Abstract Introduction: Nursing staffing in adult intensive care has been at a ratio of two patients per nurse or one patient for one nurse. Currently, patients require complex and specialized care that provides safety and reduces Healthcare-Associated Infections. Objective: Evidencing the importance of equipping nursing personnel according to the severity of the patient compared to the nurse-patient ratio in order to reduce Healthcare-Associated Infections in patients in the adult intensive care unit. Methodology: This is a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, conducted from September 2021 to March 2022. The databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Epistemonikos and CUIDEN were used, and the following terms were utilized, i.e., nursing personnel, patient severity, nurse-patient ratio, healthcare-associated infections, and the Boolean operators AND, OR, and WITH. The sample consisted of 8 studies that were assessed using the Critical Reading Cards (FLC 3.0) and graded according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Results: Staffing according to patient severity compared to the nurse-patient indicator reduced healthcare-associated infections, mortality, sepsis occurrence, and medication errors. The impact on patients and nursing personnel showed improved quality of care and reduced burnout and work stress, which benefited the patient. Conclusion: It is important to provide nursing personnel according to the severity of the patient and with personnel having an academic level of at least a bachelor's degree in order to improve the quality of care and reduce healthcare-associated infections.

Abstrato Introdução: A equipe de enfermagem na terapia intensiva de adultos tem estado em uma proporção de dois pacientes para um enfermeiro ou um paciente para um enfermeiro. Atualmente, os pacientes que chegam exigem cuidados complexos e especializados que ofereçam segurança e reduzam as infecções associadas à assistência à saúde. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância do dimensionamento do pessoal de enfermagem de acordo com a gravidade do paciente em comparação com o indicador enfermeiro-paciente, para reduzir as infecções associadas à assistência à saúde em pacientes adultos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática com base nas diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, realizada entre setembro de 2021 e março de 2022, mediante os bancos de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect, Epistemonikos e CUIDEN, e usando os seguintes termos: pessoal de enfermagem, gravidade do paciente, relação enfermeiro-paciente, infecções associadas à assistência à saúde, operadores AND, OR, WITH. A amostra consistiu em 8 estudos, avaliados usando os programas Critical Reading Card e classificados de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de Excelência em Saúde e Cuidados. Resultados: O dimensionamento de profissionais de acordo com a gravidade do paciente, em comparação com o indicador enfermeiro-paciente, reduziu as infecções associadas à assistência à saúde, mortalidade, ocorrência de sepse e erros de medicação. O impacto sobre os pacientes e o pessoal de enfermagem mostrou uma melhor qualidade de atendimento, redução do esgotamento e do estresse no trabalho, o que beneficiou o paciente. Conclusão: É importante fornecer pessoal de enfermagem de acordo com a gravidade do paciente e com pessoal com nível acadêmico de, no mínimo, bacharelado, a fim de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento e reduzir as infecções associadas à assistência à saúde.

Resumen Introducción: Dotar al personal de enfermería en la terapia intensiva adultos ha sido en proporción dos pacientes por enfermera o 1:1. Actualmente, los pacientes que ingresan requieren cuidados complejos y especializados que proporcionen seguridad y disminución de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud. Objetivo: Evidenciar la importancia de dotar al personal de enfermería según gravedad del paciente comparado con indicador enfermera-paciente para disminuir infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud en pacientes de la unidad de terapia intensiva adultos. Metodología: Revisión sistemática, basada en la declaración Preferred Reporting Items for Sistematyc Reviews and Meta-analyses, realizada en septiembre 2021 a marzo 2022, se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Epistemonikos y CUIDEN, empleando términos: personal de enfermería, gravedad del paciente, relación enfermero-paciente, infecciones asociadas a la atención a la salud, operadores boléanos AND, OR, WITH. La muestra fue de 8 estudios, evaluados mediante los programas de Fichas de Lectura Crítica y gradados según el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Resultados: Dotar de personal según gravedad del paciente comparado con indicador enfermera-paciente disminuyó infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud, mortalidad, aparición de sepsis y errores en la medicación. Las repercusiones en pacientes y personal de enfermería mostraron mejor calidad de la atención, disminución de agotamiento y estrés laboral lo que benefició al paciente. Conclusión: Es importante dotar al personal de enfermería según gravedad del paciente, con personal de nivel académico licenciatura para mejorar la calidad de atención y disminuir las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an important impact on the training of nursing professionals, affecting the mental health of students due to the experiences they have faced. Objective: Assess the level of academic stress in nursing students and its relationship to anxiety, depression, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Correlational study with 1009 nursing students who agreed to participate. A virtual survey was applied, collecting sociodemographic and COVID-19 Pandemic experiences data, in addition to questionnaires on anxiety, depression, insomnia, and post-traumatic and academic stress, with prior authorization from the research and ethics committee. Statistical analysis such as Square Chi, Spearman's Rho and logistic regression model were used. Results: 68.1 % presented anxiety, 64.3 % depression, 56.3 % insomnia and 85.7 % academic stress. Academic stress showed statistical association with sex, school period, diagnosis in a family member and contact with a person suspected or confirmed of having COVID-19. Presenting academic stress is 3.9 times higher with moderate anxiety, 10.6 times higher with moderate depression, 12.7 times higher with moderate clinical insomnia, 1.8 times higher with a family member diagnosed with the disease, and 2.6 times higher with contact of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. Conclusions: Mental health problems were related to academic stress levels in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nursing professional must design educational and training strategies to reduce the levels of these problems, applicable from educational training to the workplace.

