Resumo Este artigo propõe uma estrutura para integrar dados de zoneamento agrícola na análise de riscos de seguros. Baseia-se na combinação de informações públicas do programa brasileiro de zoneamento, o ZARC, com dados abertos de seguros fornecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária. A metodologia apresentada transforma as informações do ZARC em dados de distribuição e as integra em um modelo Bayesiano juntamente com dados de indenizações de seguros, permitindo uma análise de risco abrangente. Utiliza informações sobre tipos de solo do ZARC para desenvolver cenários e calcular distribuições posteriores. A estrutura resultante possibilita a comparação entre municípios, tipos de culturas e classificação geral de risco. O estudo aplica a estrutura para analisar o risco de soja, milho, trigo e milho safrinha no Paraná, resultando em classificações de risco consistentes em todas as culturas e municípios. A estrutura proposta aprimora a análise de gestão de risco agrícola para resseguradoras, seguradoras, agências governamentais e empresas privadas. Pesquisas futuras poderiam explorar a metodologia para comparar seguradoras, analisar riscos em operações estruturadas de crédito e seguro, e avaliar riscos no nível das fazendas. O artigo apresenta uma ferramenta para melhorar a análise de risco e a tomada de decisões no setor agrícola. Baseiase Baseia se Pecuária abrangente posteriores municípios soja Paraná resseguradoras seguradoras privadas seguro fazendas

Abstract This article proposes a framework for integrating agricultural zoning data into insurance risk analysis. It is based on combining official public information from the Brazilian zoning program, ZARC, with open insurance data provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. The methodology presented in this article transforms ZARC information into distributional data and integrates it into a Bayesian model alongside insurance indemnities data, allowing for comprehensive risk analysis. It uses information on soil types from ZARC to develop basic best- and worst-case scenarios and calculate posterior distributions using insurance data. The resulting framework enables the comparison of municipalities, crop types, and overall risk classification. The study applies the framework to analyze the risk of soybeans, corn, wheat, and corn double-crop in Paraná State, resulting in consistent risk classifications across all crops and municipalities. The proposed framework has the potential to enhance agricultural risk management analysis for reinsurers, insurers, government agencies, and private companies. Future research could explore the use of this methodology to compare insurers, analyze risk in structured operations of credit and insurance, and evaluate risks at the farm level. This article presents a potential tool for improving risk analysis and decision-making in the agricultural sector. program Livestock best worstcase worst case municipalities classification soybeans wheat doublecrop double State reinsurers insurers agencies companies level decisionmaking decision making sector

Abstract: The five articles that are part of this dossier present a series of reflections that start from one tip of the iceberg: the “Observations on the Spanish of America”, an article published by Pedro Henríquez Ureña in the Revista de Filología Española in 1921. This article has has been the basis of a series of dialectological studies about the Spanish spoken in America, around the possibility of zoning its varieties based on a series of aspects, whether systemic, substrate or with the help of other factors. At the same time, the “Observations” and its sequels have been installed as documents of debates around Andalusianism, polygenetic theory, readings that go beyond the linguistic and call for American Hispanism or, in new critical readings, they are the reflection of a Hispanicism that discards other varieties, among so many reflections. The purpose, therefore, of this preliminary presentation, is to give an account of a kind of pattern with which these five articles can be ordered and classified, divided between the most critical and glottopolitical readings and readings that are seen in this and other works of the wise man. Dominican, a source to continue doing, for example, the history of the language.

Resumen: Los cinco artículos que forman parte de este dossier presentan una serie de reflexiones que parten de una punta del iceberg: las “Observaciones sobre el español de América”, artículo publicado por Pedro Henríquez Ureña en la Revista de Filología Española en 1921. Este artículo ha sido la base de una serie de estudios de corte dialectológico acerca del español hablado en América, en torno a la posibilidad de zonificar sus variedades a partir de una serie de aspectos, sean sistémicos, de sustrato o con el concurso de otros factores conextuales. A su vez, las “Observaciones” y sus secuelas se han instalado como documentos de debates en torno al andalucismo, a la teoría poligenética, a lecturas que va más allá de lo lingüístico y claman el hispanismo americano o, en nuevas lecturas críticas, son el reflejo de un hispanismo que descarta otras variedades, entre tantas reflexiones. La finalidad, por lo tanto, de esta presentación preliminar, es dar cuenta de una suerte de patrón con el que puedan ordenarse y clasificarse estos cinco artículos, divididos entre las lecturas más críticas y glotopolíticas y lecturas que ven en este y otros trabajos del sabio dominicano, una fuente para seguir haciendo, por ejemplo, historia de la lengua.

