Resumen Se utilizaron dos modelos gaussianos latentes para medir los efectos de la pobreza sobre la distribución espacial de las tasas de migración municipal durante el período 2015-2020. Para ello, se estimó el saldo migratorio neto a partir de la diferencia entre el número de inmigrantes y emigrantes en áreas geográficas pequeñas, con el objetivo de comprobar la hipótesis de que las personas en situación de pobreza permanecen inmóviles. El saldo migratorio en municipios pobres es significativamente menor al observado en municipios no pobres. Los resultados muestran que un aumento de un punto porcentual en la pobreza municipal incrementaría 1.3 puntos la tasa de migración municipal, sugiriendo que municipios de zonas metropolitanas como la Ciudad de México, Monterrey o Guadalajara, cuyo acceso al empleo y/o a la vivienda es mayor, tienen tasas de inmigración más altas que el promedio nacional.

Abstract Two latent Gaussian models were used to measure the effects of poverty on the spatial distribution of municipal migration rates during the period 2015-2020. To this end, the net migration balance was estimated from the difference between the observed number of immigrants and emigrants in small geographic areas, with the purpose of testing the hypothesis that people in poverty remain immobile. The migration balance observed in poor municipalities is significantly lower than that observed in non-poor municipalities. The results showed that a one percentage point increase in municipal poverty would increase the municipal migration rate by 1.3 points. This suggests that municipalities metropolitan areas such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara, whose access to employment and/or housing is greater, have higher immigration rates than the national average.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The introduction of Single-Port (SP) platform opened the field to new surgical options, allowing to perform major urological robot-assisted procedures extraperitoneally and with a supine patient positioning (1–3). Nevertheless, a comprehensive description of different supine access options is still lacking (4–6). In this light, we provided a step-by-step guide of SP extraperitoneal supine access options also exploring preliminary surgical outcomes. Materials and methods: Transvesical access was performed by a transversal incision 3cm above the pubic bone, after the anterior abdominal sheet incision, the bladder was insufflated with a flexible cystoscope and the detrusor muscle was incised at the level of the bladder dome. Similarly, the extraperitoneal access was carried out with a 4cm incision above the pubic bone, once visualized the preperitoneal space the prevesical fat was gently spread. The Low Anterior Access was performed with a 3cm incision at the McBurney point, the abdominal muscles were then spread. A gentle dissection was used laterally to develop the retroperitoneal space. Results: Overall, sixteen different procedures were performed with supine extraperitoneal access on 623 consecutive patients. No intraoperative conversions occurred. The median access time was 16 (IQR 12-21), 11 (IQR 7-14) and 14 (IQR 10-18) minutes in case of transvesical, extraperitoneal and low anterior access, respectively. Notably, 81.5 % of patients were discharged on the same day with a postoperative opioid free rate of 73%. Conclusion: The Atlas provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide to successfully perform all major urological SP procedures extraperitoneally and with supine patient positioning. Introduction SinglePort Single Port (SP robotassisted robot assisted 1–3. 13 1–3 . 1 3 (1–3) Nevertheless 4–6. 46 4–6 4 6 (4–6) light stepbystep step outcomes methods cm bone dome Similarly spread point Results Overall 62 occurred IQR 1221, 1221 12 21 , 12-21) 714 7 7-14 1018 10 18 10-18 transvesical respectively Notably 815 81 5 81. 73 73% Conclusion 1– (1–3 4– (4–6 122 2 12-21 71 7-1 101 10-1 8 (1– (4– 12-2 7- 10- (1 (4 12- (

Resumen En el contexto de la economía política internacional, el régimen de protección de derechos humanos y el régimen de inversores extranjeros atraviesan tensiones como resultado de una arquitectura jurídica que privilegia la libertad de capitales. Un análisis de contenido del Acuerdo de Escazú revelaría, respecto al acceso a la justicia en temas ambientales, que las personas y la sociedad civil acceden a instancias judiciales y administrativas contempladas en la legislación nacional de cada país, mientras que los inversores extranjeros, bajo la figura de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) y libre comercio (TLC), recurren a la justicia mediante tribunales de arbitraje internacional que no siempre son independientes, imparciales y que privilegian los intereses del mercado. Esta arquitectura jurídica condiciona el accionar de los Estados frente a la sociedad civil y sus derechos. El Acuerdo de Escazú atraviesa desafíos jurídicos frente al régimen de protección a los inversores, en el cual las garantías económicas limitan las acciones concretas para abordar la crisis climática, proteger el medioambiente o hacer efectivos los derechos humanos.

Abstract In the context of the international political economy, the human rights protection regime and the foreign investor regime are in tension because of a legal architecture that privileges freedom of capital. A content analysis of the Escazú Agreement would reveal, with respect to access to justice in environmental matters, that individuals and civil society have access to judicial and administrative instances contemplated in national legislation, while foreign investors under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) have access to justice through international arbitration tribunals that are not always independent, impartial and that privilege the interests of the market. This legal architecture conditions the actions of States in relation to society and its rights. The conclusions point out that the Escazú Agreement faces legal challenges in terms of the investor protection regime, where economic guarantees limit concrete actions to address the climate crisis, protect the environment or enforce human rights.

