ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the remineralizing effect of synthetic saliva on eroded bovine dental enamel. Materials and methods : 50 enamel blocks were prepared from bovine teeth. The specimens were divided into 5 study groups according to treatment: group A (Colgate Total®, toothpaste containing fluoride), group B (MI Paste Plus®, toothpaste containing casein phosphopeptide, amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] with fluoride), group C (Salival® Solution, synthetic saliva), group D (distilled water) and group E (no treatment). All specimens in groups A, B, C and D received 0.5% citric acid attacks for 2 minutes at 0, 8, 24 and 32 hours. After each acid attack, toothpastes corresponding to each treatment group were applied. The degree of mineralization was then evaluated by Raman microscopy and surface microhardness by Vickers microhardness. Results : Regarding the degree of mineralization and surface hardness, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the eroded bovine tooth enamel treated with Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® and Salival® Solution in comparison with the healthy enamel samples. But all presented a significantly higher degree of mineralization and surface hardness than the eroded bovine tooth enamel samples preserved in distilled water (p < 0.05). Conclusion : This in vitro study shows that the synthetic saliva Salival® Solution has a remineralizing potential on eroded bovine enamel.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar el efecto remineralizante de una saliva sintética en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado. Materiales y métodos : Se prepararon 50 bloques de esmalte de dientes de bovino. Las muestras fueron divididas en 5 grupos de estudio según el tratamiento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta de dientes que contiene fluoruro), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta de dientes que contiene fosfopéptido de caseína-fosfato de calcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] con fluoruro), grupo C (Salival® Solución, saliva sintética), grupo D (agua destilada) y grupo E (sin tratamiento). Todos los especímenes de los grupos A, B, C y D recibieron ataques con ácido cítrico al 0,5 % durante 2 minutos a las 0, 8, 24 y 32 horas. Después de cada ataque ácido, se aplicaron las pastas de dientes correspondientes a cada grupo de tratamiento. Luego se procedió a evaluar el grado de mineralización mediante microscopía Raman y la microdureza superficial mediante microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Respecto al grado de mineralización y la dureza superficial, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado tratado con Colgate Total®, MI Paste Plus® y Salival® Solución en comparación con las muestras de esmalte sano; sin embargo, todas presentaron un grado de mineralización y dureza superficial significativamente mayor que las muestras de esmalte de dientes bovinos erosionados conservados en agua destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusión : Este estudio in vitro muestra que la saliva sintética Salival® Solución tiene un potencial remineralizante en el esmalte bovino erosionado.

RESUMO Objetivo : Avaliar o efeito remineralizante de uma saliva sintética no esmalte dentário bovino erodido. Materiais e métodos : Foram preparados 50 blocos de esmalte de dentes de bovinos. As amostras foram divididas em 5 grupos de estudo de acordo com o tratamento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta dentífrica contendo flúor), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta dentífrica contendo fosfopeptídeo de caseína, fosfato de cálcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] com flúor), grupo C (Salival® Solution, saliva sintética), grupo D (água destilada) e grupo E (sem tratamento). Todos os espécimes dos grupos A, B, C e D receberam um ataque ácido cítrico a 0,5% durante 2 minutos às 0, 8, 24 e 32 horas. Após cada ataque ácido, foram aplicadas as pastas dentífricas correspondentes a cada grupo de tratamento. O grau de mineralização foi então avaliado por microscopia Raman e a microdureza superficial por microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Relativamente ao grau de mineralização e à dureza da superfície, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) no esmalte dentário bovino erodido tratado com Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® e Salival® Solution em comparação com as amostras de esmalte saudável. Mas todos mostraram um grau significativamente mais elevado de mineralização e dureza superficial do que as amostras de esmalte de dentes de bovinos erodidos preservados em água destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusão : Este estudo in vitro mostra que a saliva sintética Salival® Solution tem um potencial remineralizante no esmalte bovino erodido.

