ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

The present study optimized the extraction process of bioactive compounds present in ginger (Zingiber officinale) dried at 80 °C, using ethanol:water 70:30 (v/v) as solvent. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction methods and by the chelating activity of FeII ions. It was found that the extraction condition with a temperature of 60 °C and an extraction time of 12 h showed better responses to the tests. Then, the characterization of the compounds was carried out by mass spectrometry and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), identifying that the main compounds of ginger were gingerols and shogaols, being confirmed by the intensities and characteristics of the thermal graphs. The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated using the Ellman test, which did not show an inhibitory action. Regarding cytotoxic activity, the free extract and encapsulated in liposomes were tested, showing antiproliferative effect at different concentrations for human kidney tumor cells (786-0), liver cells (HUH7.5), and Macaca mullata normal kidney cells (LLC-MK2). Given the results obtained, ginger presents itself as a renewable source of bioactive compounds and can be indicated for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Zingiber officinale 8 C ethanolwater ethanol water 7030 70 30 70:3 v/v vv v (v/v solvent 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic 2,2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic 2 ABTS (ABTS 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl DPPH (DPPH ions tests Then thermogravimetric TG, TG , (TG) DTA, DTA (DTA) DSC, DSC (DSC)) shogaols graphs AChE (AChE test action tested 7860, 7860 786 0 (786-0) HUH7.5, HUH75 HUH HUH7.5 HUH7 5 (HUH7.5) LLCMK2. LLCMK2 LLCMK LLC MK2 . MK (LLC-MK2) obtained industry 703 7 70: 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic azinobis 22 2, 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl (TG (DTA (DSC) 78 (786-0 HUH7. (HUH7.5 (LLC-MK2 (DSC (786- (HUH7. (LLC-MK (786 (HUH7 (78 (HUH (7 (

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del rizoma seco de jengibre (RSJ) sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro, producción de metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2). Los tratamientos fueron dietas con 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ incubados durante 72 horas en fermentación in vitro con líquido ruminal obtenido de dos novillos machos. Se determinó la degradabilidad de materia seca (DMS), producción de gas (PG), CH4 y CO2, volumen máximo de gas (Vmax), fase de retardo (L), tasa de PG (S), energía metabolizable (EM) y factor de partición (FP) en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con tres bloques y nueve repeticiones. El Vmax y EM disminuyeron significativamente a partir de 10% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), mientras que el FP aumentó con 20 y 40%. La PG acumulado disminuyó a partir de las 18 h de incubación con 10, 20 y 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La DMS disminuyó a partir de las 24 h con 40% de RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). La producción y concentración de CH4 disminuyeron a partir de 5% de RSJ en la dieta (P ≤ 0.05). El 5% de RSJ en la dieta disminuye la producción y concentración de CH4 sin afectar de forma negativa otras variables de la fermentación ruminal.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried ginger rhizome (RSJ) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production. The treatments were diets with 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40% RSJ incubated for 72 h in an in vitro fermentation with ruminal fluid collected from two male steers. Dry matter degradability (DMS), gas production (PG), CH4 and CO2, maximum gas volume (Vmax), lag phase (L), fermentation rate (S), metabolizable energy (ME) and partition factor (FP) were evaluated in an experiment with a randomized block experimental design, with three blocks and nine repetitions. Vmax and EM significantly decreased with 10% or higher RSJ (P ≤ 0.05), while FP increased at 20 and 40%. The accumulated PG decreased at 18 h of incubation and onwards with 10, 20 and 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). The DMS decreased after 24 h with 40% RSJ (P ≤ 0.05). CH4 production and concentration decreased with 5% RSJ in the diet (P ≤ 0.05), without further reduction at higher concentrations of RSJ. Inclusion of 5% RSJ in the diet decreases CH4 production and concentration without negatively affecting other ruminal fermentation variables.

