RESUMEN Paraguay ha aumentado la inversión en educación en la última década por medio del Fondo Nacional de Inversión Pública y Desarrollo (FONACIDE) cuya finalidad consiste en abordar las carencias que afectan a la educación paraguaya. Entonces, considerando la creciente preocupación por la gestión de los recursos públicos dada la escasa infraestructura y el deficiente servicio del almuerzo escolar, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la eficiencia de la gestión de los gastos públicos en educación del FONACIDE de los departamentos de Paraguay durante el período 2015 a 2017, a través de la aplicación de la técnica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) con análisis de ventana y retornos variables de escala con orientación producto. La técnica DEA con análisis de ventana consiste en medir el nivel de eficiencia de varias Decision Making Units (DMUs) en diferentes períodos de tiempo basado en el principio de promedios móviles. Los resultados muestran que la ineficiencia técnica pura media nacional es del 11,04%, por tanto, los departamentos en general podrían mejorar sus indicadores educativos utilizando los mismos niveles de financiamiento. Además, el mayor acceso a recursos no está vinculado a mejores rendimientos educativos. Por tanto, para potenciar el rendimiento educativo es necesario establecer otros criterios de redistribución presupuestaria del FONACIDE, considerando la necesidad de infraestructura y número de alumnos matriculados por departamento.

ABSTRACT Paraguay has increased investment in education over the past decade through the National Fund for Public Investment and Development (FONACIDE), whose goal is to address the deficiencies affecting Paraguayan education. Considering the growing concern over the management of public resources given the inadequate infrastructure and poor school lunch service, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of public spending management in education by FONACIDE in the departments of Paraguay during the period 2015 to 2017. This is achieved through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique with window analysis and variable returns to scale with product orientation. The DEA technique with window analysis measures the efficiency level of several Decision-Making Units (DMUs) over different periods based on the moving averages principle. The results show that the average national pure technical inefficiency is 11.04%, meaning that the departments, in general, could improve their educational indicators using the same funding levels. Additionally, greater access to resources is not linked to better educational outcomes. Therefore, to enhance educational performance, it is necessary to establish other budget redistribution criteria for FONACIDE, considering the need for infrastructure and the number of enrolled students per department

Abstract This study identifies the effect of the public policy implemented in the State of Ecuador in 2008 in regard to democratization of access to higher education, being understood as a right that reduces the existing gaps between men and women, ethnicities and quintiles; for this purpose, a mixed methodology is used as the starting point and, using a qualitative analysis, a review of the main legal instruments regulating higher education in Ecuador was performed, along with specific articles related to this subject. For quantitative methodology, the starting points were reports of the National Information System (SNI) in regards to net rate of enrollment in higher education, managed by the National Secretariat of Planning in order to perform a descriptive analysis on its evolution in gender, ethnicity and registration quintiles. Among the main results obtained, it was determined that the gratuity policy did have a positive effect for access to higher education for men, women, African-Ecuadorian and indigenous peoples and, for quintiles 1, 2 and 3 until year 2011, a noticeable increase was seen in nationwide net rate of enrollment with 4.95 percentile points between 2007 and 2011, until the meritocracy policy entered in force in 2012.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica el efecto de la política pública implementada en 2008 por el Estado ecuatoriano referente a la democratización del acceso a la educación superior, entendida como un derecho que reduce las brechas que existen entre hombres y mujeres, etnias y quintiles; para ello, se parte de una metodología mixta, en la que, dentro del análisis cualitativo, se revisan los principales instrumentos legales que regulan la educación superior en Ecuador, y artículos seleccionados sobre la temática. En la metodología cuantitativa, se parte de los reportes del Sistema Nacional de Información (SNI) referentes a la tasa neta de matrícula en educación superior, administrado por la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación, para realizar un análisis descriptivo sobre su evolución a nivel de sexo, etnia y quintiles de ingreso. Entre los principales resultados, se determina que la política de gratuidad tuvo un efecto positivo en el acceso a la educación superior, para hombres, mujeres, afroecuatorianos e indígenas, y en los quintiles 1, 2 y 3, hasta el año 2011, evidenciando un incremento en la tasa neta de matrícula a nivel nacional, de 2007 a 2011, de 4,95 puntos porcentuales, hasta que entró en vigor la política de meritocracia, en 2012.