Abstract: In his proposal for the zoning of American Spanish from 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña does not mention Panama at any time, although, in a later work, he associates the Panamanian modality with Colombia, a fact motivated by political reasons. To delimit the five large dialectal zones, the author uses, above all, phonetic-phonological data, aspects also brought up in more recent works, which relate the Panamanian variety with the Caribbean macrozone. Despite these works and the evidence of this linguistic affiliation, reconstructing the phoneticphonological component of Panamanian Spanish in the past requires facing an almost total research vacuum. For this reason, the present work aims to study some phonetic-phonological phenomena, relevant for the Panamanian linguistic characterization, in the documentation of the 16th century in order to establish the historical basis of these features in Panamanian territory. Our data show that the presence of traits ascribed to the southern peninsular modalities in the Panamanian variety, from its origins, is undeniable, although other factors must be taken into account in its conformation.

Resumen: En su propuesta de zonificación del español americano de 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña no menciona en ningún momento Panamá, si bien, en un trabajo más tardío, vincula la modalidad panameña con Colombia, motivado por razones políticas. Para delimitar las cinco grandes zonas dialectales, el autor se sirve, sobre todo, de datos fonético-fonológicos, que se sacan a colación también en investigaciones más recientes, al relacionar la variedad panameña con la macrozona caribeña. A pesar de estos trabajos y de la evidencia de esta filiación lingüística, tratar de reconstruir el componente fonético-fonológico del español panameño en el pasado exige enfrentarse a un vacío investigador casi total. Por ello, el presente artículo se plantea como objetivo estudiar algunos fenómenos fonético-fonológicos, relevantes para la caracterización lingüística panameña, en la documentación del siglo XVI a fin de poder asentar la base histórica de estos rasgos en territorio panameño. Nuestros datos muestran que la presencia de rasgos adscritos a las modalidades peninsulares meridionales en la variedad panameña, desde sus orígenes, es innegable, aunque hay que tener en cuenta otros factores en su conformación.

ABSTRACT The agricultural frontier in the Semiarid Pampas Region of Argentina has expanded into marginal environments, resulting in the current reactivation of wind erosion hotspots and desertification processes. Zoning based on soil quality indicators (SQI) reveals differences in soil degradation. The aim of this study was to define zones based on the susceptibility of sandy soils to wind erosion in a 1,4 million hectare plain in the Pampa Medanosa at the south of Cordoba province, Argentina. Soil quality indicators related to wind erosion (erodible fraction (FE), organic carbon (CO) and clay and silt contents, and dry structural stability) were analyzed in samples from 0-5 cm depth at 283 sites. Spatial principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to group sites with similar characteristics and define subregions based on erosion susceptibility. Four subregions (SR) with different susceptibility were identified: SR-I, with the highest potential wind erosion rate (EEP) (65 t. ha-1. year-1), the lowest CO values (10.95 g.kg-1), and the highest FE, 41%, which is above the permissible threshold (40%); SR-II, the largest in extension, with an EEP of 51 t. ha-1. year-1, showed a FE of 36% and 12.47 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-III, with an EEP of 35 t. ha-1. year-1, 31% FE, and 13 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-VI, with an EEP of 20 t. ha-1. year-1, 30% more CO than SR-I, 14.26 g.kg-1, and a FE of 27%. The results have allowed understanding that the Pampa Medanosa is a heterogeneous region where it is necessary to implement wind erosion mitigation techniques and respect the soil’s potential use in each subregion to achieve sustainable agricultural production systems.

