ABSTRACT The objective was to analyze the social determinants of health in Angola. This is a documentary, exploratory and quantitative research, carried out with data from the 2015-2016 Multiple Indicators and Health Survey in Angola. The analyzed variables were: access to drinking water sources; appropriate sanitary facilities; access to electricity; educational level; access to jobs; child mortality rate; prenatal consultations; and vaccination coverage. It was observed that 45.2% of households do not have access to adequate water sources for drinking; 52.9% use inappropriate sanitation facilities, mainly in rural areas; 31% of men aged 15 to 49 were unemployed; 42% of households had access to electricity; 22% of women and 8% of men aged 15 to 49 have never attended school; the estimated infant mortality rate was 44 deaths for every 1000 live births; 44.1% of pregnant women with lower socioeconomic status did not undergo any prenatal consultation; 18.3% of children aged 12 to 23 months and 21% aged 24 to 35 months did not receive any vaccine. It is concluded that there are large gaps in access to social determinants of health, highlighting the need for government efforts in partnership with international organizations to improve the population’s health conditions.

RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar os fatores determinantes sociais da saúde em Angola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, exploratória e quantitativa, realizada com dados do Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos e de Saúde 2015-2016 de Angola. Foram analisadas as variáveis: acesso a fontes de água para beber; instalações sanitárias apropriadas; acesso à eletricidade; nível educacional; acesso a empregos; taxa de mortalidade infantil; consultas pré-natais; e cobertura vacinal. Observou-se que 45,2% dos agregados familiares não têm acesso a fontes de água apropriada para beber; 52,9% utiliza instalações sanitárias não apropriadas, principalmente nas áreas rurais; 31% dos homens de 15 a 49 anos estavam desempregados; 42% dos agregados familiares possuíam acesso à eletricidade; 22% das mulheres e 8% dos homens de 15 a 49 anos nunca frequentaram a escola; a estimativa da taxa de mortalidade infantil foi de 44 mortes para cada 1000 nascidos-vivos; 44,1% das gestantes com menor nível socioeconômico não realizaram nenhuma consulta pré-natal; 18,3% das crianças de 12 a 23 meses e 21% de 24 a 35 meses não receberam nenhuma vacina. Conclui-se que existem grandes lacunas no acesso a determinantes sociais da saúde, evidenciando a necessidade de esforços governamentais em parceria com organismos internacionais para melhorar as condições de saúde da população.

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Ciara Goslett's account of childhood tuberculosis (TB) sheds light on the challenges faced by children diagnosed with TB in South Africa (SA). Children are particularly vulnerable to TB infection and to dangerous forms of disseminated TB such as TB meningitis, which can cause death or major lifelong disability. They have distinct challenges with diagnosis, and TB treatment for adults is not necessarily child-friendly. In the absence of a child-friendly formulation, adult tablets are broken into the correct dosage and used to treat children. Crushed and dissolved in water, the pieces are not very palatable for children. There are therefore issues that may be neglected if the voices of children are not included in the TB response in SA. These include delays in the development and accessibility of child-friendly medication, vaccine shortages and a lack of educational support for hospitalised children under school-going age. Some positive progress has been made through the establishment of the paediatric working group in the TB Think Tank, and SA's contribution to pivotal childhood TB research studies. Additional steps could be the inclusion of children's feedback in community-led monitoring efforts and engagement between child TB activists and the SA TB Caucus, a collective of parliamentarians.

Resumen En la exploración geofísica, el análisis del terreno es fundamental para planificar la adquisición de datos de gravimetría y magnetometría. No obstante, en la actualidad dichos análisis requieren el uso supervisado de información secundaria extensa. Por este motivo, en este estudio se propone una metodología que utiliza el aprendizaje profundo para evaluar el impacto de la cobertura vegetal y la topografía en la adquisición geofísica. Se usó una red neuronal artificial perceptrón multicapa para considerar cinco variables terrestres, y una red neural convolucional para la clasificación automatizada de coberturas vegetales sobre imágenes satelitales. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron puntos para la localización de estaciones de levantamiento geofísico que cumplen con un criterio de favorabilidad por accesibilidad, distancias, restricciones por cuerpos de agua y coberturas boscosas. La geometría obtenida se evaluó en la exploración del Granito de Durania en Colombia, y los resultados se analizaron utilizando transectas de adquisición y modelado computacional de anomalías magnéticas y de gravedad. Finalmente, se aplicaron técnicas de interpolación donde el método Ponderación de Distancia Inversa (IDW) mostró la mejor imagen para interpretar la delimitación del cuerpo intrusivo.