Abstract This study identifies the effect of the public policy implemented in the State of Ecuador in 2008 in regard to democratization of access to higher education, being understood as a right that reduces the existing gaps between men and women, ethnicities and quintiles; for this purpose, a mixed methodology is used as the starting point and, using a qualitative analysis, a review of the main legal instruments regulating higher education in Ecuador was performed, along with specific articles related to this subject. For quantitative methodology, the starting points were reports of the National Information System (SNI) in regards to net rate of enrollment in higher education, managed by the National Secretariat of Planning in order to perform a descriptive analysis on its evolution in gender, ethnicity and registration quintiles. Among the main results obtained, it was determined that the gratuity policy did have a positive effect for access to higher education for men, women, African-Ecuadorian and indigenous peoples and, for quintiles 1, 2 and 3 until year 2011, a noticeable increase was seen in nationwide net rate of enrollment with 4.95 percentile points between 2007 and 2011, until the meritocracy policy entered in force in 2012.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica el efecto de la política pública implementada en 2008 por el Estado ecuatoriano referente a la democratización del acceso a la educación superior, entendida como un derecho que reduce las brechas que existen entre hombres y mujeres, etnias y quintiles; para ello, se parte de una metodología mixta, en la que, dentro del análisis cualitativo, se revisan los principales instrumentos legales que regulan la educación superior en Ecuador, y artículos seleccionados sobre la temática. En la metodología cuantitativa, se parte de los reportes del Sistema Nacional de Información (SNI) referentes a la tasa neta de matrícula en educación superior, administrado por la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación, para realizar un análisis descriptivo sobre su evolución a nivel de sexo, etnia y quintiles de ingreso. Entre los principales resultados, se determina que la política de gratuidad tuvo un efecto positivo en el acceso a la educación superior, para hombres, mujeres, afroecuatorianos e indígenas, y en los quintiles 1, 2 y 3, hasta el año 2011, evidenciando un incremento en la tasa neta de matrícula a nivel nacional, de 2007 a 2011, de 4,95 puntos porcentuales, hasta que entró en vigor la política de meritocracia, en 2012.

Resumo A investigação identifica o efeito da política pública implementada no ano 2008 pelo Estado equatoriano em relação à democratização do acesso à educação superior, entendida a jeito de direito que reduze as divisões existentes entre homens e mulheres, etnias e quintis; para esse propósito, usou-se uma metodologia mista na que, dentro da análise qualitativa, examinaram -se os instrumentos legais principais de regulação da educação superior no Equador, além de artigos escolhidos da área temática. Dentro da metodologia quantitativa, usaram-se os reportes do Sistema Nacional de Informação (SNI) referentes à taxa líquida de matrícula na educação superior aportado pela Secretaria Nacional de Planificação, para fazer uma análise descritiva da evolução em relação ao sexo, etnia e quintis de admissão. Entre os resultados principais, determinou-se que a política de gratuidade teve um efeito positivo no acesso à educação superior para homens, mulheres, afro-equatorianos e indígenas e, nos quintis 1, 2 e 3, até o ano 2011, observou-se um incremento na taxa líquida de matrícula ao nível nacional entre os anos 2007 ao 2011, com 4.95 pontos percentis, até o começo da validade da política de meritocracia no 2012.

Abstract Objective: Efforts to discover increasingly safe, effective, and cosmetically satisfactory surgical accesses have allowed the development of various neurosurgical techniques, which can be identified in post-surgical imaging controls. The Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo, within the national neurosurgical network, corresponds to the referral center for cerebrovascular pathologies in the third and fourth regions of the country. This collection of clinical cases aims to describe, from an imaging point of view, different surgical accesses that are frequently used for the treatment of cerebrovascular pathology in our center. Methods: This work corresponds to a retrospective study carried out at the Hospital San Pablo in Coquimbo between February and June of 2022, where we reviewed and described different clinical cases of minimally invasive neurosurgical approaches, accompanied by a brief bibliographic review of each type of access. Results: Five clinical cases are presented with different minimally invasive techniques such as micro-pterional, mini-pterional, mini-retrosigmoid, parasagittal, and mini-suboccipital craniotomies. Conclusion: Over time, new techniques have been developed for the resolution of neurosurgical pathology. It is essential to know the anatomical references used in the different techniques, for their correct description when interpreting neuroimaging.

