Abstract The Monastery of St. Benedict was founded in 1590 and has a very rich historical record comprising both artifacts and written records. Anatomical study of the wood of artifacts allows the species used in each to be identified. It also reveals issues related to patterns of choice and preference of the artists. Many artifacts at the Monastery of St. Benedict were made with wood from the species Dalbergia nigra (Leguminosae), popularly known as jacarandá-da-bahia (Brazilian rosewood). Research was carried out with 36 collected samples of wooden artifacts and seven specimens analyzed in loco, reported in documents as D. nigra and dated from the 17th to the 21st centuries. Macroscopic anatomical analyses of the wood were carried out following standard methods. The results indicated that 65% of the wood samples were of D. nigra. Other woods used in furniture belonged to Cedrela sp., Tachigali sp., Paratecoma peroba, Ocotea sp. and Nectandra sp. The analyzed furniture and integrated goods from the 17th and 20th centuries were mostly made with jacarandá-da-bahia, while those of the 21st century were made with Cedrela sp., corroborating a preference for D. nigra in making ecclesiastical furniture between the 17th and 20th centuries. St 159 records identified artists Leguminosae, Leguminosae , (Leguminosae) jacarandádabahia jacarandá da bahia Brazilian rosewood. rosewood . rosewood) 3 loco D th st methods 65 sp peroba jacarandádabahia, bahia, 15 (Leguminosae 6 1

Resumo O Mosteiro de São Bento foi fundado em 1590, desde a sua fundação conta com um registro histórico composto por artefatos e publicações. Estudar peças em madeira, através da sua anatomia, nos permite saber as espécies empregadas, além dos padrões de escolhas e preferências dos artistas. Muitas peças do Mosteiro de São Bento em seus registros referem Dalbergia nigra como a madeira utilizada em sua confecção. Muitos artefatos do Mosteiro de São Bento foram confeccionados com madeira da espécie Dalbergia nigra (Leguminosae), conhecida popularmente como jacarandá-da-bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em 36 amostras coletadas de artefatos de madeira e sete exemplares analisados in loco, relatados em documentos como D. nigra e datados do século XVII ao século XXI. As análises anatômicas macroscópicas da madeira foram realizadas seguindo os métodos usuais. Os resultados indicaram que 65% das amostras de madeira eram de D. nigra. Outras madeiras identificadas foram Cedrela sp., Tachigali sp., Paratecoma peroba, Ocotea sp. and Nectandra sp. O mobiliário e bens integrados dos séculos XVII e XX foram confeccionados em sua maioria com jacarandá-da-bahia, enquanto os do século XXI utilizaram outras madeiras. Nossos resultados corroboram outras publicações, que referem D. nigra como a principal escolha para a confecção de mobiliários eclesiásticos nos séculos XVII e XX. 1590 publicações anatomia empregadas artistas Leguminosae, Leguminosae , (Leguminosae) jacarandádabahia. jacarandádabahia jacarandá bahia. bahia jacarandá-da-bahia 3 loco D usuais 65 sp peroba jacarandádabahia, bahia, 159 (Leguminosae 6 15 1

Resumo A abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida foi realizada para um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional produzido na divisão Mardan da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão durante 2018-19. Os dados primários sobre entradas e saídas foram coletados por meio de pesquisas por questionário de 100 fabricantes de conjuntos de móveis de madeira convencionais, 50 no distrito de Mardan e 50 no distrito de Swabi. No presente estudo, a abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida do berço ao portão foi aplicada para uma unidade funcional de um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional. Os dados da média ponderada da produção foram modelados no software de modelagem de impactos ambientais, isto é, SimaPro v.8.5. Os resultados mostraram que os têxteis usados no conjunto de sofás, o preservativo de madeira para polir e prevenir o ataque de insetos e a gasolina usada no gerador tiveram a maior contribuição em todas as categorias de impacto ambiental avaliadas. A demanda total acumulada de energia para o conjunto de móveis de madeira fabricado foi de 30.005 MJ, com a maior parte da energia adquirida de recursos de combustíveis fósseis não renováveis.

Abstract Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.

