ABSTRACT This study is situated in the field of Clinical Phonetics and aimed at determining Voice Onset Time (VOT) measures in the voiced and voiceless occlusive sounds of Spanish native speakers with Parkinson’s disease and comparing them with those from a control group. To that end, data were taken from seventeen people with Parkinson’s disease (seven women, ten men) and seventeen control participants, with both groups matched for age and gender. The participants read words and pseudowords that contained the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/ and /g/ in word-initial position, either preceded or not by the particle/article /un/ (preceding context variable) recommended by Roldán and Soto (1997). VOT measures in the voiced and voiceless occlusive consonants were calculated with the Praat computer software and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, and median comparison tests of Wilcoxon for independent samples. The results indicate that VOT in the voiceless occlusive consonants for the group with Parkinson’s disease is longer than for the control group. Additionally, the results show a statistically significant effect for the VOT values with or without the use of the particle /un/. This study constitutes one of the first research papers analyzing the VOT of persons with Parkinson’s disease in Colombia, and it suggests future challenges in the acoustic analysis of the atypical speech of the Spanish-speaking population.

RESUMEN Este estudio se enmarcó en la fonética clínica y tuvo por objetivo determinar las medidas del Voice Onset Time -VOT- en los sonidos oclusivos sordos y sonoros de hablantes nativos del español que presentan la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) y compararlas con un grupo control (GC). Para ello, se tomaron datos a 17 personas con EP (7 mujeres, 10 hombres) y a 17 personas como GC, ambos grupos pareados por edad y género. Para lograr este objetivo, los participantes hicieron lectura de palabras y pseudopalabras que contenían las consonantes /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/ y /g/ en dos posiciones: posición inicial de palabra, con y sin la partícula /un/como señalan Roldán y Soto (1997). Todas las medidas del VOT, en las consonantes oclusivas sordas y sonoras, fueron calculadas con el programa Praat y posteriormente analizadas a través de estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Shapiro Wilk, y pruebas de comparación de medianas de Wilcoxon para muestras independientes. Los resultados mostraron que el VOT de las consonantes oclusivas sordas en el grupo con EP es más largo que el del GC. Así mismo, los resultados evidenciaron una incidencia estadísticamente significativa en los valores del VOT con el uso o no de la partícula /un/. Este estudio se configura en uno de los primeros en analizar el VOT de personas con EP en Colombia y plantea retos futuros en el análisis acústico del habla atípica de población hispanohablante.

Abstract: This investigation presents an acoustic analysis of the vowel duration of the Vananga Rapa Nui language spoken by bilingual adults from Easter Island. Specifically, it was sought to characterize the duration of the vowels, establish the average duration and determine statistical importance starting from the data. This work considered a quantitative approach of descriptive nature. A lexical list of 195 items was applied to seven collaborators. The Praat program was used for acoustic processing, and SPSS was used for statistical processing. Among the results, the average duration of the short and long vowels of the tongue stands out, as expected, the long vowels have a longer duration; however, in most cases there are no statistically significant differences considering the variable tonicity. This study provides background that contributes to the discussion of the phonological status of long vowels in the language.

Resumen: En este estudio se presenta un análisis acústico de la duración vocálica de la lengua vananga rapa nui hablado por adultos bilingües de la Isla de Pascua. En concreto, se buscó caracterizar la duración de las vocales, establecer la duración media y determinar significancia estadística a partir de los datos. Este trabajo contempló un enfoque cuantitativo de carácter descriptivo. Se aplicó una lista léxica de 195 ítems a siete colaboradores. Para el procesamiento acústico se utilizó el programa Praat, y para el procesamiento estadístico, SPSS. Entre los resultados se destaca la duración media de las vocales breves y largas de la lengua, como es de esperarse, las vocales largas poseen una duración mayor, sin embargo, en gran parte de los casos no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas considerando la variable tonicidad. Este trabajo proporciona antecedentes que aportan a la discusión del estatus fonológico de las vocales largas en la lengua.