Abstrato Introdução: A Pandemia do COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo na formação dos profissionais de enfermagem, afetando a saúde mental dos estudantes devido às vivências por eles enfrentadas. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de estresse acadêmico em estudantes de enfermagem e sua relação com ansiedade, depressão, insônia, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e experiências durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo correlacional com 1009 graduandos de enfermagem que concordaram em participar. Foi aplicada uma pesquisa virtual, coletando dados sociodemográficos e experiências da Pandemia da COVID-19, além de questionários sobre ansiedade, depressão, insônia e estresse pós-traumático e acadêmico, com autorização prévia do comitê de ética e pesquisa. Foram utilizadas análises estatísticas como Qui-cuadrado, Rho de Spearman e modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: 68.1 % presented anxiety, 64.3 % depression, 56.3 % insomnia and 85.7 % academic stress. Academic stress showed statistical association with sex, school period, diagnosis in a family member and contact with a person suspected or confirmed of having COVID-19. Presenting academic stress is 3.9 times higher with moderate anxiety, 10.6 times higher with moderate depression, 12.7 times higher with moderate clinical insomnia, 1.8 times higher with a family member diagnosed with the disease, and 2.6 times higher with contact of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. Conclusões: Problemas de saúde mental foram relacionados aos níveis de estresse acadêmico em estudantes de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O profissional de enfermagem deve traçar estratégias educacionais e de treinamento para reduzir os níveis desses problemas, aplicáveis desde a formação educacional até o ambiente de trabalho.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha generado un impacto importante en la formación de profesionales de enfermería, afectando la salud mental en estudiantes debido a las experiencias enfrentadas. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería y su relación con la ansiedad, depresión, insomnio, estrés postraumático y experiencias durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio correlacional con 1009 estudiantes matriculados de licenciatura en enfermería que aceptaron participar. Se aplicó encuesta virtual, recolectando datos sociodemográficos y de experiencias durante la pandemia de COVID-19, además de los cuestionarios sobre ansiedad, depresión, insomnio, estrés postraumático y académico, con previa autorización del comité de investigación y ética. El análisis se realizó con Ji cuadrada, Rho de Spearman, y el modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: El 68.1 % presentaron ansiedad, el 64.3 % depresión, el 56.3 % insomnio y el 85.7 % estrés académico. El estrés académico mostró asociación estadística con sexo, periodo académico, diagnóstico en familiar y contacto con persona sospechosa/confirmada de COVID-19. Presentar estrés académico es 3.9 veces mayor con ansiedad moderada, 10.6 veces mayor con depresión moderada, 12.7 veces mayor con insomnio clínico moderado, 1.8 veces mayor con familiar diagnosticado con la enfermedad y 2.6 veces mayor con contacto de casos sospechosos/confirmados de COVID-19. Conclusión: Problemas de salud mental mostraron relación estadística con estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El profesional de enfermería debe diseñar estrategias educativas y de capacitación para disminuir los niveles de estos problemas, aplicables desde la formación hasta lo laboral.

Resumen Los estudiantes universitarios comúnmente se ven sometidos a situaciones estresantes que repercuten directa e indirectamente en el desarrollo de conductas saludables. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia del estrés académico sobre la conducta de salud en los estudiantes de un centro universitario de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, cuantitativo y correlacional, en donde se aplicó el Cuestionario de Conductas de Salud en Jóvenes Universitarios (CEV-JU) y el Inventario SISCO-21 de estrés académico, a 708 estudiantes. Los resultados mostraron que los síntomas de estrés, las estrategias de afrontamiento y los estresores se asociaron significativamente con la conducta de salud a nivel general y algunas dimensiones. Asimismo, se halló que los predictores de los resultados más significativos de la conducta de salud fueron las estrategias de afrontamiento y las dimensiones de síntomas. Esto muestra la importancia de diseñar y aplicar programas e intervenciones dirigidas a gestionar adecuadamente el estrés para fomentar hábitos saludables en los universitarios.

Abstract University students are commonly subjected to stressful situations that have a direct and indirect impact on the development of healthy behaviors. This research aims to determine the influence of academic stress on health behavior in students at a university center in Metropolitan Lima. A non-experimental, quantitative and correlational study was carried out, where the Health Behavior Questionnaire in Young University Students (CEV-JU) and the SISCO-21 Inventory of academic stress were applied to 708 students. The results showed that stress symptoms, coping strategies and stressors were significantly associated with health behavior at a general level and some dimensions. Likewise, it was found that the predictors of the most significant health behavior outcomes were coping strategies and symptom dimensions. This shows the importance of designing and applying programs and interventions aimed at adequately managing stress to promote healthy habits in university students.

