ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

The present study optimized the extraction process of bioactive compounds present in ginger (Zingiber officinale) dried at 80 °C, using ethanol:water 70:30 (v/v) as solvent. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction methods and by the chelating activity of FeII ions. It was found that the extraction condition with a temperature of 60 °C and an extraction time of 12 h showed better responses to the tests. Then, the characterization of the compounds was carried out by mass spectrometry and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), identifying that the main compounds of ginger were gingerols and shogaols, being confirmed by the intensities and characteristics of the thermal graphs. The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated using the Ellman test, which did not show an inhibitory action. Regarding cytotoxic activity, the free extract and encapsulated in liposomes were tested, showing antiproliferative effect at different concentrations for human kidney tumor cells (786-0), liver cells (HUH7.5), and Macaca mullata normal kidney cells (LLC-MK2). Given the results obtained, ginger presents itself as a renewable source of bioactive compounds and can be indicated for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Zingiber officinale 8 C ethanolwater ethanol water 7030 70 30 70:3 v/v vv v (v/v solvent 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic 2,2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic 2 ABTS (ABTS 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl DPPH (DPPH ions tests Then thermogravimetric TG, TG , (TG) DTA, DTA (DTA) DSC, DSC (DSC)) shogaols graphs AChE (AChE test action tested 7860, 7860 786 0 (786-0) HUH7.5, HUH75 HUH HUH7.5 HUH7 5 (HUH7.5) LLCMK2. LLCMK2 LLCMK LLC MK2 . MK (LLC-MK2) obtained industry 703 7 70: 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobis 22 2, 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl (TG (DTA (DSC) 78 (786-0 HUH7. (HUH7.5 (LLC-MK2 (DSC (786- (HUH7. (LLC-MK (786 (HUH7 (78 (HUH (7 (

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del rizoma seco de jengibre (RSJ) sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro, producción de metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2). Los tratamientos fueron dietas con 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ incubados durante 72 horas en fermentación in vitro con líquido ruminal obtenido de dos novillos machos. Se determinó la degradabilidad de materia seca (DMS), producción de gas (PG), CH4 y CO2, volumen máximo de gas (Vmax), fase de retardo (L), tasa de PG (S), energía metabolizable (EM) y factor de partición (FP) en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con tres bloques y nueve repeticiones. El Vmax y EM disminuyeron significativamente a partir de 10% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), mientras que el FP aumentó con 20 y 40%. La PG acumulado disminuyó a partir de las 18 h de incubación con 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La DMS disminuyó a partir de las 24 h con 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La producción y concentración de CH4 disminuyeron a partir de 5% de RSJ en la dieta (P ≤ 0.05). El 5% de RSJ en la dieta disminuye la producción y concentración de CH4 sin afectar de forma negativa otras variables de la fermentación ruminal.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried ginger rhizome (RSJ) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production. The treatments were diets with 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40% RSJ incubated for 72 h in an in vitro fermentation with ruminal fluid collected from two male steers. Dry matter degradability (DMS), gas production (PG), CH4 and CO2, maximum gas volume (Vmax), lag phase (L), fermentation rate (S), metabolizable energy (ME) and partition factor (FP) were evaluated in an experiment with a randomized block experimental design, with three blocks and nine repetitions. Vmax and EM significantly decreased with 10% or higher RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), while FP increased at 20 and 40%. The accumulated PG decreased at 18 h of incubation and onwards with 10, 20 and 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). The DMS decreased after 24 h with 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). CH4 production and concentration decreased with 5% RSJ in the diet (P ≤ 0.05), without further reduction at higher concentrations of RSJ. Inclusion of 5% RSJ in the diet decreases CH4 production and concentration without negatively affecting other ruminal fermentation variables.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p < 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p < 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p < 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

Abstract The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p<0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p <0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

Abstract Among the species of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is the best known and studied species, with several reported ornamental, medicinal, and culinary properties. Many ornamental species of the genus Zingiber are commonly treated as gingers by analogy. This study provides a list of species of the genus Zingiber, information on synonyms and comments on ornamental aspects. family Roscoe medicinal properties analogy aspects