Resumen Objetivo: Los esfuerzos por descubrir accesos quirúrgicos cada vez más seguros, efectivos y cosméticamente satisfactorios han permitido el desarrollo de variadas técnicas neuroquirúrgicas, las cuales pueden identificarse en controles imagenológicos posquirúrgicos. El Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo, dentro de la red neuroquirúrgica nacional, corresponde al centro de derivación de patologías cerebrovasculares de la tercera y cuarta región del país. Esta recopilación de casos clínicos tiene como objetivo describir desde el punto de vista imagenológico diferentes accesos quirúrgicos que resultan frecuentes de utilizar para el tratamiento de la patología cerebrovascular en nuestro centro. Método: Este trabajo corresponde a un estudio retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo entre febrero y junio del año 2022, donde revisamos y describimos diferentes casos clínicos de abordajes neuroquirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos, acompañados de una breve revisión bibliográfica de cada tipo de acceso. Resultados: Se exponen cinco casos clínicos con distintas técnicas mínimamente invasivas como craneotomías micropterional, minipterional, minirretrosigmoidea, parasagital y minisuboccipital. Conclusiones: Con el paso del tiempo se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas para la resolución de la patología neuroquirúrgica. Resulta esencial conocer las referencias anatómicas utilizadas en las diferentes técnicas, para su correcta descripción al interpretar una neuroimagen.

Abstract Introduction Diseases of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities, and those related to the skull base can be treated with nasal endoscopic surgery. Anatomical references are essential to safely perform these surgeries. Objective To measure and compare the distance from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the anterior skull base in cadavers and on computed tomography (CT) scans to determine a measurement as an anatomical reference in imaging exams for sinus and anterior skull base surgery. Methods In dissections and CT scans, we took measurements from the most upper and medial point of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus (point A) to the point where the skull base deflects and the anterior sphenoid wall is formed (Δ 90°; point B), in the right and left nasal cavities. We used 51 cadavers aged ≥ 18 years in the present research. Results The measurements obtained from CT scans and dissections were greater than 1.5 cm in all cadavers, and they were positively correlated. The 1-cm increase in the AB-tomography measurement corresponded to the 1.08-cm increase to the right and 1.07-cm to the left in the AB-dissection measurement. Conclusion The CT measurements may be considered a reliable tool to promote safe and effective access to the paranasal sinuses, matching the distance that should be dissected until the anterior base of the skull. sinuses cavities surgery surgeries (CT A Δ 90° 90 B, B , B) 5 1 research 15 1. correlated 1cm ABtomography AB 1.08cm 108cm 1.08 08 1.07cm 107cm 1.07 07 ABdissection dissection 9 08cm 108 1.0 0 07cm 107 10

RESUMEN La investigación analizó desde el punto de vista crítico y jurídico el efecto del cumplimiento del principio de celeridad y resolución 061-2020 a la hora de ejecutar la citación, con respecto al debido proceso. El objetivo fue investigar desde el comportamiento casuístico en las Unidades Judiciales de Familia, Mujer, Niñez y Adolescencia en Guayaquil y Riobamba, en diciembre 2023, los argumentos jurídicos doctrinales para fundamentar la necesidad de cambios en esta resolución para evitar el efecto dilatorio que quebranta el Principio de Celeridad Procesal conforme a lo establecido en el art. 5 de la resolución. El trabajo posee un enfoque mixto con los métodos histórico-lógico, hermenéutico, inductivo y deductivo. Los datos fueron recabados mediante encuestas estructuradas aplicadas a la muestra y la revisión de casos de incumplimiento de celeridad procesal en las dos Unidades Judiciales en estudio. La citación procesal en materia de procesos de familia es importante, y su contenido doctrinario garantiza el acceso a la justicia, protección de derechos, preservación de pruebas y eficiencia del sistema judicial. Su contenido dogmático se basa en el acceso a la justicia, seguridad jurídica, economía y eficiencia procesal. Fueron encuestados 196 profesionales del derecho y se analizaron 1473 registros de citaciones. La comparación de las Unidades Judiciales en estudio evidencia que existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa p_valor= 0,00 entre la Unidad judicial Sur Valdivia y Riobamba con respecto al número de incumplimientos del principio de celeridad, siendo en Sur Valdivia de la ciudad de Guayaquil donde se presenta el mayor número de incumplimientos.

ABSTRACT The investigation analyzed from a critical and legal point of view the effect of compliance with the principle of speed and resolution 061-2020 when executing the summons, with respect to due process. The objective was to investigate, from the case-by-case behavior in the Family, Women, Children and Adolescents Judicial Units in Guayaquil city and Riobamba city, in December 2023, the doctrinal legal arguments to substantiate the need for changes in this resolution to avoid the dilatory effect that breaks the Principle of Procedural Speed in accordance with the provisions of art. 5 of the resolution. The work has a mixed approach with historical-logical, hermeneutic, inductive and deductive methods. The data were collected through structured surveys applied to the sample and the review of cases of non-compliance with procedural speed in the two Judicial Units under study. The procedural summons in matters of family proceedings is important, and its doctrinal content guarantees access to justice, protection of rights, preservation of evidence and efficiency of the judicial system. Its dogmatic content is based on access to justice, legal security, economy and procedural efficiency. 196 legal professionals were surveyed and 1,473 citation records were analyzed. The comparison of the Judicial Units under study shows that there is a statistically significant difference p_value= 0.00 between the Sur Valdivia and Riobamba judicial Unit with respect to the amount of non-compliance with the principle of speed, being in Sur Valdivia of the city of Guayaquil where it occurs the highest number of breaches.

