Abstract By means of a legal approach and a literature review, this research underlines the conceptual relationship between citizen security, human rights, democracy, and accountability. The state configures security standards such as national, public and citizen security; of these, only the latter offers substantive elements that shape the foundations for discussing this relationship. Based on Amartya Sen’s theory the “meta-right to citizen security”, the study assesses the prospect of people demanding from the state public policies that guarantee peaceful environments and lives free of violence and crime. The study concludes that accountability safeguards this meta-right. Moreover, this condition prevents abuses and fosters trust in the authorities, that are important because they determine the effectiveness of violence and crime prevention.

Resumen La investigación subraya la relación conceptual entre seguridad ciudadana, derechos humanos, democracia y rendición de cuentas, desde un enfoque jurídico y una revisión bibliográfica. El Estado interviene en modelos de seguridad como nacional, pública y ciudadana; de estos, solo el último ofrece elementos sustantivos que permiten debatir la mencionada relación. Con base en la teoría de Amartya Sen, se sugiere el “metaderecho a la seguridad ciudadana” para discutir la posibilidad que tienen las personas de exigir al Estado políticas públicas que garanticen entornos pacíficos, vidas libres de violencia y delincuencia. Se concluye que la rendición de cuentas es el medio para salvaguardar este metaderecho que, además de prevenir abusos, fomenta la confianza en las autoridades, aspectos que inciden en la efectividad de la prevención de la violencia y la criminalidad.

Resumen Al considerar la importancia que actualmente tiene el compromiso social, se ha explorado la perspectiva de uno de los campos de aplicación dentro de las instituciones de educación superior. En este contexto, se examinó la situación actual de la Universidad Técnica de Machala respecto a responsabilidad social y consumo sostenible, desempeñando funciones relacionadas con la enseñanza e investigación. Se llevó a cabo una recopilación de datos que permitió elaborar una evaluación sobre las deficiencias de conocimiento en cuanto a responsabilidad social y cómo esto afecta al consumo responsable. Después, se evaluó el campus en términos de responsabilidad, administración del conocimiento social y participación comunitaria, revelando un nivel de conocimiento insatisfactorio. En cuanto a los asuntos de responsabilidad social y consumo sustentable, se observa una limitación en los resultados relacionados con la gestión y la participación. Sin embargo, la producción científica, junto con los programas y grupos de investigación, se enfocan principalmente en temas vinculados a la conservación del medio ambiente, el bienestar social y la innovación. A pesar de las carencias en el entendimiento de la responsabilidad social, los participantes mostraron una completa comprensión de los impactos ambientales resultantes del consumo sostenible.

Abstract When considering the importance that social commitment currently has, the perspective of one of the fields of application within higher education institutions has been explored. In this context, the current situation of the Technical University of Machala was examined regarding Social Responsibility and Sustainable Consumption, performing functions related to teaching and research. A data collection was carried out that made it possible to prepare an evaluation of the deficiencies in knowledge regarding Social Responsibility and how this affects responsible consumption. The campus was then evaluated in terms of accountability, social knowledge management, and community participation, revealing an unsatisfactory level of knowledge. Regarding the issues of social responsibility and sustainable consumption, a limitation is observed in the results related to management and participation. However, scientific production, along with research programs and groups, focus mainly on issues linked to environmental conservation, social well-being and innovation. Despite gaps in understanding of social responsibility, participants showed a complete understanding of the environmental impacts resulting from sustainable consumption.

El servicio civil es un sistema que comprende medidas institucionales para organizar y gestionar los recursos humanos a cargo del Estado, consolidando tanto los derechos y mejora del desempeño de los servidores públicos como los intereses de la sociedad. El objeto de la investigación fue realizar un análisis de las políticas públicas del servicio civil peruano y las experiencias de otros países del mundo. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática utilizando la metodología PRISMA y se han revisado las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, Scielo y Web of Science. Se han clasificado 24 artículos de los cuales el 45.83% corresponde a gestión, en 41.67% la implementación y 12.50% en regímenes laborales del servicio civil. Se concluye que la implementación de las políticas del servicio civil peruano y otros países del mundo ha tenido avances significativos, sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer la cultura de la meritocracia, impulsar la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y promover la formación continua de los servidores civiles, para asegurar una administración pública más eficiente y al servicio de los ciudadanos