Resumo Dentre as espécies da família Zingiberaceae, o gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) é a espécie mais conhecida e estudada, com diversas propriedades ornamentais, medicinais e culinárias relatadas. Muitas espécies ornamentais do gênero Zingiber são comumente tratadas como gengibres por analogia. Este estudo fornece uma lista de espécies do gênero Zingiber, informações sobre sinônimos e comentários sobre aspectos ornamentais. Zingiberaceae Roscoe estudada relatadas analogia

Abstract The main limitation of the micropropagation of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is related to in vitro contamination. In order to overcome contamination, the effect of essential oils was studied as an alternative to conventional chemical treatments. This study aimed to analyze the action of essential oils from four condiment and medicinal plants (Oregano, Origanum vulgare L.; Garlic, Allium sativum L.; Citronella, Cymbopogon nardus L.;and Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in reducing microbial contamination growth and on the survival rate of explants in the micropropagation of camu-camu. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was analyzed on the in vitro contamination of tissue culture from camu-camu at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µL mL-1 in woody plant medium (WPM), emulsified with 1% Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). The antibacterial activity of essential oils on strains isolated from camu-camu tissue culture was also analyzed using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The use of essential oils allowed a reduction in the rate of in vitro contamination in tissue culture, it being observed that, from the concentration of 2 µL mL-1, there was no manifestation of fungal contaminants, with a significant reduction in the rate of bacterial contamination, with the exception of ginger essential oil that showed significant contamination in all analyzed concentrations. Inversely in relation to the reduction in microbial growth in vitro, there is an increase in explant oxidation as concentrations increase, with citronella and oregano oils showing phytotoxic potential from the lowest concentrations. Garlic essential oil showed better balance, with lower oxidation rates and greater control of microorganisms in tissue culture at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 µL mL-1. Oregano and citronella essential oils showed better antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test. camucamu camu Myrciaria dubia treatments Oregano, (Oregano L. L Citronella L.and Land Ginger Rosc. Rosc camucamu. camu. 05 0 5 mL1 mL mL- WPM, WPM , (WPM) 8 Tween 80. . 80) methods mL1, contaminants balance 0. mL1. 1. test (WPM

Resumo A micropropagação de camu-camu (Myrciaria dúbia) tem como principal limitação a contaminação in vitro. A fim de superar a contaminação, o efeito dos óleosessenciais foi estudado como alternativa aos tratamentos químicos convencionais. Esteestudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação dos óleos essenciais de quatro plantascondimentares e medicinais (Orégano, Origanum vulgareL.; Alho, Allium sativum L.; Citronela,Cymbopogon nardus L.; Gengibre, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) na redução de contaminaçãomicrobiana e sobre a taxa de sobrevivência dos explantes na micropropagação de camu-camu. A atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais foi analisada sobre a contaminação invitro, na cultura de tecidos de camu-camu, nas concentrações de 0,5, 1, 2, 3 e 4 µL mL-1 em meioWPM, emulsificados com Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) a 1%. Também foi analisada atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais sobre cepas isoladas da cultura de tecidos de camu-camu, nos métodos de difusão em ágar e microdiluição em caldo. A utilização de óleos essenciais permitiu redução na taxa de contaminação in vitro, na cultura de tecidos,sendo observado que, a partir da concentração de 2 µL mL-1, não houve manifestação de contaminantes fúngicos e redução significativa da taxa de contaminação bacteriana, à exceçãode óleo essencial de gengibre, que apresentou contaminação expressiva em todas as concentrações analisadas. Em ordem inversa à redução no crescimento microbiano in vitro, percebe-se o aumento da oxidação dos explantes à medida que aumentam as concentrações,tendo os óleos de citronela e orégano apresentado potencial fitotóxico desde as maisbaixas concentrações.O óleo essencial de alho apresentou melhor balanceamento, com menor taxa de oxidação e maior controle de microrganismos na cultura de tecidos, nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1 µL mL-1. Os óleos essenciais de orégano e citronela apresentarammelhor atividade antibacteriana no teste de difusão em ágar. camucamu camu Myrciaria dúbia vitro convencionais Orégano, Orégano (Orégano vulgareL. vulgareL Alho L. L CitronelaCymbopogon Citronela Cymbopogon Gengibre Rosc. Rosc camucamu. camu. invitro camucamu, camu, 05 0 5 mL1 mL mL- meioWPM 8 Tween 1% caldo tecidossendo sendo mL1, bacteriana gengibre analisadas percebese percebe se concentraçõestendo tendo concentraçõesO O balanceamento 0, mL1. 1.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the self-practices with conventional and herbal drug use among ear, nose, and throat outpatients. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out among all ear, nose, and throat outpatients on their first visit to the otorhinolaryngology department at a tertiary care hospital. The survey comprised a total of 14 questions with 4 different sections, including demographic characteristics, self-medication of conventional medicines, herbal medication usage, and perception regarding herbal medicines. RESULTS: Overall, 255 questionnaires were distributed among patients, of which 183 completed the questionnaire (response rate=71.7%). Respondents reported self-medication (44.8%) with conventional drugs before visiting a hospital. The most commonly used medicine was analgesics (31.7%) and antibiotics (21.9%). Nearly half of the patients (49.2%) used at least one herbal drug. The most commonly used herbal medications were Tilia cordata (78.8%), Zingiber officinale (62.2%), and Camellia sinensis (45.5%). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, most of the medicinal herbs were considered as data deficient/least concern. About 36.6% of the participants perceived that herbal drugs are effective for ear, nose, and throat problems. Moreover, 22.9% of the patients did not know about herbal-drug interaction with other medications. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed a considerable prevalence of self-based practices with conventional and herbal medications. Strict national regulations on conventional and herbal medication access and long-term actions should be implemented to discourage inappropriate drug use.