Abstract This study seeks to point out the different configurations of Health Care Networks in primary care (AB) and Hospital Care (AH), dimensioned based on coverage, quality, and resolvability characteristics in health macro-regions. Cross-sectional study used the cluster analysis and segmented 103 macro-regions into different profiles of coverage, quality and resolubility: group 1 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; low quality AB-AH with high resolubility); group 2 (high coverage/AB and low/AH; low quality AB-AH with medium resolubility) and group 3 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; high quality AB-AH with high resolubility). Coverage in AB was classified as high for 100% of the Brazilian population and in AH low to 9.70% and medium to 90.29%. Quality/AB-AH is low for 58.54% and high for 41.15%. Resolubility is high for 90.29% and medium for 9.70%. In Brazil, there is expansion of coverage with low quality/AB; shortage of hospital beds and low quality/HA with high resolution. However, in the Southeast and South, high AB-AH quality prevails. The structuring of health networks is still characterized by low resolution, demanding incentives for the governance of inter-federal arrangements. (AB AH, , (AH) macroregions. macroregions macro regions. regions Crosssectional Cross sectional 10 resolubility coverageAB medium/AH mediumAH ABAH low/AH lowAH resolubility. . 100 970 9 70 9.70 9029 90 29 Quality/ABAH QualityABAH Quality/AB Quality 5854 58 54 58.54 4115 41 15 41.15% 90.29 Brazil quality/AB qualityAB qualityHA HA resolution However South prevails interfederal inter federal arrangements (AH 97 7 9.7 902 QualityAB 585 5 58.5 411 4 41.15 90.2 9. 58. 41.1 90. 41.

Resumo O estudo procura apontar diferentes configurações de Redes de Atenção à Saúde na atenção básica e hospitalar, a partir de características de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade nas macrorregiões de saúde. Estudo transversal, utilizou a técnica de análise de cluster e segmentou 103 macrorregiões em distintos perfis de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade: grupo 1 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade); grupo 2 (alta cobertura/AB e baixa/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com média resolubilidade); e o grupo 3 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; alta qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade). A cobertura na AB foi classificada como alta para 100% da população brasileira, e na AH, baixa para 9,70% e média para 90,29%. Qualidade/AB-AH é baixa para 58,54% e alta para 41,15%. A resolubilidade é alta para 90,29% e média para 9,70%. No Brasil, verifica-se expansão da cobertura com baixa qualidade/AB, insuficiência de leitos hospitalares e baixa qualidade/AH com alta resolubilidade. Todavia, prevalece alta qualidade AB-AH no Sudeste e no Sul. A estruturação das redes de saúde ainda se configura de baixa resolutividade, demandando estímulos à governança de arranjos interfederativos. hospitalar transversal 10 coberturaAB média/AH médiaAH AH ABAH resolubilidade) baixa/AH baixaAH . 100 brasileira 970 9 70 9,70 9029 90 29 Qualidade/ABAH QualidadeABAH Qualidade/AB Qualidade 5854 58 54 58,54 4115 41 15 41,15% 90,29 Brasil verificase verifica qualidadeAB qualidade/AB qualidadeAH Todavia Sul resolutividade interfederativos 97 7 9,7 902 QualidadeAB 585 5 58,5 411 4 41,15 90,2 9, 58, 41,1 90, 41,

Resumen Investigadores de cuatro países realizaron investigaciones comparativas sobre la experiencia educativa a distancia de los estudiantes de Educación Superior durante la pandemia Covid-19 y su retorno a la Educación presencial. Sobre la base de otros proyectos de investigación, aplicamos cuestionarios de autoinforme para facilitar las muestras. Este artículo se centra en los resultados de Portugal y Rusia en relación con el género. A pesar de las diferencias entre ambos países, los resultados indican el predominio estadístico de las mujeres, así como sus actitudes más positivas hacia la Educación a distancia. El análisis factorial reveló que tres factores convergen para explicar la mayor parte de la varianza: 1. Actitud positiva en relación con la Educación a distancia, 2. Problemas técnicos, psicológicos y educativos, 3. Actitud positiva con respecto al retorno a la Educación presencial. Aunque las mujeres tienen más acceso a la Educación superior, tienen logros laborales y de ingresos más bajos que los hombres.. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 presencial investigación muestras género varianza 1 2 técnicos educativos 3 superior hombres hombres. Covid1 Covid-