ABSTRACT Currently in Brazil, large grain cultivation projects on Plinthosols are a reality, however, there is little or no knowledge of the real mechanism of formation of the plinthite feature, in addition to what is reported in the literature as being a product of oxidation-reduction processes of iron element. This study evaluates iron redoximorphic features and investigates their chemical and mineralogical composition in two profiles of Plinthosols from the Araguaia River plain (P1 and P2). The study strengthens the understanding of the pedogenetic processes involved in the formation of mottles and plinthite. In this sense, it assesses whether the formation mechanisms corroborate the literature. Soil features were sampled in the upper right and left position at the initial plinthic horizon, upper right and left position at the main plinthic horizon, and lower right position at the base horizon of the plinthite zone in the profile. Separated samples comprising the soil matrix, mottles, and plinthite under natural moisture conditions were ground into powder form for chemical determinations by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), sulfuric acid attack (H2SO4), sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB), and ammonium acid oxalate; and mineralogical determinations by X-ray diffraction. Iron contents in all determined forms were always higher in the plinthite feature, intermediate in the mottle feature, and lower in the soil matrix feature. Most of the Fe in all redoximorphic features is included in the structure of primary minerals and their derivatives (vermiculite, illite, and VHEs). Only part of the iron present (about 35.40 % in P1 and 41.98 % in P2) is detected in the form of oxides such as goethite and hematite, which could be formed in redox processes. The mottle and plinthite features under study are not the product of the classic process of segregation, mobilization, and accumulation of iron as a consequence of redox processes. These features were formed or emerged as a result of a relatively slow and constant weathering process of their source material, which is gradually decomposed in an aqueous medium, releasing most of its components. These components include iron and more mobile elements such as bases and silicon, which leave the system through drainage water, and of which a small part may eventually recombine to form new less complex minerals such as kaolinite and oxides. Brazil reality however feature oxidationreduction oxidation reduction element P (P P2. P2 . sense profile Xray X ray XRF, XRF , (XRF) H2SO4, H2SO4 HSO H SO (H2SO4) dithionitecitratebicarbonate dithionite citrate bicarbonate DCB, DCB (DCB) oxalate diffraction vermiculite, vermiculite (vermiculite illite VHEs. VHEs VHEs) about 3540 35 40 35.4 4198 41 98 41.9 hematite segregation mobilization material medium silicon water (XRF H2SO (H2SO4 (DCB 354 3 4 35. 419 9 41. (H2SO

ABSTRACT Day by day, the percentage of waste increased at an enormous rate due to the increase in population. Utilization of industrial waste in concrete not only prevents the duplication of natural resources but also helps to minimize waste disposal issues. One of the industrial byproducts used in geopolymer concrete is fly ash, which serves as the main source material and is highly rich in alumina and silica. In this study, Quarry rock dust is used as fine aggregate which replaces natural river sand. Recycled coarse aggregate and metal swarf was added in 50:50 proportion with respect to the volume of concrete to replace coarse aggregate. Alkaline activator solution, also called stimulator solution a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, is added into the concrete. Polyethylene-based superplasticizer with 1% of the volume of fly ash is mixed into the concrete to increase its workability. Coir fibers (lignocellulosic fibers) are added to the concrete in percentages range from 0.2% to 1.2% at 0.2% interval. The specimens are tested for their compressive strength, water absorption, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Fibres below 0.6% dosage produced the optimum results. day population issues silica study sand 5050 50 50:5 silicate Polyethylenebased Polyethylene based 1 workability lignocellulosic 02 0 2 0.2 12 1.2 interval strength absorption attack 06 6 0.6 results 505 5 50: 0. 1.