Abstract In geophysical exploration, terrain analysis is fundamental for planning the gravity and magnetic surveys. However, current analyses necessitate supervised use of extensive secondary information. Consequently, this study proposes a methodology that leverages deep learning to assess the impact of vegetation coverage and topography in geophysical acquisition. An artificial neural network multilayer perceptron was used to consider five terrain-related variables, while a convolutional neural network is used for automated classification of vegetation cover on satellite imagery. From this, geophysical acquisition points are obtained, adhering to criteria involving accessibility favourability, distances, restrictions imposed by bodies of water, and forested cover. The obtained geometry was tested in the exploration of the Granito de Durania in Colombia, and the results were analysed using acquisition transects and computational modelling of gravity and magnetic anomalies. Interpolation techniques were applied, with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method yielding the most informative map for interpreting the delineation of the intrusive body.

Abstract Creatinine standardisation programmes remain valid. The objective of this work is to describe the experience acquired during the development of a creatinine standardisation programme in a low-resource province and show the aspects that should be considered for its scalability in a similar context. The programme was developed in stages. The first one was carried out in 2010. It consists of a structured survey completed by 49 clinical laboratories (CL) distributed throughout the province. In the second stage (2012) the random error (RE) was adjusted by applying international protocols (CLSI EP-5A). In the third stage (2014-2015), panels of sera were processed with concentrations assigned by a method traceable to the reference and the international standard (CG-IDMS). International protocols were applied to evaluate the total error (TE) of the determination in each laboratory (CLSI EP-10A). In 2016, applying quality tools, the barriers in the process were evaluated. In the RE, it was observed: for a level of 1.00 mg/dL, no CL reached the desirable levels; for a level of 2.5 mg/dL only 9 (23%) CL achieved them. Once the second and third stages were completed, only 18 laboratories (48.7%) managed to adjust the RE and/or TE, but it was difficult to sustain it over time. With respect to materials, reagents, calibrators, and controls, they are produced by the industry depending on the state of their control. The homogeneity of the equipment depends on economic accessibility and volume of work. The environment, temperature, and water quality are a barrier to scalability.

Resumen Los programas de estandarización de creatinina mantienen su vigencia. El objetivo es describir la experiencia adquirida durante el desarrollo de un programa de estandarización de creatinina en una provincia de bajos recursos y mostrar los aspectos que se deben considerar para su escalabilidad en un contexto semejante. El programa se desarrolló en etapas: en la primera (2010) se realizó el relevamiento de 49 laboratorios clínicos (LC) distribuidos en toda la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. En la segunda (2012) se ajustó el error aleatorio (EA) aplicando protocolos internacionales (CLSI EP-5A). En la tercera etapa (2014-2015) se procesaron paneles de sueros con concentraciones asignadas por un método trazable al de referencia y al estándar internacional (CG-IDMS). Se aplicaron protocolos internacionales para evaluar el error total (ET) de la determinación en cada laboratorio (CLSI EP-10A). En 2016, aplicando herramientas de calidad, se evaluaron las barreras en el proceso. Se observó en el EA: para un nivel de 1,00 mg/dL, ningún LC alcanzó los niveles deseables; para un nivel de 2,5 mg/dL solo 9 (23%) los alcanzaron. Concluida la segunda y tercera etapa, solo 18 laboratorios (48,7%) lograron ajustar el EA y/o ET, pero resultó dificultoso sostenerlo en el tiempo. Los reactivos, calibradores y controles son producidos por la industria y depende del estado el control de los mismos. La homogeneidad del equipamiento depende de la accesibilidad económica y del volumen de trabajo. El medio ambiente, la temperatura y la calidad del agua siguen siendo una dificultad para la escalabilidad.

