Resumen: Esta investigación tiene por objeto adaptar y validar el instrumento denominado Perfil de Implementación del Proyecto (PIP) para la evaluación de proyectos realizados en Latinoamérica. Participaron 420 profesionales involucrados, ya sea como líderes o miembros de equipos, en proyectos culminados en el periodo 2020-2021. Como el instrumento fue elaborado en inglés se utilizó un procedimiento de traducción y re-traducción, en el cual participaron expertos profesionales y académicos en gestión de proyectos junto con traductores certificados, para su adaptación a la población hispanoparlante en Latinoamérica. Para el análisis factorial exploratorio se seleccionó el método de extracción de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados, obteniéndose cuatro factores críticos de éxito: Comunicación con el cliente, seguimiento y planeación, alta gerencia, y capacidades técnicas, con coeficientes Cronbach Alpha comprendidos entre .876 y .933. Posteriormente se aplicó el análisis factorial confirmatorio, el cual demostró que el instrumento posee validez convergente y discriminante y, en consecuencia, puede ser utilizado en la academia para futuras investigaciones sobre la gestión de proyectos, y en lo profesional para evaluar el desempeño de proyectos ecuatorianos, contemplando la limitación de que el porcentaje de participación de proyectos de otros países de Latinoamérica en la muestra de estudio fue del 22 %.

Abstract: This research aims to adapt and validate the Project Implementation Profile (PIP) instrument for evaluating projects carried out in Latin America. Four hundred twenty professionals participated as leaders or team members in projects completed in 2020-2021. As the instrument was developed in English, a translation and retranslation procedure was used, in which professional and academic experts in project management participated, along with certified translators, for its adaptation to the Spanish-speaking population in Latin America. For the exploratory factor analysis, the unweighted least squares extraction method was selected, obtaining four critical success factors: Communication with the client, monitoring and planning, senior management, and technical capabilities, with Cronbach Alpha coefficients between .876 and 933. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was applied, demonstrating that the instrument has convergent and discriminant validity and, consequently, can be used in academia for future research on project management and professionally to evaluate the performance of Ecuadorian projects, considering the limitation that the percentage of participation of projects from other Latin American countries in the study sample was 22%.

Abstract Counter-narcotics plans, the redefinition of threats to the U.S., and Chinese and Russian presence in Latin America and the Caribbean have reignited the debate on security assistance, which involves economic and military components. Several actors and the U.S. government allege ‘failed’ results regarding the drug war, and they recommend increasing the amount of such assistance. This article reviews the definition and how government, academia, and think tanks distinguish military from economic support. Official data from 2010-2022 show that 90% of foreign assistance correspond to economic assistance and 10 per cent to military assistance. To contrast this information, we propose the reclassification of the assistance items, through a critical analysis that yields different results where in the same period security assistance amounts to 35% of the total. This is an index of the systematic way, throughout different U.S. administrations, in which security goods and services tend to be placed in non-military security programs, as part of economic assistance, when by origin and objectives, they correspond with the military sphere.

Resumen Los planes antinarcóticos, la redefinición de las amenazas a EE. UU. y la presencia de China y Rusia en América Latina y el Caribe, han reanimado el debate sobre la asistencia en seguridad, que implica componentes tanto económicos como militares. Diversos actores y el Gobierno estadounidense alegan resultados “fallidos” de la guerra contra el narcotráfico y sugieren aumentar el rubro de dicha asistencia. Este artículo revisa la definición y el modo en que el Gobierno, la academia y laboratorios de pensamiento distinguen el apoyo militar del económico. Los datos oficiales de 2010-2022 arrojan que un 90 % de la asistencia exterior correspondería a la asistencia económica y solo un 10 % a la militar. Para contrastar esta información, se propone la reclasificación de los rubros de la asistencia mediante un análisis crítico que arroja resultados diferentes en el que en el mismo período la asistencia en seguridad asciende al 35 % del total. Esto es un indicio del modo sistemático, a lo largo de diferentes administraciones estadounidenses, en que los bienes y servicios de seguridad tienden a ser ubicados en programas de seguridad no militares, como parte de la asistencia económica, cuando por origen y objetivos, se corresponden con el ámbito militar.