Resumen: En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio acústico cuantitativo de los formantes vocálicos en bribri. Específicamente, se analizan los valores de los dos primeros formantes de todos los fonemas vocálicos pronunciados por hablantes provenientes de las tres áreas dialectales de esta lengua chibchense, en dos registros distintos: la lectura cuidadosa y el habla espontánea. Los datos muestran patrones muy similares en los tres dialectos y en ambos estilos, con cuatro alturas vocálicas a nivel fonético. Los fonemas /e/ y /o/ tienden a realizarse como medias, mientras que /õ/ es el que presenta mayor variación.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a quantitative acoustic study of the vowel formants in Bribri. Specifically, it analyzes the values of the first two formants of all the vowel phonemes pronounced by speakers from the three dialectal areas of this Chibchan language, in two different registers: careful reading and spontaneous speech. The data show very similar patterns in all three dialects and in both styles, with four vowel heights on the phonetic level. The phonemes /e/ and/o/ tend to be realized as mid vowels, while /õ/ is the one that presents the most variation.

This article provides a sociophonetic analysis of General South African English /l/, based on the naturalistic speech of 50 male and female L1-speakers of this variety of South African English (SAfE), all from Cape Town and ranging from 18-82 years of age. Emphasis falls on testing descriptions provided by the impressionistic literature of the so-called 'colour' of the two main allophones of this phoneme i.e. those in initial and final positions; and on determining whether there has been any change in this regard. The relevant phonetic (acoustic) analysis focuses on the parameters of F2 or F2-F1 (as general measures of 'colour') and co-articulatory resistance (as an additional parameter of darkening, particularly with respect to final-/l/) to determine the overall status of /l/ as well as to determine whether or not the acoustic difference between initial-/l/ and final-/l/ meets the criteria provided by Recasens (2012) for extrinsic allophony. These parameters also constitute dependent variables for a statistical analysis which determines the relative effect of one internal (positional allophony) and two external (age and gender) independent variables on these parameters. The results provide evidence to suggest that pronouncements in the impressionistic literature are incorrect. While there has been a darkening of /l/-colour in apparent time, /l/-colour in General SAfE has been and is consistently of a relatively dark kind, as in the case of the Australasian varieties of English, the closest relatives of SAfE. Furthermore, results show that any remaining difference in colour between the two positional allophones is purely the result of intrinsic allophony i.e. General SAfE does not display a full RP-like clear-dark allophony. Results do, however, confirm that female speakers have a slightly more fronted variant of initial-/l/, probably a prestige variant.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify genetically enhanced physical skills (speed, strength, endurance and motor coordination), provided by the dermatoglyphic method and to analyze the preliminary correlation between dermatoglyphic and acoustic data of lyrical and pop singers. Methods: the study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. Four male singers were evaluated (two lyrical and two pop singers), 31-53 years old. Data collection and analysis procedures comprised (1) Survey -Self-Perception of Vocal Characteristics in Singers (vocal habits, voice performance and phenotypic characteristics); (2) Dermatoglyphic Profile (fingerprint image digitalization: predominance of digital drawings (Arch, Loop and Whorl); scores of deltas (D10); the Total Ridge Count (TRC); digital formula and dermatoglyphic profile (aerobic, anaerobic and mix)); (3) Acoustic Analysis (the Expression Evaluator script application to the audio recordings: f0, intensity, spectral slope and long-term average spectrum - LTAS values); and (4) Integrated (Statistical) Analysis; cluster analysis. Results: correlations were found between dermatoglyphic variables (Arch, Loop, Whorl, D10, TRC) and acoustic parameters (f0 (median); intensity (asymmetry); spectral slope (mean); and LTAS (SD)). The dermatoglyphic profile did not segregate singing styles. Conclusion: the dermatoglyphic profiles showed a preliminary correlation with the acoustic vocal measures, especially f0 and LTAS measures.

Resumo Este trabalho demonstra como realizar tarefas básicas da análise acústica da fala no programa Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2022). As tarefas selecionadas são descritas e acompanhadas de fundamentação teórica relevante. O software é um dos principais programas de análise de fala, contando com uma ampla variedade de análises robustas e atualizadas e com distribuição gratuita. Ao longo do artigo, são introduzidas operações elementares do programa e comandos básicos de geração e visualização de ondas sonoras. É apresentado o método de anotação da fala, destacando suas vantagens e desafios. São fornecidas instruções para a análise acústica básica de vogais, consoantes e alguns elementos prosódicos.

