Resumo Frequências, magnitudes e distribuição de ocorrência pode afetar os eventos. O problema pode ser pior ou a solução melhor se maiores frequências e magnitudes forem apresentadas com distribuição agregada no sistema de produção. Índices, então, são usados para assistir na decisão de certas questões. O sistema formado pelo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), uma espécie arbórea típica e economicamente importante do Cerrado brasileiro, e seus diversos artrópodes são adequados para avaliar um novo índice. A motivação deste trabalho foi testar um índice capaz de identificar as fontes de perda e de soluções, e suas importâncias em termos de perdas ou ganhos no sistema. O índice é: percentagem de importância % I . I . = k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 / Σ k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 + k s 2 × c 2 × d s 2 + k s n × c n × d s n x 100. O % I . I . separou as fontes de perda [ex., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em frutos = 41,90%)] na percentagem de redução na produção de frutos (ex., 0,13%), calculando o nível de atenção (ex., 0,10/fruto), com um total de perda de produção de 1,35% (≈ 307 frutos totais perdidos). O % I.I. também separou as fontes de solução [ex., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55,48%)], o nível de não atenção (ex., Z. armillatus: 0,394 para E. rufomarginata em fruto), com total de ganho de 0,56% (≈ 128 total de frutos salvos) no sistema natural (ex., árvores de C. brasiliense). Esse índice pode calcular essas perdas ou a eficácia das soluções monetariamente. Aqui eu testo o % I.I., um índice capaz de detectar fatores chaves de perda e de soluções no sistema, capaz de ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Abstract Frequencies, magnitudes, and distributions of occurrence can affect the events. The problem can be worse or the solution better if greater frequencies and magnitudes are presented with aggregated distribution in the production system. Indices, hence, are used to assist in decision-making on certain issues. The system formed by Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), a typical and economically important Brazilian Cerrado tree species, and its several arthropods are adequate to evaluate a new index. This study aimed to test an index to identify the loss and solution sources and their importance in the system's loss or income gain. The index is: Percentage of Importance Indice % I . I . = k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 / Σ k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 + k s 2 × c 2 × d s 2 + k s n × c n × d s n x 100. T h e % I . I . separated the loss sources [e.g., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on fruits = 41.90%)] on the percentage of reduction of fruit production (e.g., 0.13%), calculated the attention level (e.g., 0.10/fruit), with a total lost production of 1.35% (≈ 307 total lost fruits). The % I.I. also separated the solution sources [e.g., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55.48%), the non-attention level (e.g., Z. armillatus: 0.394 for E. rufomarginata on fruit), with total income gain of 0.56% (≈ 128 total saved fruits) on the natural system (e.g., C. brasiliense trees). This index can calculate losses or the effectiveness of the solutions monetarily. Here I test the % I.I., an index that can detect the key loss and solution sources on the system, which can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

Resumen Se actualiza la distribución de Zelus renardii (Kolenati) en Chile. Los nuevos registros extienden su distribución a los extremos norte y sur de país, desde la Región de Arica y Parinacota hasta la Región de Magallanes. Adicionalmente, se entregan los primeros registros en territorio oceánico chileno, de la Isla de Pascua.

Abstract The distribution of Zelus renardii (Kolenati) in Chile is updated. The new records extend their distribution to both north and south extremes, from Arica y Parinacota to Magallanes regions. Additionally, first records are provided for the Oceanic Easter Island.

Abstract The parasitoidism of an adult female of Heniartes jaakkoi Wygodzinsky, 1947 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Apiomerini) by a female of Xanthomelanodes cf. brasiliensis Townsend, 1929 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Phasiinae: Gymnosomatini), from Nova Friburgo, Brazil, is recorded. Previous observations of Phasiinae eggs on three species of Harpactorinae had been made, but without record of the parasitoid species. This is the first record of parasitoidism in Reduviidae, including both the host and the parasitoid in the Neotropical region.