Abstract The main limitation of the micropropagation of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is related to in vitro contamination. In order to overcome contamination, the effect of essential oils was studied as an alternative to conventional chemical treatments. This study aimed to analyze the action of essential oils from four condiment and medicinal plants (Oregano, Origanum vulgare L.; Garlic, Allium sativum L.; Citronella, Cymbopogon nardus L.;and Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in reducing microbial contamination growth and on the survival rate of explants in the micropropagation of camu-camu. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was analyzed on the in vitro contamination of tissue culture from camu-camu at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µL mL-1 in woody plant medium (WPM), emulsified with 1% Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). The antibacterial activity of essential oils on strains isolated from camu-camu tissue culture was also analyzed using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The use of essential oils allowed a reduction in the rate of in vitro contamination in tissue culture, it being observed that, from the concentration of 2 µL mL-1, there was no manifestation of fungal contaminants, with a significant reduction in the rate of bacterial contamination, with the exception of ginger essential oil that showed significant contamination in all analyzed concentrations. Inversely in relation to the reduction in microbial growth in vitro, there is an increase in explant oxidation as concentrations increase, with citronella and oregano oils showing phytotoxic potential from the lowest concentrations. Garlic essential oil showed better balance, with lower oxidation rates and greater control of microorganisms in tissue culture at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 µL mL-1. Oregano and citronella essential oils showed better antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test.

Resumo A micropropagação de camu-camu (Myrciaria dúbia) tem como principal limitação a contaminação in vitro. A fim de superar a contaminação, o efeito dos óleosessenciais foi estudado como alternativa aos tratamentos químicos convencionais. Esteestudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação dos óleos essenciais de quatro plantascondimentares e medicinais (Orégano, Origanum vulgareL.; Alho, Allium sativum L.; Citronela,Cymbopogon nardus L.; Gengibre, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) na redução de contaminaçãomicrobiana e sobre a taxa de sobrevivência dos explantes na micropropagação de camu-camu. A atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais foi analisada sobre a contaminação invitro, na cultura de tecidos de camu-camu, nas concentrações de 0,5, 1, 2, 3 e 4 µL mL-1 em meioWPM, emulsificados com Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) a 1%. Também foi analisada atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais sobre cepas isoladas da cultura de tecidos de camu-camu, nos métodos de difusão em ágar e microdiluição em caldo. A utilização de óleos essenciais permitiu redução na taxa de contaminação in vitro, na cultura de tecidos,sendo observado que, a partir da concentração de 2 µL mL-1, não houve manifestação de contaminantes fúngicos e redução significativa da taxa de contaminação bacteriana, à exceçãode óleo essencial de gengibre, que apresentou contaminação expressiva em todas as concentrações analisadas. Em ordem inversa à redução no crescimento microbiano in vitro, percebe-se o aumento da oxidação dos explantes à medida que aumentam as concentrações,tendo os óleos de citronela e orégano apresentado potencial fitotóxico desde as maisbaixas concentrações.O óleo essencial de alho apresentou melhor balanceamento, com menor taxa de oxidação e maior controle de microrganismos na cultura de tecidos, nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1 µL mL-1. Os óleos essenciais de orégano e citronela apresentarammelhor atividade antibacteriana no teste de difusão em ágar.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p < 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p < 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p < 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

Abstract The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p<0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p <0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

Abstract Among the species of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is the best known and studied species, with several reported ornamental, medicinal, and culinary properties. Many ornamental species of the genus Zingiber are commonly treated as gingers by analogy. This study provides a list of species of the genus Zingiber, information on synonyms and comments on ornamental aspects.

Resumo Dentre as espécies da família Zingiberaceae, o gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) é a espécie mais conhecida e estudada, com diversas propriedades ornamentais, medicinais e culinárias relatadas. Muitas espécies ornamentais do gênero Zingiber são comumente tratadas como gengibres por analogia. Este estudo fornece uma lista de espécies do gênero Zingiber, informações sobre sinônimos e comentários sobre aspectos ornamentais.