Abstract This study shows how to perform basic tasks of speech acoustical analysis in the software Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2022). The selected tasks are described and accompanied by relevant theoretical concepts. Praat is a leading speech analysis software, which consists of a wide variety of robust and up-to-date analyses, and is freely distributed. Throughout the paper, the softwares elementary functions are introduced, as well as instructions on how to generate and visualize sound waves. The method for speech annotation is presented, highlighting advantages and challenges. Guidelines for basic analysis of vowels, consonants and some prosodic features are supplied.

Abstract Languages of the Yucatecan branch -Yukatek, Lacandon, Itzaj, Mopan- have been hugely studied among the Mayan family; nevertheless, such linguistic descriptions and analysis have not given enough attention to phonetic and phonological levels, especially as regards to the phonetic description of the consonantal and vocalic segments of this group of languages. This paper presents a brief description and analysis of the phonetic and phonological levels of Mopan Maya. It is organized as follows. In §1, general information about the language is provided, including lexical loans of other Mayan languages. This section also includes the methodology of the investigation and some general information about the consultants whose speech is described here. In §2, the vowel system and its contrasts are presented. In §3, the consonantal system, its contrasts, and most prominent phonological processes are presented, although those that have been widely described by previous authors are not included -such as assimilation of nasals, vowel harmony and vowel dissimilation-. Section §4 describes the syllable structure of words in, and Section §5 focuses on acoustic analysis and phonetic description of the contrast between glottalized and non-glottalized obstruents, and the realizations of glottal stop. Lastly, some final considerations are offered.

Resumen Si bien las lenguas de la rama yucatecana -yucateco, lacandón, itzaj, mopan- han sido de las más estudiadas en la familia lingüística maya, las descripciones y análisis lingüísticos no han dado la debida atención al nivel fónico, en especial en lo que se refiere a la descripción fonética de los segmentos consonánticos y vocálicos de este grupo de lenguas. Este artículo presenta una breve descripción fonológica y análisis fonético de la lengua maya mopan, y se organiza como sigue. En §1 se dan datos generales de la lengua -destacando los préstamos léxicos de otras lenguas mayas-, se expone la metodología seguida en la investigación y se proporciona información sobre los colaboradores. En §2 se presenta el sistema vocálico y sus contrastes. En §3 se presentan el sistema consonántico, sus contrastes, y los procesos fonológicos más prominentes, aunque no se incluyen aquellos que han sido descritos ampliamente por autores previos, como asimilación de nasales, armonía vocálica y disimilación vocálica. La sección §4 describe la estructura silábica de las palabras en maya mopan y, la sección §5 se centra en el análisis acústico y descripción fonética de las consonantes implosivas, del contraste entre obstruyentes simples y glotalizadas, y de las realizaciones de la oclusiva glotal. Por último, se ofrecen unas consideraciones finales.

Abstract This research presents an acoustic description of the consonant sounds of the yagua language, an isolated language belonging to the Peba-yagua family which is spoken in the northeastern region of Peru. The number of people in the current yagua society amounts to approximately 5,679. The population is distributed mainly in the provinces of Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Putumayo, and Maynas in the department of Loreto, mainly in the border areas with Colombia and Brazil. The objective of this study was to establish the number of consonants in the Yagua language and detail their acoustic properties. On the basis of acoustic phonetics and after an agreement with the Yagua collaborators to carry out interviews to them in order to obtain this data for the investigation, a set of 200 words was elicited from 9 speakers from the Amazon River communities. Subsequently, the recordings were processed using the Praat computer program, which made it possible to recognize the acoustic characteristics of the sounds of the Yagua language. Among the most noteworthy results, it has been possible to determine the existence of 20 consonant sounds in the Yagua language: [ p ], [pw], [t], [k], [m], [mw], [mb], [n], [ɲ], [nd], [t͡ʃ], [s], [ʃ], [r], [ɾ], [ɽ], [w], [β], [j] and [h]

