ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

Abstract Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) and International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) methods are used for individual tree health assessment. However, comparing the reliability of both methods in assessing large and old tree health has yet to be evaluated. This study aims to determine reliability of two methods in evaluating the health condition of old (>100 years old) and large Dipterocarp trees in Bogor Botanic Garden (BBG), Indonesia. The parameters observed were growth, morphometry, and tree health of 44 trees. The results showed that, overall, the two methods demonstrated quite similar in assessing the health condition of targeted trees. Visual tree damage domination by conks, fruiting bodies, and other indicators of advanced decay, open wounds, and termite gallery. The average risk rating of three parts of the tree (branches/crown, trunk, roots) is low to moderate. The two approaches could be used simultaneously or separately according to the purpose of the assessment. FHM (FHM ISA (ISA assessment However evaluated >100 100 (>10 BBG, BBG , (BBG) Indonesia growth morphometry 4 that overall conks bodies decay wounds gallery branches/crown, branchescrown branches crown (branches/crown trunk roots moderate >10 10 (>1 (BBG branches/crown >1 1 (> > (

Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

Abstract Tropical plants exhibit virtually all known phenological responses, which can range from near-continuous to brief events, and from complete synchrony to complete asynchrony. This wide variety of phenological patterns is related to high tropical biodiversity and complex interactions with diverse abiotic and biotic factors, such as plant-pollinator interactions. Changes in these factors will therefore influence plant phenology, and differences in those phenological responses can impact reproductive success and plant fitness. We report here interspecific variations in the reproductive ecology (flowering phenology, floral biology, reproductive systems, and pollination) of 10 Myrtaceae species in a gallery forest in northeastern, Brazil. We evaluated flowering patterns and strategies, considering the frequency and duration of each phenophase from monthly observations, using the semi-quantitative Fournier scale. We also analyzed floral biology, recorded floral visitors, conducted pollination experiments (autonomous self-pollination, hand self-pollination, hand cross-pollination, and natural/open pollination), and calculated sefl-incompatibility (SII) and autogamy (AI) indices. Most species exhibited synchronous and annual flowering lasting between 1 and 5 months, with a “pulsed bang” strategy (i.e., mass flowering concentrated within just a few days, with intervals). These patterns were repeated among congeneric species, except in Myrcia, in which half of the species accompanied were classified as having a “pulsed bang” and the other half a “big bang” strategy. The flowering strategies appeared to be associated with distinct patterns of inflorescence development, bud production, flowering duration, and the timing of flowering in individual plants. Bee species were considered pollinators. Most species studied were self-incompatible and allogamous. In general, the species produced large quantities of flowers during short temporal intervals, favoring crosses between individuals having precise synchrony. nearcontinuous near continuous events asynchrony plantpollinator pollinator phenology fitness biology systems northeastern Brazil observations semiquantitative semi quantitative scale visitors autonomous selfpollination, selfpollination self pollination, self-pollination crosspollination, crosspollination cross cross-pollination naturalopen natural open , seflincompatibility sefl incompatibility SII (SII AI (AI indices months pulsed bang i.e., ie i e (i.e. days intervals. intervals . intervals) Myrcia big development production pollinators selfincompatible incompatible allogamous general i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumo As plantas tropicais exibem quase todos os tipos de respostas fenológicas conhecidas, variando de eventos quase contínuos aos explosivos breves, e de total sincronia à completa assincronia. Essa ampla variedade de padrões fenológicos está relacionada à alta biodiversidade e às diferentes interações com fatores abióticos e bióticos, como as interações planta-polinizador. Portanto, mudanças nesses fatores influenciam a fenologia das plantas e diferenças nas respostas fenológicas podem impactar o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie a aptidão das plantas. Analisou-se a variação interespecífica na ecologia reprodutiva (fenologia da floração, briologia floral, sistemas reprodutivos e polinização) de 10 espécies de Myrtaceae em floresta ciliar, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Avaliaram-se os padrões e estratégias de floração, considerando a frequência e duração da fenofase a partir de observações mensais e de acordo com a escala semiquantitativa de Fournier; também analisaram-se a biologia floral, visitantes florais e conduziram-se experimentos de polinização (autopolinização autônoma, autopolinização manual, polinização cruzada manual e polinização natural/aberta) e calcularam-se os índices de autoincompatibilidade (SII) e autogamia (AI). A maioria das espécies apresentou floração anual, com duração de 1 a 5 meses, alta sincronia e estratégia do tipo pulsed-bang (i.e., floração massiva concentrada em poucos dias intercalados por um intervalo de tempo). Os padrões se repetiram entre espécies congêneres, exceto em Myrcia spp., em que metade das espécies foi classificada como “pulsed bang” e as demais apresentaram estratégia “big bang”. A estratégia de floração parece estar relacionada com o padrão de desenvolvimento das inflorescências, produção dos botões, duração e sincronia da floração dos indivíduos. Abelhas foram consideradas os polinizadores. A maioria das espécies foram auto-incompatíveis e alogâmicas. Em geral, as espécies ofertaram grandes quantidades de flores em pequenos intervalos temporais, favorecendo cruzamentos entre indivíduos com sincronia precisa. conhecidas breves assincronia bióticos plantapolinizador. plantapolinizador planta polinizador. polinizador planta-polinizador Portanto Analisouse Analisou floral ciliar Diamantina Brasil Avaliaramse Avaliaram Fournier analisaramse analisaram conduziramse conduziram autônoma natural/aberta naturalaberta natural aberta calcularamse calcularam SII (SII AI. AI . (AI) anual meses pulsedbang pulsed bang i.e., ie i (i.e. tempo. tempo tempo) congêneres spp spp. big bang. inflorescências botões polinizadores autoincompatíveis auto incompatíveis alogâmicas geral temporais precisa (AI i.e. (i.e i.e