Resumen Las plantas han desarrollado la base de los sistemas tradicionales de medicina que existen desde hace miles de años debido a la presencia de constituyentes bioactivos vitales. Además de las numerosas actividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerígenas y de los productos naturales, existe un reconocimiento limitado con respecto a los diversos atributos terapéuticos de las plantas medicinales como Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale y Parthenium hysterophorus. El estudio actual fue diseñado para explorar las capacidades inhibidoras de enzimas (alfa glucosidasa y acetilcolinesterasa) y citotóxicas de las fracciones solventes de estas plantas autóctonas. Todas las muestras tuvieron efectos inhibidores sobre la alfa glucosidasa, pero los fraccionamientos metanólicos de cada planta exhibieron una mayor eficacia inhibidora contra la acción enzimática en comparación con otros fraccionamientos. A excepción del extracto metanólico de Parthenium hysterophorus (33,25 ± 0,43), todas las demás plantas estudiadas, a saber. Zingiber officinale (50,33 ± 0,99), S. cumini (73,91 ± 1,05) y Momordica charantia (72,30 ± 1,17) indicaron más del 50 % de potenciales inhibidores de la alfa glucosidasa. Las inhibiciones de acetilcolinesterasa (porcentaje de inhibición) por diferentes fracciones de P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini y M. charantia estuvieron en el rango de 0,23 ± 0,14 a 11,40 ± 0,26, 13,04 ± 0,11 a 44,05 ± 0,76, 4,21 ± 0,15 a 71,55 ± 0,80 y 1,03 ± 0,09 a 50,12 ± 0,82 respectivamente. Entre todas las plantas estudiadas, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini y Zingiber officinale no fueron mutagénicas. Aunque se observó una ligera variación en las bioactividades, todos los extractos botánicos son excelentes fuentes de constituyentes bioactivos con el potencial de inhibir la alfa glucosidasa y la acetilcolinesterasa. Se justifica una mayor investigación a este respecto que involucre una evaluación guiada por bioensayo.