Resumo Os programas de padronização da creatinina permanecem válidos. O objetivo é descrever a experiência adquirida durante o desenvolvimento de um programa de padronização de creatinina em uma província com poucos recursos e mostrar os aspectos que devem ser levados em consideração para sua escalabilidade em um contexto semelhante. O programa foi desenvolvido em etapas: Na primeira (2010), foi realizado um levantamento de 49 laboratórios clínicos (LC) distribuídos em toda a provincia do Chaco, na Argentina. Na segunda etapa (2012) o erro aleatório (EA) foi ajustado através da aplicação de protocolos internacionais (CLSI EP-5A). Na terceira etapa (2014-2015), foram processados paineis de soros com concentrações atribuídas por método rastreável à referência e ao padrão internacional (CG-IDMS). Protocolos internacionais foram aplicados para avaliar o erro total (ET) da determinação em cada laboratório (CLSI EP-10A). Em 2016, aplicando ferramentas de qualidade, foram avaliadas as barreiras no processo. Observou-se na EA: para o nível de 1,00 mg/dL nenhuma LC atingiu os níveis desejáveis; para um nível de 2,5 mg/dL, apenas 9 (23%) os atingiram. Concluídas a segunda e terceira etapas, apenas 18 laboratórios (48,7%) conseguiram ajustar o EA e/ou o ET, mas foi difícil sustentá-lo ao longo do tempo. No que diz respeito aos reagentes, calibradores e controles, eles são produzidos pela indústria. dependendo do estado o seu controle. A homogeneidade do equipamento depende da acessibilidade econômica e do volume de trabalho. O meio ambiente, a temperatura e a qualidade da água continuam sendo uma dificuldade para a escalabilidade.

Resumen El abandono rural es un fenómeno global promovido por causas biofísicas, socioeconómicas y socioproductivas, que conduce a la desaparición de prácticas agrícolas tradicionales y tiene graves impactos en la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de vida locales. Este fenómeno es más complejo en las tierras secas, ya que es poco probable que se recuperen las tierras productivas perdidas debido a la disponibilidad limitada de recursos hídricos. Los objetivos de este estudio son identificar tierras agrícolas abandonadas en un sector del este del oasis norte de Mendoza (Argentina) y determinar las principales causas que conducen este proceso. Se empleó una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, que incluye la implementación de la técnica de diferencia del Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) a partir de imágenes Landsat, el análisis de boosted regression trees para evaluar causas espacialmente explícitas y la evaluación de la percepción de los productores locales y sus asesores técnicos mediante una encuesta digital. Las tierras agrícolas abandonadas aumentaron un 92% entre 2002 y 2020 y los principales factores identificados por ambas fuentes de información (modelo espacial y percepción social) fueron la accesibilidad, el tipo de cultivo, las condiciones de vida vulnerables de la población local, la disponibilidad de agua de riego, la disponibilidad de mano de obra y la falta de rentabilidad. El enfoque propuesto busca contribuir al monitoreo de los recursos productivos y a un ordenamiento territorial con una visión holística y de largo plazo.

Abstract Rural abandonment is a global phenomenon promoted by biophysical, socio-economic, and socio-productive causes, leading to the disappearance of traditional agricultural practices and serious impacts on food security and local livelihoods. This phenomenon is more complex in drylands since the lost of productive land is unlikely to be recovered due to the limited availability of water resources. This study aimed to identify abandoned agricultural lands in a sector located east of the northern oasis of Mendoza (Argentina) and determine the main driving forces leading this process. The interdisciplinary perspective employed included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) difference technique implemented on Landsat images, the boosted regression trees analysis of spatially explicit drivers, and a digital survey providing perception assessments from local producers and their technical advisors. Abandoned agricultural land has increased by 92% between 2002 and 2020, being accessibility, crop type, vulnerable living conditions of the local population, availability of irrigation water and labor, and the lack of profitability, the main drivers identified by both sources of information (spatial model and social perception). The proposed approach contributes to monitore productive resources and land-use planning with a holistic and long-term vision.