The civil service is a system that comprises institutional measures to organize and manage human resources in charge of the State, consolidating both the rights and performance improvement of public servants and the interests of society. The purpose of the research was to conduct an analysis of Peruvian civil service public policies and the experiences of other countries in the world. A systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology and the following databases were reviewed: Scopus, Scielo and Web of Science. Twenty-four articles were classified, of which 45.83% corresponded to management, 41.67% to implementation and 12.50% to civil service labor regimes. It is concluded that the implementation of civil service policies in Peru and other countries of the world has had significant progress, however, it is necessary to strengthen the culture of meritocracy, promote transparency, accountability and promote continuous training of civil servants to ensure a more efficient public administration at the service of citizens

Abstract State and municipal finances in Mexico depend almost entirely on federal transfers. In indigenous municipalities, this dependency is greater, as in the case of Oxchuc, in the Altos region of the state of Chiapas. The objective of this work is to demonstrate, through a comparative analysis with other municipalities in Chiapas and Nuevo León, how the transfers received in the Oxchuc city council caused conflicts and a fight of factions for the control of these resources, wich transcends regulatory systems, and is maintained in the government elected by uses and customs.

Resumen En México, las finanzas estatales y municipales dependen casi totalmente de las transferencias federales. En los municipios indígenas esa dependencia es mayor, como en el caso de Oxchuc, en la región de Los Altos de Chiapas. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar, a través de un análisis comparativo con otros municipios de Chiapas y Nuevo León, cómo las transferencias recibidas en el ayuntamiento de Oxchuc ocasionaron conflictos y una lucha de facciones por el control de esos recursos, que trasciende los sistemas normativos, y se mantiene en el gobierno elegido por usos y costumbres.

ABSTRACT The rapid advances in biomedicine and biotechnology in recent decades have opened new bioethical dilemmas that require a comprehensive approach. Are we playing God by manipulating life? Are there ethical limits that science should not cross? These questions inevitably connect with theological foundations about the meaning of existence, the origin and destiny of the person, and the relationship between humanity and divinity. Therefore, solid bioethics requires revisiting the spiritual and religious sources that have historically provided wisdom about the value of life. Taking this into account, the objective of this work is to discuss bioethics from the perspective of Islam considering its different theological sources. It is important to note that although there is a spectrum of positions on these emerging issues, the common basis in Islamic society comes from sources such as the Quran and the hadiths, which contain universalizable ethical principles. Thus, it cannot be forgotten that from an Islamic perspective accountability before God implies that techno-scientific advances must be linked to transcendent references that provide moral direction, basing concepts such as the sanctity of life, inviolable human dignity, and responsibility with future generations.

RESUMEN Los rápidos avances de la biomedicina y la biotecnología en las últimas décadas han abierto nuevos dilemas bioéticos que requieren un enfoque integral. ¿Estamos jugando a ser Dios manipulando la vida? ¿Existen límites éticos que la ciencia no debería cruzar? Estas preguntas conectan inevitablemente con fundamentos teológicos sobre el significado de la existencia, el origen y destino de la persona y la relación entre la humanidad y la divinidad. Por lo tanto, una bioética sólida requiere revisar las fuentes espirituales y religiosas que históricamente han proporcionado sabiduría sobre el valor de la vida. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la bioética desde la perspectiva del Islam considerando sus diferentes fuentes teológicas. Es importante señalar que, si bien existe un espectro de posiciones sobre estas cuestiones emergentes, la base común en la sociedad islámica proviene de fuentes como el Corán y los hadices, que contienen principios éticos universalizables. Así, no se puede olvidar que desde una perspectiva islámica la rendición de cuentas ante Dios implica que los avances tecnocientíficos deben vincularse a referentes trascendentes que brinden dirección moral, fundamentando conceptos como la santidad de la vida, la inviolable dignidad humana y la responsabilidad con las generaciones futuras.