ABSTRACT This study compares concrete mixes incorporating different proportions of recycled aggregates (RA) as replacements for conventional coarse aggregates (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). It aims to evaluate their mechanical, durability, and environmental properties for practical use. Through a comprehensive experimental program, including tests on fresh and hardened properties, mechanical strength, and durability against water absorption, acid resistance, chloride ion penetration, and sulfate attack, the study assesses the performance of these sustainable mixes. Results show varied influences of RA incorporation on concrete properties, with lower replacement levels maintaining comparable mechanical strength and higher levels exhibiting strength reduction. Environmental assessments indicate significant reductions in embodied carbon and energy consumption with higher RA content. This comparative analysis informs optimal replacement levels for achieving sustainability without compromising performance, advancing understanding of sustainable construction practices, and promoting the adoption of eco-friendly materials in the construction industry. (RA 0%, 0 (0% 10 10% 20 20% 30 30% 40 40% 50%. 50 50% . 50%) use program absorption resistance penetration attack reduction content practices ecofriendly eco friendly industry 0% (0 1 2 3 4 5 (

ABSTRACT Geopolymer concrete is produced with use of byproduct are the environmentally friendly and positive impact for workable growth. This research, by products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were utilized as binding material in geopolymer concrete. The main aim of the present study is to replace the coarse aggregate by coconut shell and evaluate the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete by varying the 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The study results indicates that, 40% use of coconut shell shows the high strength behaviour than other variations. In order to evaluate the durability properties, water absorption, rate of absorption, acid resistance and sulphate resistance tests was performed. The study results represented that, fly ash and GGBS shows the strong binding cementitious material while using coconut shell as coarse aggregate. the formation of calcium aluminium silicate hydrate(C-A-S-H) gel and siloxane bonds with coconut shell reduce the acid attack and water absorption capacity of the geopolymer concrete. growth research (GGBS 10 10% 20 20% 30 30% 40 50 50% that variations performed hydrateCASH hydrate C A S H hydrate(C-A-S-H 1 2 3 4 5

ABSTRACT Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) developed with Coconut Shell Charcoal (CSC) powder is a newly developed concrete with reasonable compressive strength and durability properties. The main idea of this study is to find out the applicability of CSC powder as partial replacement for fine aggregate in AAC, and the role of CSC in obtaining the strength and durability of AAC are discussed. In this study, material selection is done with reference to ASTM C1693-11 and CSC was used as a replacement material for river sand. CSC is an agricultural waste. Since the SiO2 content of CSC is very low, Silica Fume (SF) is also used as fine aggregate replacement in addition to CSC to enhance the SiO2 content. The specimens were made combining CSC and SF powders; CSC at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and SF at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight, and are coded as B0, B5, B10, B15 and B20 respectively. The developed AAC was analysed by conducting compressive strength, bulk density, thermal conductivity, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Additionally, water absorption, porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity and acid attack tests were performed to determine the durability. XRD analysis showed the traces of C-S-H (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) gel and tobermorite peaks in B5 specimen, which produced enhanced compressive strength of 3.12 N/mm2. Thermal conductivity of the specimen with CSC replacement was between 0.218 to 0.186 W/m-K; it could be remarked from the results that the developed AAC is good in thermal insulation. Even though the porosity level reduced to 2% in B20 replacement, the specimens were light in weight, compared to B0. From the results obtained, it could be drawn the inference that CSC is a potential replacement for fine aggregate in AAC. (AAC (CSC properties discussed C169311 C C1693 11 C1693-1 sand waste SiO low (SF powders 0 0% 5 5% 10 10% 15 20 1 1% 2 3 4 weight B0 B B10 B1 B2 respectively density SEM (SEM Xray X ray (XRD analyses Additionally absorption CSH S H Calcium Hydrate 312 12 3.1 Nmm2 Nmm N mm2 mm N/mm2 0218 218 0.21 0186 186 0.18 W/mK WmK W/m K W m W/m-K insulation obtained C16931 C169 C1693- 31 3. N/mm 021 21 0.2 018 18 0.1 mK Wm C16 02 0. 01 C1