Resumen Esta investigación presenta una descripción acústica de los sonidos consonánticos del yagua, una lengua aislada perteneciente a la familia peba-yagua y que se habla en la región nororiental del Perú. El número de personas que componen la sociedad yagua actual asciende a aproximadamente 5679. La población se distribuye principalmente en las provincias de Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Putumayo y Maynas, en el departamento de Loreto, principalmente en las zonas fronterizas con Colombia y Brasil. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer el número de consonantes de la lengua yagua y detallar sus propiedades acústicas. Sobre la base de la fonética acústica y tras un acuerdo con los colaboradores yagua a fin de realizarles entrevistas para obtener estos datos necesarios para la investigación, se elicitó un conjunto de 200 palabras a 9 colaboradores de las comunidades del río Amazonas. Posteriormente, se realizó el procesamiento de las grabaciones a través del programa informático Praat, que permitió reconocer las características acústicas de los sonidos de esta lengua. Entre los resultados más resaltantes, se ha podido determinar la existencia de 20 sonidos consonánticos en yagua: [ p ], [pw], [t], [k], [m], [mw], [mb], [n], [ɲ], [nd], [t͡ʃ], [s], [ʃ], [r], [ɾ], [ɽ], [w], [β], [j] y [h].

Resumo Este artigo representa uma primeira descrição acústica das consoantes nasais sem voz da língua Resígaro (Arawak). Algumas características como a estrutura acústica, frequência e intensidade do pico mais proeminente e duração desta classe consonante são exploradas. As particularidades encontradas foram comparadas com as de outras línguas que apresentam estes sons, a fim de encontrar semelhanças e diferenças, bem como de as catalogar preliminarmente em algum grupo tipológico. Além disso, apresentamos a metodologia utilizada para a recolha de dados, análise de dados e conclusões.

Abstract This paper provides a first acoustic description of the nasal voiceless consonants of the Resígaro (Arawak) language. Some features such as acoustic structure, frequency and intensity of the most prominent peak and duration of this consonant class are explored. The particularities found were compared with those of other languages that present these sounds in order to find similarities and differences, as well as to catalog them preliminarily in some typological group. In addition, the methodology used for data collection, data analysis and conclusions are presented.

Resumen Este artículo representa una primera descripción acústica de las consonantes nasales sordas de la lengua resígaro (arawak). Se exploran algunas características como la estructura acústica, la frecuencia y la intensidad del pico más prominente y la duración de esta clase consonantes. Las particularidades encontradas fueron comparadas con las de otras lenguas que presentan estos sonidos con el fin de encontrar semejanzas y diferencias como también catalogarlas preliminarmente en algún grupo tipológico. Además, presentamos la metodología empleada para el recojo de datos, el análisis de los datos y las conclusiones.

Resumen En este artículo se comparan los resultados de dos modelos de análisis sociofonético diferentes: un modelo continuo y uno categórico. La variable sociofonética investigada es la producción de /d/ intervocálica en Madrid. En el modelo continuo, el debilitamiento de /d/ fue calculado tomando medidas acústicas de intensidad, de tal forma que dicho análisis puede dar cuenta de manera precisa de todo el espectro de posibles realizaciones de /d/ (i.e., desde muy oclusivas hasta muy debilitadas). En el modelo categórico, el debilitamiento de /d/ fue codificado de manera binaria (retención o elisión total) de modo que este análisis informa únicamente del caso más extremo de debilitamiento consonántico: la elisión. En ambos análisis estadísticos se incluyeron las mismas variables independientes lingüísticas y extralingüísticas. Aunque los resultados de ambos análisis muestran semejanzas significativas en cuanto al efecto de las variables independientes, también se encontraron diferencias. Además de proveer una caracterización sociofonética de la producción de /d/ en Madrid, en este artículo se resaltan algunas consideraciones que se deben tener en cuenta al examinar fenómenos sociofonéticos con métodos tanto continuos como categóricos.