ABSTRACT In ecotonal Cerrado areas, the addition of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species mainly occurs through connections between forest areas and forest physiognomies. In this context, the biome is a unique region for research on the influence of geographical and historical factors on its biota. In tropical ecotonal regions, integrated communities can exist on soils that present variations in fertility, physical properties and depth, which results in heterogeneity of physiognomies. It was tested the hypothesis that edaphic conditions related to calcium availability are significantly related to species composition and structural parameters in two physiognomies. The study was conducted in the Cerrado of the Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) in the city of Carolina, Northeast Brazil, and the sample universe consisted of 18 areas in two physiognomies. The initial hypothesis was confirmed. The results and inferences about the vegetation structure and physical-chemical parameters of the soil, suggest that the management for conservation of the CMNP must consider the particularities of the Cerrado physiognomies and the vegetation responses to environmental filters, such as edaphic conditions and associations with other organisms. context biota regions fertility depth (CMNP Carolina Brazil 1 confirmed physicalchemical chemical soil filters organisms

ABSTRACT Gallery Forests are narrow strips of tropical forests that occur along water courses. This vegetation type is common in Central Brazil and is extremely relevant for the biodiversity conservation, maintenance of ecological processes and water regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the woody vegetation in two gallery forests in the Federal District, called Ribeirão gallery forest (RGF) and Pitoco gallery forest (PGF). Fifty plots of 10 m x 10 m were sampled in each forest, and all trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured. In each forest, we conducted analysis on phytosociological parameters, diameter and height distributions, and diversity indexes. We registered 1,571 woody individuals, belonging to 150 species, among which, 94 were recorded in the forest of Ribeirão (RGF) and 96 in the forest of Pitoco (PGF). Although only 40 species (26.7%) occurred in both forests, the Chao-Sorensen similarity index was 0.478, showing the high Beta diversity within these formations. The species richness of the two forests is above the average observed in other gallery forests in Brazil, with Shannon diversity index (H’) equal to 3.86 for RGF and 3.96 for PGF, and the Pielou evenness index (J’) equal to 0.85 and 0.87, respectively. The diametric distribution of both forests showed the reverse J-shaped pattern, suggesting communities with satisfactory regeneration. Floristic and structural distinctions both between and within forests, alongside the observed high richness, indicate great biological heterogeneity, in response to the different environmental conditions. This underscores the importance of maintaining ecological corridors to facilitate gene flow and species dispersal among different gallery forests. courses conservation regulation Therefore District (RGF PGF. PGF . (PGF) 1 measured parameters distributions indexes 1571 571 1,57 individuals 15 which 9 4 26.7% 267 26 7 (26.7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 0 478 0.478 formations H (H’ 386 3 86 3.8 396 3.9 J (J’ 085 85 0.8 087 87 0.87 respectively Jshaped shaped pattern regeneration heterogeneity conditions (PGF 157 57 1,5 26.7 2 (26.7 047 47 0.47 (H 38 8 3. 39 (J 08 0. 1, 26. (26. 04 0.4 (26 (2 (