Resumen Se registra el parasitismo de una hembra adulta de Heniartes jaakkoi Wygodzinsky, 1947 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Apiomerini) por una hembra de Xanthomelanodes cf. brasiliensis Townsend, 1929 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Phasiinae: Gymnosomatini), en Nova Friburgo, Brasil. Se realizaron observaciones previas de huevos de Phasiinae en tres especies de Harpactorinae, pero sin registro de la especie del parasitoide. Este es el primer registro de parasitoidismo en Reduviidae, incluyendo tanto al huésped como al parasitoide en la región neotropical.

ABSTRACT Krameria erecta is a wild perennial plant native to the state of Sonora. The objective of the present work was to evaluate K. erecta in its wild habitat at four sites. According to the results obtained, S3 showed 57 specimens, S4 showed 11 plants, S1 showed 7 and S2 4 plants. Regarding height, there were no significant differences bet^een the sites (S1, S2. S3 and S4) evaluated, having an average range of39.50 to 43.17 cm. Regarding the aerial coverage, they did notpresent significant differences, obtaining an average range of 0.180 to 0.275 m2 and finally, when evaluating the stem coverage, there were no significant differences with a range of 35.23 to 49.30 cm2. The most representative associated species at one or two sites were Lophocereus schottii, Cercidium microphyllum, Phaulothamnus spinescens, Encelia farinosa, Medicago polymorpha and Cynara cardunculus. The flowering season is out of date in the months of November to June showing 45% flowering, and from July to October 100% flowering. There are no diseases, but insects such as Coccinella septempunctata, Apis mellifera, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Praying mantis, Naupactus xanthographus, Thomisus spp, Zelus spp and Wasp Ichneumonidae, among others, those that cause mortality to plants are termites (Isoptera) combined to low rainfall and high temperatures. Rainfall occurred more in 2019 therefore the % RH was higher, the temperatures were similar.

RESUMEN Krameria erecta es una planta perenne silvestre nativa del estado de Sonora utilizada para extraer tintura o para uso medicinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar K. erecta en su hábitat silvestre en cuatro sitios. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, el S3 presentó 57 ejemplares, el S4 mostró 11, el S1 7 y el S2 4 plantas. Con respecto a la altura, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los sitios (S1, S2, S3 y S4) evaluados y se obtuvo un rango promedio de 39,50 a 43,17 cm. En cuanto a la cobertura aérea, no presentaron diferencias significativas y se observó un rango promedio de 0,180 a 0,275 m2. Por último, al evaluar la cobertura de tallo tampoco se hallaron diferencias significativas con un rango de 35,23 a 49,30 cm2. Las especies asociadas más representativas en uno o dos sitios fueron Lophocereus schottii, Cercidium microphyllum, Phaulothamnus spinescens, Encelia farinosa, Medicagopolymorpha y Cynara cardunculus. La época de floración se presenta desfasada en los meses de noviembre a junio mostrando un 45% de floración, y de julio a octubre un 100% de floración. No se registran enfermedades, pero sí insectos como Coccinella septempunctata, Apis mellifera, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Mantis religiosa, Naupactus xanthographus, Thomisus spp, Zelus spp y avispa Ichneumonidae. Los que provocan la mortalidad de las plantas son las termitas (Isoptera), aunado a las bajas precipitaciones y altas temperaturas. Las mayores precipitaciones pluviales se registraron en el 2019, y por lo tanto el % de HR fue más alto. Las temperaturas fueron similares.

Resumo A hipótese de estresse nutricional prevê que insetos galhadores prevalecem em plantas hospedeiras que crescem em habitats com solos de baixa qualidade nutricional. Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) é hospedeiro de quatro diferentes espécies de insetos galhadores. Estes insetos têm potencial para afetar a produção dos frutos de C. brasiliense, uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades no Brasil. Neste trabalho, estudamos os efeitos das características físicas e químicas do solo sobre a abundância, riqueza e diversidade de espécies de insetos galhadores e seus inimigos naturais. O estudo foi realizado em plantas de C. brasiliense em três diferentes condições de solo. Nossos dados corroboram a hipótese de que, em solos nutricionalmente pobres (por exemplo, menor teor de fósforo) e de texturas físicas piores (por exemplo, arenoso) as plantas hospedeiras suportam maior riqueza e diversidade de espécies de insetos galhadores. No entanto, a abundância de Eurytoma sp. (galhador mais comum em C. brasiliense), foi correlacionada com maior concentração de fósforo no solo (melhor condição nutricional). A porcentagem de folíolos da planta hospedeira galhada e a área de folíolos ocupada por galhas de Eurytoma sp foi maior no solo mais fértil. Neste solo, houve maior abundância, riqueza de espécies e diversidade de parasitóides de Eurytoma sp. (por exemplo, Sycophila sp.) e predadores (por exemplo, Zelus armillatus). Nossos dados indicam a importância da qualidade do habitat na composição da comunidade de insetos galhadores e o impacto das propriedades do solo na mediação da distribuição desses insetos em C. brasiliense.