Resumen La manufactura del mueble de madera en Misantla utiliza procesos artesanales largos, técnicamente no estructurados, con alta generación de desperdicio de madera y gran rotación entre sus artesanos. Esta investigación describe la forma de organización y operación de las carpinterías y talleres de ese sector. Se estudiaron las interrelaciones de los actores económicos proveedor-organización-cliente, incluidos los procesos internos y externos, así como los factores productivos que caracterizan su cadena de suministro. El estudio, realizado en 2021, tuvo un enfoque mixto, alcance exploratorio y diseño transversal. Se contactaron a dueños o encargados de 86 carpinterías y 101 talleres de muebles de madera a los que se les realizó una encuesta semiestructurada. Los hallazgos describen una industria familiar con tecnología adaptada y construida por el mismo carpintero, nulo acceso a tecnologías asistidas por computadora, y esquemas de comercialización para una economía local y regional que propicia entregas tardías e incumplimiento al cliente. Este contexto de industria familiar exige estructuras de organización administrativa formal, programas de capacitación, y esquemas de integración industrial que permitan acceder a tecnología y financiamiento. Resulta importante la organización como un solo sector de artesanos, un plan de reforestación y manejo sustentable de extracción, mejoramiento del suministro de materias primas y materiales, así como definir estrategias de comercialización, y plantear procesos automatizados para ensamble e integración vertical para conformar clústeres de cadena de valor. Futuras investigaciones podrían utilizar un muestreo aleatorio, ampliar el tamaño de muestra, reducir la longitud de la encuesta e incluir a mueblerías de otras regiones.

Abstract Wooden furniture manufacturing in Misantla uses long, technically unstructured artisan processes, high generation of wood waste and high turnover among its handicraftsmen. This paper describes the organization and operation of their carpentry shops and workshops. The relationships between their economic agents, the supplier-organization-final customers, including the internal and external processes as well as their productive factors that make up their supply chain were studied. This research, accomplished in 2021, was a mixed, exploratory and transactional study. 86 carpentry shops and 101 workshops were interviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied. Findings state a family wood furniture industry, with a technology designed by the carpenters, no access to technology supported by computers or the marketing strategies for a local and regional scope that favors delayed deliveries and client complaints. This family industry context requires formal administrative organization structures, training programs, and industrial integration schemes that allow access to technology and financing. It is important to organize as a single handicraft sector, a plan for reforestation and sustainable extraction management, an improvement in the supply of raw materials and materials, as well as defining marketing strategies, proposing automated processes for assembly and vertical integration to form clusters of value chain. Future research could use random sampling, enlarge the sample size, reduce the length of the survey, and include furniture stores from other regions.

SÍNTESE O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as principais madeiras preferidas para a produção de móveis nas províncias de Pinar del Río e Artemisa. O método utilizado para medir as preferências dos especialistas foi o chamado Processo de Análise Hierárquica por meio de uma pesquisa com 350 indivíduos relacionados ao consumo de artigos de madeira. Os resultados obtidos permitiram definir que as madeiras mais preferidas para a produção de móveis são Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Cedrela odorata L., Cordia gerascanthus (L.) Moldenke, Hibiscus elatus L. e Tectona grandis Sw. A aplicação da análise hierárquica do processo de seleção das espécies mostra que a espécie mais aceita é Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. com uma taxa de aceitação de 100%. Os respondentes também afirmam que os atributos associados aos aspectos de qualidade têm um grande impacto na preferência do produto em relação aos designs quando os móveis são feitos de madeira maciça. Com base no projeto de manejo florestal das empresas agroflorestais Costa Sur (Artemisa), Pinar del Río e Macurije (Pinar del Río), foi definido que Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, Eucalyptus saligna, Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea e Acacia mangium, têm potencial para serem utilizados na indústria moveleira devido ao seu volume e permanência no patrimônio florestal das empresas estudadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the main preferred woods for the furniture manufacture in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Artemisa. The method used to measure the preferences of the specialists was the so-called Hierarchical Analysis Process through the application of a survey to 350 individuals related to the consumption of wooden articles. The results obtained allowed us to define that the most preferred woods for the production of furniture are Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Cedrela odorata L., Cordia gerascanthus (L.) Moldenke, Hibiscus elatus L. y Tectona grandis Sw. From the application of the hierarchical analysis of the species selection process, it is stated that the most accepted species is Swietenia mahagoni, presenting an acceptance range of 100 %. Respondents also state that the attributes associated with quality aspects have a great impact on the preference of the product over the designs, when the furniture is made of solid wood. Based on the forest management project of the Costa Sur (Artemisa), Pinar del Río and Macurije (Pinar del Rio) agroforestry companies, it was defined that Pinus caribaea var caribaea, Eucalyptus saligna, Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea y Acacia mangium have the potential to be used in the furniture industry based on their volumes and permanence in the forest heritage of the companies studied.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las principales maderas preferidas para la elaboración de muebles en las provincias de Pinar del Río y Artemisa. El método utilizado para medir las preferencias de los especialistas fue el denominado Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 350 individuos relacionados con el consumo de artículos de madera. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron definir que las maderas de mayor preferencia para la producción de muebles son Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Cedrela odorata L., Cordia gerascanthus (L.) Moldenke, Hibiscus elatus L. y Tectona grandis Sw. A partir de la aplicación del análisis jerárquico del proceso de selección de las especies se expone que la especie de mayor aceptación es Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., al presentar un rango de aceptación del 100 %. Los encuestados también exponen que los atributos asociados a los aspectos de calidad tienen un gran impacto en la preferencia del producto sobre los diseños, cuando el mueble está hecho de madera sólida. A partir del proyecto de ordenación forestal de las Empresas agroforestales Costa Sur (Artemisa), Pinar del Río y Macurije (Pinar del Río), se definió que Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, Eucalyptus saligna, Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea y Acacia mangium, cuentan con potencialidades para ser utilizadas en la industria del mueble a partir de sus volúmenes y permanencia en el patrimonio forestal de las empresas estudiadas.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de este estudio es examinar las preferencias de consumo en la compra de mobiliario de madera que incorpore elementos medioambientales en el caribe colombiano. La transformación de muebles de madera contribuyó al crecimiento de la industria manufacturera colombiana en 26,1% para el año 2021, sin embargo, no se aprovecha el 100% de este recurso natural, generando residuos que contaminan el ambiente. La metodología fue cuantitativa y se aplica un instrumento validado a 384 individuos de población económicamente activa. Los datos fueron tratados mediante paquete estadístico SPSS y análisis categórico. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría los encuestados prefieren productos basados en una combinación de madera tradicional y recuperada, tapizados con materiales naturales y uso de pinturas y rellenos ecológicos. Se concluye que esta preferencia de atributos es fundamental para el desarrollo de productos diferenciadores y ecológicos, con alto valor agregado para consumidores, la sociedad y empresas.