RESUMO Matas de galeria são faixas estreitas de florestas tropicais que ocorrem ao longo dos cursos d’água na região do Brasil central e são de extrema relevância para a conservação da biodiversidade, manutenção de processos ecológicos e regulação hídrica. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a vegetação lenhosa em dois trechos de matas de galeria no Distrito Federal, foi realizada amostragem em 1,0 ha, sendo 50 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m em cada trecho, onde foram mensuradas todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Para cada mata foram realizadas análises fitossociológicas, investigados os padrões de distribuição diamétrica e hipsométrica e analisados os índices de diversidade. Foram mensurados 1.571 indivíduos lenhosos, pertencentes a 150 espécies, dentre as quais 94 foram registradas na mata do Ribeirão (MR) e 96 na mata do Pitoco (MP). Apenas 40 espécies (26,7%) ocorreram em ambas as matas. O índice de similaridade Chao-Sorensen foi igual a 0,478, evidenciando a elevada diversidade Beta destas formações. A riqueza de espécies das duas matas está acima da média observada em outras matas de galeria no Brasil, com índice de Diversidade de Shannon (H’) igual a 3,86 para a MR e 3,96 para a MP, e a equabilidade de Pielou (J’) igual a 0,85 e 0,87, respectivamente. A distribuição diamétrica de ambas as matas apresentou padrão de J invertido, sugerindo comunidades com regeneração satisfatória. Diferenças florísticas e estruturais entre e dentro das matas, bem como a elevada riqueza encontrada, sugerem grande heterogeneidade biológica, em resposta às distintas condições ambientais dentro de cada trecho, o que reforça a importância da manutenção de corredores ecológicos para facilitar o fluxo gênico e a dispersão de espécies entre as diferentes áreas de matas de galeria. dágua d água biodiversidade hídrica Federal 1 0 1, ha trecho cm fitossociológicas 1571 571 1.57 lenhosos 15 9 (MR MP. MP . (MP) 4 26,7% 267 26 7 (26,7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 478 0,478 formações H (H’ 386 3 86 3,8 396 3,9 (J’ 085 85 0,8 087 87 0,87 respectivamente invertido satisfatória encontrada biológica 157 57 1.5 (MP 26,7 2 (26,7 047 47 0,47 (H 38 8 3, 39 (J 08 0, 1. 26, (26, 04 0,4 (26 (2 (

Abstract: Gallery forest constitute a complex ecosystem with high diversity. In recent years the interest in knowing the dynamic of those ecosystems operation has increased, there is still little research related to them. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity, composition, and horizontal structure of a gallery forest in the upper part of the Presidio River basin, northwest of Mexico; offering information on the conformation of the species in the evaluated area, being a background for decision-making and development of management plans in the area. Rectangular plots of 1000 m2 were established, the diameter at 1.30 m, total height, and crown diameter were measured of each tree. The horizontal structure was analyzed based on the Importance Value Index (IVI) and the diameter classes; in addition, species richness and diversity were determined according to the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Weiner (H ́) indexes. 10 taxa were recorded with a density of 261 individuals (N ha-1), the species with the highest ecological value (IVI) was Pinus cooperi (36.03%) and P. durangensis (24.14). The diversity and richness obtained for the area was H'= 1.59 and D Mg = 1.53 respectively. The results show a gallery forest without particularly dominant species, with relatively low absolute diversity values; there is no homogeneity in the vegetation, the distribution of diameter classes showed a negative trend with respect to abundance and diversity which can be attributed to forest management practices in the area.

Resumen Los bosques de galería constituyen ecosistemas complejos con alta diversidad. En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por conocer la dinámica del funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas, existen pocas las investigaciones relacionadas con los mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diversidad, composición y estructura vertical de un bosque de galería en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Presidio, al noroeste de México; ofreciendo información sobre la conformación de las especies del área evaluada, siendo un antecedente para la toma de decisiones y elaboración de planes de manejo en el área. Se establecieron parcelas rectangulares de 1000 m2, dentro de estas se le midió al arbolado el diámetro a 1.30 m, altura total, y diámetro de copa. Se analizó la estructura horizontal con base en el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) y clases diamétricas; además, se determinó la riqueza y diversidad de especies de acuerdo con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y de Shannon-Weiner (H ́). Se registraron 10 taxones con una densidad de 261 individuos (N ha-1), las especies de mayor valor ecológico (IVI) fueron Pinus cooperi (36.03) y P. durangensis (24.14). La diversidad y riqueza obtenida para el área fue de H’= 1.59 y DMg = 1.53 respectivamente. Los resultados muestran un bosque de galería sin especies particularmente dominantes, con valores de diversidad relativamente bajos; no existe una homogeneidad en la vegetación, la distribución de clases diamétricas mostró una tendencia negativa respecto a la abundancia y a la diversidad la cual puede ser atribuida a las prácticas de manejo forestal en el área.