Resumo A investigação identifica o efeito da política pública implementada no ano 2008 pelo Estado equatoriano em relação à democratização do acesso à educação superior, entendida a jeito de direito que reduze as divisões existentes entre homens e mulheres, etnias e quintis; para esse propósito, usou-se uma metodologia mista na que, dentro da análise qualitativa, examinaram -se os instrumentos legais principais de regulação da educação superior no Equador, além de artigos escolhidos da área temática. Dentro da metodologia quantitativa, usaram-se os reportes do Sistema Nacional de Informação (SNI) referentes à taxa líquida de matrícula na educação superior aportado pela Secretaria Nacional de Planificação, para fazer uma análise descritiva da evolução em relação ao sexo, etnia e quintis de admissão. Entre os resultados principais, determinou-se que a política de gratuidade teve um efeito positivo no acesso à educação superior para homens, mulheres, afro-equatorianos e indígenas e, nos quintis 1, 2 e 3, até o ano 2011, observou-se um incremento na taxa líquida de matrícula ao nível nacional entre os anos 2007 ao 2011, com 4.95 pontos percentis, até o começo da validade da política de meritocracia no 2012.

Abstract In this article, it is socialized the podcast project "Biographical Stories about Ecuadorian and Latin American Artists" carried out by the institutional research group "Education, Art and Society" of the Universidad Nacional de Educación. The objective of this project is to generate digital educational resources in podcast format that can be used in the classroom, mainly in educational units where students of the Pedagogy of Arts and Humanities career carry out their pre-professional practices in the subject of Cultural and Artistic Education. The podcast creation model is shared in this document through the systematization of the experience. Emphasis is placed on the literature on the podcast as an educational resource, the construction of educational resources in learning communities, and the relevance of open educational resources. As a form of conclusion, the importance of generating resources on Ecuadorian and Latin American artists is mentioned in the absence of rigorous material of this type in the educational field, the need for them to be built collectively, with open access and to establish dissemination proposals and teaching and learning strategies for its use.

Resumen En el presente artículo se socializa el proyecto de pódcast “Relatos biográficos sobre artistas ecuatorianos y latinoamericanos” llevado a cabo por el grupo de investigación institucional “Educación, Arte y Sociedad” de la Universidad Nacional de Educación. El objetivo de este proyecto es generar recursos educativos digitales en formato pódcast que puedan ser utilizados en el aula de clases, principalmente en las unidades educativas donde los estudiantes de la carrera de Pedagogía de las Artes y Humanidades realizan sus prácticas preprofesionales en la asignatura de Educación Cultural y Artística. El modelo de creación de los pódcast se comparte en este documento por medio de la sistematización de la experiencia. Se hace énfasis en la literatura sobre el pódcast como recurso educativo, la construcción de recursos educativos en comunidades de aprendizaje y la relevancia de los recursos educativos abiertos. A manera de conclusión se menciona la importancia de generar recursos sobre artistas ecuatorianos y latinoamericanos ante la falta de material riguroso de este tipo en campo educativo, la necesidad de que se construyan de manera colectiva, con acceso abierto y se establezcan propuestas de difusión y estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje para su uso.