Abstract The nutrient stress hypothesis predicts that galling insects prevail on host plants growing in habitats with soils of low nutritional quality. Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) is host to four different leaf-galling insects. These insects have the potential to cause a reduction in the production of C. brasiliense fruits, an important source of income for many communities in Brazil. We studied the effects of soil physical and chemical characteristics on the abundance, species richness, and diversity of galling insects and their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees growing under three different soil conditions. Our data corroborate the hypothesis that in nutritionally poor (e.g., lower phosphorus content) and worse physical textures (e.g., sandy) soils, host plants support higher species richness and diversity of galling insects. However, the abundance of Eurytoma sp. (the most common gall in C. brasiliense), was correlated with a higher phosphorus concentration in the soil (better nutritional condition). The percentage of galled leaflets and the area of leaflets occupied by Eurytoma sp galls were higher in the more fertile soil. In this soil, there was greater abundance, species richness, and diversity of parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. (e.g., Sycophila sp.) and predators (e.g., Zelus armillatus). Our data indicate the importance of habitat quality in the composition of the galling insect community and the impact of soil properties in mediating the distribution of these insects in C. brasiliense.

RESUMEN Reduviidae incluye el mayor número de especies de depredadores terrestres del Orden Hemiptera, incluyendo depredadores de potenciales plagas en los agroecosistemas. A pesar de la gran cantidad de estudios sobre la taxonomía y morfología del grupo, su filogenia y estrategias reproductivas aún no han sido totalmente dilucidadas. En este trabajo, la histología del tracto reproductivo masculino de Zelus longipes fue descrita con el objetivo de incrementar las fuentes de caracteres para estudios de biología reproductiva del grupo. Para esto fueron utilizadas técnicas de microscopia de luz. Los machos adultos fueron recolectados directamente en un cultivo de maíz, en el municipio de Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais. El sistema reproductor está compuesto por dos testículos, cada uno con siete folículos con quistes en diferentes fases del espermatogénesis, vasos deferentes, vesículas seminales, glándulas accesorias pareadas y lobadas en un ducto eyaculatorio. Cuando los espermatozoides están maduros salen de los testículos agrupados en haces y quedan almacenados en las vesículas seminales. Las glándulas accesorias producen diferentes tipos de secreciones que se unen al esperma para formar el semen. Los conductos deferentes fluyen hacia un solo conducto eyaculador.

ABSTRACT Reduviidae comprises the largest number of land predator species of the Order Hemiptera, including predators of potential pests in agroecosystem areas. Despite the large number of taxonomic and morphological studies of the group, its phylogeny and reproductive strategies have not been elucidated. This work presents the male reproductive system morphology and histology of the assassin bug Zelus longipes aiming to increase the character sources for reproductive biology studies of the group. For this, light microscopy techniques were used. The adult males were collected in a corn crop area in Rio Paranaíba, municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The male reproductive system of Z. longipes comprises of a pair of testes, with seven follicles each and cysts at different stages of spermatogenesis, vasa deferentia, two seminal vesicles, pairs of paired and lobed accessory glands, and an ejaculatory duct. When the sperm are mature they leave the testes grouped into bundles and are stored in the seminal vesicles. The accessory glands produce different types of secretions that join the spermatozoa to form the semen. The deferent ducts flow into a single ejaculatory duct.