Abstract We investigated the associations of seasonality, dispersal modes and seed germination speeds with the fruiting of Clusia nemorosa, Pleroma fissinervium, and Vochysia pyramidalis in a gallery forest, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Observations of mature fruits with dispersing seeds were carried out from 2003 to 2006. Cross-correlation and circular statistics were performed to test the relationships among fruiting and abiotic factors, and phenological seasonality. Dispersion syndromes were defined and germination experiments were performed after seed collection (n =100/species), using four replicates. The species evidenced seasonal fruiting. Clusia nemorosa produced zoochoric seeds and V. pyramidalis anemochoric seeds, which were dispersed during the rainy season and positively correlated with precipitation; P. fissinervium produced autochoric seeds, released during the dry season to early rainy season, being positively correlated with insolation and negatively with humidity. The rotating wing seeds of V. pyramidalis were released in the rainy season and aided floating in watercourses, characterizing hydrochory. Clusia nemorosa and V. pyramidalis germinated (2-6 days) more rapidly than P. fissinervium (9 days). Seasonality, dispersal modes, and optimal germination conditions modulated the fruiting of the species examined, whose reproductive strategies responded to environmental drivers such as precipitation, favoring germination during the rainy season. seasonality forest Diamantina Brazil 200 2006 Crosscorrelation Cross correlation factors n =100/species, 100species =100/species , 100 =100/species) replicates V precipitation P humidity watercourses hydrochory 26 2 6 (2- days 9 ( days. . Seasonality examined 20 10 (2 1

Resumo Investigamos a associação da sazonalidade, modos de dispersão e velocidade de germinação com a frutificação de Clusia nemorosa, Pleroma fissinervium, e Vochysia piramidalis em mata de galeria, Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Frutos maduros com sementes em dispersão foram observados de 2003-2006. Correlação cruzada e estatística circular testaram relações entre frutificação e fatores abióticos e sazonalidade fenológica. Síndromes de dispersão foram definidas e experimentos de germinação ocorreram imediatamente após coleta das sementes (n = 100/espécie), utilizando quatro repetições. As três espécies apresentaram frutificação sazonal, C. nemorosa com sementes zoocóricas e V. piramidalis com sementes anemocóricas dispersas durante as chuvas, foram positivamente correlacionadas com a precipitação, e P. fissinervium com sementes autocóricas liberadas durante a estação seca ao início das chuvas, positivamente correlacionadas com insolação e negativamente com a umidade. Sementes de alas rotativas auxiliando a flutuação em cursos d’água, liberadas na estação chuvosa, definiram hidrocoria para V. pyramidalis. Clusia nemorosa e V. pyramidalis germinaram (2-6 dias) mais rapidamente que P. fissinervium (9 dias). Sazonalidade, modos de dispersão e condições ótimas de germinação modularam a frutificação das espécies, cujas estratégias reprodutivas responderam a fatores ambientais, como precipitação, favorecendo a germinação na estação chuvosa. galeria Diamantina Brasil 20032006. 20032006 2003 2006. 2006 2003-2006 fenológica n 100/espécie, 100espécie espécie 100/espécie , 100 100/espécie) repetições sazonal C V chuvas precipitação P umidade dágua, dágua d água, água d’água chuvosa 26 2 6 (2- dias 9 ( dias. . Sazonalidade ambientais 2003200 200 2003-200 10 (2 200320 20 2003-20 1 20032 2003-2 2003-

Abstract This work is a floristic study of Selaginella in Maranhão. The species survey is based on collections from fieldwork conducted between April 2006 and February 2023 and specimens from Maranhão deposited at the CCAA, HBRA, MG, and SLUI herbaria. Ten species were identified: Selaginella conduplicata, S. convoluta, S. erythropus, S. flagellata, S. gynostachya S. marginata, S. minima, S. radiata, S. simplex, and S. sulcata. We report the first record of S. gynostachya for Maranhão and the Cerrado domain in Brazil. Until now, this species was only known from areas of Amazonia. We provide a map with records, an identification key, and comments about the identification and geographic distribution of Selaginella species in Maranhão state. For the new record, we also provide photos. 200 202 CCAA HBRA MG herbaria identified conduplicata S convoluta erythropus flagellata marginata minima radiata simplex sulcata Brazil now Amazonia records key state photos 20 2

Resumo O presente trabalho trata do estudo florístico de Selaginella no Maranhão. O levantamento de espécies foi realizado com base em coletas de campo realizadas entre abril de 2006 e fevereiro de 2023 e em análise de espécimes coletados no Maranhão e depositadas nos herbários CCAA, HBRA, MG e SLUI. Foram identificadas 10 espécies: Selaginella conduplicata, S. convoluta, S. erythropus, S. flagellata, S. gynostachya S. marginata, S. minima, S. radiata, S. simplex e S. sulcata. Relatamos a primeira ocorrência de S. gynostachya para o Maranhão e também para o domínio do Cerrado Brasileiro. Até então essa espécie era registrada somente em áreas amazônicas. Neste artigo apresentamos um mapa com pontos de coleta, uma chave de identificação e comentários sobre a identificação, ecologia e distribuição geográfica para as espécies de Selaginella do Maranhão. Para o novo registro apresentamos também fotos. 200 202 CCAA HBRA SLUI 1 conduplicata S convoluta erythropus flagellata marginata minima radiata sulcata Brasileiro amazônicas coleta fotos 20 2