Resumo: Objetivo: determinar habilidades e conhecimentos sobre as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) dos calouros no curso de bacharelado em enfermagem em uma instituição pública de ensino superior na cidade de Bahía Blanca, província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. Foi utilizado um instrumento composto por 59 perguntas com opções de resposta fechada para avaliar as competências digitais dos calouros do curso. Resultados: Participaram 386 estudantes, em sua maioria do gênero feminino (85,49 %), do primeiro ciclo estudantil (74,35 %) e com idade igual ou inferior a 20 anos (47,15 %). 98,19 % tinham acesso à internet, 79,27 % tinham computador e mais de 80 % usavam amplamente as redes sociais (WhatsApp, Instagram) e o e-mail. Os calouros se auto-avaliaram competentes no programa MS Word, enquanto no MS Excel se declararam menos competentes. Há desconhecimento e baixo desenvolvimento de habilidades para gerar conteúdo e uma ampla demonstração de habilidades para pesquisar e baixar informações da web. A idade, o gênero, o tempo diário de uso da Internet e o ciclo de ingresso estudantil mostraram relação com o domínio das ferramentas digitais aplicadas à educação. Conclusões: Foi identificado um desenvolvimento intermediário de competências digitais aplicadas à educação, o que poderia demandar a concepção de programas que nivelem essas competências durante o processo de admissão ou durante a formação.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the skills and knowledge about information and communication technologies (ICT) of entrants to the Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing at a public higher institution in Bahía Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, transversal and quantitative study. An instrument was implemented consisting of 59 questions with closed response options aimed at assessing digital competencies in those entering the career. Results: 386 entrants participated, mostly female (85.49 %), from the first cycle (74.35 %) and 20 years old or younger (47.15%). 98.19 % had access to the internet, 79.27 % have a computer and more than 80 % have extensive use of social networks (WhatsApp, Instagram) and email. The entrants evaluated themselves as competent in the MS Word program, while in MS Excel they declared themselves less competent. There is a lack of knowledge and low development of skills to generate content and a wide range of skills to search and download information from the web. Age, gender, daily time of Internet use and entry cycle showed a relationship with the mastery of digital tools applied to education. Conclusions: An intermediate development of digital competencies applied to education was identified, and a high one for the use of social networks. The variables age, gender, daily time of Internet use and entry cycle were related to the knowledge and skills for using ICT applied to education.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar las habilidades y conocimientos sobre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) de los ingresantes a la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería de una institución superior pública de Bahía Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo. Se implementó un instrumento conformado por 59 preguntas con opciones de respuesta cerrada orientado a valorar las competencias digitales en los ingresantes a la carrera. Resultados: Participaron 386 ingresantes, mayormente de género femenino (85.49 %), del primer ciclo (74.35 %) y con 20 años o menos de edad (47.15 %). El 98.19 % tenía acceso a internet, el 79.27 % tiene computadora y más del 80 % tiene un amplio uso de redes sociales (WhatsApp, Instagram) y correo electrónico. Los ingresantes se autoevaluaron competentes en el programa MS Word, mientras que en MS Excel se declararon menos competentes. Hay desconocimiento y bajo desarrollo de habilidades para generar contenido, y un amplio despliegue de habilidades para buscar y descargar información de la web. La edad, el género, el tiempo diario de uso de internet y el ciclo de ingreso mostraron relación con el dominio de las herramientas digitales aplicadas a la educación. Conclusiones: Se identificó un desarrollo intermedio de competencias digitales aplicadas a la educación, lo que podría ameritar el diseño de programas que nivelen estas habilidades durante el proceso de ingreso o durante la formación.

Resumen: La pandemia por COVID-19 influyó en el proceso de educación superior generando una transición entre la modalidad presencial a la modalidad en línea-emergente en la que se identificaron varias dificultades para el acceso debido a la inequidad, problemas tecnológicos, crisis de salud y económica a nivel mundial, y en Ecuador a nivel de docentes y estudiantes. El descubrimiento de conocimiento en bases de datos de KDD - Educacional, el análisis de técnicas de minería de datos de clasificación y agrupación, y el complemento de análisis de datos con la inteligencia de negocios determinaron los factores desde la perspectiva de la institución, del docente y de los estudiantes que inciden en el proceso de educación en línea, donde se demuestra además, la importancia del modelo de educación, la metodología del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, el entorno de aprendizaje y el bienestar de los docentes y estudiantes que garantizan una educación superior en línea de calidad con igualdad de oportunidades en el acceso.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted higher education, forcing a rapid transition from face-to-face modality to the emerging online learning modality. This transition exposed several challenges, including, inequitable access to technology, global health and economic crisis, and specific difficulties faced by both teachers and students in Ecuador. Knowledge discovery in KDD - Educational databases, the analysis of classification and clustering data mining techniques and the complement of data analysis with business intelligence determined the factors from the perspective of the institution, teachers and students that influence the online education process. In addition, the importance of the education model, the teaching-learning process methodology, the learning environment, and the well-being of teachers and students that guarantee quality online higher education with equal access opportunities is demonstrated.

The widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 led to the suspension of various activities, including education. Institutions responded by shifting to online learning, albeit facing challenges. Student perceptions on online learning are valuable for academic leadership in shaping pedagogies and policies. This study examines Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology students' perceptions (n=43) of online classes during the pandemic. Findings from a descriptive online survey with convenience sampling show that students favoured advantages such as recorded lectures, access to online materials, and self-paced study. However, they highlighted drawbacks like technical issues, limited patient interaction, and reduced engagement with lecturers. Online learning was regarded as effective for enhancing knowledge than for developing clinical skills or social competencies, whilst face-to-face teaching was seen as more effective for fostering clinical skills and social competence compared to online learning. While online learning was initially seen as a response to the pandemic, its formalization as part of a blended education approach in South African universities should align with global trends.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the ethical aspects related to telemedicine. A literature search on the topic was conducted, based on a systematic review of the specific ethical aspects of telemedicine using thirteen articles selected from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. The findings were grouped into the following categories: access; principles; quality of care; privacy, confidentiality, cybersecurity; commercialization, conflict of interest; trust and doctor-patient relationship; education, training and licensing; professional malpractice, telenegligence; virtual prescription of medications; shared decisions, patient empowerment; informed consent; governance and policies. The ethical aspects of telemedicine are important not only for adequate health care, but also for the construction of adequate public policies.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza los aspectos éticos relacionados con telemedicina. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura sobre el tema, basada en una revisión sistemática de los aspectos éticos específicos, utilizando trece artículos seleccionados de las bases de datos Web of Science y PubMed. Los hallazgos se agruparon en las siguientes categorías: acceso; principios; calidad de atención; privacidad, confidencialidad, ciberseguridad; comercialización, conflicto de interés; confianza y relación médico-paciente; educación, entrenamiento y licenciamiento; mala práctica profesional, telenegligencia; prescripción virtual de medicamentos; decisiones compartidas, empoderamiento de pacientes; consentimiento informado; gobernanza y políticas. Los aspectos éticos de la telemedicina son importantes no solo para una adecuada atención de salud, sino también para la construcción de políticas públicas adecuadas.

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os aspectos éticos relacionados com telemedicina. Realizou-se um levantamento da literatura sobre o tema, baseado em uma revisão sistemática dos aspectos éticos específicos, utilizando treze artigos selecionados das bases de dados Web of Science e PubMed. Agruparam-se os achados nas seguintes categorias: acesso; princípios; qualidade da atenção; privacidade, confidencialidade, ciberseguridade; comercialização, conflito de interesse; confiança e relação médico-paciente; educação, treinamento e licenciamento; má prática profissional, tele-negligência; prescrição virtual de medicamentos; decisões compartilhadas, empoderamento de pacientes; consentimento informado; governança e políticas. Os aspectos éticos da telemedicina são importantes não somente para uma adequada atenção à saúde, como também para a construção de políticas públicas adequadas.

Abstract Introduction: The role of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is emerging in Chile. This study compared the satisfaction of patients evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon (OS) in conjunction with a nurse practitioner versus OS only through a self-administered survey. Material and method: This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental study, ensuring a rigorous and comprehensive approach. Patients aged 18 and above who attended an orthopedic surgeon visit in an outpatient center between 2020 and 2023 were included. In the intervention group, patients were assessed by the APN, who provided treatment and education; the orthopedic surgeon confirmed the diagnosis. In the control group, patients received standard care from the orthopedic surgeon. Satisfaction was assessed with a ten-question survey. The quality of care, diagnosis, and treatment were evaluated, as were the patients' preferences for visits and whether they recommended this model of care or not. The analysis was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate the distribution of numerical variables, summarized with means or medians. Categorical variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test evaluated differences in proportions, and the Mann-Whitney test compared independent medians. Results: 108 patients were evaluated, 83% female, with an average age of 54 years (±16). 49% were assigned to the intervention group (n=53). No differences in age or gender were observed between groups. The satisfaction score was 96.5 points (range 79-100), with no differences between both groups (p= 0.26). No significant differences were observed in the questionnaire satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The study's findings, which show no differences in patient satisfaction between the two groups, suggest a potential opportunity for healthcare improvement in Chile. This model could potentially reduce waiting lists and bridge healthcare gaps, offering a promising future for advanced practice nursing in the country.