Abstract: The primary aim of this study is to assess consumer preferences in the Colombian Caribbean when purchasing furniture made with wood that is environmentally friendly. Reclaimed wood used in furniture contributed to the growth of the Colombian manufacturing industry by 26.1% in the year 2021. However, not 100% of this natural resource is used, generating waste that pollutes the environment. A quantitative analysis is performed and a validated instrument is applied to survey 384 economically active individuals. Data is processed by using SPSS statistics and by performing categorical analyses. The results show that the majority of respondents prefer products based on a combination of traditional and reclaimed wood, upholstered with natural materials, and with ecological paints and fillers. It is concluded that these preferences are fundamental to developing distinctive and environmentally-friendly products with high added value for consumers, society, and industry.

Abstract Introduction / objective: The dynamic and competitive environment requires companies to create value by means of innovation, therefore, the objective of the research was to explore whether the innovator’s skills of observation (IOS), questioning (IQS), experimentation (IES), networking (INS) affect marketing innovation (MI) through the innovator’s skill at connecting ideas (ISCI) in wooden furniture manufacturing companies in Puno-Peru. Methodology: The study corresponds to the quantitative approach with explanatory scope and non-experimental-transectional design. The sample consisted of 73 owners or managers of furniture manufacturing companies in the Province of Puno-Peru, who were given a questionnaire with 34 items. Results: The results of the structural model show that the variance of the ISCI is due to the positive effects of the IES and the INS. In addition, the model significantly explains the variance of MI. Conclusions: The model explains and predicts the variance of both the ISCI and MI. On the other hand, the IES and the INS are the ones that directly and significantly affect the ISCI, and this in turn likewise affects the MI of the furniture manufacturing companies in the Province of Puno, Peru.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: el entorno dinámico y competitivo exige a las empresas crear valor mediante la innovación, por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue explorar si las competencias del innovador de observación (CIO), cuestionamiento (CIC), experimentación (CIE), creación de redes (CICR) afectan a la innovación en marketing (IM) por medio de la competencia del innovador de conexión de ideas (CICI) en las empresas manufactureras de muebles de madera en Puno (Perú). Metodología: el estudio corresponde al enfoque cuantitativo con alcance explicativo y diseño no experimental-transeccional. La muestra fue de 73 dueños o gerentes de las empresas manufactureras de muebles de la provincia de Puno (Perú), a quienes se suministró un cuestionario con 34 ítems. Resultados: los resultados del modelo estructural reflejan que la varianza de la CICI se debe a los efectos positivos de las CIE y CICR. Además, el modelo explica de manera significativa la varianza de IM. Conclusiones: el modelo explica y predice la varianza tanto de la CICI como de la IM. Por otro lado, las CIE y CICR son los que afectan de forma directa y significa en las CICI, y está a la vez afecta de la misma forma en la IM de las empresas manufactureras de muebles en la Provincia de Puno, Perú.