Increasingly high levels of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have necessitated the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. For this reason, two actinomycetes strains, Streptomyces griseorubens and Streptomyces rochei, were isolated for the first time from the black sand shores of Kafr El Sheikh in Egypt, which is home to several large fish farms. Isolates were identified via phenotypic, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequence protocols. Both strains exhibited powerful antimicrobial activity against three serious MDR pathogens: Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactive compounds of isolates' filtrates were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). For S. griseorubens, the detectable antibacterial compounds were hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, 2-ethylhexyl ester, n-Decane, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, benzene acetic acid, ricinolic acid, and ethylparaben, while S. rochei secretes heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl-, benzene acetic acid, dibutyl phthalate, octacosane, hexacosane, and vitamin A aldehyde. These results strongly encourage the use of these eco-friendly isolates as a biocontrol against MDR pathogens that attack fish farms. SIGNIFICANCE: Streptomyces spp. act as strong weapons for fighting multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria - one of the most important current threats to public health. They are additionally regarded as eco-friendly organisms that can be used as a biocontrol agent against infections that endanger fish farms

Abstract. In the present research work, the corrosion inhibition capacity of a liquid extract based on Citrus X-Latifolia leaves was evaluated as a green inhibitor that complies with a natural, economical, and environmentally friendly option. The tests were carried out on a carbon steel AISI 1045 exposed to an acid corrosive medium of 10 mL H2SO4 (0.5 M) to which various concentrations of the extract were dosed as follows: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360 and 400 ppm under standard conditions. Characterization by FT-IR was carried out to detect functional groups of the extract. The inhibitory behavior was recorded by electrochemical techniques (Tafel polarization and EIS). Finally, optical microscopy was used to evaluate the corrosion morphology. The results reveal that the adsorption of the extract molecules on steel follows the behavior of a Langmuir isotherm, reaching a maximum efficiency of 89 % with a concentration of 400 ppm. Finally, an evident change in the surface morphology of the steel sample is observed, thus reducing the pitting corrosion attack on AISI 1045 steel.

Resumen. En el presente trabajo de investigación se evaluó la capacidad de inhibición de la corrosión de un extracto líquido a base de hojas de Citrus X-Latifolia como inhibidor verde que cumpla como una opción natural, económica y amigable con el medio ambiente. Los ensayos se realizaron sobre un acero al carbono AISI 1045 expuesto a un medio ácido corrosivo de 10 mL de H2SO4 (0,5 M) al que se dosificaron diversas concentraciones del extracto: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360 y 400 ppm en condiciones estándar. Se realizó una caracterización por FT-IR para detectar los grupos funcionales del extracto. El comportamiento inhibitorio se registró mediante técnicas electroquímicas (polarización de de Tafel y EIS). Finalmente, se utilizó microscopía óptica para evaluar la morfología de la corrosión. Los resultados revelan que la adsorción de las moléculas del extracto sobre el acero sigue el comportamiento de una isoterma de Langmuir, alcanzando una eficiencia máxima del 89 % con una concentración de 400 ppm. Finalmente, se observa un cambio evidente en la morfología superficial de la muestra de acero, reduciéndose así el ataque de corrosión por picaduras en el acero al carbono 1045.

Abstract Migraine is one of the most prevalent and disabling diseases in the world. Migraine attack treatments and prophylactic treatments of this disease are essential to lessen its individual, social, and economic impact. This is a narrative review of the main drugs used for treating migraine, as well as the experimental models and the theoretical frameworks that led to their development. Ergot derivatives, triptans, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers, flunarizine, valproic acid, topiramate, onabotulinumtoxin A, ditans, monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and its receptor, and gepants are discussed. Possible therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs that are under development are also addressed. Many of the drugs currently in use for treating migraine were developed for the treatment of other diseases, but have proven effective for the treatment of migraine, expanding knowledge about the disease. With a better understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine, new drugs have been and continue to be developed specifically for the treatment of this disease. world individual social impact derivatives triptans nonsteroid non steroid antiinflammatory anti inflammatory antidepressants betablockers, betablockers beta blockers, blockers beta-blockers flunarizine acid topiramate A ditans receptor discussed addressed