Resumen Los bosques de galería (BG) también conocidos como vegetación ribereña, se desarrollan en los bordes de los ríos y de los arroyos; forman parte de los ecosistemas de transición entre hábitats terrestres y acuáticos y cumplen funciones esenciales en el resguardo de los ecosistemas, suministran bienes y servicios para la biota y el bienestar humano. Por ello, el tema de la salud de los BG es de interés creciente; en la literatura científica se aborda a través de diversas expresiones y enfoques, lo que genera confusiones en su interpretación. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: i) analizar los términos científicos asociados a la salud de los BG, para aclarar su significado y alcance y ii) exponer la evidencia científica en la experiencia de México de la relación: salud del ecosistema ribereño (ER) y especies vegetales invasoras. Para ello, se hizo una búsqueda de información exhaustiva en el tema, cuyos resultados señalaron varios conceptos con criterios y propósitos diferentes. En este trabajo se proponen definiciones precisas sobre la salud del BG y del ER. Finalmente, se exhibe la evidencia científica de las afectaciones que generan algunas plantas invasoras como Arundo donax L. (carrizo) y Ricinus communis L. (ricino), en la salud de los BG y ER de México. La salud de los BG influye en aquella de los ER, y esta en la de los seres humanos y su bienestar, por lo que es necesario un mayor entendimiento del tema y, así, promover su conservación.

Abstract Gallery forests (GF), also known as riparian vegetation, develop on the edges of rivers and streams; they are part of the transition ecosystems between terrestrial and aquatic habitats and fulfill essential functions in the protection of ecosystems, provide goods and services for biota and human well-being. For these issues, the subject of the health of GF is of growing interest: in the scientific literature they are studied through various expressions and approaches, which generates confusion in its interpretation. The objectives of this work were: i) analyze the scientific terms associated with the health of GF, to clarify its meaning and scope and ii) expose the scientific evidence in the experience of Mexico, of the relationship: health of the riparian ecosystem (RE) and invasive plant species. For this, an exhaustive information search was made on the subject, the results of which indicated several concepts with different criteria and purposes. In this work, precise definitions on the health of GF and RE are proposed. Finally, the scientific evidence of the effects generated by some invasive plants such as Arundo donax L. (carrizo) and Ricinus communis L. (ricino), in the health of the GF and RE of Mexico is exposed. The health of the GF influences that of the RE, and this one in that of human beings and their well-being, for which it is necessary a greater understanding of RE is to promote their conservation.

Abstract We evaluated the phenology and reproductive phenological diversity of three sympatric species of Miconia in a gallery forest in the Chapada Diamantina mountains, Bahia, Brazil. The reproductive phenophases (bud, flower, immature fruit, and mature fruit) of M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46), and M. prasina (N=44) were evaluated monthly, between June/2008 and June/2015. The Fournier index was used to assess the intensities of the reproductive phenophases; synchrony and seasonality were analyzed using circular statistics and the Rayleigh (Z) test. The Frideman and Wilcoxon tests were used to verify interannual variations in phenological patterns. Reproductive phenological diversity was measured by calculating the Shannon-Wiener index; ANOVA tested possible differences in the means of diversity among the different years. The reproductive phenophases of the studied Miconia species occurred sequentially (M. alborufescens, then M. holoserica, followed by M. prasina), in the transition between the dry and rainy seasons, with little overlap between them. In general, the species showed seasonal and synchronic phenological patterns, with some variations that coincided with El Niño and/or La Niña events, e.g., demonstrating changes in the periodicity, synchrony, and intensity of their phenophases. The intensity of fruiting, for example, showed increases during La Niña years. Reproductive phenological diversity appears to respond to climate changes resulting from El Niño events and periods of prolonged drought, with high Shannon-Wiener index values. The results also suggest that the effects of global climatic phenomena (El Niño and La Niña) that alter regional climatic seasonality can also cause variations in the reproductive phenological rhythms of the Miconia species studied. mountains Bahia Brazil bud, bud (bud flower fruit M N=38, N38 N N=38 , 38 (N=38) N=46, N46 N=46 46 (N=46) N=44 N44 44 (N=44 monthly June2008 June 2008 June/200 June2015 2015 June/2015 Z (Z test patterns ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener years (M holoserica prasina, prasina) seasons them general andor or eg e g e.g. periodicity fruiting example drought values N3 N=3 3 (N=38 N4 N=4 4 (N=46 (N=4 June200 200 June/20 June201 201 June/201 e.g N= (N=3 (N= June20 20 June/2 (N June2 2 June/