ABSTRACT The limitations and proposals to improve the relations between the academy and decision-makers in the socioeconomic sphere are exposed, considering the key role of management cadres at all levels of the economy. Although the complexity of the economy indicates that it cannot be left alone to the economists; This should not imply extreme positions that underestimate and ignore their contribution, their different criteria and alternative solutions to problems. Approval of decisions with genuinely democratic methods must also be considered. Until now, frankly vulgar conceptions about the economy and in particular about the business system have been evidenced, which have been justified on repeated occasions, under a false defense of the ideology in the socialist transition

RESUMEN Se exponen las limitaciones y propuestas para perfeccionar las relaciones entre la academia y los decisores en la esfera socioeconómica, considerando el papel clave de los cuadros de dirección en todos los niveles de la economía. Si bien la complejidad de la economía indica que no se puede dejar solo a los economistas, ello no debe implicar posiciones extremas que subestiman e ignoran su aporte, sus diferentes criterios y alternativas de solución de los problemas. Debe considerarse también la aprobación de las decisiones con métodos auténticamente democráticos. Hasta la actualidad se han evidenciado concepciones francamente vulgares sobre la economía y en particular para el sistema empresarial, las cuales se han justificado en reiteradas ocasiones, bajo una defensa falsa de la ideología en la transición socialista

Resumo:O manuscrito apresenta os fundamentos teórico-conceituais da transdisciplinaridade e da ecoformação, aplicandoos no ensino superior através de um estudo sobre sua implementação em uma universidade particular da Costa Rica. Ainda que as reflexões se refiram à educação universitária, elas também podem ser aplicadas em outros níveis ou contextos educacionais. A relevância deste estudo é destacada ao fazer referência à crise planetária atual e à necessidade resultante de reformular o ensino universitário para enfrentar esses desafios. Em seguida, explicações básicas sobre a transdisciplinaridade são fornecidas, entendendo-a como uma nova forma de abordagem da realidade, o que suscita transformações no mundo acadêmico. Seguidamente, abordase a ecoformação, concebida como um estilo de vida baseado nas relações equilibradas entre os seres, uma vez que tudo está interligado; apostando então na convivência. Para a educação, os princípios ético-filosóficos apresentados podem ser traduzidos em conceitos pedagógicos e didáticos específicos. Por último, conclui-se que a transdisciplinaridade e a ecoformação são perspectivas para a humanidade; exigem uma mudança nas formas tradicionais de compreender a realidade e, portanto, de exercer a educação.

Resumen:El ensayo presenta fundamentos teórico-conceptuales de la transdisciplinariedad y la ecoformación, aplicándolas en educación superior; corresponde a la primera parte, la fundamentación ético-filosófica, de un estudio acerca de la puesta en práctica de estas en una universidad privada en Costa Rica. Si bien las reflexiones aluden a la educación universitaria, pueden aplicarse también en otros niveles o contextos educativos. Se introduce la importancia de este trabajo aludiendo a la crisis planetaria de la contemporaneidad y a la consecuente necesidad de cambiar la educación universitaria para responder a ella. Luego, se brindan explicaciones básicas en cuanto a la transdisciplinariedad, entendiéndola como una nueva forma de aproximarse a la realidad, lo cual implica transformaciones para la academia. De seguido, se aborda la ecoformación, concebida como un estilo de vida basado en relaciones equilibradas entre los seres, pues todo está interconectado; apuesta, entonces, por la coexistencia. Para la educación, los principios ético-filosóficos que se presentan pueden traducirse en concepciones pedagógicas y didácticas específicas. Por último, se concluye que la transdisciplinariedad y la ecoformación son perspectivas para la humanidad; requieren cambiar las formas tradicionales de entender la realidad y, por tanto, de ejercer la educación