ABSTRACT In recent years, misused plant species have highlighted the attention of researchers, due to the bioactive compounds of such species. One of them is the ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) which stands out by the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of its extract. The work focused on analyzing the bibliometric data and object of study of the publications related to ginger extract. Parameters such as the number of publications per year, journals, affiliations, countries, authors, area and modality of the scientific document were taken into consideration. To obtain the results, a compendium of documents from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases within the period 1977-2021 was analyzed. Noor Azian Morad was distinguished as the author with the largest quantity of articles, the Journal of Supercritical Fluids was the most outstanding with five publications. The highest scientific production was in 2020; from them, 86% were scientific articles. China and India denoted as the main producers of this kind of research in the agricultural and biological science sectors, mainly. In the reviewed articles, the use of novel methods and sophisticated extraction technology (assisted by enzymes, microwaves and supercritical fluids) predominated. Temperature, the solute: solvent ratio and the type of solvent constituted the parameters mostly influencing in the extraction. Generally, the analyzed documents focused on the therapeutic use of the extract, including its use in the food and cosmetic industries.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, las especies vegetales subutilizadas han llamado la atención de los investigadores por los compuestos bioactivos de las mismas. Una de esas especies es el jengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) que destaca por las propiedades antioxidantes y antimicrobiales de su extracto. El trabajo se centró en analizar los datos bibliométricos y objeto de estudio de las publicaciones acerca del extracto de jengibre. Se tomaron en cuenta parámetros como el número de publicaciones por año, revistas, afiliaciones, países, autores, área y modalidad del documento científico. Para la obtención de los resultados se analizó un compendio de documentos desde las bases de datos Scopus y Google Scholar en el período de 1977-2021. Noor Azian Morad destacó como el autor con más artículos, la revista Journal of Supercrítical Fluids fue la más sobresaliente con cinco publicaciones. La mayor producción científica fue en el 2020 y el 86 % del total de los trabajos en el periodo de estudio fueron artículos científicos. China e India denotan como principales productores de estas investigaciones, principalmente para el sector de las ciencias agrícolas y biológicas. En los artículos revisados predomina el uso de métodos novedosos y tecnología sofisticada de extracción como la asistida por enzimas, microondas y fluidos supercríticos. La temperatura, la relación soluto: disolvente y el tipo de disolvente constituyen los parámetros que más influyen en la extracción. Mayormente los documentos analizados se centran en el uso terapéutico del extracto, sin dejar de mencionar su utilización en la industria alimentaria y cosmética.

RESUMO Os produtos florestais não madeireiros (NTFPs) são recursos utilizados por populações cujo conhecimento constitui o sustento de várias comunidades rurais. O objetivo deste trabalho era avaliar o comportamento da categoria de uso. O trabalho foi realizado na província de Cabinda, de janeiro de 2019 a novembro de 2021. Perguntas abertas que permitiram aos coletores expressar livremente suas considerações e informações e perguntas fechadas que incluíam as possíveis respostas que poderiam ser selecionadas pelos coletores foram aplicadas aos vendedores desses produtos, onde um pré-teste foi aplicado a uma amostra preliminar de 30 indivíduos, a fim de ajustar o questionário. Trabalhamos através do procedimento descrito para os estudos sociais, com 100%: 120 pessoas (90 mulheres e 30 homens). Os índices etnobotânicos também foram analisados: Frequência relativa de citação (CRF), Valor de uso (UV) e Prioridade de gerenciamento. As espécies mais citadas como categoria de uso foram: Glycyrrhiza glabras, Zingiber officinale e Pausinystalia macroceras.

RESUMEN Los productos forestales no madereros (PFNMs) son recursos utilizados por las poblaciones, cuyo conocimiento constituyen el medio de subsistencia de diversas comunidades rurales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de la categoría de uso. El trabajo se desarrolló en la provincia de Cabinda, en la fecha comprendida entre enero del año 2019 hasta noviembre de 2021. Se realizaron preguntas abiertas que permitieron a los colectores exponer libremente sus consideraciones e informaciones y cerradas que incluían las posibles respuestas que pudieron ser seleccionadas por los colectores, las cuales se aplicaron a los vendedores de estos productos, donde se aplicó una prueba previa a una muestra preliminar de 30 individuos, con la finalidad de ajustar el cuestionario. Se trabajó a través del procedimiento expuesto para estudios sociales, con el 100 %: 120 personas (90 mujeres y 30 hombres). También se analizó los índices etnobotánicos: Frecuencia Relativa de Citaciones (FRC), Valor de Uso (VU) y Prioridad de Ordenamiento. Las especies más citadas como categoría de uso fueron: Glycyrrhiza glabras, Zingiber officinale y Pausinystalia macroceras.