Resumen Introducción: el rol de la Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada (EPA) es emergente en Chile. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la satisfacción de los pacientes atendidos por una EPA, en conjunto con un traumatólogo subespecialista de cadera, con la de pacientes atendidos por un traumatólogo de cadera, mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado. Material y método: estudio cuasi-experimental, exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que consultaron en un centro ambulatorio docente-asistencial entre los años 2020-2023. Se comparó un grupo intervención, cuya la modalidad de atención fue mixta (EPA en conjunto a un traumatólogo de cadera) con un grupo control donde los pacientes fueron atendidos únicamente por un traumatólogo de cadera. Se evaluó satisfacción mediante una encuesta de diez preguntas (0-100 puntos). El instrumento midió la calidad de la atención, diagnóstico y tratamiento, si el paciente volvería a consultar bajo esta modalidad de atención y si la recomendaría a otras personas. Para el análisis estadístico se describieron las variables y se utilizó chi-cuadrado y Mann-Whitney. Resultados: se evaluaron 108 pacientes. El 49% participó en el grupo intervención (n=53). La mediana del puntaje de satisfacción total fue 96,5 puntos (rango 79-100), sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p 0,26). No se observaron diferencias en la satisfacción en ninguna de las diez preguntas. Conclusión: la mediana del puntaje de satisfacción fue cercano a 100 en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias en los puntajes de satisfacción entre ambas modalidades de atención. Este modelo podría reducir las listas de espera y disminuir brechas de atención de salud.

Abstract This article analyzes the social, family, and country relations between a Zapotec community on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the main cities where they emigrate to pursue higher education. At the same time, it shows the transformations in gender relations that have arisen because of these migratory processes for educational purposes. This work is part of a long-term investigation on the topic, carried out initially for my bachelor's and master's thesis and later as part of the development of my doctoral thesis from 2009 to 2013. Likewise, in the intermittent research that I have carried out to date, the results are expressed in various articles and book chapters. It is part of the studies of the anthropology of education and is based on the analytical perspective proposed by María Bertely (1997, 1998, 2004, 2019) on schooling processes, ethnogenesis, de facto autonomy, and synchronic/diachronic approach to understanding how micro and community processes, apparently isolated in time, are connected to structural, macro-social, global, and long-term processes, such as school, in its broadest sense. The methodology is based on the use of genealogy, ethnography, interviews, and participant observation as classic tools of anthropology. Among the results, we find that access to the school system, and specifically to higher education, serves as a tool for obtaining, manipulating, and preserving ethnic citizenship; for the transformation of ethnic and gender identities; and the formation of strategic alliances with the nation-state and its government policies. In that sense, the work represents an original study, analyzing the cases of Zapotec literate families of the middle and upper class, rare in Mexican anthropology. However, we will see that having class privileges does not exempt Zapotecs from experiencing racism, discrimination, and gender inequalities in the context of migration.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las relaciones sociales, familiares y de paisanaje entre una comunidad zapoteca del Istmo de Tehuantepec y las principales ciudades a donde emigran para escolarizarse a nivel superior. Al mismo tiempo, muestra las transformaciones en las relaciones de género que se han suscitado como resultado de estos procesos migratorios con fines educativos. Este trabajo se enmarca en una investigación de largo aliento sobre el tema, realizada en un primer momento, para mi tesis de licenciatura y maestría, y posteriormente para el desarrollo de mi tesis doctoral del año 2009 al año 2013. Asimismo, en las investigaciones intermitentes que he llevado a cabo hasta la fecha, cuyos resultados se expresan en diversos artículos y capítulos de libro. Se inscribe dentro de los estudios de la antropología de la educación y se fundamenta en la perspectiva de análisis propuesta por María Bertely (1997, 1998, 2004, 2019) sobre procesos de escolarización, etnogénesis, autonomía de facto, y enfoque sincrónico/diacrónico, para entender cómo procesos micro y comunitarios, aparentemente aislados en el tiempo, se conectan a procesos estructurales, macrosociales, de carácter global y de largo aliento, como es la escuela, en su sentido más amplio. La metodología está basada en el uso de la genealogía, la etnografía, la entrevista y la observación participante como herramientas clásicas de la antropología. Entre los resultados encontramos que el acceso al dispositivo escolar, y específicamente a la educación superior, funge como herramienta para la obtención, manipulación y preservación de la ciudadanía étnica; para la transformación de las identidades étnicas y genéricas; y la formación de alianzas estratégicas con el Estado-nación y sus políticas gubernamentales. En ese sentido, el trabajo representa un estudio original, al analizar los casos de las familias letradas zapotecas de clase media y alta, escasos en la antropología mexicana. No obstante, veremos que contar con privilegios de clase no exime a los zapotecos de experimentar racismo, discriminación y desigualdades de género en los contextos de la migración.