Resumen Los efectos del estrés laboral están asociados con las horas de trabajo y las actividades mentales, como pensar y tomar decisiones, necesarias para la preparación y cualificación de tareas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la carga mental percibida en dos instituciones educativas con similitudes socioeconómicas, geográfica y planes educativos similares de la ciudad de Ibagué en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Se optó por una metodología cuantitativa no experimental de tipo transversal descriptivo, utilizando el NASA TLX para medir la carga mental, sometiendo los datos a un análisis estadístico no paramétrico de varianzas ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba DSCF para comparaciones post hoc. Los resultados revelaron que las diferencias en la carga de trabajo percibida están más relacionadas con el contexto institucional que con factores individuales como la edad, el género o la asignación académica que imparten los docentes. Esto sugiere que las características internas de las instituciones educativas y las habilidades de afrontamiento utilizadas por los docentes son cruciales para comprender y gestionar adecuadamente la carga mental percibida. Estos hallazgos enmarcan la importancia de adaptar las estrategias de gestión de la carga mental a las particularidades de cada institución educativa para mejorar la calidad de vida laboral de los profesionales y, en última instancia, la calidad de la educación que ofrecen.

Abstract The effects of work stress are associated with work hours and mental activities, such as thinking and decision making, necessary for the preparation and qualification of tasks. The objective of the study was to analyze the perceived mental load in two educational institutions with socioeconomic and geographic similarities and similar educational plans in the city of Ibagué in the department of Tolima, Colombia. A descriptive cross-sectional non-experimental quantitative methodology was chosen, using the NASA TLX to measure mental load, subjecting the data to a non-parametric statistical analysis of variances ANOVA by Kruskal-Wallis and the DSCF test for post hoc comparisons. The results revealed that differences in perceived workload are more related to the institutional context than to individual factors such as age, gender, or the academic assignment taught by teachers. This suggests that the internal characteristics of educational institutions and the coping skills used by teachers are crucial to adequately understand and manage perceived mental load. These findings frame the importance of adapting mental load management strategies to the particularities of each educational institution to improve the quality of work life of professionals and, ultimately, the quality of the education they offer.

RESUMEN Introducción: la salud mental es crucial para el bienestar y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Los estudiantes de Kinesiología y Fisioterapia enfrentan desafíos únicos que pueden afectar su salud mental. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de trastornos mentales comunes en estudiantes de kinesiología y fisioterapia de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Metodología: se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra no probabilística estuvo compuesta por 150 estudiantes de Kinesiología y Fisioterapia de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, académicos, ocupacionales, de estilo de vida y psicopatológicos mediante la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés - 21 (DASS-21). El análisis se realizó mediante Jamovi con regresión logística binomial multivariada. Resultados: la frecuencia de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fue del 61,3 %, 72 % y 54,7 %, respectivamente. Los factores importantes para la depresión incluyeron ser un estudiante irregular, trabajar y no realizar actividad física. Para la ansiedad, fueron significativos ser estudiante irregular y ser mujer. Respecto al estrés, se encontraron relevantes ser estudiante irregular, trabajar y no realizar actividad física. Los modelos resultantes tuvieron clasificaciones correctas del 90,2 %, 88 % y 72 % para depresión, ansiedad y estrés, respectivamente. Conclusión: Este estudio reveló una alta frecuencia de depresión, ansiedad y estrés entre estudiantes de kinesiología y fisioterapia, lo que se asoció significativamente con irregularidad académica, empleo y falta de actividad física. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de implementar estrategias de intervención y programas de apoyo que aborden estos factores de riesgo para promover la salud mental y el bienestar de los futuros profesionales de la salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: mental health is crucial for university students’ well-being and academic performance. Kinesiology and Physical Therapy students face unique challenges that can affect their mental health. Objective: to determine the frequency of common mental disorders in kinesiology and physical therapy students at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Methodology: this was an observational and descriptive cross-sectional study. The nonprobabilistic sample included 150 Kinesiology and Physiotherapy students from the Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Sociodemographic, academic, occupational, lifestyle, and psychopathological data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21). The analysis was performed using Jamovi with multivariate binomial logistic regression. Results: the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress was 61.3 %, 72 %, and 54.7 %, respectively. The significant factors for depression included being an irregular student, working, and not engaging in physical activity. For anxiety, being an irregular student and being a woman were significant. Regarding stress, being an irregular student, working, and not engaging in physical activity were found to be relevant. The resulting models had correct classifications of 90.2 %, 88 %, and 72 % for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Conclusion: this study revealed a high frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress among kinesiology and physical therapy students, which was significantly associated with academic irregularity, employment, and a lack of physical activity. These findings underscore the need to implement intervention strategies and support programs that address these risk factors in order to promote the mental health and well-being of future health professionals.

ABSTRACT Burnout syndrome is a state of physical and emotional exhaustion that involves a loss of interest in work, negative attitudes towards others, and low self-esteem. Emotional skills are defined as the ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. The aim of the present research was to analyze the relationship between levels of emotional skills and Burnout syndrome in university professors from Physical Education schools. A total of 31 university professors from two universities in Santiago, Chile, were evaluated. The Trait Meta-Mood Scale, validated in Physical Education students in Chile, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were employed. The results reveal a low and negative relationship between depersonalization and emotional repair scores in the sample. The professor's gender, years of university teaching experience, holding managerial positions, or undergoing psychological or pharmacological treatment do not influence levels of occupational stress and emotional skills. It is recommended to replicate this research with samples of university professors from Physical Education schools in other universities, controlling other variables such as anxiety, depression, motivation, etc.