RESUMEN La frontera agrícola en la Región Pampeana Semiárida Argentina ha avanzado sobre ambientes marginales observándose como consecuencia la reactivación de focos de erosión eólica y de procesos de desertificación. La zonificación a través del estudio de indicadores de la calidad de suelo refleja diferencias en cuanto a la degradación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue definir zonas por susceptibilidad a la erosión eólica en la Pampa Medanosa. Esta es una planicie arenosa ubicada al sur de Córdoba con 1,4 MM de hectáreas. Se analizaron indicadores de calidad del suelo (ICS) relacionados con la erosión eólica (fracción erosionable (FE), carbono orgánico (CO), arcilla más limo y estabilidad estructural en seco) en muestras de 0-5 cm de profundidad de 283 sitios. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales espaciales (ACPe) y un análisis de clústeres para agrupar sitios con características similares y definir subregiones por susceptibilidad a la erosión. Se identificaron cuatro subregiones (SR) con distinta susceptibilidad: la SR-I de mayor tasa de erosión eólica potencial (EEP), 65 t. ha-1. año-1, con los menores valores de CO (10,95 g.kg-1) y la mayor FE, 41%, sobre umbral admisible (40%). La SR-II de mayor extensión, con una EEP de 51 t. ha-1. año-1 presentó una FE de 36% y 12,47 g.kg-1 de CO. La SR-III, con una EEP de 35 t. ha-1. año-1, 31% de FE y 13 g.kg-1 de CO. Y la SR- VI, con una EEP de 20 t. ha-1. año-1 y un 30% más de CO que la SR-I, 14,26 g.kg-1, con una FE de 27%. Los resultados han permitido comprender que la Pampa Medanosa es una región heterogénea en la que para alcanzar sistemas de producción agropecuarios sustentables es necesario implementar técnicas de mitigación de la erosión eólica y respetar el potencial de uso de los suelos de cada subregión.

ABSTRACT Urban growth in Latin American metropolises has adopted different spatial patterns and intensities, including a form of urban sprawl that is moving away from the core of the city. To address the negative consequences of such growth, states have established policies to control and guide expansive urban development, mainly through urban planning and land regulation. This study analyses the role of urban planning and regulation in the expansion of the city of Santiago de Chile between 1997 and 2013. The analysis employs coverage maps, the zoning established by the Metropolitan Regulatory Plan of Santiago and a review of applicable regulations. The main result shows that the city expands in areas declared as non-urban by the Plan, with an active role of the State in the establishment of norms that allow the expansion of the city, producing territorial normative contradictions.

RESUMEN El crecimiento urbano de las metrópolis latinoamericanas ha adoptado diferentes patrones espaciales e intensidades; entre ellos, una forma urbana que se da en expansión y crece hacia fuera del núcleo de la ciudad. Para hacer frente a las consecuencias negativas de tal crecimiento, los Estados han establecido políticas destinadas a controlar y orientar el desarrollo urbano expansivo, principalmente a través de la planificación urbana y la regulación del suelo. Este estudio analiza el rol de la planificación y normativa urbana en la expansión de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile entre 1997 y 2013, utilizando para ello mapas de cobertura, la zonificación establecida por el Plan Regulador Metropolitano de Santiago y una revisión de la normativa aplicable. Se demuestra que la ciudad se expande en aquellas zonas declaradas como no urbanas por el Plan, proceso en que el Estado desempeña un rol activo al establecer normas que permiten expandir la ciudad, produciendo contradicciones normativas territoriales.

Resumo Este artigo pretende compreender se houve e como se deu uma “evolução” da articulação entre o planejamento urbano e da mobilidade, a partir da análise de três conjuntos regulatórios de São Paulo – Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado (PDDI) (1971) e zoneamento (1972); o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) (2002) e a Lei de Parcelamento Uso e Ocupação do Solo (LPUOS) (2004); e do PDE 2014 e a LPUOS 2016 – questionando os conceitos por trás das propostas, a relação das origens das ideias com os atores e os desenhos institucionais públicos, e a mobilização entre zoneamento e projeto urbano para transformação através de análise cartográfica comparativa entre os conjuntos regulatórios e da condução de entrevistas com gestores e planejadores urbanos. evolução “evolução mobilidade PDDI (PDDI 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 propostas públicos urbanos 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