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliamos a fenologia e a diversidade fenológica reprodutiva de três espécies simpátricas de Miconia em uma floresta de galeria da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. As fenofases reprodutivas (botão, flor, fruto imaturo e fruto maduro) de M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46) e M. prasina (N=44) foram avaliadas mensalmente, entre junho de 2008 e junho de 2015. O índice de Fournier foi utilizado para avaliar a intensidade das fenofases reprodutivas; a sincronia e a sazonalidade foram analisadas por meio de estatística circular e do teste de Rayleigh (Z). Os testes de Frideman e Wilcoxon foram empregados na verificação de variações interanuais dos padrões fenológicos. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva foi mensurada pelo cálculo do índice de Shannon-Wiener; a ANOVA testou possíveis diferenças nas médias de diversidade entre os diferentes anos. As fenofases reprodutivas das espécies de Miconia estudadas ocorreram de forma sequencial (M. alborufescens, M. holoserica e M. prasina, respectivamente), na transição entre as estações seca e chuvosa, com pouca sobreposição entre as espécies. No geral, as espécies apresentaram padrões fenológicos sazonais e sincrônicos, com algumas variações que coincidiram com eventos de El Niño e/ou La Niña, e.g., demonstrando mudanças na periodicidade, sincronia e intensidade de suas fenofases. A intensidade da frutificação, por exemplo, apresentou aumento nos anos de ocorrência de La Niña. A diversidade fenológica reprodutiva parece responder às alterações climáticas decorrentes dos eventos de El Niño e a períodos de seca prolongada, com valores elevados do índice de Shannon-Wiener. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que os efeitos de fenômenos climáticos globais (El Niño e La Niña), que alteram a sazonalidade climática regional, também podem causar variações nos ritmos fenológicos reprodutivos das espécies de Miconia estudadas. estudo Diamantina Bahia Brasil botão, botão (botão flor maduro M N=38, N38 N N=38 , 38 (N=38) N=46 N46 46 (N=46 N=44 N44 44 (N=44 mensalmente 200 2015 Z. Z . (Z) ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener Shannon-Wiener (M respectivamente, respectivamente respectivamente) chuvosa geral sincrônicos eou ou Niña eg g e.g. periodicidade frutificação exemplo prolongada ShannonWiener. Wiener. sugerem ainda Niña) regional N3 N=3 3 (N=38 N=4 N4 4 (N=4 20 201 (Z e.g N= (N=3 (N= 2 (N

To contribute to reinforcing the idea that sites not associated with Protected Natural Areas have high ecological value, we carried out this research in a river located in the middle of an industrial park. Over 1.4 km of the Rio Hondo, there were defined ten sampling plots of 10 x 10 m to evaluate trees and shrubs (height and diameter at breast height) and ten nested squares of 1 x 1 m for herbaceous (we only recorded the presented species). Each specimen was taxonomically determined and its abundance was established (very common, common, frequent, scarce, rare, very rare). Twenty-three plant species were recorded, the best represented family was Poaceae. A total of 105 individuals were counted, with an average height of 7.3 m; the median diameter at breast height was of 29.5 cm. The RÃo Hondo maintains typical elements of riparian vegetation, such as Alnus acuminata and Salix humboldtiana. Although, it is located in an industrial park and in a highly impacted area, the RÃo Hondo maintains a plant structure of a high ecological value.

Para contribuir a reforzar la idea de que sitios asociados a zonas industriales también poseen altos valores ecológicos, desarrollamos esta investigación en un rÃo enclavado en un parque industrial. Diez sitios de muestreo de 10 x 10 m para evaluar los árboles y arbustos (altura y diámetro a la altura del pecho); y diez cuadros anidados de 1 x 1 m para la herbáceas (sólo se registraron las especies presentes) fueron definidos sobre 1.4 km del RÃo Hondo. Cada ejemplar se determinó taxonómicamente y se estableció su abundancia (muy común, común, frecuente, escasa, rara y muy rara). Se registraron 23 especies vegetales, la familia mejor representada fue Poaceae. Se contabilizaron 105 individuos, con una altura promedio de 7.3 m; la mediana del diámetro a la altura del pecho fue de 29.5 cm. El RÃo Hondo mantiene elementos propios de vegetación ribereña como Alnus acuminata y Salix humboldtiana; asimismo, a pesar de ubicarse dentro de un parque industrial y en una zona altamente impactada, el RÃo Hondo mantiene una estructura vegetal con alto valor ecológico.