Abstract: Weight-strength optimization of wooden household chairs was performed based on the member section size in this study. Member section sizes of the Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) chairs were optimized and resulting re-manufactured optimized chairs were tested under the cyclic “front to back”, “back to front” and “backrest” loads according to American Library Association (ALA) specification. Finite element method (FEM) and MATLAB nonlinear programming were utilized for the optimization. Firstly, the internal forces and moments acting on each member were analyzed by FEM in order to obtain the maximum critical stresses in each type of member; then, optimized cross-sectional sizes of the members were determined by Gradient Descent method, and all constraints were treated with Logarithmic Barrier Functioning. As a result, the minimum section sizes of members were determined, and cyclic performance tests were performed to determine whether the optimized chairs were strong enough to carry the acceptable loads. According to the results, member section size of both beech and pine chairs could be significantly reduced. The reduction was 32 % in the total weight and volume for beech chairs while 16 % for pine chairs without sacrificing the performance required for domestic usage by ALA. In conclusion, the method used is suitable for the optimization of furniture frames, making it lighter and reducing the material costs.

Abstract: Tests were carried out to investigate the cyclic loading performance of chairs constructed of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). Totally, 30 real size chairs were constructed and assembled with polyvinyl acetate adhesive. Chairs were tested under 3 cyclic loading directions; namely, front to back, back to front, and backrest according to American Library Association (ALA) specifications, and obtained loading performances of chairs were crosschecked with allowable design load levels. Additionally, specimens were analyzed as structures by using the finite element method in order to obtain axial, shear, and bending stresses acting on each member under loadings and compare these values with design stresses. As a result, it was concluded that finite element method analyses achieve reasonable estimates for strength performances and failure behaviors of chairs. Depending on allowable design loads by American Library Association; chairs constructed of beech could meet the medium service for front to back and back to front loading, while heavy service for backrest loading. In the case of pine chairs; they could meet the medium service for front to back and back to front loading, while light service for backrest loading.

Abstract: This study investigated the bending moment resistance of T-type, two-pin dowel joints connected with Scotch pine dowel (Pinus slyvestris), beech dowel (Fagus orientalis), chestnut dowel (Castanea sativa) and oak dowel (Quercus petraea) and reinforced with basalt and glass woven fabric. The tests was carried out to determine the bending moment resistance of dowel joints. As a result of bending test, it was determined that one layer and two surfaces the reinforce with fiber woven fabrics increases the mechanical performance of furniture fasteners according to obtained data from tests conducted on the T-type, two pin dowel joints. The test samples prepared from the oak wooden give the higher moment values than the beech wooden. This study showed that the joining with the oak dowel was 13 % higher than the beech dowel, 32 % the chestnut dowel, and 43 % higher than the Scotch pine dowel (for the bending moment resistance), respectively. According to the bending moment resistance of the samples reinforced by fiber woven fabrics. The highest bending moment resistance value was obtained in the test specimens of reinforced with the basalt woven fabric, the lowest bending moment resistance value was obtained in the test specimens not reinforced (Control). In general, it was determined that the wood species by 3 %, wooden dowel species by 43 %, and fiber woven fabric types by 72 % have been effects on the results of the bending tests.