Abstract Plants have developed the foundation of traditional systems of medicine that have been in existence for thousands of years due to the presence of vital bioactive constitutes. Aside from antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, anticarcinogenic and numerous activities of natural products, limited recognition regarding diverse therapeutic attributes of medicinal plants such as Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale and Parthenium hysterophorus exist. The current study was designed to explore the enzyme inhibitory (alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase) and cytotoxicity capacities of solvent fractions of these indigenous plants. All the samples had inhibitory effects on alpha glucosidase, but methanolic fractionations of each plant exhibited greater inhibitory efficacy against enzyme action compared to other fractionations. Except for the methanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus (33.25 ± 0.43), all other studied plants, viz. Zingiber officinale (50.33 ± 0.99), S. cumini (73.91 ± 1.05) and Momordica charantia (72.30 ± 1.17) indicated more than 50% alpha glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitions (percentage inhibition) by different fractions of P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini and M. charantia were in the range of 0.23 ± 0.14 to 11.40 ± 0.26, 13.04 ± 0.11 to 44.05 ± 0.76, 4.21 ± 0.15 to 71.55 ± 0.80 and 1.03 ± 0.09 to 50.12 ± 0.82 respectively. Among all studied plants, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, and Zingiber officinale were non-mutagenic. Although slight variation in bioactivities was observed, all the botanical extracts are excellent sources of bioactive constituents with the potential to inhibit alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. Further research in this regard is warranted involving bioassay-guided assessment.

RESUMEN El cacao es la principal materia prima para producir chocolate, así como para su uso en las industrias alimentaria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Sin embargo, Moniliophthora roreri es una de las enfermedades fúngicas más destructivas y la principal limitante de la producción de cacao en todo el mundo. Así, este trabajo evaluó el efecto inhibidor de extractos obtenidos de Zingiber officiale (T1) y Aloe vera (T2), y Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis (T3) en la infección producida por Moniliophthora roreri en Theobroma cacao; además, un cultivo control (T4) también fue evaluado. Cada tratamiento se aplicó a seis plantas de cacao. La incidencia de la infección por monilia y el peso de la fruta se monitorearon cada 15 días (en total cuatro períodos) después del tratamiento por pulverización. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos por incidencia. Se observó que la pulverización de árboles enteros de cacao después de dos veces (aproximadamente 30 días) mostró una reducción de la infección por monilia. Después de todos los períodos, T1, T2 y T3 mostraron una reducción en la infección por monilia de 20,5, 17,7 y 14,9% respectivamente, en comparación con el control cultural de 41,1%. Esta reducción de la infección por moniliasis se tradujo en un aumento del peso promedio de los frutos en T3 (8,4 kg), T2 (7,3 kg) y T1 (6,9 kg). En cambio, el control cultural (T3), el peso promedio de la fruta disminuyó a 5,3 kg. El control biológico mostró un manejo eficiente de patógenos como M. roreri. Recomendamos el uso de este tipo de antifúngicos (en especial Aloe vera) aplicados durante al menos 120 días lo que disminuiría más la incidencia de la infección.

ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao is the main raw material to produce chocolate, as well as for use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive fungal diseases and the main limiting of cacao production worldwide. Thus, this work aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of extracts of Zingiber officinale (T1) and Aloe vera (T2), and Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis. (T3) on Moniliophthora roreri infection in Theobroma cacao; in addition, a control (T4) was also evaluated. Each treatment was applied to six plants of cacao. Incidence of monilia infection and fruit weight were monitored every 15 days (in total four periods) after the application of the treatment by spray. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among treatments for incidence. It was observed that spraying entire cacao trees after two times (approximately 30 days) showed a reduction of monilia infection. After all periods, T1, T2, and T3 showed an incidence of monilia infection by 20.5, 17.7, and 14.9% respectively, compared to cultural control of 41.1%. This reduction of moniliasis infection translates into an increase in fruit weight average for T3 (8.4 kg), T2 (7.3 kg), and T1 (6.9 kg). In contrast, in the control (T3), the fruit weight average decreased by 5.3 kg. Biological control showed efficient management of pathogens as M. roreri. It is recommended to use such antifungal (Aloe vera) spray over at least 120 days which would decrease infection incidence even more.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginger as an additive in the diet of fattening rabbits. Sixty weaned rabbits (35 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15). Animals were fed ad libitum with a control diet or one of three experimental diets supplemented with 0.5, 1, and 2 g of ginger per 100 g of feed during 28 d. Weight gain in the final week of the experiment was significantly greater in rabbits fed ginger at 0.5 g/100 g of feed than in those fed ginger at 1 and 2 g/100 g of feed or the control diet. No significant differences in morphometric measurements were observed among the treatments, but higher values of live weight, carcass length, and carcass circumference were observed in rabbits treated with ginger than in those fed the control diet. Regarding carcass quality parameters involving the kidneys and empty gastrointestinal tract, we found that rabbits treated with ginger at 0.5 g/100 g of feed showed significant differences from those treated with ginger at 1 and 2 g/100 g of feed or the control diet. pH, water holding capacity, L*, and a* did not significantly differ among the treatments, although greater water holding capacity was observed in rabbits treated with ginger than in control rabbits. Parameter b* was significantly higher in rabbits fed ginger at 2 g/100 g of feed than in those fed at 0.5 and 1 g/100 g of feed and in the control. The results found suggest that ginger can be used as an additive in diets of fattening rabbits.