Resumen Introducción: Una actividad económica que ha tenido auge en la última década en la altillanura es la forestación de sabanas con alteraciones antrópicas, pero se desconoce su papel en la conservación de las mariposas frugívoras de los bosques de galería dentro de los núcleos forestales. Objetivo: Comparar la diversidad de mariposas frugívoras en plantaciones de eucalipto y bosques de galería, y el papel de las variables ambientales. Métodos: Utilizamos trampas Van Someren-Rydon, dos réplicas de cuatro trampas, en cada uno de los cuatro hábitats muestreados simultáneamente desde diciembre 2020 hasta julio 2021: plantación de eucaliptos de cuatro años; plantación de eucaliptos de seis años; bosque de galería de suelo seco y bosque de galería anegado. También registramos diez variables abióticas, estructurales, alimentarias y de hábitat. Resultados: Recolectamos 227 especímenes de mariposas frugívoras (30 especies, 23 géneros y 5 subfamilias de la familia Nymphalidae). Había más especies en los bosques. Las especies de mariposas variaron más del 50 % entre los hábitats; Satyrinae fue más diversa en las plantaciones. Conclusión: La forestación en esta área proporciona hábitats para algunas especies de mariposas frugívoras de los remanentes de bosques naturales adyacentes. Las forestaciones representan un escenario de alteración intermedia entre las dos unidades de paisaje dominantes en la región.

Abstract Introduction: An economic activity that has boomed in the last decade in Colombian highlands is the afforestation of anthropized savannas, but its role in the conservation of fruit-feeding butterflies of gallery forests within forest cores is unknown. Objective: To compare the diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in eucalyptus plantations and gallery forests, and the role of environmental variables. Methods: We used Van Someren-Rydon traps, two replicates of four traps, on each of four habitats sampled simultaneously from December 2020 to July 2021: four-years-old eucalyptus plantation; six-years-old eucalyptus plantation; dry soil gallery forest and waterlogged gallery forest. We also recorded ten abiotic, structural, food and habitat variables. Results: We collected 227 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies (30 species, 23 genera, and 5 subfamilies within the family Nymphalidae). There were more species in the forests. The butterfly species varied over 50 % between the habitats; Satyrinae were more diverse in plantations. Conclusion: Afforestation in this area provides habitats for some species of fruit-feeding butterflies from adjacent natural forest remnants. Afforestations represent an intermediate disturbance scenario between the two dominant landscape units in the region.

Resumen: Las cuencas hidrográficas comprenden una porción de la superficie terrestre donde las aguas superficiales convergen a un exudatorio, que se puede encontrar a varias escalas y utilizar como unidades de planificación. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios ocurridos en el paisaje de la cuenca hidrográfica del arroyo Ceroula, en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, a través del análisis de la cubierta vegetal y el uso de la superficie de la cuenca en un período de tiempo de veintinueve años. Se utilizaron imágenes de los satélites Landsat 5 TM, del 03/08/1987 y 08/04/2005, y Landsat 8 OLI, de 02/08/2016, para obtener el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, en inglés); posteriormente, se realizó la cuantificación de las clases representativas de la superficie. Los resultados obtenidos indican que más de la mitad de la cubierta vegetal nativa de la cuenca ha sido reemplazada por actividades humanas y que la fitomasa forestal restante está relacionada con los bosques de galería, mientras que las áreas deforestadas se encuentran en las interfluves y en los manantiales circundantes. El proceso de deforestación en la región puede amenazar a la cuenca como fuente de suministro para la ciudad de Campo Grande, ya que, dentro de esta, se encuentra el Area de Preservación Ambiental de Ceroula, creada para preservar los recursos hídricos para el suministro urbano. Resumen exudatorio planificación Ceroula Sul años TM 03081987 03 08 1987 03/08/198 08042005 04 2005 08/04/2005 OLI 02082016 02 2016 02/08/2016 NDVI, NDVI (NDVI inglés inglés) posteriormente galería circundantes Grande esta urbano 0308198 0 198 03/08/19 0804200 200 08/04/200 0208201 201 02/08/201 030819 19 03/08/1 080420 20 08/04/20 020820 02/08/20 03081 1 03/08/ 08042 2 08/04/2 02082 02/08/2 0308 03/08 0804 08/04/ 0208 02/08/ 030 03/0 080 08/04 020 02/08 03/ 08/0 02/0 08/ 02/

Abstract: The watersheds comprise a portion of the land surface where the surface waters converge to a river mouth and can be found at various scales and used as planning units. This work aims to discuss the changes in the landscape of the Ceroula Stream Basin in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, through an analysis of the coverage and use of the basin surface in a twenty-nine-year temporal cut. Images from the Landsat 5 TM satellites - August 3, 1987, and August 4, 2005 - and Landsat 8 OLI - August 2, 2016 - were used to obtain the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and later quantification of representative classes of the surface. The results indicate that more than half of the native vegetation cover of the basin was replaced by anthropic activities and that most of the remaining forest biomass is related to gallery forests, while the deforested areas are located in the interfluve and in the surroundings of springs. The process of deforestation in the region may threaten the basin as a source of supply for Campo Grande city, since within it is located the Environmental Preservation Area of Ceroula, created to preserve water resources for urban supply. Abstract units Sul twentynineyear twenty nine year cut 3 1987 4 200 2 201 NDVI (NDVI forests springs city 198 20 19 1