ABSTRACT Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are resources used by populations, whose knowledge constitutes the means of subsistence of various rural communities. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the category of use. The work was carried out in the province of Cabinda, from January 2019 to November 2021, where the following questions were asked: open (they allowed collectors to freely present their considerations and information) and closed (they included possible answers that could be selected by the collectors). These questions were applied to the sellers of these products, where a preliminary test was applied to a sample of 30 individuals, in order to adjust the questionnaire and work through the exposed procedure to social studies, with 100%: 120 people (90 women and 30 men). The ethnobotanical indices were also analyzed: Relative Frequency of Citations (FRC), Use Value (VU) and Sorting Priority. The most cited species as use category were: Glycyrrhiza glabras, Zingiber officinale and Pausinystalia macroceras.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the self-practices with conventional and herbal drug use among ear, nose, and throat outpatients. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out among all ear, nose, and throat outpatients on their first visit to the otorhinolaryngology department at a tertiary care hospital. The survey comprised a total of 14 questions with 4 different sections, including demographic characteristics, self-medication of conventional medicines, herbal medication usage, and perception regarding herbal medicines. RESULTS: Overall, 255 questionnaires were distributed among patients, of which 183 completed the questionnaire (response rate=71.7%). Respondents reported self-medication (44.8%) with conventional drugs before visiting a hospital. The most commonly used medicine was analgesics (31.7%) and antibiotics (21.9%). Nearly half of the patients (49.2%) used at least one herbal drug. The most commonly used herbal medications were Tilia cordata (78.8%), Zingiber officinale (62.2%), and Camellia sinensis (45.5%). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, most of the medicinal herbs were considered as data deficient/least concern. About 36.6% of the participants perceived that herbal drugs are effective for ear, nose, and throat problems. Moreover, 22.9% of the patients did not know about herbal-drug interaction with other medications. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed a considerable prevalence of self-based practices with conventional and herbal medications. Strict national regulations on conventional and herbal medication access and long-term actions should be implemented to discourage inappropriate drug use.

Resumen Las plantas han desarrollado la base de los sistemas tradicionales de medicina que existen desde hace miles de años debido a la presencia de constituyentes bioactivos vitales. Además de las numerosas actividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerígenas y de los productos naturales, existe un reconocimiento limitado con respecto a los diversos atributos terapéuticos de las plantas medicinales como Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale y Parthenium hysterophorus. El estudio actual fue diseñado para explorar las capacidades inhibidoras de enzimas (alfa glucosidasa y acetilcolinesterasa) y citotóxicas de las fracciones solventes de estas plantas autóctonas. Todas las muestras tuvieron efectos inhibidores sobre la alfa glucosidasa, pero los fraccionamientos metanólicos de cada planta exhibieron una mayor eficacia inhibidora contra la acción enzimática en comparación con otros fraccionamientos. A excepción del extracto metanólico de Parthenium hysterophorus (33,25 ± 0,43), todas las demás plantas estudiadas, a saber. Zingiber officinale (50,33 ± 0,99), S. cumini (73,91 ± 1,05) y Momordica charantia (72,30 ± 1,17) indicaron más del 50 % de potenciales inhibidores de la alfa glucosidasa. Las inhibiciones de acetilcolinesterasa (porcentaje de inhibición) por diferentes fracciones de P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini y M. charantia estuvieron en el rango de 0,23 ± 0,14 a 11,40 ± 0,26, 13,04 ± 0,11 a 44,05 ± 0,76, 4,21 ± 0,15 a 71,55 ± 0,80 y 1,03 ± 0,09 a 50,12 ± 0,82 respectivamente. Entre todas las plantas estudiadas, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini y Zingiber officinale no fueron mutagénicas. Aunque se observó una ligera variación en las bioactividades, todos los extractos botánicos son excelentes fuentes de constituyentes bioactivos con el potencial de inhibir la alfa glucosidasa y la acetilcolinesterasa. Se justifica una mayor investigación a este respecto que involucre una evaluación guiada por bioensayo.