INTRODUCTION: Outreach activities (OAs) are structured learning experiences, combining intentional learning goals with services to underserved communities. Oral health students participated on the Phelophepa Train (PT) and school-based programmes (SBPs) as part of their OAs. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the self-reported experiences of OA amongst undergraduate oral health students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional which included final year dental (N=62) and oral hygiene students (N= 13) registered in 2019. METHODS: Information was obtained using a modified, self-administered questionnaire which included the number and type of procedures performed; work-related limitations, personal work benefits, academic development and civic responsibility RESULTS: The response rate was 93% (N=65) and students performed more procedures on the train compared to the SBP. Most common procedures undertaken by dental students were screening (64%) and restorations (56%) for oral hygiene students it was screenings (92%) and examinations, Assure sealants and screenings 39% on the train and 31% at SBPs. The most common challenges on both the train and SBPs were inadequate materials (74%) and (41%), poor infection control (15%) and (41% and defective equipment (31%) and (38%) respectively. CONCLUSION: Although students performed a variety of clinical services they reported to have faced a number of challenges. The majority of students reported that OAs exposed them to the needs of the communities and encouraged them to improve their independence and accountability towards patients

BACKGROUND: Child slavery in global supply chains is a complex problem because it involves various supply chain actors, including corporations, at different tiers, and external organisations and society. Many corporate sustainability on child labour, present a unilateral perspective which renders the development of child labour measures under the leadership of many companies tardy and inefficient. OBJECTIVES: This study conducted a comprehensive investigation into child slavery in supply chains to identify the key actors that can combat child slavery in the supply chain. METHOD: Thematic analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles, containing the keywords; child labour; supply chain, and child slavery; used interchangeably, based on three inclusion criteria; high frequency of relevant keywords; recent publication period; and high number of citations, was conducted. RESULTS: Four main actors and their influence on child slavery were identified namely i.). Corporations - through industrial characteristics, strategy, corporate social responsibility obligations, and internal stakeholders; ii.). Governments - through regulations, policies, and intentions to combat child slavery; iii.). Societies - through the establishment of social benchmarks and social accountability frameworks to address the social crisis; and iv.). External organisations - such as ILO, NGOs and trade unions as the dominant actors in combatting the child slavery phenomena in supply chains. CONCLUSION: The findings provide a nascent conceptual model for empirical work and a foundation for descriptive and normative research on child slavery in supply chains. CONTRIBUTION: The study's contribution is the assessment of the child slavery phenomenon using a multi-stakeholder perspective to gain a better understanding of the dynamics associated with child slavery.

Resumen Este artículo trata sobre el cambio institucional del Ministerio Público Federal (MPF) de una institución defensora de derechos a un luchador contra la corrupción. Tiene dos objetivos: el primero es empírico: demostrar que los constituyentes no tenían la corrupción como una preocupación relevante, sino que, a pesar de esto, el trabajo del MPF priorizó la lucha contra la corrupción en la década de 2000 sobre otras atribuciones igualmente relevantes. El segundo es analítico: analizar y discutir los cambios institucionales incrementales después de 2003 que explican al MPF como un luchador contra la corrupción. Para eso, se realiza el análisis de los documentos oficiales de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, de los resultados de dos encuestas con miembros del MPF, aplicadas en 1996 y 2016, y de los datos sobre las actividades extrajudiciales y judiciales del MPF entre 2012 y 2018. Se concluye que una combinación de factores exógenos y endógenos facilitó el cambio institucional, sin embargo, existe un modelo institucional que permite más autonomía y discreción, que, en un contexto dado, puede ser utilizado, por ejemplo, contra el sistema político.

Resumo Este artigo trata da mudança institucional do Ministério Público Federal (MPF) de instituição defensora de direitos para combatente da corrupção. Têm-se dois objetivos: o primeiro é empírico: demonstrar que os constituintes não tinham a corrupção como uma preocupação relevante, mas que, a despeito disso, a atuação do MPF priorizou o combate à corrupção nos anos 2000 em detrimento de outras atribuições igualmente relevantes. O segundo objetivo é analítico: analisar e discutir as mudanças institucionais incrementais depois de 2003 que explicam o MPF como combatente da corrupção. Para tanto, realiza-se análise de conteúdo de documentos oficiais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, dos resultados de dois surveys com membros do MPF, aplicados em 1996 e em 2016, e dos dados das atividades extrajudicial e judicial do MPF entre 2012 e 2018. Conclui-se que uma combinação de fatores exógenos e endógenos facilitou a mudança institucional, no entanto, existe um modelo institucional que permite mais autonomia e discricionariedade, que, em determinado contexto, pode ser utilizado, por exemplo, contra o sistema político.