ABSTRACT Background: Wooden materials have been among the basic materials used in many different areas due to some advantages throughout the history. Roadside barriers, which are called passive safety structures, can be produced with different materials such as wood, steel, concrete, and plastic. In this study, Renewable Hybrid Barriers (RHB), a new type of barrier that is used wood in terms of aesthetics, renewability, high shock resistance, and used sand in terms of impact absorption capacity and low cost, produced by taking into account some of the disadvantages of other barrier types. These barriers are planned to be used especially in historical/touristic areas, scenic roads, and in urban areas as urban furniture. Real-time crash tests in accordance with EN 1317 (Road Restraint Systems) standard require high cost and long time. Therefore, the pendulum crash test mechanism frequently used in the literature was manufactured at which the experiments were carried out. Results: The results revealed that the RHBs which has 2 cm thick timber and sand used together, were sufficient and suitable in terms of both cost and necessary safety criteria. It was observed that impregnation and heat treatment applications did not have a considerable negative effect on the performance of RHBs which provide an opportunity to use RHBs for outdoor conditions.. Conclusion: In the light of the results of the study, the optimum wood timber thickness was determined as 2 cm regarding TB 31 test criteria. It is proposed that the crash tests for different wood species, timber thickness, and/or barrier dimensions should carry out in future studies. This study can serve as the basis for the next step, real-time real crash tests. Since the study includes an interdisciplinary subject, it is thought that it will inspire different studies.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a capacidade das indústrias moveleiras da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em atender aos requisitos das certificações de cadeia de custódia do Forest Council Stewardship (FSC). Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de questionários contendo informações sobre a certificação florestal (administração participativa, capacitação dos funcionários, documentação legal da empresa, fornecedores certificados, rastreabilidade da matéria-prima e relatório de movimentação de certificação). Os questionários foram preenchidos durante visitas às empresas, respondidos pelo responsável do setor de projeto e produção. Os requisitos “disposição de licenças e outros documentos legais”, “disponibilidade de um responsável pelo processo de certificação de cadeia de custódia” e “capacitação de funcionários”, que necessitam de custos e que exigem procedimentos burocráticos para cumprimento, foram os que mais interferiram para que as empresas não obtivessem o certificado de cadeia de custódia. O requisito-chave “rastreabilidade da matéria-prima” não apresentou complexidade de cumprimento, visto que todas as indústrias afirmaram ter capacidade em atendê-lo. Em relação à norma de certificação de cadeia de custódia, a maioria das indústrias moveleiras da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro consegue cumprir os requisitos exigidos.

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the ability of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan furniture industries to meet the requirements of Forest Council Stewardship chain of custody certifications (FSC). Data were collected through the application of questionnaires containing information on forest certification (participatory management, employee training, company legal documentation, certified suppliers, raw material traceability and certification movement report). The questionnaires were completed during visits to the companies, answered by the head of the design and production sector. The requirements “provision of licenses” and “other legal documents”, “availability of chain of custody certification process officer” and “staff training”, which require costs and require bureaucratic compliance procedures, were the ones that influenced the companies not to obtain the chain of custody certificate. The key requirement “raw material traceability” did not present compliance complexity, as all industries claimed to be able to meet it. In the chain of custody certification standard, most furniture industries in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region can meet the required requirements.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) in catfish meat (Siluriforme spp); E. coli was at low levels in the meat of the three species evaluated (black prochilodus [Prochilodus nigricans], silver mylossoma [Mylossoma duriventre] and catfish); Staphylococcus aureus was present at low levels, but above the MPL in catfish, and Salmonella sp, Vibrio cholerae and V. parahemolyticus were absent. In facilities, furniture and hands of the fihermen was found E. coli and high counts of coliforms. The results show an artisanal management with poor biosecurity in the fishing marketing chain and a moderate microbiological contamination, both in facilities, in fishermen and in fish.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar sanitariamente la cadena de comercialización pesquera e identificar los puntos de contaminación microbiológica desde el desembarque hasta la venta, en el puerto de Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. La pesca artesanal finaliza con el desembarque de botes de madera con motor. Los pescados son lavados en el agua del río, así como el material plástico y tinas dentro de los 150 m de la ribera. Los pescados son trasladados cubiertos con hielo picado, capas de plástico y cascarilla de arroz. Las instalaciones para la venta son de madera. No hay programas de desinfección ni sanitización del área y los residuos sólidos son eliminados en un sector aledaño. La indumentaria de trabajo no es utilizada por los manipuladores del pescado, pero lo usan algunos comercializadores primarios. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos de las muestras de agua estaban dentro de los rangos normales, pero se detectó la presencia de coliformes, E. coli y Pseudomona sp en niveles elevados. En los pescados, los mesófilos estuvieron por encima al Límite Máximo permisible (LMP) en carne de bagre (Siluriforme spp); E. coli estuvo en bajos niveles en la carne de las tres especies evaluadas (boquichico [Prochilodus nigricans], palometa [Mylossoma duriventre] y bagre); Staphylococcus aureus estuvo presente en niveles bajos, pero por encima del LMP en bagres; Salmonella sp, Vibrio cholerae y V. parahemolyticus estuvieron ausentes. En instalaciones, mobiliarios y manos de los manipuladores se encontró E. coli y recuentos elevados de coliformes. Los resultados muestran un manejo artesanal con una bioseguridad deficiente en la cadena de comercialización pesquera y una contaminación microbiológica moderada, tanto en instalaciones y manipuladores como en los pescados.