Abstract This paper aims to understand if there has been an “evolution” of the articulation between urban planning and mobility planning and how it developed. To accomplish this, it analyzed three regulatory sets of the city of São Paulo: the Master Plan for Integrated Development (1971) and zoning (1972); the Strategic Master Plan (PDE) (2002) and the Land Use and Occupation Subdivision Law (LPUOS) (2004); and the 2014 PDE and the 2016 LPUOS. The paper questions the concepts behind the proposals, the relationship between the origins of the ideas and the actors and public institutional designs, and the mobilization between zoning and urban design for transformation, through a comparative cartographic analysis between the regulatory sets and interviews with managers and urban planners. evolution “evolution developed this Paulo 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 LPUOS (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 proposals designs transformation planners 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

Resumen: ReHousing y el proyecto de título “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” ofrecen contribuciones al tema de la vivienda colectiva desde la perspectiva del diseño y la investigación académica, explorando alternativas al desarrollo inmobiliario convencional y nuevas formas de densificación y convivencia. A través de una investigación exhaustiva sobre la vivienda unifamiliar en Toronto, que abarca aspectos como zonificación, tipologías históricas, estrategias y costos de reconversión, ReHousing se propone como una plataforma para el empoderamiento ciudadano. Su objetivo es fomentar la aparición de un nuevo tipo de agente en el desarrollo de viviendas, los “desarrolladores ciudadanos”. Por otro lado, “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” es un proyecto de título y grado presentado en el programa MARQ UC. Inspirado en una reinterpretación contemporánea de las ideas de Alison y Peter Smithson sobre vivienda e interacción social, este proyecto reimagina la densificación habitacional del centro de Santiago tomando como punto de partida el sitio del histórico concurso internacional para la remodelación de Santiago centro (1972).

Abstract: ReHousing and the thesis project “Santiago, Cooperative City,” offer insightful contributions to the discourse surrounding collective housing from an academic standpoint, delving into alternatives to conventional real estate development and exploring novel forms of densification and communal living. Through meticulous research into single-family housing in Toronto, encompassing aspects such as zoning regulations, historical typologies, strategies for conversion and costs, ReHousing strives to serve as a platform for citizen empowerment. Its primary objective is to foster the emergence of a new type of housing developers, referred to as “citizen developers.” On the other hand, “Santiago, Cooperative City,” is a thesis and professional degree project presented in the MARQ UC program. Inspired by a contemporary reinterpretation of Alison and Peter Smithson’s ideas on housing and social interaction, this project reimagines the residential densification of downtown Santiago, taking as its starting point the site of the historic international architecture competition for the remodeling of downtown Santiago (1972).

Resumen: ReHousing y el proyecto de título “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” ofrecen contribuciones al tema de la vivienda colectiva desde la perspectiva del diseño y la investigación académica, explorando alternativas al desarrollo inmobiliario convencional y nuevas formas de densificación y convivencia. A través de una investigación exhaustiva sobre la vivienda unifamiliar en Toronto, que abarca aspectos como zonificación, tipologías históricas, estrategias y costos de reconversión, ReHousing se propone como una plataforma para el empoderamiento ciudadano. Su objetivo es fomentar la aparición de un nuevo tipo de agente en el desarrollo de viviendas, los “desarrolladores ciudadanos”. Por otro lado, “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” es un proyecto de título y grado presentado en el programa MARQ UC. Inspirado en una reinterpretación contemporánea de las ideas de Alison y Peter Smithson sobre vivienda e interacción social, este proyecto reimagina la densificación habitacional del centro de Santiago tomando como punto de partida el sitio del histórico concurso internacional para la remodelación de Santiago centro (1972).