Resumo Este artigo compara os resultados de dois modelos diferentes de análise sócio fonética: um modelo contínuo e um modelo categórico. A variável sócio fonética investigada é a produção do / d / intervocálico em Madrid. No modelo contínuo, o enfraquecimento de / d / foi calculado tomando medidas de intensidade acústica, de tal forma que a referida análise possa contabilizar com precisão todo o espectro de possíveis realizações de / d / (ou seja, de muito oclusivo a muito enfraquecido). No modelo categórico, o enfraquecimento de / d / foi codificado de forma binária (retenção ou elisão total), de forma que esta análise apenas explica o caso mais extremo de enfraquecimento consonantal: a elisão. As mesmas variáveis independentes linguísticas e extralinguísticas foram incluídas em ambas as análises estatísticas. Embora os resultados de ambas as análises mostrem semelhanças significativas quanto ao efeito das variáveis independentes, também foram encontradas diferenças. Além de fornecer uma caracterização sociofônica da produção de / d / em Madrid, este artigo destaca algumas considerações que devem ser levadas em conta ao examinar os fenômenos sociofônicos com métodos contínuos e categóricos.

Abstract This paper compares results of two different sociophonetic analysis models: a continuous model and a categorical one. The sociophonetic variable investigated is the production of intervocalic /d/ in Madrid. In the continuous model, the weakening of /d/ was calculated by taking acoustic intensity measurements, in such a way that said analysis can accurately inform on the entire spectrum of possible productions of /d/ (i.e., from very occlusive to very weakened). In the categorical model, the weakening of /d/ was coded in a binary way (retention or total elision) so that this analysis only informs of the most extreme case of consonant weakening: elision. The same linguistic and extralinguistic independent variables were included in both statistical analyses. Although the results of both analyses show significant similarities regarding the effect of the independent variables, differences were also found. In addition to providing a sociophonetic characterization of the production of /d/ in Madrid, this article highlights some considerations that must be taken into account when examining sociophonetic phenomena with both continuous and categorical methods.

Résumé: Cet article compare les résultats de deux modèles différents d'analyse socio-phonique: un modèle continu et un modèle catégoriel. La variable socio-phonique étudiée est la production du / d / intervocalique à Madrid. Dans le modèle continu, l'affaiblissement de / d / a été calculé en prenant des mesures acoustiques de l'intensité, de sorte qu'une telle analyse puisse rendre compte avec précision de tout le spectre des réalisations possibles de / d / (c'est-à-dire de très occlusif à très affaibli). Dans le modèle catégoriel, l'affaiblissement de / d / a été codé de manière binaire (rétention ou élision totale) afin que cette analyse ne prenne en compte que le cas le plus extrême d'affaiblissement consonantique: l'élision. Les mêmes variables indépendantes linguistiques et extralinguistiques ont été incluses dans les deux analyses statistiques. Bien que les résultats des deux analyses montrent des similitudes significatives en termes d'effet des variables indépendantes, des différences ont également été constatées. En plus de fournir une caractérisation socio-phonique de la production du / d / à Madrid, cet article met en évidence certaines considérations a prendre lors de l'examen des phénomènes socio-phoniques avec des méthodes à la fois continues et catégorielles.

Resumen Este estudio explora la duración vocálica en el castellano hablado por bilingües shipibo-castellano de la comunidad de Cantagallo. Este análisis se realiza tomando en cuenta el trabajo de Elías Ulloa (2011) quien examina las vocales largas del shipibo a partir de la noción de tamaño mínimo de palabra, requerimiento que no está presente en castellano. Los resultados indican que los hablantes bilingües producen vocales con mayor duración que las de los monolingües. Además, la duración vocálica entre estos bilingües varía dependiendo de su dominancia hacia shipibo o castellano. Por otro lado, sugiero que la naturaleza de las vocales largas producidas en el castellano de los hablantes shipibo podría deberse a la transferencia del requerimiento del peso silábico del shipibo al castellano.