RESUMO A síndrome o Burnout é um estado de esgotamento físico e emocional que implica uma perda do interesse no trabalho, atitudes negativas para com os outros, e baixa auto-estima. A habilidades emocionais é definida como capacidade para conhecer e dominar emoções próprias e de outros/as. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre os níveis de habilidades emocionais e síndrome de Burnout em docentes universitários de Educação Física. Foram avaliados 31 docentes universitários de duas universidades de Santiago do Chile. Foi aplicada a Escala de rasgo de meta-conhecimento emocional validada em estudantes de Educação Física do Chile e o inventário de Burnout de Maslach (MBI). Os resultados revelam uma relação baixa e negativa entre as pontuações de despersonalização e reparação emocional na amostra. O sexo do docente, os anos de ensino universitário, ter cargos directivos ou estar em tratamento psicológico ou farmacológico não influem nos níveis de stress laboral e habilidades emocionais. Recomenda-se replicar esta pesquisa com amostras de docentes universitários de escolas de Educação Física em outras universidades, além do controle de outras variáveis como ansiedade, depressão, motivação, etc.

RESUMEN El síndrome del Burnout es un estado de agotamiento físico y emocional que implica una pérdida del interés en el trabajo, actitudes negativas hacia los demás, y baja autoestima. Las habilidades emocionales se definen como capacidades para conocer y dominar emociones propias y de otros/as. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la relación entre los niveles de habilidades emocionales y síndrome de Burnout en docentes universitarios de escuelas de Educación Física. Se evaluaron a 31 docentes universitarios de dos universidades de Santiago de Chile. Se aplicó la Escala de rasgo de metaconocimiento emocional validada en estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile y el inventario de Burnout de Maslach (MBI). Los resultados revelan una relación baja y negativa entre los puntajes de despersonalización y reparación emocional en la muestra. El sexo del docente, los años de docencia universitaria, tener cargos directivos o estar en tratamiento psicológico o farmacológico no influyen en los niveles de estrés laboral y habilidades emocionales. Se recomienda replicar esta investigación con muestras de docentes universitarios de escuelas de Educación Física en otras universidades, además del control de otras variables como ansiedad, depresión, motivación, etc.

ABSTRACT The physical fitness perception of college students refers to how they see themselves in terms of their physical condition and health. In this stage, anthropometric variables may be affected by stress, changes in sleep and eating habits, and decreased participation in physical activities, impacting academic performance and general health. The objective of this study is to relate the perception of physical condition with self-reported anthropometric measures in university students. This is a descriptive-correlational, observational, cross-sectional research. Forty-six university students from the city of Talca were evaluated. Physical condition was measured by means of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) and anthropometric measures by means of self-report. General physical condition was inversely related to waist circumference (r=-0.32; p=0.028), waist circumference (r=-0.44; p=0.002) and IFIS (r=-0.43; p=0.003). Inverse correlations were observed between cardiorespiratory fitness with BMI (p=0.008; r=-0.38), waist circumference and ECI (p=0.008; r=-0.38). Speed/agility was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p=0.001; r=-0.46), waist circumference (p=0.019; r=-0.34), hip (p= 0.004; r= -0.40) and ECI (p=0.004; r=-0.41). Flexibility was inversely correlated with BMI (p=0.041; r=-0.30), waist circumference (p=0.023; r=-0.33), waist hip index (WHI) (p= 0.001; r=-0.45)). Lastly, muscle was not correlated with the anthropometric variables. It is concluded that there is an inverse correlation between the perception of physical condition and some anthropometric measures.

RESUMO A percepção da aptidão física em estudantes universitários refere-se a como eles se veem em termos de sua condição física e saúde. Nessa fase, as variáveis antropométricas podem ser afetadas pelo estresse, por mudanças nos hábitos de sono e alimentação e pela diminuição da participação em atividades físicas, o que afeta o desempenho acadêmico e a saúde em geral. O objetivo foi relacionar a percepção da aptidão física com medidas antropométricas autorreferidas em estudantes universitários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional, transversal e observacional. Foram avaliados 46 estudantes universitários da cidade de Talca. A condição física foi medida por meio da Escala Internacional de Aptidão Física (IFIS) e as medidas antropométricas por meio de autorrelato. A aptidão física geral foi inversamente relacionada à circunferência da cintura (r=-0,32; p=0,028), circunferência da cintura (r=-0,44; p=0,002) e IFIS (r=-0,43; p=0,003). Foram observadas correlações inversas entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o IMC (p=0,008; r=-0,38), a circunferência da cintura e o ECI (p=0,008; r=-0,38). A velocidade/agilidade foi inversamente correlacionada com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p=0,001; r=-0,46), circunferência da cintura (p=0,019; r=-0,34), quadril (p= 0,004; r= -0,40) e ECI (p=0,004; r=-0,41). A flexibilidade foi inversamente correlacionada com o IMC (p=0,041; r=-0,30), a circunferência da cintura (p=0,023; r=-0,33), o índice cintura-quadril (WHI) (p= 0,001; r=-0,45). Por fim, a musculatura não foi correlacionada com as variáveis antropométricas. Concluise que há uma correlação inversa entre a percepção da condição física e algumas medidas antropométricas.