Abstract: ReHousing and the thesis project “Santiago, Cooperative City,” offer insightful contributions to the discourse surrounding collective housing from an academic standpoint, delving into alternatives to conventional real estate development and exploring novel forms of densification and communal living. Through meticulous research into single-family housing in Toronto, encompassing aspects such as zoning regulations, historical typologies, strategies for conversion and costs, ReHousing strives to serve as a platform for citizen empowerment. Its primary objective is to foster the emergence of a new type of housing developers, referred to as “citizen developers.” On the other hand, “Santiago, Cooperative City,” is a thesis and professional degree project presented in the MARQ UC program. Inspired by a contemporary reinterpretation of Alison and Peter Smithson’s ideas on housing and social interaction, this project reimagines the residential densification of downtown Santiago, taking as its starting point the site of the historic international architecture competition for the remodeling of downtown Santiago (1972).

Abstract A geotechnical zoning was created using descriptive statistics for the soils found in Costa Rica, taking into consideration the geotechnical map and the climatic conditions of Costa Rica. This information can be used to provide additional information when geotechnical analyses and designs are to be performed through a probabilistic approach and an appropriate quantity of data is lacking to adequately allow for the statistical processing of soil parameters. Consideration of the Geotechnical Zoning included in the Costa Rica Foundation Code was taken. Additionally, Climatological Atlas of the National Meteorological Institute was also considered. As part of the results attained, the average values and the standard deviation of different types of soils were obtained. The geotechnical information on the different materials was obtained from geological surveys and private geotechnical studies. This data is important because when considering them, it is possible to reduce the uncertainty associated with the characteristics of the soil.

Resumen Con el objetivo de proveer información adicional para la realización de análisis y diseños geotécnico mediante un enfoque probabilístico cuando no se cuenta con una cantidad de datos que permita un procesamiento estadístico de los parámetros requeridos del suelo, se elaboró una zonificación geotécnica mediante estadísticos descriptivos para los suelos encontrados en Costa Rica, tomando en consideración el mapa geotécnico y las condiciones climáticas de Costa Rica. Para el ámbito geotécnico, se consideraron los mapas de zonificación geotécnica establecidos en el Código de Cimentaciones, mientras que en el meteorológico se tomaron en cuenta el Atlas Climatológico del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Como parte de los resultados se obtuvieron los valores promedio y la desviación estándar de diferentes tipos de suelos presentes en la zonificación efectuada en el país. La información geotécnica de los diferentes materiales se obtuvo de campañas geológicas y estudios geotécnicos privados. Estos datos son importantes porque al considerarlos, se logra disminuir la incertidumbre asociada a las características del suelo.

Abstract The sound impact of the urban passenger train is a phenomenon little studied in the country and in Latin America. In the particular case of Costa Rica, the train was reactivated without considering aspects such as the development of land use in the surroundings, so there is a potential impact on the population that for years lived next to inactive railway lines. The methodology followed combined field measurements at key locations for each station studied, geographic information systems, and opinions of the populations involved through surveys applied to users, neighbors, and merchants in the area of direct influence (ADI). The results show that the levels of noise pollution produced in the event of arrival and departure of the train in the stations of the San José - Tres Ríos branch exceed those allowed by law in at least 10% of the time. In addition, by intertwining the field data with the perception study, the sensory effect of noise was quantified. The main findings show that in general all populations feel a significant sound impact that affects their quality of life and the quality of service; that the people who live or work in points closer to the stations have felt a decrease in the acoustic environmental quality and that promoting a change in planning oriented towards this means of transport can be a solution to the problem.

Resumen El impacto sonoro del tren urbano de pasajeros es un fenómeno poco estudiado en el país y en América Latina. En el caso particular de Costa Rica, el tren fue reactivado sin considerar aspectos como el desarrollo del uso del suelo en los alrededores, por lo que existe una potencial afectación a la población que durante años vivió al lado de líneas férreas inactivas. La metodología seguida combinó mediciones de campo en puntos clave para cada estación estudiada, el uso de sistemas de información geográfica y sondeos de opiniones de las poblaciones implicadas mediante encuestas a personas usuarias, vecinas y comerciantes en el área de influencia directa (AID). Los resultados evidencian que los niveles de contaminación sónica producidos en el evento de llegada y salida del tren en las estaciones del ramal San José – Tres Ríos sobrepasan los permitidos por ley en al menos un 10% del tiempo. Además, al entrelazar los datos de campo con el estudio de percepción se cuantificó el efecto sensorial del ruido. Los principales hallazgos evidencian que en general todas las poblaciones sienten un impacto sonoro significativo que altera su calidad de vida y la calidad del servicio; que las personas que viven o trabajan en puntos más cercanos a las estaciones han sentido una disminución de la calidad acústica y que propiciar un cambio en la planificación orientada a este medio de transporte puede ser una solución al problema.