Resumo: As bacias hidrográficas compreendem uma porção da superfície terrestre onde as águas superficiais convergem para um exutório, podendo ser encontradas em várias escalas e usadas como unidades de planejamento. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar as mudanças ocorridas na paisagem da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Ceroula, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio da análise da cobertura vegetal e do uso da superfície da bacia em um recorte temporal de vinte e nove anos. Foram utilizadas imagens dos satélites Landsat 5 TM, de 03/08/1987 e 04/08/2005, e Landsat 8 OLI, de 02/08/2016, para obtenção do índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI, em inglês); posteriormente, foi realizada a quantificação das classes representativas da superfície. Os resultados obtidos indicam que mais da metade da cobertura vegetal nativa da bacia foi substituída por atividades antrópicas e que a fitomassa florestal remanescente está relacionada às matas de galeria, enquanto as áreas desmatadas encontram-se nos interflúvios e no entorno de nascentes. O processo de desmatamento na região pode ameaçar a bacia como manancial de abastecimento da cidade de Campo Grande, já que, no interior desta, está localizada a Área de Preservação Ambiental do Ceroula, criada visando preservar os recursos hídricos para abastecimento urbano. Resumo exutório planejamento Ceroula Sul anos TM 03081987 03 08 1987 03/08/198 04082005 04 2005 04/08/2005 OLI 02082016 02 2016 02/08/2016 NDVI, NDVI (NDVI inglês inglês) posteriormente galeria encontramse encontram se nascentes Grande desta urbano 0308198 0 198 03/08/19 0408200 200 04/08/200 0208201 201 02/08/201 030819 19 03/08/1 040820 20 04/08/20 020820 02/08/20 03081 1 03/08/ 04082 2 04/08/2 02082 02/08/2 0308 03/08 0408 04/08/ 0208 02/08/ 030 03/0 040 04/08 020 02/08 03/ 04/0 02/0 04/ 02/

Abstract Background: San Miguel Tolimán, in the municipality of Tolimán, Querétaro, is part of the Sierra Gorda-Río Moctezuma priority region for conservation. In the area along the Tolimán River there is gallery forest vegetation (BG) adjacent to xerophytic scrub (MX); the site lacks an inventory of its flora. Questions: What is the angiosperm richness of the MX and BG? What is the percentage of native, endemic, and at-risk species in both communities? Study species and data description: List of angiosperms in the area. Study site and date: MX and BG of San Miguel Tolimán, municipality of Tolimán, Querétaro, Mexico; November 2017 to September 2018. Methods: Bimonthly sampling of angiosperms during one year in 25 ha/community. Results: Two vegetation types were recognized: MX and disturbed gallery forest (BGP). 131 species were recorded: 54 in the MX (19 endemic and 16 at risk) and 79 in the BGP (12 exotic; 8 endemic and 9 at risk), with two species shared among the communities. In the MX, the families Asteraceae and Cactaceae were the most diverse and in the BGP Asteraceae followed by Poaceae and Malvaceae. In both communities herbaceous followed by shrubs were the biological forms with the highest number of species. Conclusions: This study shows the great diversity of species present in a relatively small area and constitutes a precedent for prioritizing the conservation of plant resources in this zone.

Resumen Antecedentes: San Miguel Tolimán, en el municipio de Tolimán, Querétaro, pertenece a la región prioritaria de conservación Sierra Gorda-Río Moctezuma. En el área a lo largo del río Tolimán se encuentra vegetación de bosque de galería (BG) colindando con el matorral xerófilo (MX); el sitio carece de un inventario de su flora. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza de angiospermas del MX y el BG?, ¿Cuál es el porcentaje de especies nativas, endémicas y en riesgo en ambas comunidades? Especie de estudio y descripción de datos: Lista de angiospermas del área. Sitio de estudio y fecha: MX y BG de San Miguel Tolimán, municipio de Tolimán, Querétaro, México; noviembre 2017 a septiembre 2018. Método: Muestreos bimensuales de angiospermas durante un año en 25 ha/comunidad. Resultados: Se reconocieron dos tipos de vegetación: MX y bosque de galería perturbado (BGP). Se registraron 131 especies: 54 en el MX (19 endémicas y 16 en riesgo) y 79 en el BGP (12 exóticas; 8 endémicas y 9 en riesgo), con dos especies compartidas entre ambas comunidades. En el MX, las familias Asteraceae y Cactaceae fueron las más diversas y en el BGP Asteraceae seguida por Poaceae y Malvaceae. En ambas comunidades las herbáceas seguidas por las arbustivas fueron las formas biológicas con mayor número de especies. Conclusiones: Este estudio señala la gran diversidad de especies presentes en un área relativamente pequeña y constituye un antecedente para priorizar la conservación de los recursos vegetales presentes en esta zona.