RESUMEN La percepción de la condición física en estudiantes universitarios se refiere a cómo se ven a sí mismos en términos de su estado físico y salud. En esta etapa, las variables antropométricas pueden verse afectadas por estrés, cambios en hábitos de sueño y alimentación, y menor participación en actividades físicas, impactando el desempeño académico y salud general. El objetivo fue relacionar la percepción de la condición física con medidas antropométricas auto reportadas en estudiantes universitarios Esta Investigación es de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, de diseño observacional y corte transversal. Fueron evaluados 46 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Talca. La condición física se midió por medio del International Fitness Scale (IFIS) y las medidas antropométricas por medio de auto reporte. La condición física general se relacionó de manera inversa con la circunferencia de cintura (r=-0,32; p=0,028), la circunferencia de cintura(r=-0,44; p=0,002) y el ICE (r=-0,43; p=0,003). Se observaron correlaciones inversas entre la condición cardiorrespiratoria con el IMC (p=0,008; r=-0,38), circunferencia de cintura e ICE (p=0,008; r=-0,38). La velocidad/agilidad se correlacionó de forma inversa con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p=0,001; r=-0,46), circunferencia de cintura (p=0,019; r=-0,34), cadera (p= 0,004; r= -0,40) y el ICE (p=0,004; r=-0,41). La flexibilidad se correlaciono de forma inversa con el IMC (p=0,041; r=-0,30), circunferencia de cintura (p=0,023; r=-0,33), índice cintura cadera (ICC) (p= 0,001; r=-0,45)). Por último, la fuera muscular no se correlaciono con las variables antropométricas. Se concluye que existe correlación inversa entre la percepción de la condición física y algunos autore portes de las medidas antropométricas.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la presencia, diferencias por género y correlaciones entre el estrés, las dificultades de regulación emocional y la adaptación escolar en una muestra de adolescentes aspirantes a la educación superior de Ecuador. Metodología: Enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo por género, correlacional y de corte transversal. Participantes: 375 adolescentes, el 69.3% corresponde a mujeres y 30.7% a hombres, mismos que son procedentes de las 24 provincias del Ecuador, con una edad media de M= 17.85 años y DE= 0.73. Resultados: Los participantes experimentan niveles altos de dificultades de regulación emocional y moderados de estrés y adaptación escolar. Hay diferencias significativas (p< .05) en los resultados de estrés y adaptación escolar según el género, con mayor presencia en las adolescentes. Las variables muestran correlaciones moderadas y significativa (p< .01). Conclusiones: Los adolescentes que perciben el ingreso a la universidad como un evento estresante y experimentan dificultades para regular sus emociones pueden tener problemas para adaptarse a la universidad.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the presence, gender differences, and correlations between stress, emotional regulation difficulties, and school adjustment in a sample of adolescents aspiring to higher education in Ecuador. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, comparative by gender, correlational and cross-sectional approach. Participants: 375 adolescents, 69.3% correspond to women and 30.7% to men, who are originally from the 24 provinces of Ecuador, with a mean age of M= 17.85 years and SD= 0.73. Results: The participants experienced high levels of emotional regulation difficulties and moderate levels of stress and school adjustment. There are significant differences (p< .05) in the stress and school adjustment results according to gender, with a greater presence in adolescents. The variables show moderate and significant correlations (p< .01). Conclusions: Adolescents who perceive entering college as a stressful event and experience difficulties regulating their emotions may have trouble adjusting to college.

Abstract Several studies have reported a link between emotional competencies and academic achievement in higher education, and about the need to implement strategies for young university students to face educational demands. Along this line, the aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of emotional regulation that affect the academic performance of a group of university students, with the purpose of designing a psychoeducational proposal aimed at strengthening the emotional self-management of this population. For this, a diagnostic phase was carried out in which 80 university students participated, 33.8 % male and 66.2 % female, aged between 18 and 25 years (M = 21.09; SD = 1.92), to whom the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) instrument and the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) Learning Assessment Scale were applied. The results showed the presence of difficulties in goal-orientation behaviors, as well as a significant association between academic performance and lack of emotional acceptance and clarity. With these findings, the Logical Framework methodology was used to design a proposal of seven workshops to promote the development of competencies related to emotional recognition and management, stress and anxiety management, decision making and conflict management, intrinsic motivation and self-knowledge, time management and administration.