RESUMEN Aunque el modelaje geológico comúnmente realizado en los depósitos minerales es del tipo determinístico, la modelación probabilística resulta más adecuada para conocer o medir cuantitativamente la incertidumbre asociada. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue cuantificar, para un sector del depósito de níquel San Felipe, la incertidumbre de los horizontes de la corteza de meteorización a partir de su modelación probabilística. Como base se tomó el modelo geológico descriptivo del depósito laterítico, caracterizado por la zonalidad litológica en profundidad. Se empleó la técnica probabilística de simulación secuencial Indicador con Proporciones Localmente Variables, mediante la cual se reproducen sintéticamente 50 escenarios equiprobables de las unidades geológicas, condicionadas a 3 884 compósitos de la red de pozos de 100 m x 100 m. Como resultado se presenta para el sector de estudio el modelo 3D de los horizontes litológicos en soporte de bloques, así como los mapas de entropía que cuantifican la incertidumbre asociada al modelo de las unidades geológicas modeladas. Se concluye que, dada la variabilidad presente en este tipo de depósito laterítico, la disponibilidad de información geológica resulta aún insuficiente para reproducir con un nivel de certidumbre adecuado el modelo de los horizontes de la corteza de meteorización.

ABSTRACT The geological modeling commonly performed on mineral deposits is of the deterministic type, but it has been demonstrated that probabilistic modeling is more adequate to know or quantitatively measure the associated uncertainty. This study is aim to quantify the uncertainty of weathering crustal horizons for a sector of the San Felipe nickel deposit, based on its probabilistic modeling. The descriptive geological model of the lateritic deposit was taken as a basis, characterized by the lithological zoning at depth. The probabilistic Sequential Indicator Simulation with Locally variable Proportions was used, through which 50 equiprobable scenarios of the geological units are synthetically reproduced, conditioned to 3,884 composites from the network of 100 m x 100 m drillholes. As a result, the 3D model of the lithological horizons on block support is presented for the study sector, as well as the entropy maps that quantify the uncertainty associated with the model of the modeled geological units. As conclusion, we can say that, due to the variability present in this type of lateritic deposit, the availability of geological information is still insufficient to reproduce the model of weathering crust horizons with an adequate level of certainty.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo calibrar e testar o modelo de cultura SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) para o caupi, bem como realizar o zoneamento de risco climático para esta cultura em uma região localizada na Amazônia Oriental, a fim de permitir a identificação de locais e datas de semeadura que favoreçam a produção considerando tanto o déficit hídrico como a probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas severas durante o período da colheita. O modelo foi calibrado e validado com dados de experimentos realizados entre 2013 e 2016 no município de Castanhal, PA. As áreas de baixo risco climático foram definidas como aquelas que apresentaram índice de satisfação da necessidade hídrica (WRSI) maior ou igual a 0,5 na fase reprodutiva combinado com a ocorrência de chuvas abaixo de 20 mm na colheita por, pelo menos, 80% dos anos onde foi simulado o plantio. O modelo foi capaz de simular o balanço hídrico, crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi nas condições climáticas e de solo da região estudada com boa precisão e exatidão. O período de ótima semeadura para o feijão-caupi compreende o intervalo entre 5 e 25 de junho para regiões localizadas acima de 2° S, e entre 25 de março e 15 de abril para regiões abaixo de 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques caupi Oriental 201 Castanhal PA WRSI (WRSI 05 0 0, 2 por menos 80 plantio feijãocaupi feijão exatidão S 1 º 8