Abstract Plants have developed the foundation of traditional systems of medicine that have been in existence for thousands of years due to the presence of vital bioactive constitutes. Aside from antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, anticarcinogenic and numerous activities of natural products, limited recognition regarding diverse therapeutic attributes of medicinal plants such as Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale and Parthenium hysterophorus exist. The current study was designed to explore the enzyme inhibitory (alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase) and cytotoxicity capacities of solvent fractions of these indigenous plants. All the samples had inhibitory effects on alpha glucosidase, but methanolic fractionations of each plant exhibited greater inhibitory efficacy against enzyme action compared to other fractionations. Except for the methanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus (33.25 ± 0.43), all other studied plants, viz. Zingiber officinale (50.33 ± 0.99), S. cumini (73.91 ± 1.05) and Momordica charantia (72.30 ± 1.17) indicated more than 50% alpha glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitions (percentage inhibition) by different fractions of P. hysterophorus, Z. officinale, S. cumini and M. charantia were in the range of 0.23 ± 0.14 to 11.40 ± 0.26, 13.04 ± 0.11 to 44.05 ± 0.76, 4.21 ± 0.15 to 71.55 ± 0.80 and 1.03 ± 0.09 to 50.12 ± 0.82 respectively. Among all studied plants, Momordica charantia, Syzygium cumini, and Zingiber officinale were non-mutagenic. Although slight variation in bioactivities was observed, all the botanical extracts are excellent sources of bioactive constituents with the potential to inhibit alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. Further research in this regard is warranted involving bioassay-guided assessment.

ABSTRACT Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) is one of the materials used in the functional food and biopharmaceutical industry; it has a low productivity and quality problem and is unable to meet market demand. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of K fertilization on growth, yield, antioxidant content, and K use and response efficiency in red ginger cultivation. The study was conducted at Agro Techno Park (ATP) Jatikerto, Malang Regency, Indonesia. The field experiment was carried out in two periods, December 2019-August 2020 and January 2021-September 2021. In the first planting season, treatments included 4 K fertilizer rates (100, 200, 300, and 400 kg K ha-1), while eight treatments were applied in the second planting season (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 kg K ha-1). Measured variables included growth, yield, rhizome quality, and K use and response efficiency. Red ginger growth variables (height, leaf number, and tiller number per clump), yield, plant biomass, K uptake, and soil exchangeable K were strongly affected by K application rates, and the highest effect occurred at 300 kg K ha-1. In addition, the 300 kg K ha-1 rate resulted in the best rhizome morphology quality (rhizome diameter) and antioxidant content (6% to 30% higher than other treatments). Increased K fertilization decreased K use and response efficiency from 43% to 99% and decreased antioxidant content. Therefore, the study suggests that applying K fertilization at approximately 200-300 kg ha-1 improves the yield and quality of red ginger.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la temperatura y la velocidad de agitación sobre la pérdida de peso (PP%), la pérdida de agua (PA%) y la ganancia de sólidos (GS%) en el deshidratado osmótico de cubos de jengibre (Zingiber officinale). Los parámetros aplicados fueron: temperatura de la solución osmótica 26, 36 y 46°C, velocidad de agitación de 30, 50 y 80 rpm, relación muestra / solución osmótica de 1:16 (p/p), concentración de sacarosa al 60% y tiempo de experimento 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 y 120 min. Los resultados mostraron que la temperatura fue el parámetro que más influyó sobre la PA%, PP% y GS%; en comparación, la velocidad de agitación tuvo una menor influencia sobre la PA%, PP% y GS%; esto indica que las altas temperaturas provocan cambios en la permeabilidad de la membrana celular del alimento, lo que genera mayor transferencia. El tratamiento a 26°C y 30 rpm mostró una mayor difusividad (De) con 5.20 x 10-4. El tratamiento a 46 °C y 30 rpm reportó mayores pérdidas de humedad con un 35%, el tratamiento a 26°C y 30 rpm presentó mayor variación de pH de 6.62 a 5.27, el tratamiento a 36 °C y 50 rpm mostró una acidez constante de 0.05% y el tratamiento a 46°C y 80 rpm presentó una mayor ganancia de sólidos soluble con 35.16 °Brix. Se demostró que la temperatura es el parámetro que más influeyó sobre PA%, PP% y GS%.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of temperature and agitation speed on weight loss (WeL%), water loss (WaL%) and solids gain (SG%) in the osmotic dehydration of ginger cubes. (Zingiber officinale). The applied parameters were: osmotic solution temperature 26, 36, and 46°C, stirring speed of 30, 50 and 80 rpm, sample/osmotic solution ratio of 1:16 (p/p), sucrose concentration at 60% and experiment time 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min. The results showed that the temperature was the parameter that most influenced the WaL%, WeL%, and SG%, compared to the agitation speed it had a lower influence on the WaL%, WeL%, and SG%, this indicates that the high temperatures cause changes in the permeability of the cell membrane of the food, which generates greater transfer. The 26°C and 30 rpm treatment showed a higher diffusivity (De) with 5,20 x 10-4. The 46°C and 30 rpm treatment reported higher moisture losses with 35%, the 26°C and 30 rpm treatment presented an increased pH variation from 6.62 to 5.27, the 36°C and 50 rpm treatment showed a constant acidity of 0.05% and the treatment of 46°C and 80 rpm increase variation in soluble solids concentration to 35.16 °Brix. It was shown that temperature is the parameter that most influenced WaL%, WeL%, and SG%.