Resumen Varios estudios han reportado una asociación entre competencias emocionales y logros académicos en educación superior, y sobre la importancia de implementar estrategias para que los jóvenes afronten las demandas educativas. En esta línea, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en explorar las características de la competencia de regulación emocional que inciden en el rendimiento académico de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios, con la finalidad de diseñar una propuesta psicoeducativa orientada a fortalecer la autogestión emocional de esta población. Para ello, se realizó una fase diagnóstica en la que participaron ochenta estudiantes universitarios, 33,8 % de sexo masculino y 66,2 % de sexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años (M = 21,09; DE = 1,92), a quienes se les aplicó el instrumento Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) y la Escala de Valoración de Aprendizajes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de dificultades en conductas dirigidas a metas, así como una asociación significativa entre rendimiento académico y falta de aceptación y de claridad emocional. Con estos hallazgos, se empleó la metodología del Marco Lógico para diseñar una propuesta de siete talleres para fomentar el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con reconocimiento y gestión de emociones, manejo de estrés y ansiedad, toma decisiones y manejo de conflictos, motivación intrínseca y autoconocimiento, gestión y administración del tiempo.

ABSTRACT Academic stress is suffered by secondary and higher education students, whose stressors are related to the academic demands they will face during their school/university activities. The objective of the present study was to describe and compare the level of academic stress among physical education pedagogy students in Chile according to sex and year of study. For this purpose, the SISCO Academic Stress Inventory was applied to a sample of 286 students from two universities in Santiago, Chile. The results reveal mild stress levels in the sample, with higher levels in women and during the last years of the teaching degree. The main stressful situation is not understanding the topics addressed in class. The most common physical reaction to stress is scratching and biting nails, the most common psychological reaction to stress is concentration problems, and the most common behavioural reaction to stress is to increase or decrease food consumption. Finally, assertive skills are the most used strategy to face stressful situations. More research is recommended with samples from other universities and other teaching programmes to delve deeper into this topic.

RESUMEN El estrés académico es aquel que padece el alumnado de educación secundaria y superior, cuyas fuentes estresoras se relacionan con las exigencias académicas a las que se verán sometidos durante sus actividades escolares/universitarias. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir y comparar el nivel de estrés académicos entre el estudiantado de pedagogía en educación física de Chile, según sexo y año de carrera. Para ello se aplicó el Inventario SISCO de estrés académico a una muestra de 286 estudiantes de dos universidades de Santiago, Chile. Los resultados revelan niveles medios de estrés en la muestra, con mayores niveles en las mujeres, y en los últimos años de carrera. La principal situación estresora es no entender los temas que se abordan en la clase; mientras que la reacción física más común frente al estrés es rascarse, morderse las uñas, la reacción psicológica más común frente al estrés son los problemas de concentración, en tanto que la reacción comportamental más común frente al estrés es aumentar o disminuir el consumo de alimentos. Finalmente, la habilidad asertiva es la estrategia más utilizada para enfrentar situaciones de estrés. Se recomiendan más investigaciones con muestras de otras universidades y otras carreras de pedagogía para profundizar en este tema.

Abstract Academic stress is the side effect of various demands and demands that college students face. The general objective of the study was to know and explain the benefit of implementing a program of active breaks to reduce academic stress in students of the Bachelor of Physiotherapy during the school period from January to December 2022, identifying the academic stressors. The investigation was mixed, the SISCO-VS 21 Inventory and a program of active breaks were applied; the sample consisted of 107 students, the sampling was non-probabilistic at convenience; the study was attached to the codes and deontological guidelines of Research, informed consent was applied. It was found that 70.1% are female and 29.9% male, with a mean of 24.3 years of age; 99% presented academic stress, with an average of 3.5 on a scale of one to five; the stressors predominate the overload of homework and school work (38.8%) and level of demand from my teachers (38.3%); the manifestations predominate reluctance to do school work (32.7%) and drowsiness or greater need to sleep (29.9%); coping strategies, listening to music or watching television (32.7%). The application of the active breaks program had a 95.66% decrease in stress and anxiety, increased concentration; rating it pleasant (30.4%), very pleasant (26%), excellent (39.1%). A high percentage of academic stress due to overload and demand from teachers was evidenced, the implementation of active breaks obtained acceptance and positive benefits.

Resumo O estresse acadêmico é o efeito colateral de várias demandas e demandas que os estudantes universitários enfrentam. O objetivo geral do estudo foi conhecer e explicar o benefício da implementação de um programa de pausas ativas para redução do estresse acadêmico em alunos do Bacharelado em Fisioterapia durante o período letivo de janeiro a dezembro de 2022, identificando os estressores acadêmicos. A investigação foi mista, foi aplicado o Inventário SISCO-VS 21 e um programa de pausas ativas; a amostra foi composta por 107 alunos, a amostragem foi não probabilística por conveniência; o estudo foi anexado aos códigos e diretrizes deontológicas de Pesquisa, foi aplicado o consentimento informado. Verificou-se que 70,1% são do sexo feminino e 29,9% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 24,3 anos; 99% apresentaram estresse acadêmico, com média de 3,5 em uma escala de um a cinco; os estressores predominam a sobrecarga de tarefas e trabalhos escolares (38,8%) e nível de exigência dos meus professores (38,3%); nas manifestações predominam a relutância em fazer trabalhos escolares (32,7%) e sonolência ou maior necessidade de dormir (29,9%); estratégias de coping, ouvir música ou ver televisão (32,7%). A aplicação do programa de pausas ativas teve redução de 95,66% no estresse e na ansiedade, aumento da concentração; avaliando agradável (30,4%), muito agradável (26%), excelente (39,1%). Evidenciou-se alto percentual de estresse acadêmico por sobrecarga e exigência dos professores, a implementação de pausas ativas obteve aceitação e benefícios positivos.