Abstract This article deals with the institutional change of the Brazilian Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF) from a rights-defending institution to an anticorruption fighter. It has two goals: the first one is empirical: to demonstrate that the constituents did not have corruption as a relevant concern, but that, despite this, the action of the MPF prioritized the fight against corruption in the 2000s over other equally relevant attributions. The second goal is analytical: to analyze and discuss the incremental institutional changes after 2003 that explain the MPF as a corruption fighter. To this end, the content of official documents of the National Constituent Assembly, the results of two surveys with members of the MPF, applied in 1996 and 2016, and data from the extrajudicial and judicial activities of the MPF between 2012 and 2018 are analyzed. We conclude that a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors facilitated institutional change, however there is an institutional model that allows more autonomy and discretion, which, in a given context, can be used, for example, against the political system.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la ejecución de las penas alternativas desde una perspectiva gerencial y criminológica, a partir de criterios de eficiencia y eficacia. Para esto, nos basamos en una investigación documental de procesos judiciales descargados entre 2015 y 2016 que abarcaran las unidades judiciales del estado de Tocantins, Brasil, así como en revisiones sistemáticas de literatura y jurisprudencia. El análisis crítico de los dados sigue supuestos teóricos de los modelos de administración pública gerencial y de la criminología de tercera generación de las interrelaciones sociales, especialmente la teorización de la criminología clínica de la inclusión social. Al final, se pueden extraer pruebas concretas de la ineficiencia y de la ineficacia gerencial y criminológica de la ejecución de penas alternativas. Esto pone en crisis el modelo de responsabilidad penal en medio abierto, dados sus métodos e instrumentos actuales, porque son incapaces de romper con la racionalidad punitiva vigente.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a execução das penas alternativas, sob os enfoques gerencial e criminológico, a partir dos critérios da eficiência e da eficácia. Para tanto, baseamo-nos em pesquisa documental de processos judiciais baixados entre os anos de 2015 e 2016 e que abrangiam as unidades judiciárias do estado do Tocantins, bem como em revisões sistemáticas de literatura e de jurisprudência. A análise crítica dos dados segue pressupostos teóricos dos modelos da administração pública gerencial e da criminologia de terceira geração das inter-relações sociais, especialmente a teorização da criminologia clínica de inclusão social. Ao final, podem-se extrair evidências concretas acerca da ineficiência e da ineficácia gerencial e criminológica da execução das penas alternativas. Isso coloca em crise o modelo de responsabilização em meio aberto, diante de seus métodos e instrumentos vigentes, pelo fato de não serem capazes de romper com a atual racionalidade punitiva.

Abstract This paper analyzes the execution of alternative sentences, under managerial and criminological approaches, based on the criteria of efficiency and efficacy. To do so, we had as a basis documentary research of lawsuits filed between 2015 and 2016 that covered the judicial units of the State of Tocantins, Brazil, as well as systematic reviews of literature and jurisprudence. The critical analysis of the data follows theorical assumptions of models of managerial public administration and third generation criminology of social interrelations, especially the theorization of clinical criminology of social inclusion. In the end, it is possible to extract concrete evidence about the managerial and criminological inefficiency and inefficacy of the execution of alternative sentences. This puts the open-ended criminal accountability model in crisis, due to the use of methods and instruments that are not able to break with the current punitive rationality.