Aeolianites and cemented beach deposits on South Africa's Cape coast preserve evidence of events that transpired on them when they were composed of unconsolidated sand. Over the past decades, numerous Pleistocene vertebrate tracksites have been identified on aeolianite palaeosurfaces in the Garden Route National Park, West Coast National Park, and Addo Elephant National Park. In the Garden Route National Park alone, 57 Pleistocene vertebrate tracksites have been discovered. An equilibrium exists, whereby new sites become exposed through cliff-collapse events, while known sites slump into the ocean, are eroded through the action of wind and water, or are destroyed through wave action. Engraved graffiti poses a further threat. These sites complement the traditional body fossil record, and have significant palaeoenvironmental and palaeoanthropological implications. Hominin sites are of global importance: one contains the oldest tracks attributed to Homo sapiens, others contain patterns made in sand by ancestral humans and constitutes a form of early palaeoart. Collectively, these sites have substantial geoheritage value. The discoveries create management questions: which sites require active management, and how should they be ranked in importance? Factors which need to be considered in developing a management strategy include the scientific and heritage value of the sites, whether recovery or replication is preferable, the presence or absence of suitable repositories, the level of the threat to site integrity, the accessibility of the site, and the feasibility of recovery. Checklists containing appropriate criteria and questions can form tools in assessing the importance of these ichnosites.

Climate change and recurring droughts-induced effects on health are becoming an increasingly main global, cultural and public health burden. The heaviest health burden leans on the fragile socio-economic systems among the remote agro-pastoral communities, living in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). Previous studies underlined the indispensability of indigenous knowledge (IK) for resilience-driven disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. However, more attention has been drawn towards the necessity of IK in weather forecasts, with less emphasis on its indispensability to alleviate health burden associated with climate change and droughts. We explored the contextual application of IK-based adaptation and related complementarity aspects for culturally relevant and sustainable DRR strategies for the nomadic agro-pastoral communities in Lopur, Turkana, Kenya. Relying on a descriptive qualitative study in phenomenological approach, purposive sampling and focus group discussions with key community influencers, a thematic analysis was conducted for an in-depth understanding and interpretation of data patterns. The contextualised insights revealed the growing vulnerability as a result of the disconnect between modern interventions, IK and the newly adopted environmental degrading coping tactics. Policy-wise, the findings portrayed the necessity for cultural integration and incorporation of indigenous knowledge-based strategies and systems for reinforced information dissemination, accessibility and acceptability for droughts preparedness and response. CONTRIBUTION: This study underlined the existing room for scientific exploration of the already existing indigenous knowledge-based solutions for food and water insecurity, towards improved resilience for the vulnerable communities experiencing inequitable climate change calamities in the ASALs.

Abstract Introduction Marajó Island, located in the State of Pará, Brazil, is composed of 16 municipalities. Approximately 20.3% of its population has some type of disability, and the main means of transport to and from the island are vessels. Objective To analyze the accessibility in the vessels used to transport people from the municipalities of Marajó Island to the state capital. Method This is a quantitative-qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research conducted with 23 people with physical and/or sensory disabilities. Ten vessels were assessed. The study is divided into two stages: analysis of the perception of people with disabilities using a semi-structured interview, and analysis of vessel accessibility using a checklist based on the NBR 15450:2006 standard. Results Most participants did not consider the vessels accessible and found difficulties in accessing and remaining on them. The analysis of the vessels showed that the averages of compliance with the norms in the evaluated spaces were <50%. Conclusion There is agreement between the difficulties pointed out by the participants regarding the non-application of the NBR 15450:2006 standard, indicating that the lack of accessibility limits the access and mobility of individuals with disabilities who use water transportation in the Marajó Island region. Residents of Marajó Island with physical and/or sensory disabilities may be deprived of their basic right to come and go, facing barriers in their autonomy and independence regarding mobility and other occupations that depend on it. Pará Brazil 1 203 20 3 20.3 disability capital quantitativequalitative, quantitativequalitative quantitative qualitative, qualitative quantitative-qualitative 2 andor or assessed stages semistructured semi structured interview 154502006 15450 2006 15450:200 standard them 50 <50% nonapplication non application region go it 20. 15450200 1545 200 15450:20 5 <50 1545020 154 15450:2 <5 154502 15 15450: <