Abstract Researchers from four countries conducted comparative research on the remote Education experience of Higher Education students during the Covid-19 pandemic and their return to face-to-face Education. Based on other research projects, we applied self-report questionnaires to convenience samples. This article focuses on the results for Portugal and Russia in relation to gender. Despite the differences between both countries, the findings point to the statistical predominance of women as well as their more positive attitudes toward remote Education. Factor analysis revealed that three factors converge to explain most of the variance: 1. Positive attitude in relation to remote Education, 2. Technical, psychological, and educational problems, 3. Positive attitude regarding the return to face-to-face Education. Although women have more access to Higher Education, they have lower occupational and income achievements than men. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 facetoface face projects selfreport self report samples gender variance 1 2 Technical psychological problems 3 men Covid1 Covid-

Resumo Pesquisadores de quatro países efetuaram uma pesquisa comparada com estudantes de nível superior sobre a sua experiência de Educação remota na Covid-19 e seu retorno à Educação presencial. Fundamentada em outras investigações sobre o assunto, aplicaram-se questionários auto respondíveis a amostras de conveniência. Aqui se destacam os resultados quanto ao gênero em Portugal e na Rússia. Apesar das grandes diferenças, as verificações apontam para a predominância numérica das mulheres e suas atitudes mais positivas em face da Educação remota. Na análise fatorial, três fatores convergem para explicar a maior parte da variância: 1. Atitude positiva em relação à Educação remota, 2. Problemas técnicos, psicológicos e educacionais, 3. Atitude positiva ante a retomada da educação presencial. Embora as mulheres tenham maior acesso à Educação Superior, alcançam menores conquistas ocupacionais e de renda que os homens. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 presencial assunto aplicaramse aplicaram conveniência Rússia diferenças fatorial variância 1 2 técnicos educacionais 3 Superior homens Covid1 Covid-

Resumo O estudo procura apontar diferentes configurações de Redes de Atenção à Saúde na atenção básica e hospitalar, a partir de características de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade nas macrorregiões de saúde. Estudo transversal, utilizou a técnica de análise de cluster e segmentou 103 macrorregiões em distintos perfis de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade: grupo 1 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade); grupo 2 (alta cobertura/AB e baixa/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com média resolubilidade); e o grupo 3 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; alta qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade). A cobertura na AB foi classificada como alta para 100% da população brasileira, e na AH, baixa para 9,70% e média para 90,29%. Qualidade/AB-AH é baixa para 58,54% e alta para 41,15%. A resolubilidade é alta para 90,29% e média para 9,70%. No Brasil, verifica-se expansão da cobertura com baixa qualidade/AB, insuficiência de leitos hospitalares e baixa qualidade/AH com alta resolubilidade. Todavia, prevalece alta qualidade AB-AH no Sudeste e no Sul. A estruturação das redes de saúde ainda se configura de baixa resolutividade, demandando estímulos à governança de arranjos interfederativos.

Abstract This study seeks to point out the different configurations of Health Care Networks in primary care (AB) and Hospital Care (AH), dimensioned based on coverage, quality, and resolvability characteristics in health macro-regions. Cross-sectional study used the cluster analysis and segmented 103 macro-regions into different profiles of coverage, quality and resolubility: group 1 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; low quality AB-AH with high resolubility); group 2 (high coverage/AB and low/AH; low quality AB-AH with medium resolubility) and group 3 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; high quality AB-AH with high resolubility). Coverage in AB was classified as high for 100% of the Brazilian population and in AH low to 9.70% and medium to 90.29%. Quality/AB-AH is low for 58.54% and high for 41.15%. Resolubility is high for 90.29% and medium for 9.70%. In Brazil, there is expansion of coverage with low quality/AB; shortage of hospital beds and low quality/HA with high resolution. However, in the Southeast and South, high AB-AH quality prevails. The structuring of health networks is still characterized by low resolution, demanding incentives for the governance of inter-federal arrangements.

Abstract Sudden cardiac death is a common occurrence. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a global public health problem suffered by ≈3.8 million people annually. Progress has been made in the knowledge of this disease, its prevention, and treatment; however, most events occur in people without a previous diagnosis of heart disease. Due to its multifactorial and complex nature, it represents a challenge in public health, so it led us to work in a consensus to achieve the implementation of cardioprotected areas in Mexico as a priority mechanism to treat these events. Public access cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation require training of non-medical personnel, who are usually the first responders in the chain of survival. They should be able to establish a basic and efficient CPR and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED) until the emergency services arrive at the scene of the incident. Some of the current problems in Mexico and alternative solutions for them are addressed in the present work.