Abstract: The manuscript presents the theoretical and conceptual foundations of transdisciplinarity and eco- training and applies them to higher education through a study of their implementation in a private university in Costa Rica. Although the reflections refer to university education, they can also be applied to other educational levels or contexts. The importance of this work is highlighted by addressing the current planetary crisis and the consequent need to adapt university education to respond to it. It then provides a basic explanation of transdisciplinarity, understood as a new way of approaching reality that implies transformations for the academy. Then, the ecoformation is approached, understood as a way of life based on a balanced relationship between beings, given that everything is interconnected, and therefore committed to coexistence. For education, the ethical-philosophical principles presented can be translated into specific pedagogical and didactic concepts. Finally, it is concluded that transdisciplinarity and ecoformation are perspectives for humanity; they require a change in the traditional ways of understanding reality and, therefore, of practicing education.

Abstract: This article analyzes the process of constitution and consolidation of the field of political ecology in Latin America as an interdisciplinary space in the social sciences. We argue that the configuration of the field of study arises from the intersection between sociopolitical and academic dynamics in two fundamental moments: the first moment, the main lines of analysis, where the theoretical-empirical propositions overlap with the activism and political commitment of their principal representatives with specific processes; a second moment, of academic formalization and broadening of the field of studies, with new questions that are part of the current global geopolitical context of climate change and energy transition, where the new cross-cutting research agendas and their contribution to the discussion stand out international. The article provides an original look at the interdisciplinary debates in the social sciences and the discussions on the relationship between academia and society.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el proceso de constitución y consolidación del campo de la ecología política en América Latina como espacio interdisciplinar en las ciencias sociales. Afirmo que la configuración del campo de estudios surge de la intersección entre dinámicas sociopolíticas y académicas en dos momentos fundamentales: en un primer momento, se decantan las principales líneas de análisis, donde las proposiciones teórico-empíricas se imbrican al activismo y compromiso político de sus principales representantes con procesos específicos; en un segundo momento, se produce la formalización académica y el ensanchamiento del campo de estudios, con nuevas preguntas que se inscriben en el contexto geopolítico global de cambio climático y transición energética, donde desatacan nuevas agendas de investigación transversales en su aporte a la discusión internacional. El artículo aporta una mirada original a los debates interdisciplinares de las ciencias sociales, así como a las discusiones en la relación academia/sociedad.

O texto tem como objetivo analisar o surgimento do Kichwa em algumas universidades do Equador, através do paradigma qualitativo; considerando que a língua Kichwa foi historicamente excluída das academias sob o conceito de Yanka shimi (língua sem prestígio). Uma língua desprezada durante vários séculos; Atualmente, tem lugar na Constituição Política do Equador e em algumas universidades do país, seja como disciplina, publicações em revistas científicas, criação de cursos de pós-graduação esporadicamente, cursos de formação em universidades públicas e privadas, publicações de livros e capítulos de livros. Portanto, a atuação dos Kichwa nos espaços universitários não caminha em um campo pacífico, mas em constante disputa. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o hermenêutico devido à interpretação multidisciplinar de fontes primárias e secundárias. As conclusões relevantes sugerem: a) O surgimento do Kichwa em algumas universidades do país; b) a emergência dos Kichwa nos espaços académicos não é um campo pacífico mas sim de luta; c) apesar do reconhecimento legal e acadêmico da língua, ainda existem muitas ações concretas, por exemplo, criação de programas de doutorado para forjar pesquisas rigorosas e originais; d) O Kichwa, historicamente, tem sido utilizado como estratégia de insurgência, mas também de múltiplos diálogos.