Abstract To explore the protective activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root ethanol extract (GRE) on the neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglial cells. Ginger has been investigated as a neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Nevertheless, ginger extract attenuates neuroinflammation in microglia have not been discovered in depth. The results showed that GRE had high total phenolic and (55.63 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (4.33 ± 0.17 mg QUE/g), and antioxidant activity. GRE inhibited the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators including COX-2, PGE2, Nitric oxide, interleukin-6, TNF-α, and iNOS. GRE ameliorated microglia-mediated neuronal insults via upregulating the expression of Bax and reducing the expression of Bcl-2. GRE suppressed NF-κB and AKT/STAT3, and the MAPK pathway in the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusions, GRE positively affected anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity without serious side effects, which might be used as a functional food additive and/or therapeutic material for the management and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract Objective was evaluated the therapeutic effect of Juglans regia (J) and Zingiber officinale (Z) extracts, alone or associated (Z75% + J25%, Z50% + J50% and Z25% + J75%) applied on planktonic cultures and biofilms of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as analyzing the cytotoxic effects of plant extracts on mouse macrophages (Raw 264-7). Broth microdilution assay was performed (M7-A6 - CLSI). Anti-biofilm activities and cytotoxicity on Raw 264-7 were studied using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy. ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD applied for parametric data and Kruskal-Wallis with Conover-Iman test, for non-parametric (p<0.05). On P. acnes biofilm, Z50% + J50% reduced 46.9% in 5 min and Z25% + J75% reduced 74.1% in 24hs. On S. aureus, Z75% + J25% reduced 23.1% in 5 min Z25% +J75% reduced 79.4% in 24hs. On S. epidermidis, Z75% + J25% reduced 74.6% in 5 min and 82.05% in 24 h. The treatments on macrophages for 24 h promoted a maximum reduction by 14,5% for groups of extracts associations. On multispecies biofilm, Z75%+J25% reduced 84.3% in 24 h. In conclusion association of glycolic extracts provided therapeutic effect, demonstrated antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity. J (J Z (Z Z75 (Z75 J25 Z50 J50 Z25 J75 aureus 2647. 2647 264 7 . 264-7) M7A6 MA M7 A6 M A (M7-A CLSI. CLSI CLSI) Antibiofilm Anti biofilm 264- microscopy posthoc post hoc KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis ConoverIman Conover Iman test nonparametric non p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) P 469 46 9 46.9 741 74 1 74.1 24hs hs S 231 23 23.1 +J75 794 79 4 79.4 746 6 74.6 8205 82 82.05 2 145 14 14,5 associations Z75J25 ZJ Z75%+J25 843 84 3 84.3 Z7 (Z7 J2 Z5 J5 Z2 J7 26 M7A p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 46. 74. 23. +J7 79. 820 8 82.0 14, Z75J2 Z75%+J2 84. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 +J 82. Z75J Z75%+J p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Abstract To explore the protective impact of the ginger root ethanol extract (GRE) against the oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and apoptotic and its mechanism. Parkinson's disease (PD) model was established using 6-OHDA in the cells of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12). The GRE pretreatment increased PC12 cell viability of injury induced by 6-OHDA. The GRE effectively suppressed 6-OHDA-induced death, apoptosis through decreased Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 expression, and up-regulated expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). GRE also inhibited 6-OHDA-inducel oxidative stress, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulates the heme oxygenase (HO-1), antioxidant enzymes, catalase and, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase1 (OGG1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1). Besides, GRE up-regulating Protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), down-regulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation, together with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. In conclusions, the GRE prevented apoptosis and oxidative stress in 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cells. The ginger ethanol extract could be treatment and prevention of PD.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the dietary supplementation of ginger Zingiber officinale essential oil for the Neotropical catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, its effects on fish hematology, immunology, the response of these variables to induction of stress (exposition to air for 3 min), and a bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, and the effects on liver histomorphometry. Three levels of the ginger essential oil were evaluated (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) in addition to a control group (0%) in a feeding trial for 65 days in triplicate. Fish hematology and immunology were assessed at five different moments: after the feeding trial (0), after the stress induction (stress), and three points after the bacterial challenge (3, 6 and 24 h post-challenge). Fish fed the ginger essential oil supplemented diets did not exhibit significant differences between the hematocrit at the 0-sample point and the 24 h post-challenge point (P ≥ 0.05), while fish fed the control diet presented significantly lower values for the hematocrit when comparing those same two moments (P < 0.05). The thrombocytes count for fish fed the 0.5% essential oil supplemented diet was significantly higher than all other groups after the feeding trial (P < 0.05), and their total leukocytes count after the stress induction was also significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Although the results mentioned above indicate that the ginger essential oil had positive health effects on the fish, no significant differences in survival after the challenge with A. hydrophila were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Lastly, histomorphometry suggests that the essential oil did not negatively impact fish hepatocytes.