Resumo Introdução A Ilha de Marajó, no Estado do Pará, é composta por 16 municípios. Cerca de 20,3% de sua população apresenta algum tipo de deficiência e o principal meio para a saída e chegada da ilha é o transporte aquaviário. Objetivo Analisar a acessibilidade em embarcações que transladam dos municípios da Ilha de Marajó para a capital do Estado. Método Pesquisa quantiqualitativa, descritiva e exploratória com a participação de 23 pessoas com deficiência física e/ou sensorial. Dez embarcações foram analisadas. O estudo está dividido em duas etapas: análise da percepção das pessoas com deficiência por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e análise da acessibilidade das embarcações com uso de checklist baseado na norma NBR 15450:2006. Resultados A maioria dos participantes não considerou as embarcações acessíveis e encontra dificuldades para acessá-las e permanecer nelas. A análise das embarcações mostrou que as médias de conformidade com as normas nos espaços avaliados foram inferiores a 50%. Conclusão Há concordância entre as dificuldades apontadas pelos participantes e a não aplicação da norma NBR 15450:2006, indicando que a ausência da acessibilidade limita o acesso e a mobilidade de indivíduos com deficiência que utilizam os transportes aquaviários na região da Ilha de Marajó. Habitantes da ilha de Marajó (marajoaras) que apresentam deficiência física e/ou sensorial podem ser privados do direito básico de ir e vir, enfrentando barreiras em sua autonomia e independência com relação à mobilidade e outras ocupações que dela dependem. Pará 1 203 20 3 20,3 aquaviário quantiqualitativa 2 eou ou analisadas etapas 154502006. 154502006 15450 2006. 2006 15450:2006 acessálas acessá las nelas 50 50% 154502006, 2006, marajoaras (marajoaras vir dependem 20, 15450200 1545 200 15450:200 5 1545020 154 15450:20 154502 15 15450:2 15450:

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe, within the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) framework, the access to water supply services and the incidence of waterborne diseases in the communities affected by the dam disaster in Brumadinho (MG), Brazil. Methods: A quantitative and qualitative methodology was used, having as variables information on access to water supply services and waterborne diseases. The primary data were extracted from the “Brumadinho Health Project”, using a sample stratum with 981 people interviewed, totaling 92.5% of the eligible population in the affected communities of Córrego do Feijão and Parque da Cachoeira. The secondary data from Brumadinho was extracted from the project “Sanitation conditions and the River Basin of the B1 River Basin of Mineradora Vale between 2017 and 2020”, available in public databases between 2017 and 2020, and qualitative data was collected in 2022 through individual interviews with health professional also live in the communities. Results: With regard to access to water supply services, the results of this combined data analysis indicate that the HRWS is being neglected, especially with regard to availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of water. The study also shows a significant increase in the incidence of waterborne diseases in the region after the disaster. Conclusion: It is necessary to use the HRWS as the basis to the implementation of public policies aiming to reduce vulnerability in access to water supply services. Objective describe (HRWS framework MG, MG , (MG) Brazil Methods used Project, Project Project” 98 interviewed 925 92 5 92.5 Cachoeira B 201 2020 2020” 202 Results neglected availability accessibility Conclusion (MG 9 92. 20 2