Abstract This study explores the vowel duration spoken by Shipibo-Spanish bilinguals from the community of Cantagallo. This research takes into account the work of Elías Ulloa (2011), who analyzes the duration of Shipibo vowels founded on the notion of minimum word size, requirement that doesn’t exist in Spanish. Results indicate that bilingual speakers produce longer vowels than monolingual speakers. Also, vowel duration among these bilinguals varies depending on their Shipibo and Spanish dominance. On the other hand, I suggest that the nature of the long vowels produced in Spanish by Shipibo speakers could be due to the transfer of the requirement of syllabic weight from Shipibo to Spanish.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the differences in phonetic alterations caused by three different lingual appliances, all bonded in sequence on the same patients. Material and Methods: Lingual brackets (STb, Incognito and Harmony) were bonded from 1.3 to 2.3 with a 0.013 CuNiTi archwire. The text was formulated to evaluate the phonetic variations in a controlled context (logatomi) and more casual sentences. The recording of the text was performed at time t0 (before positioning the brackets), t1 (after positioning the brackets) and t2 (60 minutes after positioning the brackets). An ANOVA-type analysis was performed. Results: A significant correlation was confirmed between the effects of all the linguistic methods used compared to the absence of the same. The most influenced acoustic variables were the center of gravity of the acoustic spectrum of the analyzed sounds (CoG) and the number of zero crossings of the instantaneous amplitude curve of the considered signal. Conclusion: The effects deriving from the positioning of the various brackets were relatively contained: in some cases, for some subjects, for some consonants and in specific contexts, some brackets may occasionally be less invasive than others. However, no lingual system was systematically better than others regarding phonetic alterations.

RESUMO Objetivo: relacionar imagens de ultrassonografia com dados perceptivo-auditivos de ajustes de qualidade vocal em adultos falantes do português brasileiro. Métodos: o corpus foi constituído por amostras da fala (sentenças constantes do material instrutivo do roteiro Vocal Profile Analysis Scheme -VPAS-PB) de sete sujeitos adultos de ambos os gêneros, gravadas simultaneamente por meios acústico e ultrassonográfico. A análise dos dados versou dos julgamentos perceptivo-auditivos da qualidade vocal e imagens ultrassonográficas geradas pelo software AAA. Resultados: ajustes de qualidade vocal referentes à posição do corpo da língua e à extensão de língua e de mandíbula encontraram correspondências aos contornos de imagens ultrassonográficas da língua em segmentos chave eleitos (vogais orais), especialmente aqueles em maiores graus de manifestação. Conclusão: ajustes de qualidade vocal detectados na esfera perceptiva com respeito a corpo de língua e mandíbula encontram correspondência com as imagens de ultrassom.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to relate ultrasound images with auditory-perceptual data on vocal quality settings in adult speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: the corpus consisted of speech samples (sentences contained in the instructional material of the Vocal Profile Analysis Scheme - VPAS-PB) from seven adult subjects of both genders, recorded simultaneously by acoustic and ultrasonographic means. Data analysis was based on auditory-perceptual judgments of vocal quality and ultrasound images generated by the AAA software. Results: vocal quality settings related to the position of the tongue body and the extension of the tongue and jaw found correspondences to the contours of ultrasound images of the tongue in selected key segments (oral vowels), especially those with greater degrees of manifestation. Conclusion: there were correspondences between vocal quality settings detected in the perceptual sphere and their respective tongue body and jaw ultrasound images.

Abstract: This paper investigates the possible influence of Mapudungun, Chile’s most widely-spoken indigenous language, on Chilean Spanish, using a two-pronged approach. First, we reexamine German linguist Rudolf Lenz’s late nineteenth-century hypothesis that a series of phonetic and phonological features of Chilean Spanish originated in Mapudungun. We analyze each of the 10 features that Lenz proposed to be of Mapuche origin, critically review his arguments and those of his main detractor, Spanish philologist Amado Alonso, and then examine these proposals in light of contemporary linguistic, genetic, demographic and other knowledge. We conclude that three of the features Lenz attributed to Mapudungun either cannot have originated in this language or are highly unlikely to have done so, while three others very likely were transferred from Mapudungun to Chilean Spanish, and that the remaining four must be studied more extensively before conclusions are drawn. Second, we present the results of a study which examines Chilean Spanish vowels and compares them with those of Mapudungun and of other varieties of Spanish. The vowels, which Lenz did not consider in his hypotheses, are analyzed in terms of both their location (or quality) and the size of the systems they constitute in acoustic space. The results show that the vowels of both Chilean Spanish and Mapudungun are strongly mid-centralized and use little acoustic space, while those of other Spanish varieties are almost without exception peripheral and occupy most of the available acoustic space. We conclude that the Chilean Spanish vowel system was likely reorganized under the influence of Mapudungun.

