to decide on territorial division. The analysis of parliamentary debates and laws voted in the period revealed, in an unprecedented way, the connection between the process of creating towns and imperial politics at its different levels. In effect, the intense political-administrative decentralization observed in Minas Gerais at the dawn of the Regresso showed that the centralization/decentralization binomial does not explain the complexity of the Regress Politics. tension 1842 1834 division revealed way levels effect politicaladministrative political administrative centralizationdecentralization centralization Politics 184 183 18 1

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar os custos e o perfil dos pacientes que demandaram judicialmente o onasemnogene abeparvoveque (Zolgensma®) para o tratamento da atrofia muscular espinhal (AME) no Ministério da Saúde. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, de natureza descritiva e desenho censitário, com base em registros de ações judiciais movidas contra o Ministério da Saúde no período de janeiro de 2019 a setembro de 2022. Os dados foram solicitados ao Ministério da Saúde, via Lei de Acesso à Informação. Foram extraídas informações sobre o perfil epidemiológico dos beneficiários das ações judiciais, bem como os gastos dispendidos pelo Ministério da Saúde nos casos de deferimento das solicitações. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 136 processos judiciais, dos quais 113 (83%) foram favoráveis aos pacientes ao custo de R$ 944,8 milhões no período analisado. Características demográficas (sexo e idade), clínicas (subtipos da AME, uso de suporte ventilatório ou nutricional) e do processo judicial (tipo de serviço advocatício) não foram associadas com o deferimento das ações judiciais. O uso prévio de medicamento (nusinersena ou ridisplam) foi associado com o indeferimento dos processos judiciais. Das 113 ações judiciais concedidas em favor dos pacientes, apenas seis (5,3%) atenderiam aos critérios estabelecidos atualmente pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias – Conitec (crianças com até seis meses sem suporte ventilatório e nutricional). Houve dispêndio de R$ 146 milhões com o fornecimento do Zolgensma para crianças com idade superior a dois anos, que está fora da recomendação contida na bula do medicamento. CONCLUSÕES O Ministério da Saúde incorre em um alto custo com a judicialização do Zolgensma para AME, representando 2,45% do gasto total com medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde, incluindo gastos das três esferas administrativas. Parte das demandas judiciais tem sido deferida em divergência com os critérios estabelecidos por agências de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde e recomendações do fabricante do medicamento. Zolgensma® (Zolgensma® AME (AME transversal censitário 201 2022 Informação solicitações 13 11 83% 83 (83% R 9448 944 8 944, analisado sexo idade, , idade) subtipos nutricional tipo advocatício nusinersena ridisplam 5,3% 53 5 3 (5,3% nutricional. . 14 anos 245 2 45 2,45 administrativas (Zolgensma 20 202 1 (83 94 5,3 (5,3 24 4 2,4 (8 9 5, (5, 2, ( (5

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the costs and profile of patients who have filed a lawsuit against the Ministry of Health for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with the onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma®). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a census design, based on records of lawsuits filed against the Ministry of Health between January 2019 and September 2022. Data was requested from the Ministry of Health via the Access to Information Act. Information was extracted on the epidemiological profile of the beneficiaries of the lawsuits, as well as the expenses spent by the Ministry of Health in cases where the requests were granted. RESULTS 136 lawsuits were identified, of which 113 (83%) were favorable to patients at a cost of R$ 944.8 million in the period analyzed. Demographic (gender and age), clinical (SMA subtypes, use of ventilatory or nutritional support), and lawsuit (type of legal service) characteristics were not associated with the granting of lawsuits. Prior use of medication (nusinersena or ridisplam) was associated with the dismissal of lawsuits. Of the 113 lawsuits granted in favor of patients, only six (5.3%) would meet the criteria currently established by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation - Conitec (children up to six months without ventilatory and nutritional support). R$ 146 million was spent on supplying Zolgensma to children over the age of two, which is outside the recommendation contained in the drug’s package leaflet. CONCLUSIONS The Ministry of Health incurs a high cost with the judicialization of Zolgensma for SMA, representing 2.45% of total spending on medicines in the Unified Health System, including spending by the three administrative spheres. Some of the lawsuits have been granted in disagreement with the criteria established by health technology assessment agencies and the drug manufacturer’s recommendations. SMA Zolgensma®. Zolgensma® . (Zolgensma®) crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional design 201 2022 Act 13 identified 11 83% 83 (83% R 9448 944 8 944. analyzed gender age, , age) subtypes support, support support) type service nusinersena ridisplam 5.3% 53 5 3 (5.3% support. 14 two drugs s leaflet 245 2 45 2.45 System spheres manufacturers manufacturer recommendations (Zolgensma® 20 202 1 (83 94 5.3 (5.3 24 4 2.4 (Zolgensma (8 9 5. (5. 2. ( (5

Resumo Do ponto de vista jurídico, a naturalização é um modo secundário de se obter a nacionalidade de um Estado, resultante da manifestação de vontade. Mas é possível tratar a questão da naturalização apenas como uma questão jurídica e como uma manifestação de vontade individual? Este artigo procura responder esta indagação dialogando com as contribuições de Abdelmalek Sayad, desenvolvendo dois argumentos: (1) para Sayad a naturalização não deve ser encarada como uma simples operação administrativa, que como num ato de magia transforma, por exemplo, um argelino em um francês, através duma publicação no diário oficial. Para Sayad a naturalização envolve muito mais do que apenas sua dimensão jurídica; (2) a questão da naturalização em Sayad deve ser compreendida dentro de sua crítica ao mundo pós-colonial, hegemonicamente organizado em Estados-nação. Mundo onde migrantes internacionais estão entre aqueles que, por excelência, vivenciam e revelam os paradoxos - as contradições, incoerências do mundo contemporâneo. jurídico Estado individual argumentos 1 (1 administrativa transforma exemplo francês oficial 2 (2 póscolonial, póscolonial pós colonial, colonial pós-colonial Estadosnação. Estadosnação Estados nação. nação Estados-nação excelência contradições contemporâneo (

Abstract From a legal standpoint, naturalization is a secondary means of obtaining nationality in a state, resulting from the expression of will. Is it possible to regard the issue of naturalization solely as a legal matter and as an expression of individual will? This article seeks to address this question by engaging with the contributions of Abdelmalek Sayad, developing two arguments: (1) according to Sayad, naturalization should not be seen as a mere administrative operation that transforms, for example, an Algerian into a French citizen through a publication in the official gazette. Sayad believes that naturalization involves much more than just its legal dimension; (2) the issue of naturalization in Sayad's perspective should be understood within his critique of the post-colonial world, predominantly organized into nation-states. It is a world where international migrants are among those who experience and reveal the paradoxes, contradictions, inconsistencies of the contemporary world. standpoint state will arguments 1 (1 transforms example gazette dimension 2 (2 Sayads s postcolonial post colonial nationstates. nationstates nation states. states nation-states paradoxes contradictions (