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever, na ótica dos direitos humanos à água e ao esgotamento sanitário (DHAES), o acesso à água e a incidência de doenças de veiculação hídrica na região atingida pelo rompimento da barragem da Mina B1 em Brumadinho (MG). Métodos: Utilizou-se a metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa, tendo como variáveis, em ambos os métodos, informações sobre o acesso à água e as doenças de veiculação hídrica. Os dados primários foram extraídos do Projeto de Saúde Brumadinho, sendo aqui utilizado um estrato amostral com 981 pessoas entrevistadas, totalizando 92,5% da população elegível das comunidades atingidas de Córrego do Feijão e Parque da Cachoeira. Os dados secundários de Brumadinho foram coletados pelo Projeto Condições de Saneamento e Saúde da População da Bacia do Rio Paraopeba, a Jusante da Barragem B1 da Mineradora Vale, entre 2017 e 2020, em banco de dados públicos entre 2017 e 2020, e os dados qualitativos foram coletados em 2022 por meio de entrevistas individuais com profissionais de saúde residentes nas comunidades atingidas. Resultados: No tocante ao acesso à água, a análise combinada dos dados apontou que os DHAES estão sendo negligenciados na região, de maneira especial no que se refere à disponibilidade, acessibilidade física, aceitabilidade e qualidade da água. Observou-se também que houve aumento significativo na incidência das doenças de veiculação hídrica na região após o desastre. Conclusão: É necessária utilização dos DHAES como marco referencial na implementação de políticas públicas voltadas para reduzir as situações de vulnerabilidade relacionadas ao acesso à água. Objetivo Descrever DHAES, , (DHAES) B MG. MG . (MG) Métodos Utilizouse Utilizou qualitativa variáveis métodos 98 entrevistadas 925 92 5 92,5 Cachoeira Paraopeba Vale 201 2020 202 Resultados disponibilidade física Observouse Observou desastre Conclusão (DHAES (MG 9 92, 20 2

Abstract Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations. trash complexes chemicals world pollution situation Nanotechnology twodimensional two dimensional D (2D Graphene gC3N4, gC3N4 gCN g C3N4, C3N4 C N g-C3N4 MoS2 MoS m3, m3 m , (m3) consumption post well ll functions management purification adsorption filtration disinfection photocatalysis sensors colorimetric electrochemical fieldeffect field effect fastexpanding fast expanding clean generations gC gC3N CN C3N g-C3N (m3 (m

Resumo Em vez do lixo doméstico típico, os complexos de metais pesados, produtos químicos orgânicos e outros venenos produzidos por grandes empresas ameaçam os sistemas de água em todo o mundo. Para proteger nossa água potável da poluição, devemos ficar de olho na situação. A nanotecnologia, especificamente nanomateriais bidimensionais (2D), é usada em certos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais. Grafeno, g-C3N4, MoS2 e MXene são apenas alguns exemplos de nanomateriais 2D emergentes que exibem uma extraordinária proporção de superfície (m3), proporcionando consumo de material, consumo de tempo e técnica de tratamento para limpeza e observação da água. Neste trabalho, trataremos das maneiras pelas quais os nanomateriais 2D podem ser ajustados para desempenhar determinadas funções, ou seja, como eles podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de água. A seguir, uma breve visão geral dos materiais nanoestruturados e seu possível uso no gerenciamento de água. Serão também discutidas detalhadamente as aplicações de nanomateriais 2D na purificação de água, incluindo adsorção de poluentes, filtração, desinfecção e fotocatálise. Sensores de fluorescência, colorimétricos, eletroquímicos e transistores de efeito de campo são apenas alguns dos dispositivos que estão sendo estudados para uso potencial no monitoramento da qualidade da água usando nanomateriais 2D. A utilização de conteúdo 2D tem seus benefícios e armadilhas quando utilizada para gerenciamento de água. Novos desenvolvimentos neste negócio em rápida expansão visam aumentar a qualidade e a acessibilidade do tratamento de água em resposta à crescente conscientização sobre a necessidade de água limpa e fresca entre as gerações futuras. típico pesados mundo poluição situação nanotecnologia 2D, D , (2D) residuais Grafeno gC3N4, gC3N4 gCN g C3N4, C3N4 C N g-C3N4 MoS m3, m3 m (m3) material trabalho funções seja seguir poluentes filtração fotocatálise fluorescência colorimétricos futuras (2D gC gC3N CN C3N g-C3N (m3 (m