BACKGROUND: Child participation in evaluation and research is key to ensure horizontal accountability and respect the rights of the children to voice their opinions on actions that have a direct impact on their lives. The author uses illustrative examples to describe how child-focused evaluation and research can be implemented in practices and discusses the main challenges and lessons learnt. OBJECTIVES: To reflect on the current evaluation practices and identify clear ways to ensure children and other marginalised groups can meaningfully participate in evaluation and research processes. METHOD: Children from 8 years to 18 years were involved in various evaluation and research assignments through different data collection and dissemination methods in five African countries. RESULTS: The experiences show practically how children can successfully be engaged in evaluation and research through meaningful consultations that are both safe and ethical and through adapted communication materials and channels to ensure horizontal accountability CONCLUSION: Ensuring the meaningful participation of children in evaluation and research processes is not only a right for children but also a great opportunity to enhance the design of evaluation and research pieces to make them more engaging and human-centred. The use of child-focused approach brings its own set of challenges and questions that evaluators can navigate with the support from relevant stakeholders. It requires authors to think outside of the box, be creative and put ourselves in the shoes of our main audience to develop the most suitable engagement strategies. CONTRIBUTION: This article represents the culmination of a comprehensive research endeavor, from conceptualisation to data analysis and findings interpretation, conducted solely by the main author. The different pieces were reviewed for quality assurance by Helene Juillard. The illustrations presented in the article were made by Clementine Guivarch' based on the author's guidance and inputs.

BACKGROUND: In contemporary public governance, transparent, accountable, and citizen-centric practices are paramount. Citizen-based monitoring (CBM) of government projects is a promising avenue to uphold these principles. However, there is a pressing need for a more effective, structured, and technologically driven approach to CBM. OBJECTIVES: This research aims to present a tailored model for the South African government. Utilising social media, the model seeks to transform CBM practices, enhancing governance and ensuring project success. The limitations of current CBM tools necessitate such a model in South Africa. METHOD: Rooted in rigorous mixed-methodology research, the model's development and validation involve in-depth interviews with government officials, local media, and civic organisations, along with a citizen survey and literature review. International best practices in CBM and social media analytics inform its design. RESULTS: The study uncovers that current CBM tools have a dual nature, empowering citizens yet facing context-specific challenges like elite capture and inclusivity issues. Social media emerges as a preferred tool among citizens for monitoring government projects, showcasing its transformative potential in fostering transparency and citizen engagement. CONCLUSION: By leveraging social media's dynamic capabilities, this model can enhance transparency, accountability, and project success in South Africa's governance landscape, marking a significant advancement in the digital era. CONTRIBUTION: This research introduces a novel CBM model for South Africa, tailored to leverage social media's transformative potential. Addressing existing limitations in CBM tools provides insights into the challenges and opportunities of utilising social media for government project monitoring.

Resumo Compreender os sentidos e significados atribuídos às vivências cotidianas de usuárias e profissionais da atenção primária à saúde (APS), em serviços públicos de assistência materna, é o objetivo deste artigo. Trata-se de estudo de abordagem qualitativa a partir do relato desses sujeitos sobre suas interações. Foram realizados grupos focais com 56 mulheres, de classes populares, de 17-35 anos, majoritariamente autoidentificadas como pretas ou pardas; e 115 profissionais da APS, em duas cidades de um estado do nordeste brasileiro. O tema “violência” emergiu espontaneamente em discussões sobre direitos na gestação, parto e puerpério. As mulheres relataram dificuldades no acesso e problemas na qualidade dos serviços ofertados. As relações hierárquicas e assimétricas entre profissionais e usuárias são atravessadas por uma violência simbólica, naturalizada, institucionalmente legitimada, que se reproduz em um jogo de (des)responsabilização dos profissionais. Como resposta, usuárias recorrem ao controle das emoções e à violência. A depender do contexto, a violência é mais ou menos explícita, atuando como um fio condutor, uma linguagem simbólica, presente na relação usuárias-profissionais de saúde. O cotidiano é marcado por práticas violentas que geram violência como resposta e revelam o não reconhecimento da mulher como sujeito integral e de direitos.

Abstract The aim of this article is to understand the senses and meanings attributed to the daily experiences of primary health care (PHC) users and practitioners in public maternal care services. This is a qualitative study based on these individuals' accounts of their interactions. Focus groups were held with 56 working class women, aged 17-35, mostly self-identified as black or brown, and 115 PHC practitioners, in two cities in a northeastern Brazilian state. The theme of "violence" emerged spontaneously in discussions about rights during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. The women reported difficulties in access and problems with the quality of the services offered. The hierarchical and asymmetrical relations between practitioners and users are crossed by symbolic, naturalized and institutionally legitimized violence, which is reproduced in a game of (dis)accountability on the part of the practitioners. In response, users resort to controlling their emotions and resorting to violence. Depending on the context, violence is more or less explicit, acting as a common thread, a symbolic language, present in the relationship between users and health practitioners. Daily life is marked by violent practices that generate violence as a response and reveal the failure to recognize women as integral subjects with rights.