Resumen La muerte súbita cardíaca (SCD) es un acontecimiento común. El paro cardiaco extrahospitalario (OHCA) es un problema de salud pública mundial que sufren ≈3.8 millones de personas al año. Se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad, su prevención y tratamiento, sin embargo, la mayoría de los eventos se producen en personas sin diagnóstico previo de cardiopatía. Debido a su carácter multifactorial y complejo, representa un reto en salud pública, lo que obliga a trabajar en un consenso para lograr la implementación de "Espacios Cardio protegidos" en México, como mecanismo prioritario de atención a estos eventos. La reanimación cardiopulmonar básica (RCPB) y la desfibrilación temprana de acceso público requieren de entrenamiento al personal no médico, que suelen ser los primeros respondientes para iniciar la cadena de la supervivencia. Ellos deberían instaurar una RCPB eficiente y el uso del desfibrilador automático externo (AED) hasta que lleguen al lugar del incidente los servicios de emergencias. El presente trabajo menciona algunos de los problemas actuales en México y algunas opciones de solución para los mismos.

Abstract. The article analyzes the experiences of Yaqui women in their access and admission to the first year of university, emphasizing the cases that implied the temporary mobility from their community to the city. In this sense, tensions caused by their belonging (Saraví, 2021) and the consolidation of strategies during this stretch of their educational trajectory (Santamaría, 2016; Bourdieu, 2001) were identified. Intersectionality is used as an analysis framework (Hill and Bilge, 2019) in reason that with this, it is possible to track the circumstances faced by the indigenous women in spaces where they represent a form of otherness. For its making, ethnographic technics based on three in-depth interviews and informal conversations with professional Yaqui women from different communities where retaken. As a finding, it is proposed that the belonging, and specially the ethnic belonging, generates tensions in spaces where they represent otherness but that also allows them to break into homogeneous and exclusion processes due the strategies, which show de potential, strength and persistence that, characterize the Yaqui women. As conclusion, generating further studies from intersectionality point of view is proposed in order to understand the educational trajectory of indigenous women from a multidimensional perspective.

Resumen. El artículo analiza las experiencias de mujeres yaquis en su acceso e ingreso al primer año universitario, en particular en los casos que implicaron la movilidad temporal de su comunidad a una urbe. Se identifican las tensiones propiciadas por su pertenencia (Saraví, 2021) y la consolidación de estrategias durante este tramo de su trayectoria educativa (Santamaría, 2016; Bourdieu, 2001). Como marco de análisis, se recurre a la interseccionalidad (Hill y Bilge, 2019), pues con ello es posible rastrear las circunstancias que las mujeres indígenas enfrentaron en espacios donde representaron una forma de alteridad. Para su realización, se retomaron técnicas etnográficas basadas en tres entrevistas en profundidad y conversaciones informales con mujeres yaquis profesionistas de distintos pueblos. Como hallazgo, se plantea que la pertenencia, y sobre todo la pertenencia étnica, genera tensiones en espacios donde representan la otredad, pero que también les permite irrumpir en procesos homogéneos y de exclusión a partir de estrategias que dan muestra de la potencia, la fuerza y la persistencia que caracteriza a las mujeres yaquis. Como conclusión, se propone llevar a cabo más estudios desde la interseccionalidad para comprender, con base en una visión multidimensional, las trayectorias universitarias de las mujeres indígenas.

Résumé Les discussions sur les droits du peuple quilombola sont de plus en plus importantes dans la société. En ce sens, la présente étude visait à discuter de la lutte du peuple quilombola pour ses droits historiques. Il a également été abordé sur les principaux conflits dans les campagnes impliquant les quilombolas, et leurs enjeux d'accès à l'éducation. La méthodologie utilisée a été une étude bibliographique avec une approche descriptive et exploratoire. A travers l'étude, il a été constaté que la réalité des quilombolas en termes d'accès à leurs droits n'est toujours pas idéale. Ainsi, il est du devoir de l'État de mettre en œuvre le droit à la santé, à l'éducation et à la propriété de ces communautés, car la lutte contre l'expropriation foncière est encore très présente dans leur vie. En ce qui concerne l'éducation, il a été constaté qu'il y a eu une augmentation du nombre d'écoles quilombolas dans le pays, ce qui facilite l'accès à l'éducation. Cependant, il y a encore un besoin de former des enseignants dans ces endroits. De ce point de vue, il a été conclu que l'éducation quilombola s'avère efficace et nécessaire pour son peuple dans la mesure où ses conditions structurelles et pédagogiques peuvent fournir une pratique éducative conforme à ce qui est prévu dans les lignes directrices du curriculum.

Resumen Las discusiones sobre los derechos del pueblo quilombola son cada vez más importantes en la sociedad. En ese sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la lucha del pueblo quilombola por sus derechos históricos. También se abordó sobre los principales conflictos en el campo que involucran a los quilombolas, y sus problemáticas en cuanto al acceso a la educación. La metodología utilizada fue un estudio bibliográfico con un enfoque descriptivo y exploratorio. A través del estudio se percibió que la realidad de los quilombolas en cuanto al acceso a sus derechos aún no es la ideal. Así, es deber del Estado hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud, la educación y la propiedad de estas comunidades, pues la lucha contra la expropiación de tierras sigue muy presente en sus vidas. Con respecto a la educación, se encontró que hubo un aumento en el número de escuelas quilombolas en el país, lo que facilita el acceso a la educación. Sin embargo, todavía existe la necesidad de capacitar a los maestros en estos lugares. Desde esta perspectiva, se concluyó que la educación quilombola demuestra ser eficiente y necesaria para su gente en la medida en que sus condiciones estructurales y pedagógicas puedan propiciar una práctica educativa acorde con lo previsto en los Lineamientos Curriculares.