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare factors contributing to a positive outcome of adult burn injury patients managed at two primary and one tertiary level Western Cape hospitals. These patients from the primary hospitals (PLHs) met the referral criteria for specialised care at the Tygerberg Hospital burns unit (TBU) but were not accepted or were accepted late. METHODS: A total of 1034 adult burn injury patients seen at two primary level ("A" and "B") hospitals and the TBU between 2016 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed. One hundred and eleven (111) primary level patients ("A" 71, "B" 40) met the criteria for referral to the TBU. The outcomes and factors contributing to positive outcome of these patients were compared with the 859 patients treated at the TBU during the same period. RESULTS: Patients treated at the TBU showed longer theatre waiting times, more operations, and higher complication and death rates than their primary level counterparts. The PLHs showed no factors significantly contributing to hospital discharge. At TBU, pregnancy status, younger age, hot water burns, lower abbreviated burns severity index (ABSI) score, and longer time to theatre were associated with hospital discharge. A shortage of beds was the main reason for denial of admission to the TBU. CONCLUSION: The PLHs showed good outcomes in managing severe burn injuries, although no significant contributors to a positive outcome were identified. Patient- and facility-related factors contributed to positive outcomes at the TBU. Upgrading both the Western Cape's primary level capabilities and the TBU's accessibility and efficiency are necessary to improve burns services.

Abstract Disputes over the quality and accessibility of water generate conflicts in the population. The causes of these conflicts can be the same as those that influence water security in a community. The objective of this research was to evaluate the perception of water conflicts and their relationship with the factors that reflect water security in the rural populations of the Cotacachi canton. A conceptual framework was developed to relate these possible factors to water conflicts. Then, based on the conceptual framework, a survey was conducted to evaluate the perception of these factors and water conflict in rural households in the canton. Subsequently, the correlation of these variables was analyzed using Spearman’s coefficient. The results showed a correlation of the economic and non-economic factors reflecting water security with the perception of water conflict in the region. The economic factors were determined by the water tariff. While the non-economic factors that showed correlation were the perception of water scarcity and the satisfied water demand for both, human consumption and agriculture.

Resumen Las disputas por la calidad y accesibilidad al agua generan conflictos en la población. Las causas que originan estos conflictos pueden ser las mismas que influyen en la seguridad hídrica en una comunidad. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de conflictos por el agua y su relación con los factores que reflejan la seguridad hídrica en las poblaciones rurales del cantón Cotacachi. Para ello se desarrolló un marco conceptual que relaciona estos posibles factores con los conflictos por el agua. A partir de ello, se realizó una encuesta que evaluó la percepción de estos factores y el conflicto hídrico en los hogares rurales del cantón. Posteriormente se analizó la correlación de estas variables mediante el coeficiente de Spearman. Los resultados mostraron una correlación de los factores económicos y no económicos que reflejan la seguridad hídrica con la percepción de conflictos hídricos de la región. Los factores económicos estaban determinados por la tarifa del agua. Mientras que los factores no económicos que mostraron correlación fueron la percepción de escasez de agua y la demanda satisfecha hídrica, tanto para el consumo humano como también para la agricultura.

Abstract: The general objective was: to demonstrate and illustrate the viability of the ecotourism micro-corridor “Hatun ñan ccocha kunaman”, Apurimac región, Peru. The área includes four hydrographic micro-basins, on average they are 60,000 hectares. The population and sample is directed, it is a geomorphological system: the formation of the terrestrial relief by the action of rain, wind and tectonic forcé, as well as wáter surfaces, which can be exploited and used by human intervention for its landscape and species of flor and fauna, located between 3,900 to 4,600 masl. Desing and level descriptive. There is feasibility the sections present an intensity of average fatigue of walking, which is pronounced when it eceeds from 5 kilograms above the average height; in addition, complementary services such as muleteering, food, staging of rituals and dances can be offered. The construction of infrastructure, with materials from the área, is for leisure or rest, higiene services in the sections, whose construction does not alter the landscape. The activities that can be developed are: hikking, trekking, camping, mountaineering, fishing in a fish farm. The Price of 84 pen (soles) Will allow to offer service of mínimum services. The Project is profitable, at an opportunity cos trate of 20%, over ten years, it yields a positive result of s/. 72,351.00 pence (soles).