The text proposes to analyze the irruption of Kichwa in some universities of Ecuador, through the qualitative paradigm; considering that the Kichwa language has been historically excluded from the academies under the concept of yanka shimi (language without prestige). A language underestimated for several centuries; currently, it has a place in the Political Constitution of Ecuador and in some universities of the country, either as a subject, publications in scientific journals, creation of postgraduate courses sporadically, training courses in public and private universities, publications of books and book chapters. Therefore, the operation of kichwa in university spaces does not move in a peaceful field, but in a field of constant dispute. The research method used was hermeneutic due to the multidisciplinary interpretation of primary and secondary sources. The relevant conclusions suggest: a) the emergence of kichwa in some universities of the country; b) the irruption of kichwa in academic spaces is not a peaceful field but a field of struggle; c) despite the legal and academic recognition of the language, there are still many concrete actions, for example, the creation of doctoral programs to forge rigorous and original research; d) kichwa, historically, has been wielded as a strategy of insurgency, but also of multiple dialogues.

Kay killkashkaka imashinalla, Ecuador mama llaktapi, kichwa shimi hatun yachana wasikunaman yaykurishkamantami willan yuyachinpash; ashtawantakka, umanarichin yuyarichin ñanta katishpa; willanpashmi, imashinalla kichwa shimi paypak kawsaypi kamishka, pakachishka karuyachishka kashka hatun yachana wasikunamanta, yanka shimillami kan nishpa. Kichwa shimika achka watakunata pampachishka washaka; kunan pachapika, mama llaktapak kamachikpi, hatun yachana wasikunapipash chaskishkami kashka, yachanapak, kamukunapi killkanapak, kamukunapi ñawirinapak, taripanapak, yachaykunapi rimanapakpish. Shinallatak, kichwa shimipakka hatun yachana wasikunapi purinaka mana hawallachu kashka, mana shamuylla nishkakunachu, sinchi makanakuypimi purín. Kay taripay katik ñanpika tawka killkashkakunatami hamutarka. Kay puchukay yuyaykunawanmi chayarka: a) imashinami kichwa shimi maykan hatun yachana wasikunaman chayarka; b) Amawtay wasikunan, kichwa shimipak chayanaka mana hawallachu kashka, sinchitami makanakushka; c) Hatun kamachikkunapi kichwa shimita tiyankimi nikpipash, acha ruraykuna illanrakmi, ashtawan killkashpa, taripashpa katinakapak; d) kichwa shimika watan watankunata makanakunapakpash chimpapura rimanakunapakpishmi alli kashka.

Academic supervision is essential for developing students' careers and educational advancement. The systematic review approach was chosen for the methodology of this study. It has been observed in the literature that there are positive and negative experiences between supervisees and their supervisors. This led to the research gap in the study, which stated that supervisors and their supervisees are inadequately prepared for their roles. The study addressed these gaps through a systematic review of the article sub-topics. The conceptual model was adopted for this article, and it articulates how supervisors can exhibit their dispositional qualities. Additionally, this article recommends enhancing creative and innovative research to intensify a sense of autonomy and periodically updating research instructions on actualising the vision and mission statements of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs). The study further recommends that training initiatives for supervisors should be encouraged in HEIs through academic research groups, among others.

Resumo A pesquisa qualitativa com mulheres idosas militantes feministas é uma contribuição importante para a compreensão da historicidade da luta feminista e da realidade dessas mulheres. Seus resultados são relevantes não apenas para a academia, mas também para a sociedade como um todo, pois possibilitam a reflexão sobre as desigualdades sociais e a importância da luta pela igualdade de direitos para todas as mulheres. Dessa forma, essa escrita se refere a uma pesquisa realizada com mulheres ativistas feminista sem uma cidade do sul do Brasil, compreendendo essas mulheres como precursoras no fortalecimento político e democrático da luta por direitos das mulheres, em suas ações locais. As mulheres participantes são reconhecidas como protagonistas na construção do movimento feminista na cidade. A proposta da pesquisa narrativa (auto)biográfica foi a ferramenta metodológica adotada. Os resultados possibilitaram uma compreensão histórica do processo de construção do movimento feminista na cidade e região, a partir da construção de uma memória coletiva do movimento social. Os dados obtidos apontaram por uma semelhança do contexto local com o nacional, onde a luta contra a ditadura foi a pauta comum onde o movimento feminista surgiu. Mas também foi possível perceber especificidades locais que muito influenciaram na construção e consolidação do movimento social na cidade. Conclui-se que as narrativas (auto)biográficas foram uma oportunidade valiosa para conhecer a vivência e a luta dessas mulheres e para entender a importância da luta feminista para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária. Suas histórias são um testemunho da força e da coragem de mulheres e servem como inspiração para a continuidade do movimento.