Abstract Discussions about the rights of the quilombola people are increasingly important in society. In this sense, the present study aimed to discuss the struggle of the quilombola people for their historical rights. It was also approached about the main conflicts in the countryside involving the quilombolas, and their issues regarding access to education. The methodology used was a bibliographic study with a descriptive and exploratory approach. Through the study, it was noticed that the reality of the quilombolas in terms of access to their rights is still not ideal. Thus, it is the duty of the State to implement the right to health, education and property of these communities, as the fight against land expropriation is still very present in their lives. With regard to education, it was found that there was an increase in the number of quilombola schools in the country, which facilitates access to education. However, there is still a need to train teachers in these locations. From this perspective, it was concluded that quilombola education proves to be efficient and necessary for its people insofar as its structural and pedagogical conditions can provide an educational practice consistent with what is foreseen in the Curriculum Guideline.

Resumo As discussões sobre os direitos do povo quilombola se mostram cada vez mais importantes na sociedade. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo refletir sobre a luta do povo quilombola pelos seus direitos históricos. Também foram abordados os principais conflitos no campo envolvendo os quilombolas e suas questões perante o acesso à educação. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo bibliográfico de abordagem descritiva e exploratória. Por meio do estudo percebeu-se que a realidade dos quilombolas no que tange ao acesso aos seus direitos ainda não é a ideal. Dessa forma, é dever do Estado concretizar o direito à saúde, à educação e à propriedade dessas comunidades, pois a luta contra expropriações de terras ainda se faz bastante presente em suas vidas. No que tange à educação, constatou-se que houve um avanço no número de escolas quilombolas no país, o que facilita o acesso à educação. Entretanto, existe ainda a necessidade de capacitação de professores destas localidades. Nessa perspectiva, concluiu-se que a educação quilombola mostra-se eficiente e necessária a seu povo, na medida em que suas condições estruturais e pedagógicas possam proporcionar uma prática educacional condizente com aquilo que é previsto nas Diretrizes Curriculares

Résumé Cet article vise à caractériser les compétences que les diplômés et les enseignants déclarent promouvoir dans le cadre du diplôme d'éducation de base d'un établissement d'enseignement supérieur et à comprendre comment les diplômés évaluent les conditions d'accès au marché du travail conférée par le diplôme. A cet effet, à la fin de l'année académique 2021/2022, un questionnaire a été administré, auquel ont répondu 108 diplômés et 37 enseignants. Pour catégoriser les réponses ouvertes, des procédures mixtes ont été utilisées. Les compétences liées au développement de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage sont les plus mentionnées tant par les enseignants que par les diplômés. Alors que les compétences associées aux dimensions professionnelles, sociales et éthiques viennent en deuxième position parmi les diplômés, dans les réponses des enseignants, la deuxième dimension la plus visible concerne le développement professionnel tout au long de la vie.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar las habilidades que egresados y docentes reportan ser promovidas en la Licenciatura en Educación Básica en una institución de Educación Superior y comprender cómo los egresados evalúan las condiciones de acceso al mercado laboral que les confiere la carrera. Para ello, al finalizar el curso 2021/2022 se administró un cuestionario, al que respondieron 108 egresados y 37 docentes. Para categorizar las respuestas abiertas, se utilizaron procedimientos mixtos. Las habilidades relacionadas con el desarrollo de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje son las más mencionadas tanto por docentes como por egresados. Si bien las habilidades asociadas con las dimensiones profesional, social y ética son las segundas más reportadas entre los graduados, en las respuestas de los docentes la segunda dimensión más visible se refiere al desarrollo profesional a lo largo de toda la vida.

Abstract This article aims to characterize the skills that graduates, and teachers report being promoted in the Degree in Basic Education at a Higher Education institution and to understand how graduates evaluate the conditions of access to the job market conferred by the degree. To this end, at the end of the 2021/2022 academic year, a questionnaire was administered to which 108 graduates and 37 teachers responded. To categorize open responses, mixed procedures were used. Skills related to the development of teaching and learning are the most mentioned by both teachers and graduates. While skills associated with the professional, social, and ethical dimensions are the second most reported among graduates, in teachers' responses the second most visible dimension concerns lifelong professional development.