Resumen: El objetivo general fue: demostrar e ilustrar la viabilidad del micro corredor eco turístico “Hatun ñan ccocha kunaman”, región Apurímac, Perú. La población y muestra es dirigida, es un sistema geomorfológico: la formación del relieve terrestre por acción de la lluvia, viento y fuerza tectónica, además de superficies de agua, que pueden ser explotados y aprovechados por intervención del hombre por su paisaje y especies de flora y fauna, ubicado entre los 3,900 a 4,600 msnm. Diseño y nivel descriptivo. Existe viabilidad los tramos presentan una intensidad de fatiga media de recorrido a pie, la cual se pronuncia cuando excede a partir de 5 kilogramos por encima al promedio de la talla; se pueden ofertar servicios complementarios como arrieraje, alimentación, escenificación de ritual y danzas. La construcción de infraestructura, con materiales de la zona, es para el ocio o descanso, servicios de higiene en los tramos. Las actividades a desarrollar, son: hikking, trekking, campamento, alpinismo, pesca en granja pisícola. El precio de 84 pen (soles) permitirá brindar servicio de paquete de servicios mínimos. El proyecto es rentable, a una tasa de costo de oportunidad del 20%, a diez años, arroja resultado positivo de s/. 72,351.00 pen (soles).

ABSTRACT Currently, there is a high systematic inequality regarding access to water, both between and within countries. In some, there is a wasteful picture and others show high water stress. This research developed an innovative response with the design of water supply, distribution, and recirculation systems (WSDR) in a sustainable social housing model (SSH) proposed by the researchers, based on a technological assessment which considers principles of spatial, environmental and economic efficiency in aqueduct cost and public service production for builders, user comfort, resource use optimization and its supply sources. In order to achieve this, the water resource of Bogota was diagnosed and technological options for saving water in new residential buildings were proposed; their viability was evaluated and their dimensions were estimated. Among the results, it was possible to project the saving of 110.03L/day or 40 % consumption of each residential unit (UH) proposed in the SSH model and 522,200L/ month in the tasks of washing and irrigation of common areas; This would result in water savings of 2,210,000 m3/month in the urban expansion area of Bogota, equivalent to 1,361.54 Ha.

RESUMEN En la actualidad, existe una alta inequidad sistemática de acceso al agua entre y dentro de los países, en algunos, existe un panorama de desperdicio y otros presentan alto estrés hídrico. Esta investigación desarrolló una respuesta innovadora en un diseño de los sistemas de abastecimiento, distribución y recirculación de agua (SADRA) en un modelo de vivienda de interés social sostenible (VISS) propuesto por los investigadores, a partir de la evaluación tecnológica (ET) teniendo en cuenta principios de eficiencia espacial, ambiental y económica en el costo del servicio público de acueducto y de producción para los constructores, confort del usuario, optimización del uso del recurso y sus fuentes de abastecimiento. Para lograrlo, se diagnosticó la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico pluvial de Bogotá; se plantearon las opciones tecnológicas para el ahorro de agua en edificaciones residenciales nuevas; se evaluó su viabilidad y se estimaron sus dimensiones. Dentro de lo obtenido, se logró proyectar el ahorro de 110,03L/día o el 40 % del consumo de cada unidad habitacional (UH) propuesta en el modelo de VISS y de 522.200L/mes en las labores de lavado y riego de zonas comunes; se encontró que, de implementar este modelo en la construcción de vivienda, se llegaría a un ahorro de agua de 2.210.000 m3/mes en el área de expansión urbana de Bogotá equivalente a 1361.54 Ha.