ABSTRACT This study aimed to calibrate and test the SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) crop model for cowpea, as well as conducting a climate risk zoning for this crop in a region located in Eastern Amazon, allowing the identification of locations and sowing dates that favor the production considering both the water deficit and the probability of occurrence of severe rains during the harvest period. The model was calibrated and validated with data from experiments conducted between 2013 and 2016 in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Brazil. Low climate risk areas were defined as those that had a water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) greater than or equal to 0.5 in the reproductive phase combined with the occurrence of rainfall below 20 mm at the harvest for, at least, 80% of the years for which planting was simulated. The model was able to simulate the water balance, growth and development of cowpea under the climate and soil conditions of the studied location with high precision and accuracy. The optimal period for sowing cowpea comprises the interval between June 5th and 25th for regions located above 2° S and between March 25th and April 15th for regions below 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques Amazon 201 Castanhal PA Brazil WRSI (WRSI 05 0 5 0. 2 least 80 simulated balance accuracy th º 8

ABSTRACT Favorable soil conditions are essential to the proper growth and production of any crop worldwide. Only 9 % of the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR) territory is suitable for agriculture and/or livestock farming, due to limitations imposed by physio-edaphoclimatic factors. This study evaluated the soil potential suitability for coffee, cocoa and tropical pastures to determine optimal, moderate and marginal areas in three provinces in the EAR (Orellana, Sucumbios and Pastaza) under different agroecological conditions. On-site field work was carried out to analyze the soil profile to determine the mineral composition. Eight environmental variables were evaluated through the integration of GIS-based modeling to determine the agroecological zoning of the crops. The results showed that the main determining factors for optimal areas of soil suitability within the three provinces included soil depth (30 cm), organic matter content (5.3 %), concentration of macronutrients (2,700 mg kg–1), and slope (< 10 %), whereas annual temperature (18-26 °C), annual precipitation (1200-3000 mm), altitude (0-500 m), and pH (4.38) were included for moderate and marginal areas. Depending on the crop and the province, soil suitability was classified into two or three classes (optimal, moderate, and marginal areas), relying on the agroecological conditions specific to each crop. This study highlights that all crops showed mostly optimal soil suitability for proper development under the agroecological conditions analyzed, which contributes to the provision of valuable information to decision-makers about key limiting factors, land-use planning and mapping soil suitability when considering the best location for a specific crop. worldwide (EAR andor farming physioedaphoclimatic physio edaphoclimatic coffee Orellana, Orellana (Orellana Pastaza Onsite On site composition GISbased GIS based 30 (3 cm, cm , cm) 5.3 53 5 3 (5. %, %) 2,700 2700 2 700 (2,70 kg–1, kg1 kg kg–1 1 kg–1) < ( 1826 18 26 (18-2 °C, C °C °C) 12003000 1200 3000 (1200-300 mm, mm mm) 0500 0 500 (0-50 m, m m) 4.38 438 4 38 (4.38 province (optimal areas, areas) analyzed decisionmakers decision makers landuse land use 5. (5 2,70 270 70 (2,7 kg– 182 (18- 1200300 120 300 (1200-30 050 50 (0-5 4.3 43 (4.3 2,7 27 7 (2, (18 120030 12 (1200-3 05 (0- 4. (4. 2, (2 (1 12003 (1200- (0 (4 (1200 (120 (12

Abstract This research was carried out in Rumiñahui canton, Selva Alegre neighborhood. Twenty-six small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of Francisco Guarderas Avenue were analyzed through a zoning by observation method, in order to establish the size of the population or universe. Subsequently, the researchers proposed indicators, with aspects such as: naming, slogan, clothing, sta tionery, signage and social networks to determine the size of the sample. After that, an analysis was made of seven SMEs that correspond to the sample, to determine trends in terms of typology, typography, naming, color and shape. At the same time, basic aspects of brand construction were suggested in order to demonstrate that it is possible to create a corporate identity that is attractive, easy to identify, adaptable and harmonious to be used in different graphic supports. The results indicate that SMEs do not apply corporate image elements, as they do not have a philosophy, visual identity or online reputation. Likewise, they have not built the brand of their businesses with basic parameters of brand construction, doing it in an empirical way, due to the lack of knowledge, training and budget on the part of their owners.