Resumo A migrânea é uma das doenças mais prevalentes e incapacitantes do mundo. O tratamento da crise de migrânea e o tratamento profilático da doença são essenciais para diminuir o seu impacto individual, social e econômico. Este é um artigo de revisão narrativa. Revisamos as principais drogas usadas para a migrânea e os modelos experimentais e referenciais teóricos que levaram ao seu desenvolvimento. Foram abordados os derivados do ergot, triptanas, anti-inflamatórios não hormonais, antidepressivos tricíclicos, betabloqueadores, flunarizina, ácido valproico, topiramato, toxina onabotulínica do tipo A, os ditans, anticorpos monoclonais contra o CGRP e seu receptor e os gepants. Também foram abordados possíveis alvos terapêuticos para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas e drogas que estão em desenvolvimento para o tratamento da migrânea. Muitas das drogas usadas atualmente foram desenvolvidas para o tratamento de outras doenças e se mostraram efetivas para o tratamento da migrânea. Essas ajudaram a ampliar o conhecimento sobre a doença. Com o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da migrânea, novas drogas foram e estão sendo desenvolvidas especificamente para o tratamento dessa doença. mundo individual econômico narrativa ergot triptanas antiinflamatórios anti inflamatórios hormonais tricíclicos betabloqueadores flunarizina valproico topiramato ditans gepants

A theoretical investigation of the 1,2-additon and 1,4-addition reactions of benzylamine to crotonaldehyde in toluene solution is reported in this study, including the effect of trace amounts of acetic acid (AcOH) and methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO2OH). We have determined the reaction free energy profile and performed a detailed microkinetic analysis. Our results point out that this reaction system needs catalysis to take place and it was found that CH3SO2OH is a powerful catalyst, outperforming AcOH in lowering the free energy barrier for the 1,2-addition reaction, which leads to the formation of α,β-unsaturated imine. On the other hand, the 1,4-addition reaction has the direct nucleophilic attack of benzylamine to the β-carbon of s-cis conformation of crotonaldehyde as the rate-determining step, corresponding to slow kinetics. Our results suggest that the experimentally observed formation of the imine can be explained by the presence of hidden acid catalysts present in the reaction medium. 1,2additon 12additon additon 1,2 1 2 1,4addition 14addition addition 1,4 4 study (AcOH CH3SO2OH. CHSOOH . CH SO OH (CH3SO2OH) analysis catalyst 1,2addition 12addition α,βunsaturated αβunsaturated α,β unsaturated α β hand βcarbon carbon scis s cis ratedetermining rate determining step kinetics medium 2additon 12 1, 4addition 14 (CH3SO2OH 2addition βunsaturated αβ

Abstract: This study investigated the frost resistance of concrete exposed to sulfate and acid attacks after two years. The cement content was selected as 300 kg/m3, 350 kg/m3, 400 kg/m3, 450 kg/m3, and 500 kg/m3 in this study. 100 mm cubic specimens were prepared for experiments. After the specimens were cured in the water at 20 ± 2 °C for 28 days, they were kept in the laboratory conditions at 20 ± 2 °C for 23 months+2 days. Then, these samples were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles after being exposed to 5% sodium sulfate, 5% magnesium sulfate, 1% sulfuric acid, and 2% sulfuric acid for four days. Thus, the samples were exposed to the four different combined attacks. Lastly, the mechanical properties, weight change, and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of these specimens were determined. Furthermore, the SEM and EDS analyses were carried out on samples. This study found that the highest compressive strength, the highest ultrasonic pulse velocity, and the lowest weight loss were the samples with 500 kg/m3 cement content subjected to combined freeze-thaw and 1% acid attack.