Resumen Los aceites esenciales son compuestos orgánicos importantes en el sector farmacéutico debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas, volviéndose una alternativa de solución para determinadas fitopatologías. En el presente estudio se evaluó in vitro la actividad inhibitoria de aceites esenciales de Curcuma longa y Zingiber officinale contra Colletotrichum sp. obtenidas a partir de cultivos de Dioscorea rotundata en Toluviejo (Sucre, Colombia). Concentraciones de 3,000; 5,000; 8,000 y 10,000 mg/L de extracciones de aceite (método de hidrodestilación asistida por microondas) fueron aplicados a cultivos in vitro del hongo. Además, se empleó un testigo absoluto y controles positivo y negativo. Los aceites fueron caracterizados por cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrometría de masa. La actividad inhibitoria se realizó por medio de la prueba de siembra en superficie (porcentaje de índice de inhibición). Los mayores valores de índice antifungico se observaron a 10,000 mg/L similar al obtenido con el control positivo por benomil. De la caracterización química de los aceites esenciales el metabolito secundario que se presentó con mayor rango fue el monoterpeno 3-Thujeno y el citral. Los aceites esenciales de C. longa y Z. officinale generaron actividad inhibitoria contra el crecimiento de Colletotrichum sp., y por lo tanto pueden ser empleados para reducir la antracnosis.

Abstract Essential oils are organic compounds during the last century have become important in the pharmaceutical sector because of its antimicrobial properties, being an alternative solution to certain plant diseases. In the present study, we evaluate in vitro the inhibitory activity of essential oils of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale against Colletotrichum sp. obtained from yam crops (Toluviejo, Sucre, Colombia). Concentrations 3,000; 5,000; 8,000 and 10,000 mg/L of each species of essential oils extractions were applied in vitro on the fungi (microwave assisted hydro-distillation method). In addition, we employed an absolute control, positive control (benomyl 1g/L) and a negative control. The inhibitory activity was performed by seeding the test surface and expressed as percentage of inhibition index. We obtain than the highest percentages of antifungal index were observed at 10000 mg/L, similar to that obtained with the positive control. Of the chemical characterization of essential oils (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) the secondary metabolite that occurred more range was the monoterpene 3-Thujeno and citral. The essential oils of C. longa and Z. officinale show inhibitory activity against the growth of Colletotrichum sp., and therefore can be employed to reduce the use of chemical compounds to reduce the anthracnose.