ABSTRACT The study of arthropod communities foraging on monocultures of native plants (e.g. Caryocar brasiliense) in biodiversity hotspots (e.g. Brazilian Cerrado) is important to understand the processes driving their performance. This study evaluated the possible interactions between galling herbivores, free-feeding arthropods, and of their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees, in an orchard (monoculture). The possible competition observed were: i) between galling insects with defoliators and phytophagous mites, ii) between sucking insects, iii) between phytophagous mites and, iv) between Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Histiostoma sp. (Acari: Histiostomidae) on C. brasiliense trees. Numbers of predators and prey, parasitoids and hosts, and predators and parasitoids were directly related among them. The competitive interactions between herbivorous predator and parasitoid may reduce Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) populations, a potential pest of C. brasiliense. The predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the parasitoids Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Ablerus magistretti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important to determine the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and of its galls. These natural enemies may be important to control this galling insect on C. brasiliense trees. The arthropod competition affected their guild associated to C. brasiliense trees.

Resumen Los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), que representan la principal fuente económica para muchas comunidades, están protegidas por leyes federales brasileñas. La transformación de la sabana de El Cerrado en áreas de pastoreo o agrícolas da como resultado un escenario de árboles de esta especie aislados en un paisaje agro-urbano. La presente investigación tuvo como objeto estudiar los efectos de la diversidad ambiental sobre la abundancia de comunidades de agallas en árboles de C. brasiliense en tres diferentes ambientes: cerrado, pastoreo y área urbana. La frecuencia de adultos de Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) y sus agallas, del parasitoide Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) y del depredador Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) fue más frecuente en hojas de C. brasiliense en el área urbana. Se observó una correlación negativa entre porcentajes de hojas con presencia de las agallas (todos los tipos) y el número de árboles. El hábitat de los árboles favoreció la diversidad de especies de agallas y sus enemigos naturales.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees, protected by Brazilian federal laws, are the main income source in many communities. The transformation of the Cerrado (savanna biome) into grazing or agricultural areas has been isolating these trees species in an agro-urban landscape. We studied the effects of environmental diversity on the abundance of galling insect communities inhabiting C. brasiliense trees in three different environments: Cerrado, pasture, and an urban area. Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults and their galls, its parasitoid Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and the predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were present in larger numbers on the C. brasiliense leaflets in the urban area. The percentages of totally galled leaflets (exhibiting all kinds of galls) and the number of trees were negatively correlated. Greater habitat diversity favored that of galling insect species and their natural enemies.

Abstract Diaphorina citri detected in Ecuador for the first time in 2013, is an insect pest of global relevance. It is the main vector of the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease of citrus trees. During the period from April 2016 - July 2017, population fluctuation studies and a search for natural enemies of D. citri were conducted on young shoots of orange jessamine, Murraya paniculata, and Citrus spp. The natural enemies of D. citri were collected in the Provinces of Guayas and Santa Elena, Ecuador. A total of 1660 specimens of predators belonging to five species were collected, consisting of three coccinellids, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, the most abundant species (39.9%, P <0.05), followed by Cycloneda sanguinea (15.8%), and Paraneda pallidula guticollis (4.1%) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an assassin bug, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (17.8%), and the lacewing Ceraeochrysa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (22.4%). The parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata also was found, reaching a parasitization rate of 90% of the psyllid nymphs. This study represents the first report of P. pallidula guticollis feeding on D. citri. The diversity of natural enemies and the high level of parasitism detected suggest the importance of natural enemies as biological control agents of this important phytophagous insect pest. The natural control by these beneficial insects would make unnecessary the applications of chemical insecticides that are carried out in Ecuador for the control of this insect, especially at this moment when the HLB causing bacterium has not been reported in Ecuador.