Resumen: El presente artículo examina la posible influencia del mapudungun, la lengua indígena más hablada de Chile, en el castellano chileno, desde dos perspectivas. En primer lugar, reexaminamos la hipótesis que el lingüista alemán Rodolfo Lenz desarrolló a fines del siglo XIX. Ésta postula que una serie de 10 rasgos fonéticos y fonológicos del castellano de Chile provendrían del mapudungun. Analizamos cada uno de estos rasgos, revisando críticamente los argumentos de Lenz y de su principal detractor, el filólogo peninsular Amado Alonso, a la luz de los conocimientos contemporáneos de la lingüística, la genética, la demografía y otras disciplinas. Concluimos que es improbable o imposible que tres de los rasgos se hayan originado en el mapudungun; que tres otros rasgos probablemente sí fueron transferidos desde el mapudungun al castellano de Chile; y que la falta de estudios relevantes impide llegar a una conclusión fundada en los demás casos. En segundo lugar, presentamos los resultados de un estudio que analiza las vocales del castellano de Chile, comparándolas con las vocales del mapudungun y las de otras variedades del castellano. Las vocales, que la hipótesis de Lenz no contempla, se analizan en términos de su ubicación (timbre o cualidad) y del tamaño del sistema que conforman en el espacio acústico. Los resultados indican que las vocales del castellano de Chile y las del mapudungun son fuertemente medio-centralizadas y que ocupan una proporción menor del espacio acústico, mientras que las vocales de las demás variedades del castellano son casi sin excepción periféricas y ocupan la mayor parte del espacio acústico disponible. Concluimos que es probable que el sistema vocálico del castellano chileno se haya reorganizado bajo la influencia del mapudungun.

ABSTRACT: Mapudungun is a language used by Mapuche people in some regions of Chile and Argentina. The aim of this study was to describe the vowel phonemes with regard to the articulatory parameters (position of the tongue with respect to the palate and jaw opening) and acoustic parameters (f0, F1, F2 and F3) in Mapudungun speakers in the Region of La Araucanía. The vocalic phonemes of Mapudungun are six, where the first five are similar to those used in Spanish (/a e i o u/), to which is added a sixth vowel (/ɨ/) with its vocalic allophones (/ɨ/) and [Ә]. Three Mapudungun speakers were evaluated. The tongue movements were collected by Electromagnetic Articulography 3D and the data were processed with MATLAB and PRAAT software. It was possible to describe the trajectory of each third of the tongue during the production of the vowels. It was observed that the sixth vowel /Ә/ had minimal jaw opening during its pronunciation. In addition, the characteristic of /Ә/ as an unrounded mid-central vowel was corroborated. In this study, the tongue of mapudungun speakers was in a more posterior position than the found in other studies.

RESUMEN: El Mapudungun es un lenguaje utilizado por los mapuches en algunas regiones de Chile y Argentina. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los fonemas vocálicos respecto a los parámetros articulatorios (posición de la lengua respecto al paladar y apertura mandibular) y los parámetros acústicos (f0, F1, F2 y F3) en hablantes de Mapudungun en la Región de La Araucanía, los fonemas vocálicos de Mapudungun son seis, donde los primeros cinco son similares a los utilizados en español (/a e i o u /), a los que se agrega una sexta vocal (/ɨ/) con sus alófonos vocálicos [ɨ] y [Ә]. Se evaluaron tres hablantes de Mapudungun. Los movimientos de la lengua fueron registrados por Articulografía Electromagnética 3D y los datos fueron procesados con el software MATLAB y PRAAT. Fue posible describir la trayectoria de cada tercio de la lengua durante la producción de las vocales. Se observó que la sexta vocal /Ә/ tenía una apertura mínima de la mandíbula durante su pronunciación. Además, se corroboró la característica de /Ә/ como vocal central media no redondeada. En este estudio, la lengua de los hablantes de mapudungun estaba en una posición más posterior que la encontrada en otros estudios.