RESUMEN Los parásitos son uno de los mayores problemas que afectan la salud de los peces, siendo Trichodina sp el de mayor frecuencia en las primeras etapas de vida de la tilapia roja Oreochromis sp. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de las sustancias farmacológicas y homeopáticas en el control de Trichodina sp en larvas de tilapia roja en el Centro Experimental Piscícola (San Jerónimo, Antioquia, Colombia). Se utilizaron 300 larvas de tilapia roja en fase de reversión (80 observaciones/larva), distribuidas en 15 acuarios, cada uno con un volumen efectivo de 63 L. A las 0 y 48 horas se aplicaron dos sustancias homeopáticas (ajo [Allium sativum] y jengibre [Zingiber officinale], 5 mg/l cada uno) y dos sustancias farmacológicas (metronidazol y albendazol, 10 mg/l cada uno) y un grupo control. Las larvas fueron sedadas y se les contó el número de Trichodina sp a las 0, 48 y 72 h utilizando un microscopio óptico (objetivo 4X). El uso del ajo y del metronidazol disminuyeron el número de parásitos contados de 5622 en promedio al inicio a 302 a las 72 h (p<0.05), disminuyendo el porcentaje de prevalencia de 100 a 50% y con una mortalidad de larvas de 3%. En un segundo ensayo para corroborar la eficacia de diferentes dosis, se comprobó que el ajo a 20 mg/l presentó un efecto similar a la del metronidazol a 20 mg/L, evidenciando el uso potencial del homeopático en reemplazo de sustancias farmacológicas. El albendazol causó la muerte de todas las larvas de tilapia roja.

ABSTRACT Parasites are one of the biggest problems affecting fish health, Trichodina sp being the most common in the early life stages of the red tilapia Oreochromis sp. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological and homeopathic substances in the control of Trichodina sp in red tilapia larvae at the Centro Experimental Piscícola (San Jerónimo, Antioquia, Colombia). In total, 300 red tilapia larvae in the reversion phase (80 observations/larva) were used and distributed in 15 aquariums, each with an effective volume of 63 L. At 0 and 48 hours, two homeopathic substances were applied (garlic [Allium sativum] and ginger [Zingiber officinale], 5 mg/l each) and two pharmacological substances (metronidazole and albendazole, 10 mg/l each) and a control group. The larvae were sedated and the number of Trichodina sp was counted at 0, 48 and 72 h using an optical microscope (4X objective). The use of garlic and metronidazole decreased the total number of parasites counted from 5622 on average to 302 at 72 h (p<0.05), decreasing the prevalence percentage from 100 to 50% and with a larval mortality of 3%. In a second trial to corroborate the efficacy of different doses, it was found that garlic at 20 mg/l had a similar effect to that of metronidazole at 20 mg/L, showing the potential use of homeopathic as a replacement for pharmacological substances. Albendazole caused the death of all red tilapia larvae.