Resumen Diaphorina citri, especie detectada en Ecuador por primera vez en 2013, es una plaga de relevancia mundial debido a que es el principal vector de la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, agente causal del Huanglongbing (HLB), una devastadora enfermedad de los cítricos. Durante el período abril 2016 – julio 2017, se realizaron estudios de fluctuación poblacional e inventario de enemigos naturales de D. citri en brotes jóvenes de azahar de la India, Murraya paniculata y citricos, Citrus spp. Los enemigos naturales fueron colectados en las provincias de Guayas y Santa Elena, Ecuador. Se colectaron un total de 1660 especímenes pertenecientes a cinco especies, entre estos, tres coccinélidos, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, la especie más abundante (39,9%, P<0,05), seguido por Cycloneda sanguinea (15,8%) y Paraneda pallidula guticollis 4,1% (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), una chinche depredadora, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (17,8%) y la crisopa Ceraeochrysa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (22,4%). La avispita parasítica Tamarixia radiata también fue encontrada, alcanzando un porcentaje de parasitismo del 90% en las ninfas de psílido. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de P. pallidula guticollis alimentándose de D. citri. La diversidad de enemigos naturales y el alto nivel de parasitismo detectado sugieren la importancia de los enemigos naturales como agentes de control biológico de esta importante plaga. El control natural existente haría innecesarias las aplicaciones de insecticidas químicos que se llevan a cabo en el Ecuador para el control de este insecto, especialmente en este momento que el HLB no se ha encontrado en Ecuador.

The presence of Zelus renardii Kolenati in Argentina is documented for the frst time. Specimens were collected in northern Patagonia, Alto Valle de Río Negro and Neuquén. The diagnostic characteristics of this species are provided and its potential for expansion to other regions of South America is discussed.

Se documenta por primera vez a Zelus renardii Kolenati en la Argentina a partir de especímenes colectados en el norte de la Patagonia en el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén. Se detallan las características que permiten reconocer a la especie y se señala su potencialidad de expansión hacia otras regiones de Sudamérica.

Cotton crops are affected by numerous plagues, which mostly have biological controllers that regulate the balance. Although in Peru there are native cotton varieties that produce colored fibers, we don’t know their main plagues and biological controllers. Therefore, this was taken as research objective. Biological samples were obtained from the demonstration plot located in La Merced-Laredo countryside, while the identification was carried out in the Laboratory of Entomology at the National University of Trujillo. The plagues were: Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Heliothis virescens, Pectinophora gossypiella, Dysdercus peruvianus, Tetranychus sp., Phenacoccus gossypii and Ceroplastes floridensis. While the main beneficial insects were: Aphidius sp., Zelus nugax, Harmonia axyridis, Chrysoperla externa, Condylostylus sp., Lissonota sp., Ceraeochrysa cincta, Cheilomes sexmaculata, Metacanthus tenellus and Neda ostrina. It is concluded that the native cotton of green fiber has a rich insect fauna of plagues and biological pest controllers.

El cultivo de algodón se ve afectado por un gran número de plagas, muchas de las cuales presentan eficientes controladores que regulan el equilibrio biológico. A pesar de que en Perú existen variedades nativas de algodón que producen fibras de color, se desconocen las principales plagas y controladores de este cultivo. Por ello, se decidió tomarlo como objetivo de investigación. Las muestras biológicas procedieron de una parcela demostrativa, localizada en la campiña La Merced-Laredo, mientras que la identificación se realizó en el Laboratorio de Entomología de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Los principales insectos plaga identificados fueron: Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Heliothis virescens, Pectinophora gossypiella, Dysdercus peruvianus, Tetranychus sp., Phenacoccus gossypii y Ceroplastes floridensis. Mientras que los principales controladores biológicos identificados fueron: Aphidius sp., Zelus nugax, Harmonia axyridis, Chrysoperla externa, Condylostylus sp., Lissonota sp., Ceraeochrysa cincta, Cheilomes sexmaculata, Metacanthus tenellus y Neda ostrina. Se concluye que el "algodón nativo" de fibra verde posee una rica entomofauna de plagas y de controladores biológicos.