Abstract Qualitative research with elderly feminist activists is an important contribution to understanding the historicity of the feminist struggle and the reality of these women. Its results are relevant not only for the academy, but also for society as a whole, as they make it possible to reflect on social inequalities and the importance of fighting for equal rights for all women. In this way, this writing refers to research carried out with women feminist activists in a city in the south of Brazil, understanding these women as precursors in the political and democratic strengthening of the struggle for women's rights, in their local actions. The participating women are recognized as protagonists in the construction of the feminist movement in the city. The proposed (auto)biographical narrative research was the methodological tool adopted. The results enabled a historical understanding of the construction process of the feminist movement in the city and region, based on the construction of a collective memory of the social movement. The data obtained pointed to a similarity between the local context and the national one, where the fight against the dictatorship was the common agenda where the feminist movement emerged. But it was also possible to perceive local specificities that greatly influenced the construction and consolidation of the social movement in the city. It is concluded that the (auto)biographical narratives were a valuable opportunity to learn about the experience and struggle of these women and to understand the importance of the feminist struggle for the construction of a more just and egalitarian society. Their stories are a testament to the strength and courage of women and serve as inspiration for the movement to continue.

There has been slow uptake and growth in the local postgraduate student numbers in design, especially at the doctoral level. The question must be asked why, especially when looking at the growth of design as a discipline and a widening domain resulting from technological and social development. This study aims to explore industry perceptions about postgraduate studies in design to see if that could be a reason for the slow growth. The study starts with the background of the development of the design discipline, design education, and design research. An analysis of postgraduate graduate numbers over the last decade and current providers provides a context and general landscape. The analysis is followed by a report where the perceptions and attitudes of industry practitioners about postgraduate studies in communication/graphic design were qualitatively explored. The fieldwork comprised in-depth interviews that were conducted with communication designers at various points along their career paths. Three elements were explored: identification of the type of advanced knowledge needs in industry; how design professionals see postgraduate studies, their career paths, and vision for the future; and if postgraduate studies feature in their vision for the future. Some of the participants had previously attempted postgraduate studies and were not successful; their experiences added to the rich data. The research contributes to a better understanding of the reasons for the low postgraduate numbers, and the gap between industry and academia at postgraduate levels is confirmed. The study insights provide the possibilities of increasing postgraduate capacity in design by reducing the gap when designing suitable curricula.

ABSTRACT The constitutional recognition of Black people in Mexico took place through a lengthy process involving Black populations, authorities, activists, and the sometimes-contradictory efforts of Mexican and foreign scholars. This article analyzes how Mexican blackness is constructed in texts from the American academy, as it has had the greatest exposure and impact in global academic discourse. Specifically, it refers to works that Mexican anthropologists acknowledge as having significant influence in the field of Afro-Mexican studies. The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate how these works originate from a hegemonic locus of enunciation that privileges a first-world experience, hindering the understanding of the Black Mexican experience. populations authorities activists sometimescontradictory sometimes contradictory scholars academy discourse Specifically AfroMexican Afro studies firstworld first world experience