Abstract Introduction Permanent education in health aims to ensure that professionals are constantly learning in the workplace and in the last few years institutions resorted to the technology-mediated education modality and new teaching possibilities were explored. In Brazil, between 2017 and 2021, only six articles and five monographs were published about listening effort. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a website with scientific content on the topic listening effort for Speech -Language Therapist and Audiologist with free online access. Methods The study was carried out in five stages: Analysis, contemplating the search for scientific materials to prepare the material. Design, in which the writing and design of the website was carried out. Development, carrying out the adequacy of the online material. Implementation, a stage in which professionals in the area evaluated the quality of the material after consenting to participation through a free and informed consent term. Review, stage in which the researcher analyzed the evaluators' responses. Results The five stages of elaboration of the website were carried out, which was evaluated by professionals in the area. The average of responses to all applied questions rated the website as "superior". Conclusion The website development was validated for online availability. technologymediated technology mediated explored Brazil 201 2021 Language access Analysis Design Development Implementation term Review evaluators superior. superior . "superior" availability 20 202 "superior 2

Abstract Introduction: Organizational management models influence supervisory activity in nursing. Collaborative practice between students and health professionals in the provision of person- and family-centred care allows them to evolve in the process of autonomy and knowledge transfer. However, this does not guarantee the acquisition of supervisory practices and inter-organisational interaction between the hospital and the academy, which are necessary for carrying out safe and qualified clinical procedures. However, this does not guarantee efficient acquisition of supervisory practices and inter-organizational interaction between hospital and academia, which are necessary to provide safe and effective clinical procedures. Objectives: The aim is to understand the possible dimensions of inter-organisational collaborative practice (academic and hospital), identifying its possible processes and results capable of guaranteeing the safety and quality of clinical procedures. Methods: This study emerges from a first mixed research intervention with N=50 nurse supervisors, non-randomized, using the snowball technique. We will, nevertheless, focus on its qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, using the Focus Group technique in which seven nurse supervisors took part. By using Bardin's assumptions, we conducted the content analysis of the participants' speech. Results: The content analysis allowed us to recognise the Processes of Inter-Collaborative Supervision in Nursing as the main dimension of analysis. The results identify, on the one hand, potential threats, highlighted by the time dedicated to supervision and access to information in the hospital context and, on the other hand, opportunities for articulation, highlighted by the importance of involving the various actors in each context, both in planning training programmes and in using supervisory strategies. Conclusion: This study explores the collaborative processes of nursing supervision between academia and hospitals, highlighting common elements of care and education. It reveals the influence of both bureaucratic and anarchic models in shaping these relationships. The findings underscore the importance of inter-organizational coordination, which plays a critical role in effective health promotion practices.

Resumo Este artigo baseado em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tem por objeto de estudo a análise crítica da reestruturação modernizante do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social (INSS), autarquia federal que operacionaliza a política previdenciária e cuja modernização, a partir de 2017, impactou o acesso aos direitos previdenciários da população atendida. A análise, numa perspectiva de totalidade, tem como categorias: o conceito de tecnologia na sociedade, a constituição estrutural do Estado brasileiro e sua modernização, o INSS-Digital e o impacto das mudanças tecnológicas para a população atendida. Contextualizado a partir da década de 1990, quando se iniciam as contrarreformas neoliberais, é particularizado no período de 2016 a 2019, no acirramento das contrarreformas e ajustes de austeridades, orientados pelo ultraneoliberalismo. Deduz-se que o INSS-Digital, em substituição ao atendimento presencial, tem restringido o acesso aos direitos previdenciários e assistenciais da população, que com baixo nível de renda e escolaridade não dispõe de recursos para aquisição dos equipamentos tecnológicos e compreensão da linguagem informatizada, constatado pelos altos índices de indeferimentos dos pedidos de benefícios e a judicialização dos processos. Conclui-se que o INSS-Digital, ao concretizar-se no estreitamento ao acesso dos direitos previdenciários e assistenciais, configura-se como estratégia “competente” na redução da política previdenciária, materializada em suas contrarreformas. Espera-se contribuir para reflexão crítica dos direitos sociais brasileiros e instrumentalizar os movimentos sociais e sindicais na luta e resistência em prol de uma previdência pública, igualitária e universal.