Abstract: In this research, chemical durability performances of the alkali-activated slag (AAS), 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag and 50% fly ash (AFS), ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and geopolymer (GPC) concretes were investigated thoroughly under 5% sulfuric acid attack. All alkali-activated concrete specimens were produced considering the minimum binder content of 360 kg/m3 and the maximum alkali activator to binder ratio of 0.45 according to the XA3 environment given in EN 206-1 standard for OPC concrete. The visual inspection, weight change and compressive strength tests were performed to understand the influence of sulfuric acid attack on the resulting performances. Also, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analyses were performed to examine the morphological variations in micro-scale. The mechanical performances and durability of alkali-activated concretes were also compared to the OPC concrete for structural utilization. The results revealed that AFS specimens showed the best durability, while GPC specimens exhibited the poorest durability. SEM/EDS results pointed out that AFS specimens exhibited denser and less porous microstructure, and the reductions in Al/Si and Ca/Si atomic ratios were observed under 5% sulfuric acid attack. In contrast, GPC specimens showed less dense and porous microstructure, and high aluminum leaching was observed. In addition, the wider interconnected macro cracks and high calcium leaching were observed in the AAS samples under 5% sulfuric acid attack. Finally, the AAS and AFS specimens can be utilized in structural applications, while GPC specimens should not be used with a minimum binder content proposed by EN 206-1 standard.

Abstract Introduction The importance of roughness for osseointegration is due to the configuration of proteins with the surface of the implant, and adsorption. Different methods are used in surface treatments, in which parts of the surface layer are removed, such as acid attack. Objective To analyze changes in roughness on the surface of osseointegrated implants treated by double acid etching with single-use and up to 4 reuses of serums at a magnification of 500x, 1000x, 2000x, and 4000x in the scanning microscope (SEM). Method Samples of adherent implants (SINGULAR Implants ®) of lever alloy (n=10) were subdivided into 5 groups: control, treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4, according to the reuses. For the surface topography of the samples, SEM was used, followed by analysis by ImageJ software. Using the ANOVA test and Turkeys post-test, Ra and Rq values were statistically analyzed. Result The data obtained both by the images captured in the SEM and by the Ra and Rq numbers acquired by the ImageJ illustrate that the treatment with the double acid attack with 5 uses of the same ones served, was positive for the surface treatment of the alloy implant of independent. Conclusion It can be concluded that up to four reuses of food do not statistically interfere with roughness values. More studies are needed regarding the reuse of acids, certainly to reduce costs to manufacturers, increasing sustainability while maintaining product quality. adsorption treatments removed singleuse single use 500x x 1000x 2000x SEM. . (SEM) SINGULAR ® n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 groups control 1 2 3 samples software posttest, posttest post test, post-test analyzed served independent acids manufacturers quality (SEM n=1 n1 (n=1 n= (n= (n

Resumo Introdução A importância da rugosidade para a osseointegração se dá pela correlação das interações das proteínas com a superfície do implante, a adsorção. Diferentes métodos são utilizados nos tratamentos de superfície, em que ocorre a remoção de partes da camada superficial, como o ataque ácido. Objetivo Analisar as alterações de rugosidade na superfície dos implantes osseointegrados tratadas por duplo ataque ácido com uso único e até quatro reutilizações dos ácidos. Material e método As amostras de implantes dentários de liga de titânio (SINGULAR Implants ®) (n = 10) foram subdividas em cinco grupos: controle, tratamento 1, 2, 3 e 4, conforme as reutilizações dos ácidos. As capturas dos implantes no aumento de 500x, 1000x, 2000x e 4000x foram realizadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura, para posterior análise de rugosidade pelo software ImageJ. Os valores de Ra e Rq foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA e o pós-teste de Tukey. Resultado Os dados obtidos pelas imagens capturadas e pelos números de Ra e Rq adquiridos pelo ImageJ demonstraram que o tratamento com o duplo ataque ácido com cinco utilizações dos mesmos ácidos foi positivo para o tratamento de superfície do implante de liga de titânio. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que até quatro reutilizações dos ácidos não interferiu estatisticamente nos valores de rugosidade em diferentes aumentos. São necessários mais estudos referentes à reutilização dos ácidos, contribuindo para a diminuição dos custos aos fabricantes, aumentando a sustentabilidade e mantendo-se a qualidade do produto. adsorção superficial SINGULAR ® n 10 grupos controle 1 2 4 500x x 1000x varredura pósteste pós Tukey Podese Pode aumentos fabricantes mantendose mantendo produto