RESUMEN El cacao es la principal materia prima para producir chocolate, así como para su uso en las industrias alimentaria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Sin embargo, Moniliophthora roreri es una de las enfermedades fúngicas más destructivas y la principal limitante de la producción de cacao en todo el mundo. Así, este trabajo evaluó el efecto inhibidor de extractos obtenidos de Zingiber officiale (T1) y Aloe vera (T2), y Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis (T3) en la infección producida por Moniliophthora roreri en Theobroma cacao; además, un cultivo control (T4) también fue evaluado. Cada tratamiento se aplicó a seis plantas de cacao. La incidencia de la infección por monilia y el peso de la fruta se monitorearon cada 15 días (en total cuatro períodos) después del tratamiento por pulverización. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos por incidencia. Se observó que la pulverización de árboles enteros de cacao después de dos veces (aproximadamente 30 días) mostró una reducción de la infección por monilia. Después de todos los períodos, T1, T2 y T3 mostraron una reducción en la infección por monilia de 20,5, 17,7 y 14,9% respectivamente, en comparación con el control cultural de 41,1%. Esta reducción de la infección por moniliasis se tradujo en un aumento del peso promedio de los frutos en T3 (8,4 kg), T2 (7,3 kg) y T1 (6,9 kg). En cambio, el control cultural (T3), el peso promedio de la fruta disminuyó a 5,3 kg. El control biológico mostró un manejo eficiente de patógenos como M. roreri. Recomendamos el uso de este tipo de antifúngicos (en especial Aloe vera) aplicados durante al menos 120 días lo que disminuiría más la incidencia de la infección.

ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao is the main raw material to produce chocolate, as well as for use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive fungal diseases and the main limiting of cacao production worldwide. Thus, this work aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of extracts of Zingiber officinale (T1) and Aloe vera (T2), and Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis. (T3) on Moniliophthora roreri infection in Theobroma cacao; in addition, a control (T4) was also evaluated. Each treatment was applied to six plants of cacao. Incidence of monilia infection and fruit weight were monitored every 15 days (in total four periods) after the application of the treatment by spray. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among treatments for incidence. It was observed that spraying entire cacao trees after two times (approximately 30 days) showed a reduction of monilia infection. After all periods, T1, T2, and T3 showed an incidence of monilia infection by 20.5, 17.7, and 14.9% respectively, compared to cultural control of 41.1%. This reduction of moniliasis infection translates into an increase in fruit weight average for T3 (8.4 kg), T2 (7.3 kg), and T1 (6.9 kg). In contrast, in the control (T3), the fruit weight average decreased by 5.3 kg. Biological control showed efficient management of pathogens as M. roreri. It is recommended to use such antifungal (Aloe vera) spray over at least 120 days which would decrease infection incidence even more.

Abstract Objective was evaluated the therapeutic effect of Juglans regia (J) and Zingiber officinale (Z) extracts, alone or associated (Z75% + J25%, Z50% + J50% and Z25% + J75%) applied on planktonic cultures and biofilms of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as analyzing the cytotoxic effects of plant extracts on mouse macrophages (Raw 264-7). Broth microdilution assay was performed (M7-A6 - CLSI). Anti-biofilm activities and cytotoxicity on Raw 264-7 were studied using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy. ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD applied for parametric data and Kruskal-Wallis with Conover-Iman test, for non-parametric (p<0.05). On P. acnes biofilm, Z50% + J50% reduced 46.9% in 5 min and Z25% + J75% reduced 74.1% in 24hs. On S. aureus, Z75% + J25% reduced 23.1% in 5 min Z25% +J75% reduced 79.4% in 24hs. On S. epidermidis, Z75% + J25% reduced 74.6% in 5 min and 82.05% in 24 h. The treatments on macrophages for 24 h promoted a maximum reduction by 14,5% for groups of extracts associations. On multispecies biofilm, Z75%+J25% reduced 84.3% in 24 h. In conclusion association of glycolic extracts provided therapeutic effect, demonstrated antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity. J (J Z (Z Z75 (Z75 J25 Z50 J50 Z25 J75 aureus 2647. 2647 264 7 . 264-7) M7A6 MA M7 A6 M A (M7-A CLSI. CLSI CLSI) Antibiofilm Anti biofilm 264- microscopy posthoc post hoc KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis ConoverIman Conover Iman test nonparametric non p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) P 469 46 9 46.9 741 74 1 74.1 24hs hs S 231 23 23.1 +J75 794 79 4 79.4 746 6 74.6 8205 82 82.05 2 145 14 14,5 associations Z75J25 ZJ Z75%+J25 843 84 3 84.3 Z7 (Z7 J2 Z5 J5 Z2 J7 26 M7A p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 46. 74. 23. +J7 79. 820 8 82.0 14, Z75J2 Z75%+J2 84. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 +J 82. Z75J Z75%+J p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p