RESUMEN El reconocimiento constitucional de los negros en México se llevó a cabo a través de un largo proceso en el que se vieron involucradas poblaciones negras, autoridades, activistas y en el que el trabajo de académicos mexicanos y extranjeros tuvo un peso importante en ocasiones contradictorio. El presente artículo analiza la forma en la que se construye la negritud mexicana en los textos de la academia estadounidense, debido a que esta es la que ha tenido mayor exposición y alcance en el debate académico mundial. Para ello, se recurre específicamente a los trabajos que antropólogos mexicanos reconocen han tenido mayor injerencia en el campo de los estudios afromexicanos. La finalidad de este análisis es mostrar cómo dichos trabajos parten de un locus de enunciación hegemónico que privilegia la experiencia primermundista dificultando la aprehensión de la vivencia negra mexicana. negras autoridades contradictorio estadounidense mundial ello afromexicanos

ABSTRACT Research stands as a fundamental pillar that recognizes the university as an entity of institutional and social relevance. This statement is particularly true in the field of health sciences, where educational institutions are expected not only to generate knowledge for the benefit of society but also to shape individuals capable of immersing themselves in research and strengthening this vital premise. In this context, intricate concepts that outline the nature and purpose of research in the academia emerge. Scientific research, on the one hand, arises as the driving force behind the advancement of knowledge, emphasizing rigorous and systematic methods to unravel the mysteries of reality. On the other hand, research training stands as a pivotal educational vehicle for nurturing analytical and curious minds, providing future professionals with the necessary tools to inquire and contribute to scientific progress. Similarly, formative research, although less known, plays a crucial role in integrating research into the learning experience, which fosters critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities from early stages. In this educational and research journey, various actors and components take center stage. Research centers arise as fundamental pillars, as they provide the conducive environment to interdisciplinary collaboration and development of innovative ideas. Educators, on their part, play the role of counselors and mentors by sharing their experience and knowledge with the new generations of professionals. Furthermore, extracurricular or nonacademic activities in the area of research emerge as fertile grounds for the expansion of intellectual horizons, offering spaces for creative exploration and practical application of the knowledge acquired by students. However, these concepts and components are not free of challenges and controversies when integrating into the academic programs. Implementing these approaches at the undergraduate and graduate levels requires an in-depth analysis of their specific objectives and goals. Discussions regarding the balance of time and resources devoted to research versus other curricular aspects remain a constant. This review aims to accurately outline and define the concepts of scientific research, research training and formative research, as well as to highlight the leading role played by research centers, educators and extracurricular activities in shaping academic programs in the field of health sciences.

RESUMEN La investigación se erige como un pilar fundamental que distingue a la universidad como una entidad de relevancia institucional y social. Esta afirmación es particularmente verídica en el ámbito de las ciencias de la salud, donde no solo se espera que las instituciones educativas generen conocimiento en beneficio de la sociedad, sino que también moldeen individuos capacitados para sumergirse en la investigación y fortalecer esta premisa vital. En este contexto, emergen conceptos intrincados que delinean la naturaleza y el propósito de la investigación en el ámbito académico. La investigación científica, por un lado, se alza como el motor principal que impulsa el avance del conocimiento, y pone énfasis en el método riguroso y sistemático para desentrañar los misterios de la realidad. Por otro lado, la formación para la investigación se erige como un vehículo educativo primordial para cultivar mentes analíticas y curiosas, que dota a los futuros profesionales con las herramientas necesarias para indagar y contribuir al progreso científico. Asimismo, la investigación formativa, si bien menos conocida, desempeña un rol crucial al integrar la investigación en la experiencia de aprendizaje, lo cual fomenta habilidades de pensamiento crítico y resolución de problemas desde etapas tempranas. En esta travesía educativa e investigativa, diversos actores y componentes adquieren protagonismo. Los institutos de investigación se presentan como pilares fundamentales, ya que proporcionan el ambiente propicio para la colaboración interdisciplinaria y el florecimiento de ideas innovadoras. Los docentes, por su parte, ejercen un rol de guías y mentores, transmitiendo su experiencia y conocimientos a las nuevas generaciones de profesionales. Además, las actividades extracurriculares o extraprogramáticas en el área de la investigación surgen como terrenos fértiles para la expansión de horizontes intelectuales, que ofrecen espacios para la exploración creativa y la aplicación práctica de los conocimientos adquiridos por los alumnos. No obstante, estos conceptos y componentes no están exentos de desafíos y controversias en su integración dentro de los programas académicos. La implementación de estos enfoques en los niveles de pregrado y posgrado requiere un análisis profundo de sus objetivos y metas específicas. Las discusiones en torno a la ponderación del tiempo y los recursos dedicados a la investigación frente a otros aspectos curriculares son una constante. La presente revisión se propone delinear y definir de manera precisa los conceptos de investigación científica, formación para la investigación e investigación formativa, así como subrayar el papel cardinal que desempeñan los institutos de investigación, los docentes y las actividades extracurriculares en la configuración de programas académicos en el ámbito de las ciencias de la salud.