Abstract Introduction Different methodologies were used for histological evaluation of osseointegration, leading to different results. Objective The objective is to compare different methodologies for histomorphometric analysis of the osseointegration of implants with different surfaces, installed in rat tibias. Material and method Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8) for implant installation. These groups were divided according to the type of implant that will be installed in the tibia: Hydrophilic Group (installation of an implant with a surface modified by oxide blasting and acid attack and maintained in a sodium chloride solution), Hydrophobic Group (installation of an implant with surface modified by oxide blasting and acid attack) and Machined Group (implant installation with machined surface). Within 45 days after the surgical procedures to install the implants, the animals were euthanized and the tibias were removed, and histological processing was carried out for non-decalcified samples. After obtaining the slides, histomorphometric analysis was performed to evaluate the percentages of bone-implant contact (%BIC) and the bone area between the turns (%BBT). Measurements were carried out in two different regions: 1) the implant threads in the cortical bone region and 2) all implant threads inserted into the bone (cortical and medullary). Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for inferential data analysis. Result The BIC and BBT were analyzed independently in the cortical and trabecular/total regions, a difference was observed in the histological behavior of the implants according to the surface treatment. HFL implants showed trabecular BIC (%) 16.85% higher (p=0.02) than HFB implants and 26.12% higher (p≤0.0001) than machined implants. However, the cortical region of all groups showed significantly higher cortical BIC values around the implants, regardless of the surface. Conclusion the results obtained demonstrated that peri-implant bone formation was superior in analyzes carried out only on cortical bone, compared to the values obtained in the total measurement (cortical bone plus medullary bone). It was also possible to observe that, even within the same surface, the BIC(%) values were higher in cortical bone. Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that different methodologies for histometric analysis of osseointegration around different surfaces of implants installed in rat tibias can interfere with the results of osseointegration regardless of the surface analyzed. Twentyfour Twenty four n=8 n8 n 8 (n=8 tibia solution, solution , solution) . surface) 4 removed nondecalcified non decalcified samples slides boneimplant %BIC (%BIC %BBT. %BBT (%BBT) regions 1 2 medullary. medullary) OneWay One Way Tukeys Tukey s trabeculartotal treatment % (% 1685 16 85 16.85 p=0.02 p002 p 0 02 (p=0.02 2612 26 12 26.12 p≤0.0001 p00001 0001 (p≤0.0001 However periimplant peri bone) BIC% BIC(% study n= (n= (%BBT ( 168 16.8 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 261 26.1 p≤0.000 p0000 000 (p≤0.000 BIC( (n 16. p=0. p0 (p=0. 26. p≤0.00 p000 00 (p≤0.00 p=0 (p=0 p≤0.0 (p≤0.0 p= (p= p≤0. (p≤0. (p p≤0 (p≤0 p≤ (p≤