Resumen El estrés académico es el efecto colateral generado debido a diversas exigencias y demandas a las que los estudiantes universitarios se enfrentan. Por eso, el objetivo general del estudio fue conocer y explicar el beneficio de la implementación de un programa de pausas activas para la disminución del estrés académico en los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Fisioterapia durante el periodo escolar de enero a diciembre del 2022. La investigación fue mixta y se aplicó el inventario SISCO-VS 21, así como un programa de pausas activas. La muestra estuvo conformada por 107 estudiantes, mientras que el muestreo fue no probabilístico a conveniencia. El estudio estuvo apegado a los códigos y lineamientos deontológicos de investigación, por lo que se requirió el consentimiento informado. Los resultados demuestran que el 70.1 % de los participantes son del género femenino y el 29.9 % masculino, con una media de 24.3 años de edad. Además, el 99 % presentaron estrés académico, con una media de 3.5 de una escala de uno al cinco. En cuanto a los estresores, predominan la sobrecarga de tareas y trabajos escolares (38.8 %), así como el nivel de exigencia de los profesores/as (38.3 %). En lo relacionado con las manifestaciones, predomina el desgano por realizar las labores escolares (32.7 %) y la somnolencia o mayor necesidad de dormir (29.9 %), mientras que las estrategias de afrontamiento son escuchar música o ver televisión (32.7 %). La aplicación del programa de pausas activas tuvo el 95.66 % de disminución de estrés y ansiedad, así como un aumento de la concentración. La actividad propuesta fue calificada como agradable (30.4 %), muy agradable (26 %) y excelente (39.1 %).

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic represented a radical change in the educational modality, consequently, it had repercussions in different aspects for the students, generating as a consequence stress, which for the present work is studied from the congoscitivist approach. The objective was to identify the level of academic stress during the Covid-19 pandemic in Business Management Engineering students in the state of Hidalgo in order to make a comparative study. By means of an empirical, quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental and explanatory study, the survey was used as a method of data collection, adapting the SISCO SV Academic Stress Inventory questionnaire adapted to the context of Covid-19, which was applied to a sample of 344 Business Management Engineering students from Hidalgo, Mexico. The results indicate that in both institutions more than 71% of the student body presented a high level of academic stress, also, it is identified that the greatest stressor is the overload of tasks and work, as well as the performance of written evaluations, practices, application work, projects, while the stress symptoms manifested by the students are anxiety, anguish, despair and sleep disorder. As for coping strategies, to a greater extent they deal with academic stress by concentrating on resolving the situation that worries them. Finally, by means of the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test for independent samples, the hypothesis establishing the existence of differences in the levels of academic stress of both study groups was tested; this difference is not significant.

Resumo A pandemia de covid-19 representou uma mudança radical na educação, que teve vários efeitos nos estudantes. Por este motivo, e a partir de uma abordagem congoscitivista, neste trabalho procuramos identificar o nível de estresse acadêmico gerado durante a pandemia de covid-19 em estudantes de engenharia em Gestão Empresarial no estado de Hidalgo. Através de um estudo empírico, de tipo quantitativo, de âmbito descritivo, transversal, não experimental e explicativo, utilizou-se como método de recolha de dados o inquérito, para o qual foi adaptado o questionário SISCO SV Academic Stress Inventory ao contexto da covid-19 , que foi aplicado a uma amostra de 344 estudantes da referida carreira. Os resultados indicam que mais de 71% dos estudantes apresentaram um forte nível de estresse acadêmico. Da mesma forma, identificou-se que o maior estressor foi a sobrecarga de tarefas e de trabalho, bem como a realização de avaliações escritas, práticas, trabalhos de aplicação e projetos. Além disso, os sintomas de estresse que os estudantes manifestaram foram ansiedade, angústia, desespero e distúrbio do sono. Em relação às estratégias de enfrentamento, em maior medida os alunos enfrentam o estresse acadêmico por se concentrarem na resolução da situação que os preocupa. Por fim, utilizando o teste não paramétrico para amostras independentes Mann-Whitney U, verificou-se a existência de diferenças não significativas nos níveis de estresse acadêmico nos grupos de estudo.

Resumen La pandemia de covid-19 representó un cambio radical en la educación, lo que tuvo diversos efectos en los estudiantes. Por ello, y desde un enfoque congoscitivista, en el presente trabajo se procuró identificar el nivel de estrés académico generado durante la pandemia por covid-19 en estudiantes de ingeniería en Gestión Empresarial del estado de Hidalgo. Mediante un estudio empírico, de tipo cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo, transversal, no experimental y explicativo, se utilizó la encuesta como método de recolección de datos, para lo cual se adaptó el cuestionario Inventario de Estrés Académico SISCO SV al contexto de covid-19, el cual se aplicó a una muestra de 344 estudiantes de la referida carrera. Los resultados indican que más del 71 % del estudiantado presentó un nivel de estrés académico fuerte. Asimismo, se identificó que el mayor estresor fue la sobrecarga de tareas y trabajos, así como la realización de evaluaciones escritas, prácticas, trabajos de aplicación y proyectos. Además, los síntomas de estrés que manifestaron los estudiantes fueron ansiedad, angustia, desesperación y trastorno del sueño. En cuanto a las estrategias de afrontamiento, en mayor medida los alumnos enfrentan el estrés académico concentrándose en resolver la situación que les preocupa. Finalmente, mediante la prueba no paramétrica para muestras independientes U de Mann-Whitney, se comprobó la existencia de diferencias no significativas en los niveles de estrés académico en los grupos de estudio.