Abstract Through quantitative exploratory research, the present study analyzed the amount foreseen in the Federal Budget and the amounts paid (nominal and deflated) for programs and actions to promote body practices and physical activities (Health Academy Program and the Federal Incentive for Physical Activity in Primary Health Care) from 2019 to 2022. The values of investment in body practices and physical activities in SUS per capita, according to the population covered by Primary Health Care (PHC) and per participant in public programs, were also calculated. The following was found: (1) that the resources that were actually paid were 3.31% to 15.06% lower than those approved in the budget (nominal) and (2) the low annual (maximum) values found, regardless of whether nominal or deflated - per capita (R$ 0.21 to 0.30) per population covered by PHC (R$ 0.25 to 0.40) and per participant (R$ 10.61 to 14.61). It was concluded that the low investment in the promotion of body practices and physical activities decreases access and does not contribute to the full functioning of SUS by preventing or hindering the expansion of possibilities of comprehensive health care.

Resumo Por meio de pesquisa quantitativa de caráter exploratório, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar o orçamento e o financiamento federal de programas e ações de promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2019 a 2022 (Programa Academia da Saúde e o Incentivo Federal de Custeio da Atividade Física na Atenção Primária). Foram analisados e calculados os valores per capita, pela população coberta pela atenção primária e por participante de programas públicos. Os recursos efetivamente pagos foram de 3,31% a 15,06% menores dos que os aprovados no orçamento (nominal), e também foram identificados os baixos valores (máximos) anuais, independentemente se nominal ou deflacionado per capita (R$ 0,21 a 0,30) por população coberta pela atenção primária (R$ 0,25 a 0,40) e por participante (R$ 10,61 a 14,61). Concluiu-se que o baixo investimento na promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas diminui o acesso e não contribui para o pleno funcionamento do SUS ao impedir ou dificultar a ampliação de possibilidades do cuidado integral em saúde.

Abstract Through quantitative exploratory research, the present study analyzed the amount foreseen in the Federal Budget and the amounts paid (nominal and deflated) for programs and actions to promote body practices and physical activities (Health Academy Program and the Federal Incentive for Physical Activity in Primary Health Care) from 2019 to 2022. The values of investment in body practices and physical activities in SUS per capita, according to the population covered by Primary Health Care (PHC) and per participant in public programs, were also calculated. The following was found: (1) that the resources that were actually paid were 3.31% to 15.06% lower than those approved in the budget (nominal) and (2) the low annual (maximum) values found, regardless of whether nominal or deflated - per capita (R$ 0.21 to 0.30) per population covered by PHC (R$ 0.25 to 0.40) and per participant (R$ 10.61 to 14.61). It was concluded that the low investment in the promotion of body practices and physical activities decreases access and does not contribute to the full functioning of SUS by preventing or hindering the expansion of possibilities of comprehensive health care.