Resumo Introdução Diferentes metodologias tem sido utilizadas para avaliação histológica da osseointegração, levando a diferentes resultados. Objetivo O objetivo é comparar diferentes metodologias de análise histomorfométrica da osseointegração de implantes com diferentes superfícies, instalados em tíbias de ratos. Material e método 24 ratos foram aleatoriamente divididos em 3 grupos (n = 8) para a instalação dos implantes. Esses grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tipo de implante instalado na tíbia: Grupo Hidrofílico - HFL (instalação de implante com superfície modificada por jateamento de óxidos e ataque ácido e mantida em solução de cloreto de sódio), Grupo Hidrofóbico - HFB (instalação de implante com superfície modificada por jateamento de óxidos e ataque ácido) e Grupo Usinado - U (instalação de implante com superfície usinada). No período de 45 dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos de instalação dos implantes, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, e as tíbias foram removidas, sendo realizado o processamento histológico para amostras não descalcificadas. Após a obtenção das lâminas, foi realizada a análise histomorfométrica para avaliar as porcentagens de contato osso-implante (% BIC) e da área óssea entre as espiras (% BBT). As mensurações foram realizadas em duas diferentes regiões: 1) as roscas do implante na região do osso cortical e 2) todas as roscas do implante inseridas no osso (cortical e medular). A análise estatística foi feita por meio de ANOVA One-Way, seguida pelo teste de Tukey para análise inferencial dos dados. Resultado Quando o BIC e o BBT foram analisados de forma independente nas regiões cortical e trabecular/total, observou-se uma diferença no comportamento histológico dos implantes de acordo com o tratamento de superfície. Os implantes HFL apresentaram BIC (%) trabecular 16,85% maior (p = 0,02) do que os implantes HFB e 26,12% maior (p ≤ 0,0001) do que os implantes usinados. Contudo, a região cortical de todos os grupos apresentou valores de BIC cortical significativamente maiores ao redor dos implantes, independentemente da superfície. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a formação óssea peri-implantar foi superior nas análises realizadas apenas em osso cortical, se comparados aos valores obtidos na mensuração total (osso cortical somado ao medular). Também foi possível observar que, dentro da mesma superfície, os valores de BIC (%) foram superiores em osso cortical. Em relação às limitações do estudo, pode-se concluir que diferentes metodologias de análise histométrica da osseointegração ao redor de diferentes superfícies de implantes instalados em tíbias de ratos podem interferir nos resultados de osseointegração, independentemente da superfície analisada. 2 n 8 tíbia sódio, sódio , sódio) usinada. usinada . usinada) 4 eutanásia removidas descalcificadas lâminas ossoimplante % ( BBT. BBT) 1 medular. medular medular) OneWay, OneWay One Way, Way One-Way dados trabeculartotal trabecular/total observouse observou 1685 16 85 16,85 p 0,02 002 0 02 2612 26 12 26,12 0,0001 00001 0001 usinados Contudo periimplantar peri implantar estudo podese pode analisada 168 16,8 0,0 00 261 26,1 0,000 0000 000 16, 0, 26, 0,00

ABSTRACT Fly ash is used partially as a replacement to cement to make the concrete. Fly ash contains SiO2 and Al2O3, which contribute to increase the strength of concrete. In the current investigation, fly ash has been replaced with varying percentages of nanosize in concrete, and the strength of the resulting hardened concrete has been evaluated. The production of nanosized fly ash has been made by the ball milling process and the analyses has been completed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in order to determine the chemical and physical composition of the nanoparticles of fly ash. The nano fly ash concrete (NFAC) have been undergone for the durability tests of acid, sulphate and chloride attack. The concrete with 23% of nano fly ash replaced with cement performs well against these adverse conditions. The comparison has been made between the conventional (CC), raw fly ash (RFAC) and NFAC. Nano fly ash makes concrete much denser and more resistant to cracking. So the durability behaviour of NFAC is much better than CC and RFAC. The percentage of reduction in strength after durability aspects is varies from 0.03% to 10.75% for the NFAC. SiO Al2O3 AlO Al O investigation evaluated SEM (SEM Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) (NFAC acid attack 23 conditions CC, (CC) RFAC (RFAC cracking 003 0 03 0.03 1075 10 75 10.75 Al2O (XRD 2 (CC 00 0.0 107 1 7 10.7 0. 10.