This article explores the interpretive dimensions of Luke 12:13-21 within the landscape of the first-century world and how it relates to the democratic South African context. The question that drives this reading is two-fold: (1) How would this parable be understood by the early Jesus movement in the first-century Mediterranean context? In the light of socio-economic, religious, and political context of the day? What did they hear from what Jesus said through this parable? (2) similarly, what are we hearing from this same parable in today's society, in the light of our own socio-economic, religious and political landscape? I suggest analysing this parable through Mazamisa's dialectica reconciliae and Mosala's historical-materialistic lenses, which might reveal profound insights into the nation's post-1994 journey of reconstruction and development of South Africa and the liberation of the black child, in a government led by another black child. The passage's warnings against materialism and its call to be 'rich towards God' resonate with South Africa's pursuit of social justice and equitable wealth distribution. It mirrors concerns over land reform and responsible inheritance, aligning with the principles of Ubuntu that emphasize collective well-being. The text's emphasis on spiritual values contributes to discussions on fostering a cohesive national identity amid religious diversity. It underscores the importance of transparent governance and accountability, addressing wealth disparities, and confronting poverty. This exploration offers a compelling synthesis, suggesting how Luke 12:13-21 can guide South Africa in forging a just, inclusive, and spiritually grounded democratic society. CONTRIBUTION: This study explores the interpretive dimensions of Luke 12:13-21 within the context of the first-century world and its relevance to South Africa, offering profound insights into post-1994 reconstruction and development, social justice, equitable wealth distribution, collective well-being, national identity, wealth disparities, and poverty, ultimately guiding South Africa towards a just, inclusive, and spiritually grounded democratic society

The frequent occurrence of disasters because of Indonesia's geographical location within the Ring of Fire calls for effective disaster-management efforts. With the issuance of Law No. 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management, the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana or BNPB) was subsequently established. Keeping in mind previous disasters in Indonesia which occur in different regions, that is, Palu and Aceh Tsunami, Cianjur earthquake, and Mount Merapi, Indonesia's disaster-management law is general and lacks technical guidelines in addressing the needs of the various regions and the different contours of geography. This article aims to analyse existing Indonesian regulatory and agency problems in disaster management by conducting a normative and comparative approach between the disaster management policy in the United States of America (USA) and Indonesia. The authors chose the USA's disaster-management policy in particular as most comparative studies on disaster management law do not involve the USA despite the State's ability to provide a comprehensive and consistent policy in the midst of the decentralisation of responsibilities with the numerous states. The authors conclude that according to existing disaster-management laws in USA and Indonesia, the government is obligated to fulfil its citizens' rights in the event of natural disasters. Furthermore, noting the issues that exist within the Indonesian disaster-management system, Indonesia can adopt the best practices of the USA to improve its disaster-management system. Among others, Indonesia can learn from the USA in the fields of accountability and transparency amongst agencies, the development of Early Warning Systems, an improved system of interagency cooperation, as well as the provision of specific disaster-management assistance. CONTRIBUTION: The findings of this study are expected to serve as evaluation material and to improve government effectiveness in dealing with natural disasters.

The President's power to grant pardons, remit fines, penalties or forfeitures and the nature of the accountability for the exercise of such power remains unclear. The question of accountability relates to whether the President has a constitutional obligation to disclose the reasons for his decision. The nature of the power is broadly formulated and should undergo reform to enhance the attendant accountability. Over the years, there were debates on whether the granting of pardons constitutes administrative action in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA). Because it is a power that potentially has an adverse effect on rights enshrined in the Bill of Rights, it is submitted that it should be construed in terms of PAJA. Similarly, the role of Parliament in exercising oversight over the process is unclear and inadequate. The article submits that the President should exercise the power together with the relevant Cabinet Minister, and subject to legislative endorsement.