Resumo Por meio de pesquisa quantitativa de caráter exploratório, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar o orçamento e o financiamento federal de programas e ações de promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2019 a 2022 (Programa Academia da Saúde e o Incentivo Federal de Custeio da Atividade Física na Atenção Primária). Foram analisados e calculados os valores per capita, pela população coberta pela atenção primária e por participante de programas públicos. Os recursos efetivamente pagos foram de 3,31% a 15,06% menores dos que os aprovados no orçamento (nominal), e também foram identificados os baixos valores (máximos) anuais, independentemente se nominal ou deflacionado per capita (R$ 0,21 a 0,30) por população coberta pela atenção primária (R$ 0,25 a 0,40) e por participante (R$ 10,61 a 14,61). Concluiu-se que o baixo investimento na promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas diminui o acesso e não contribui para o pleno funcionamento do SUS ao impedir ou dificultar a ampliação de possibilidades do cuidado integral em saúde.

Abstract The researchers of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2013-2016 conducted a long-term stationary experiment to study chemical and toxicological properties of fiber flax, Voskhod variety, growing on sod-podzolic soil in the soil and climate of the Moscow region. Test plots were selected with following crop rotation options: without fertilizers, without liming; without fertilizers, with liming; N100P150K120 (kg a.i./ha), without liming; N100P150K120, with liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, without liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, with liming. The agro-climatic conditions of the growing seasons during the research years did not have a negative impact on the growth and development of fiber flax, the hydro-thermal index was 1.1 in 2013, -1.05 in 2014, 1.5 in 2015, and 1.5 in 2016. The maintained crop rotation and the introduction of a full range of mineral and organic fertilizers has been found to contribute to high yields of flax in terms of fiber (18.5-18.9 hwt/ha) and seeds (7.9-8.3 hwt/ha). The seeds contain 16.9-19.5% protein and 33.5-39.4% lipids. The yield of flaxseed oil from seeds ranged from 19.5-35.7% on average for different variants of the experiment. The peroxide number index was 2.5-1.5 mg-eq O2/kg, the acid number index was 1.1-1.9 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to obtaining high-quality linseed oil in compliance with quality standards for all variants of the experiment.

Resumo Os pesquisadores da Universidade Agrária Estatal Russa, Academia Agrícola Timiryazev de Moscou, de 2013 a 2016, realizaram um experimento estacionário de longo prazo para estudar as propriedades químicas e toxicológicas da fibra de linho, variedade Voskhod, crescendo em solo sod-podzólico e no clima da região de Moscou. As parcelas-teste foram selecionadas com as seguintes opções de rotação de culturas: sem fertilizantes e sem calagem; sem fertilizantes e com calagem; N100P150K120 (kg ia/ha), sem calagem; N100P150K120 e com calagem; N100P150K120 + esterco 20 t/ha e sem calagem; N100P150K120 + esterco 20 t/há e com calagem. As condições agroclimáticas das épocas de cultivo durante os anos de pesquisa não tiveram impacto negativo no crescimento e desenvolvimento do linho têxtil, o índice hidrotérmico foi de 1,1 em 2013, -1,05 em 2014, 1,5 em 2015 e 1,5 em 2016. Verificou-se que a manutenção da rotação de culturas e a introdução de uma gama completa de fertilizantes minerais e orgânicos contribuem para altos rendimentos de linho em termos de fibra (18,5-18,9 hwt/ha) e sementes (7,9-8,3 hwt/ha). As sementes contêm 16,9-19,5% de proteína e 33,5-39,4% de lipídios. O rendimento de óleo de linhaça das sementes variou de 19,5 a 35,7% em média para diferentes variantes do experimento. O índice de peróxido foi de 2,5-1,5 mg-eq O2/kg, o índice de acidez foi de 1,1-1,9 mg KOH/g, o que corresponde à obtenção de óleo de linhaça de alta qualidade em conformidade com os padrões de qualidade para todas as variantes do experimento.