Resumo O presente artigo visa caraterizar as competências que diplomados e docentes reportam serem promovidas na Licenciatura em Educação Básica de uma instituição de Ensino Superior e compreender como os diplomados avaliam as condições de acesso ao mercado de trabalho conferidas pela licenciatura. Para o efeito, no final do no ano letivo 2021/2022, aplicou-se um questionário, ao qual responderam 108 diplomados e 37 docentes. Para a categorização das respostas abertas utilizaram-se procedimentos mistos. As competências relacionadas com o desenvolvimento do ensino e da aprendizagem são as mais referidas, tanto por docentes como por diplomados. Enquanto as competências associadas à dimensão profissional, social e ética são as segundas mais reportadas entre os diplomados, nas respostas dos docentes, a segunda dimensão mais visível diz respeito ao desenvolvimento profissional ao longo da vida.

Resumen Introducción: La monitorización de la temperatura, el mantenimiento de la normotermia, la prevención y el tratamiento de la hipotermia perioperatoria se consideran actualmente un estándar de atención. Es necesaria la existencia de protocolos que apunten a la monitorización, evaluación, prevención y control de la hipotermia en la fase intraoperatoria. Esta asociación evita complicaciones, garantiza la seguridad y el confort del paciente quirúrgico, lo que conduce a la calidad de todo el proceso quirúrgico. Objetivo: Mapeo de las intervenciones de enfermería para el mantenimiento de la normotermia en el perioperatorio. Métodos: Scoping Review basada en los principios del Joanna Briggs Institute. Se realizó una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: SCOPUS, Web of Science, EBSCOhost Web de la Escuela Superior de Enfermería de Oporto, CINAHL Complete, MedcLatina, MEDLINE Complete. Para la búsqueda de literatura gris se utilizó el Repositorio Científico de Acceso Abierto de Portugal (RCAAP). Se incluyeron estudios publicados con acceso libre online, en texto completo, en portugués, español o inglés, entre 2013 y 2023. Resultados: Para conseguir la normotermia perioperatoria, los enfermeros deben adoptar métodos de calentamiento del paciente. Los estudios apuntan a la utilización de mantas térmicas, cobertores calefactados y aire forzado, y monitorizar la temperatura del paciente de forma regular y estructurada. Conclusión: La mantenimiento de la normotermia perioperatoria puede conseguirse mediante la adopción del calentamiento del paciente y es esencial para garantizar la seguridade, mejorar el resultado del procedimiento quirúrgico, garantizar el confort y la satisfacción del paciente con la experiencia quirúrgica.

Resumo Introdução: A monitorização da temperatura, manutenção da normotermia, prevenção e tratamento da hipotermia perioperatória são considerados, atualmente, standard of care. É necessária a existência de protocolos que visem a monitorização, avaliação, prevenção e controlo da hipotermia na fase intraoperatória. Esta associação, evita complicações, garante a segurança e conforto do doente cirúrgico, levando à qualidade de todo o processo cirúrgico. Objetivo: Mapear as intervenções de enfermagem para a manutenção da normotermia no perioperatório. Métodos: Scoping Review com base nos princípios preconizados pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. Realizada pesquisa nas bases: SCOPUS, Web of Science e EBSCOhost Web da Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto e as bases de dados consultadas foram a CINAHL Complete, MedcLatina e a MEDLINE Complete. Para pesquisa de literatura cinzenta foi utilizado o Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal - RCAAP. Foram incluídos estudos publicados com livre acesso online, em texto integral, em português, espanhol ou inglês, com limite temporal entre 2013 a 2023. Resultados: Para conseguir a normotermia perioperatória, os enfermeiros devem adotar métodos de aquecimento do doente. Os estudos apontam para a utilização de mantas térmicas, cobertores aquecidos e ar forçado, e monitorizar a temperatura do doente de forma regular e estruturada. Conclusão: A manutenção da normotermia perioperatória pode ser conseguida através da adoção do aquecimento do doente e é essencial para garantir a segurança, melhorar o resultado do procedimento cirúrgico, garantir o conforto e a satisfação do doente com a experiência cirúrgica.

Abstract Introduction: Monitoring temperature, maintaining normothermia, preventing and treating perioperative hypothermia are currently considered standard of care. The existence of protocols aimed at monitoring, evaluating, preventing, and controlling hypothermia in the intraoperative phase is necessary. This association avoids complications, guarantees the safety and comfort of the surgical patient, leading to the quality of the entire surgical process. Objetive: Map nursing interventions to maintain normothermia in the perioperative period. Methods: Scoping Review based on the principles recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Research was carried out in the following databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science and EBSCOhost Web of the Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto and the databases consulted were CINAHL Complete, MedcLatina and MEDLINE Complete. To search for gray literature, the Portuguese Open Access Scientific Repository - RCAAP was used. Studies published with free online access, in full text, in Portuguese, Spanish or English, with a time limit between 2013 and 2023, were included. Results: To achieve perioperative normothermia, nurses must adopt patient warming methods. Studies point to the use of thermal blankets, heated blankets and forced air, and monitoring the patient's temperature in a regular and structured way. Conclusion: Maintaining perioperative normothermia can be achieved through the adoption of patient warming and is essential to ensure safety, improve the outcome of the surgical procedure, and ensure patient comfort and satisfaction with the surgical experience.