Resumen La presente investigación se realizó en el cantón Rumiñahui, barrio Selva Alegre. En ésta se analizaron 26 pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) de la Av. Francisco Guarderas, a través de una zonificación mediante el método de observación, a fin de establecer el tamaño de la población o universo. Posteriormente, se hizo uso de los indicadores propuestos por los investigadores, con aspectos como: naming, eslogan, indumentaria, papelería, rotulación y redes sociales para determinar el tamaño de la muestra. Consecutivamente, se realizó un análisis de siete Pymes que corresponden a la muestra, para determinar las tendencias en cuanto a: tipología, tipografía, naming, cromática y forma. A su vez, se sugirieron aspectos básicos de construcción marcaria para poder demostrar que se puede elaborar una identidad corporativa pregnante, fácil de identificar, adaptable y armónica para ser empleada en diferentes soportes gráficos. Los resultados indican que las Pymes no aplican elementos de la imagen corporativa, al no contar con filosofía, identidad visual ni reputación online. Asimismo, no han construido la marca de sus comercios con parámetros básicos de construcción marcaria, haciéndolo de manera empírica, esto debido a la falta de conocimiento, capacitación y presupuesto por parte de sus propietarios.

Abstract The Cachoeirinha Sn ± (Nb-Ta) deposit is an important producer of the Rondônia Tin Province. It is inserted in the regional unit named Rondônia Intrusive Suite (995–956 Ma) and hosts granular accumulations of columbite group minerals (CGM) embedded in thick Cenozoic colluvial-alluvial covers. Cachoeirinha CGM have subrounded to angular grains, with irregular to regular internal zoning, micro-inclusion, and exsolution features. They have columbite-(Fe) as the dominant mineral phase, with variation in the Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratio and with Sn, Ti, W, U, Ba, Cr, REE, and V as chemical impurities. It has high total REE content (LREEN depleted, HREEN enriched, Ce and Eu anomalies), δ18O = 2.78‰, and with two U-Pb age groups: 1052 ± 6 and 909 ± 7 Ma. This information indicates that physicochemical oscillations favored the ionic substitutions and resorption mechanisms between Nb ↔ Ta, as well as coupled substitutions with the entry of geochemical impurities, according to the equation: 3(Sn, Ti, U, Si)4+ + (W, Cr)6+ ↔ 2(V, Nb, Ta)5+ + 2(Al, REE)3+ + (Fe, Mn, Ba)2+, at the temperature range between 400° and 500°C. Finally, the Cachoeirinha Sn ± (Nb-Ta) alluvial deposit host ore is related to at least two Neo-Mesoproterozoic magmatic pulses. NbTa Ta (Nb-Ta Province 995–956 995956 995 956 (995–95 Ma (CGM colluvialalluvial colluvial covers grains zoning microinclusion, microinclusion micro inclusion, inclusion micro-inclusion features columbiteFe Fe columbite-(Fe phase Ta/Ta+Nb TaTaNb Ta/ Ta+Nb Ta/(Ta+Nb Ti W U Ba Cr impurities LREEN depleted enriched anomalies, anomalies , anomalies) δO δ O 278 2 78 2.78‰ UPb Pb groups 105 90 equation 3Sn, 3Sn 3 3(Sn Si4+ Si4 Si 4+ 4 Si)4 (W Cr6+ Cr6 6+ Cr)6 2V, 2V V, 2(V Ta5+ Ta5 5+ 5 Ta)5 2Al, 2Al Al Al, 2(Al REE3+ REE3 3+ REE)3 Fe, (Fe Mn Ba2+, Ba2 2+, Ba)2+ 400 500C C 500 500°C Finally NeoMesoproterozoic Neo Mesoproterozoic pulses 995–95 99595 99 95 (995–9 TaNb 27 2.78 10 9 Si) Cr) Ta) REE) Ba2+ 2+ Ba)2 40 50 995–9 9959 (995– 2.7 1 Ba) 995– (995 2. (99 (9 (