Abstract This article, based on bibliographical and documentary research, has as its object of study the critical analysis of the modernizing restructuring of the National Social Security Institute (INSS, for its Spanish acronym), a federal agency that operates social security policy and whose modernization, as of 2017, impacted the access to social security rights of the population it serves. The analysis, from a totality perspective, has the following categories: the concept of technology in society, the structural constitution of the Brazilian State and its modernization, the INSS-Digital, and the impact of technological changes on the population served. The analysis is contextualized from the 1990s, when neoliberal counter-reforms began, and is particularized to the period between 2016 and 2019, during which time there was an intensification of counter-reforms and austerity adjustments, guided by ultra-neoliberalism. It is deduced that the INSS-Digital, replacing face-to-face service, has restricted access to social security rights for the population, which, with a low level of income and education, does not have the resources to acquire technological equipment and understand computerized language, as confirmed by senior rates of rejection of benefit requests and the judicialization of processes. It can be concluded that the INSS-Digital, when implemented in the narrowing of access to social security rights, is configured as a "competent" strategy in the reduction of social security policy, as evidenced by its counter-reforms. It is expected to contribute to critical reflection on Brazilian social security rights and to equip social and trade union movements in the struggle and resistance in favor of a public, egalitarian, and universal pension.

Resumen: Este artículo, basado en una investigación bibliográfica y documental, tiene como objeto de estudio el análisis crítico de la reestructuración modernizadora del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS), agencia federal que opera la política de seguridad social y cuya modernización, a partir de 2017, impactó el acceso a los derechos de seguridad social de la población atendida. El análisis, desde una perspectiva de totalidad, tiene las siguientes categorías: el concepto de tecnología en la sociedad, la constitución estructural del Estado brasileño y su modernización, el INSS-Digital y el impacto de los cambios tecnológicos en la población atendida. Contextualizado a partir de los años 1990, cuando comenzaron las contrarreformas neoliberales, se particulariza en el período desde 2016 hasta 2019, en la intensificación de las contrarreformas y de los ajustes de austeridad, guiados por el ultraneoliberalismo. Se deduce que el INSS-Digital, en sustitución del servicio presencial, ha restringido el acceso a los derechos de seguridad social de la población, que, con un bajo nivel de ingresos y educación, no cuenta con recursos para adquirir equipos tecnológicos y comprender lenguaje informatizado, como lo confirman los altos índices de rechazo de solicitudes de beneficios y de judicialización de procesos. Se concluye que el INSS-Digital, cuando se implementa en la reducción del acceso a los derechos de seguridad social, se configura como una estrategia “competente” en la reducción de la política de seguridad social, materializada en sus contrarreformas. Se espera que contribuya a la reflexión crítica sobre los derechos de seguridad social brasileños y prepare a los movimientos sociales y sindicales en la lucha y la resistencia a favor de una pensión pública, igualitaria y universal.

ABSTRACT Using data from the 2020 higher education admission process, this article analyzes the distributive behavior of the special quotas of a Chilean socio-educational inclusion policy. Several indicators have been created to profile both the demand and the programmatic offer that adheres to this initiative. The results show that the allocation of special quotas is neither homogeneous nor random; the higher the elitism, academic profile and socioeconomic characteristics of a program's enrollment, the lower its number of vacancies for special admission. Likewise, special quotas increase in programs with low levels of demand and that concentrate students with low performance in admission tests. The conclusions discuss whether the contribution of the most prestigious programs make to social inclusion is more symbolic than real, as well as the configuration of a logic of instrumental use of special admission in programs with low demand.

RESUMEN Utilizando datos del proceso de admisión a la educación superior en 2020, este artículo analiza el comportamiento distributivo de los cupos especiales de una política de inclusión socioeducativa chilena. Se crearon distintos indicadores para perfilar tanto la demanda como la oferta programática que adhiere a esta iniciativa. Los resultados evidencian que la asignación de cupos especiales no es homogénea ni azarosa; conforme mayor es la elitización, perfil académico y atributos socioeconómicos de la matrícula de un programa, menor es su cantidad de vacantes para admisión especial. Asimismo, los cupos especiales aumentan en carreras con bajos niveles de demanda y que concentran estudiantes con bajo desempeño en pruebas de admisión. Las conclusiones discuten si la contribución que los programas de mayor prestigio hacen a la inclusión social es más simbólica que real, así como la configuración de una lógica de uso instrumental de la admisión especial en programas de baja demanda.