School heads or principals have various roles in developing school quality, which can often be stressful. In this study we investigated principals' perceptions of quality schools, the practices performed to improve quality, and the stress and support factors involved. We adopted a qualitative inductive content analysis approach to analyse the transcribed data collected from 14 principals of senior high schools in the Volta region of Ghana. The findings show that principals perceive quality schools as having high academic performance, quality teachers, and adequate resources coordinated in a well-organised system. Furthermore, the results reveal practices that principals perform to improve school quality, such as promoting staff professional development, supporting students' intellectual and skills development, supervising teachers, and providing resources. On the other hand, supervision, non-cooperation of some teachers, inadequate resources, and administrative bureaucracy were revealed as causes of stress in improving school quality. Facing these challenges, the principals relied on their academic qualifications and experiences when engaging in practices to improve school quality. We recommend further research on the possibility of principals using technology to monitor the presence of teachers in classrooms from their offices.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suicidio es la principal causa de muerte entre el personal militar veterano activo. Pese a ello, hay pocas terapias que acometan las tendencias suicidas, y el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos es limitado. En los últimos años se ha propuesto el uso de la terapia cognitiva. Objetivo: Analizar la eficacia de la terapia cognitiva en la prevención del suicidio en militares veteranos. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión según la normativa PRISMA. Se consultaron las bases de datos de PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, y WOS. Se utilizó la herramienta Cochrane para valorar el riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de la evidencia se evaluó con GRADE. La terapia cognitiva es eficaz para prevenir el suicidio entre los militares veteranos. El número total de participantes en la revisión fue de 668 individuos. El número de sesiones totales osciló entre 6 y 10 y el seguimiento del programa varió entre 3 y 24 meses Conclusiones: La terapia cognitiva previene los intentos de suicidio entre los militares veteranos con ideas suicidas o un intento de suicidio reciente. También mejora la calidad de vida de los militares y sus familias, así como el patrón del sueño. Reduce la depresión, la desesperanza, el estrés postraumático, la gravedad de los síntomas, el número de suicidios y las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Suicide is the leading cause of death among active veteran military personnel. Despite this, there are few therapies that address suicidality, and the development of new treatments is limited. In recent years, the use of cognitive therapy has been proposed. Objective: Analyze the efficacy of cognitive therapy in preventing suicide in military veterans. Development: A review was carried out following the PRISMA regulations. The PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, Lilacs, IBECS, CENTRAL, SciELO, and WOS databases were consulted. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the evidence was assessed with GRADE. Cognitive therapy is effective in preventing suicide among military veterans. The total number of participants in the review was 668 individuals. The total number of sessions ranged from 6 to 10 and the follow-up of the program varied from 3 to 24 months. Conclusions: Cognitive therapy prevents suicide attempts among military veterans with suicidal ideation or a recent suicide attempt. It also improves the quality of life of service members and their families, as well as their sleep pattern. It reduces depression, hopelessness, post-traumatic stress, symptom severity, the number of suicides and psychiatric hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND: Two intervention approaches are implemented in South Africa to alleviate the deleterious consequences of congenital or early onset hearing impairment on language acquisition and subsequent poor learning outcomes. AIM: This study investigated the learning outcomes of foundation phase learners with severe to profound hearing impairment who received Listening and Spoken Language - South Africa (LSL-SA) (adapted Auditory Verbal Therapy) therapy compared to those who received Traditional Speech-Language Therapy (TSLT). SETTING: The study was conducted at four early intervention (EI) schools for children with hearing impairment across three provinces in South Africa. METHODS: Data were collected through record reviews of their Speech-Language Therapy Outcomes and South African National Department of Basic Education academic report cards. Data were analysed using quantitative statistics. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated that children with hearing impairment enrolled in LSL-SA outperformed those enrolled in TSLT in achieving age-equivalent language outcomes. A higher percentage of learners enrolled in LSL-SA achieved meritorious to outstanding learning outcomes. While a comparable number of learners progressed to mainstream schooling, children with hearing impairment enrolled in LSL-SA are enrolled for a shorter duration until discharge than those enrolled in TSLT. This is an important finding, particularly in low-middle income countries (LMICs). CONCLUSION: Listening and Spoken Language - South Africa graduates achieved superior learning outcomes dependent on language attainment, providing contextually relevant evidence supporting the effectiveness of the LSL-SA EI approach. CONTRIBUTION: These context-specific outcomes stress the obligation to upscale and fast-track EI services. Implications for investment in LSL-SA are proposed through collaboration between families, educators, and early interventionists.