Determine biological target, identify natural enemies, and establish appropriate periods of controlling a pest gracillariid tare. The biological aspects and natural enemies in field and laboratory were evaluated, appropriate control periods was determined by host-pest interaction. The results, egg lasts 7.8 days and measured 0.34x0.21 mm; presents four instars larvae and lasts 35.7 days, ranging from measures between 1st and the 4th instar from 0.09 to 0.65 mm diameter brain; the pupa lasts 14.3 days and measured 6.7mmx1.1mm; adult takes 7.5 days and measured 13.43 mm wingspan. Presents natural enemies, family Encyrtidae, Ichneumonidae, and genres Chelonus sp., Chrysoperla sp., Hemerobius sp., Cicloneda sp., Hippodamia sp., and Zelus spp. The best times control occur when the phenology of the tara is between R3.1 to R3.3 and R4 to R6

Se tuvo por objetivo determinar aspectos biológicos, identificar enemigos naturales, y establecer periodos oportunos de control de un gracillariido plaga de tara. Los aspectos biológicos y los enemigos naturales se evaluaron en campo y en laboratorio, los periodos oportunos de control se determinó por interacción hospedero-plaga. Los resultados, el huevo dura 7,8 días y mide 0,34x0,21mm; la larva presenta 4 instares y dura 35,7 días, variando de medidas entre 1o y 4o instar de 0,09 a 0,65 mm de diámetro de encéfalo; la pupa dura 14,3 días y mide 6,7mmx1,1mm; el adulto dura 7,5 días y mide 13,43 mm de expansión alar. Presenta enemigos naturales, familias Encyrtidae, Ichneumonidae, y géneros Chelonus sp., Chrysoperla sp., Hemerobius sp., Cicloneda sp., Hipodamia sp., y Zelus spp. Las mejores épocas de control ocurren cuando la fenología de la tara está entre R3.1 a R4 y R3.3 a R6

Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), un árbol símbolo de el Cerrado, tiene una amplia distribución y puede alcanzar los 10 m de altura y 6 m de ancho de copa. El objetivo fue estudiar la distribución de insectos chupadores (Hemiptera) y sus enemigos naturales en la copa de C. brasiliense en El Cerrado brasileño. La agrupación de las especies encontrada en la copa de los árboles de C. brasiliense mostró 1 y 3 especies raras, 9 y 7 especies comunes y 1 y 4 especies constantes para los insectos chupadores y sus enemigos naturales, respectivamente. La diversidad, el número de individuos y la riqueza de especies de Hemiptera y sus enemigos naturales fueron similares en todas las ramas del árbol huésped, según el muestreo en los puntos cardinales. Los depredadores Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) y Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) fueron más abundante en la ramas orientadas hacia el este y el norte, respectivamente. Crematogaster sp. fue dominante en los árboles de C. brasiliense con predominio de Dikrella caryocar n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) y Pseudoccocus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Los depredadores Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) y Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fueron mayores y disminuyeron el número de D. caryocar n. sp. y Aphis gossypii (Aphididae), respectivamente. El incremento de insectos chupadores aumentó la presencia de los enemigos naturales y la distribución diferencial de éstos influyó negativamente en los insectos chupadores. Se concluye que la velocidad y dirección de los vientos pueden afectar la distribución de insectos chupadores en la copa de los árboles de C. brasiliense, encontrándose las poblaciones más numerosas en la zona que no es afectada por el viento.

Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), a tree characteristic of e Cerrado, is widely distributed and can reach a height of 10 meters with a six-meter-wide canopy. The objective of this study was to study the distribution of sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their natural enemies in the canopies of C. brasiliense trees in the Brazilian Cerrado. One rare, nine common, and one constant species of sucking insects and three rare, seven common, and four constant species of natural enemies were observed on C. brasiliense trees. The diversity, number of individuals, and species of Hemiptera and their natural enemies were similar in all four cardinal directions of branches of host trees. Abundance of the natural predators Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was highest on leaves of the east and north sides of the C. brasiliense trees, respectively. A large number of Crematogaster sp. was observed on C. brasiliense, with a predominance of Dikrella caryocar n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Pseudoccocus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) also being observed. The predators Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) showed the highest numbers, while the number of D. caryocar n. sp. and Aphis gossypii (Aphididae) decreased, respectively, in comparison to the control. An increase in the number of sucking insects also increased the number of their natural enemies, and this differential distribution negatively influenced sucking insects. The speed and direction of wind may have affected the distribution of sucking insects on different sides of C. brasiliense trees, as higher populations were found on the sides without prevailing winds.