ABSTRACT The study approaches the measurement of scientific literacy competencies in psychology students. Scientific literacy is a necessity in university education, enabling students to understand the role of sciences in everyday life and contribute to generating solutions to contemporary social challenges. Additionally, scientific literacy is key to disciplinary socialization, enhancing the ability to position oneself within an interdisciplinary framework in research in social and behavioral sciences. In this article, the results of the construction and validation process of a scale to measure scientific literacy competencies in psychology students at a private university in southern Chile are presented. A total of 111 first to fifth-year students participated. Psychometric analyses yielded four dimensions for the construct: self-efficacy in scientific skills, access to scientific knowledge, applicability of scientific knowledge, and scientific and ethical rigor. From the development of this instrument, the importance of encouraging students' active participation in extracurricular research activities is highlighted, along with articulating guidelines related to scientific rigor in academic training, as well as defining and sharing minimum scientific standards across subjects in different areas.

RESUMEN El estudio se aproxima a la medición de competencias de alfabetización científica en estudiantes de psicología. La alfabetización científica es una necesidad de la formación universitaria, que permite al estudiante comprender el rol de las ciencias en la cotidianidad y contribuir generando soluciones a los desafíos de la vida social contemporánea. A su vez, la alfabetización científica es clave para la socialización disciplinaria, potenciando la capacidad para posicionarse desde un marco de trabajo interdisciplinario en la investigación en ciencias sociales y del comportamiento. En este artículo, se presentan los resultados del proceso de construcción y validación de una escala para medir competencias de alfabetización científica en estudiantes de psicología en una universidad privada del sur de Chile. Participaron 111 estudiantes de primer a quinto año. Los análisis psicométricos arrojaron cuatro dimensiones para el constructo: autoeficacia en destrezas científicas, acceso al conocimiento científico, aplicabilidad del conocimiento científico y rigurosidad científica y ética. A partir del desarrollo de este instrumento, se destaca la importancia de incentivar la participación activa de estudiantes en actividades de investigación extracurriculares, articular lineamientos vinculados al rigor científico en la formación académica, así como definir y compartir estándares mínimos de exigencia científica entre asignaturas de distintas áreas.

RESUMO A garantia de uma alimentação adequada e saudável está no rol de direitos humanos necessários para promoção da saúde. As desigualdades na distribuição de recursos e dificuldades de acesso a políticas públicas resultam em piores condições de vida das populações do campo, onde a insegurança alimentar e nutricional está mais presente que nos centros urbanos. Assim, as equipes de saúde da família do campo enfrentam diferentes desafios no processo de trabalho, sendo os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) profissionais-chave para a garantia do acesso ao serviço. Este trabalho apresenta o caminho teórico-metodológico dos Círculos de Cultura com quatro ACS do campo no Distrito Federal e as percepções desses profissionais sobre alimentação adequada e saudável pela lente da análise do discurso. Ao longo de dois encontros, foi possível refletir sobre todas as dimensões abordadas pelo referencial teórico, com exceção da etnia/raça, além da conscientização acerca das relações de poder no território. Por meio da educação popular, vislumbra-se a transformação da realidade com ações coletivas para melhoria do acesso a alimentos saudáveis no território. Os Círculos de Cultura se mostraram um caminho potente para construção do conhecimento aliada a um olhar crítico sobre a determinação social no território. urbanos Assim (ACS profissionaischave chave serviço teóricometodológico teórico metodológico discurso encontros etniaraça etnia raça etnia/raça território popular vislumbrase vislumbra

ABSTRACT Ensuring adequate and healthy food is one of the human rights necessary to promote health. Inequalities in the distribution of resources and difficulties in accessing public policies result in worse living conditions for rural populations, where food and nutritional insecurity is more prevalent than in urban centers. Thus, rural family health teams face different challenges in the work process, with Community Health Workers (CHWs) being key professionals in ensuring access to the service. This paper presents the theoretical-methodological path of Culture Circles with four CHWs from the countryside in the Federal District and the perceptions of these professionals about adequate and healthy eating through the lens of discourse analysis. Over the course of two meetings, it was possible to reflect on all dimensions covered by the theoretical framework, except ethnicity/race, in addition to raising awareness about power relations in the territory. Through popular education, the transformation of reality is envisioned with collective actions to improve access to healthy food in the territory. The Culture Circles proved to be a powerful way for building knowledge combined with a critical look at social determination in the territory. populations centers Thus process (CHWs service theoreticalmethodological methodological analysis meetings framework ethnicityrace ethnicity race ethnicity/race territory education