RESUMO O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a cultura material escolar nas escolas radiofônicas de Bragança e a constituição das permanências e inovações pedagógicas, no período de 1960 - 1970. Metodologicamente, utilizamos a abordagem da Nova História Cultural como análise sobre o uso dos materiais escolares e as representações de educação dos sujeitos sobre esses materiais no cotidiano das salas de aula. Foram identificados três tipos de escolas: uma que funcionava na casa da monitora; outra em um barracão de palha; e a última em uma escola municipal. A cultura material escolar, nesta instituição escolar, está constituída pelos seguintes materiais: materiais de escrita (giz e lápis com borracha); materiais de suporte de escrita (quadro negro, cartaz, cadernos e folhas de papel sem pauta); mobílias (mesas de madeiras toscas e bancos retangulares de madeiras); materiais de leitura (pequenos textos e relatórios); materiais de iluminação (lamparinas de pressão, lampiões e aladins); indumentárias dos alunos (roupas de chita artesanal e algodão); materiais de proteção (palhas de Inajás e Babaçu); material de comunicação e ensino (intitulado como rádio cativo). Esses materiais permitiram identificar as permanências e inovações pedagógicas. Concluiu-se que os materiais escolares produziram representações críticas, emancipatórias e evangelizadoras cuja finalidade era alfabetizar os jovens e adultos das escolas radiofônicas de Bragança, Estado do Pará.

ABSTRACT The present article aims to analyse the school material culture in radiophonic schools of Bragança and the creation of permanencies and pedagogical innovations in the period from 1960 to 1970. We used the New Cultural History approach as the method to analyse the use of school materials and the education representations of subjects on these materials in the daily life of classrooms. Three types of schools were identified: (i) a school that operated in the house of the monitor; (ii) another in a straw shed; and (iii) one that operated on a municipal school. The school material culture, in this school institution, consists of the following materials: writing materials (chalk and pencil with eraser); materials of writing support (blackboard, poster, notebooks, and blank sheets of paper); furniture (rough wooden tables and rectangular wooden benches); reading materials (short texts and reports); lighting materials (lamps, pressure lamps, and aladins); costumes of the students (handmade chita and cotton clothing); protection materials (Inajá and Babassu thatches); material of communication and teaching (known as captive radio). These materials made it possible to identify the permanencies and pedagogical innovations. We concluded that the school materials produced critical, emancipatory, and evangelizing representations whose purpose was to alphabetize the youth and adults of the radiophonic schools in Bragança, State of Pará.

Resumen Este artículo está dividido en cinco capítulos, a saber: primero, el estado del arte correspondiente al avance del departamento en relación con el objetivo establecido en el documento CONPES 3527 (2008), que se centra en la promoción de sectores de clase mundial; Segundo, revisión teórica del tema de World Class Manufacturing, basada en los 16 principios propuestos por Schonberger (1996) y de otros expertos en la materia; En tercer lugar, un marco metodológico en el que se diseñó y administró un cuestionario que incluía los 16 principios antes mencionados para conocer los desarrollos de las microempresas del sector de Puntalarga- Boyacá en el uso de herramientas que hagan de estas industrias " Empresas de clase; Cuarto, discusión y análisis de los resultados de la investigación; Y quinto, conclusiones. En la fase metodológica se utilizó una encuesta como técnica y se utilizó un cuestionario a escala Likert como herramienta administrada a los propietarios de las 16 empresas incluidas en este estudio. Las conclusiones muestran que hay defectos en la producción y que se requieren nuevas estrategias para promover el trabajo de estas empresas.

Abstract This article is divided into five chapters, namely: first, the state of the art corresponding to the progress of the department in relation to the objective set in the CONPES 3527 document (2008), which is focused on promoting world class sectors; second, the theoretical review of the subject of World Class Manufacturing, based on the 16 principles proposed by Schonberger (1996) and from other experts in the subject; third, the methodological framework, in which a questionnaire that included the 16 principles mentioned above was designed and administered in order to know the developments of the micro-enterprises of the sector of Puntalarga- Boyacá in the use of tools that make these industries into "world-class" companies; fourth, discussion and analysis of research results; and fifth, conclusions. In the methodological phase a survey was used as a technique and a Likert scale questionnaire was used as a tool administered to owners of the 16 companies included in this study. The conclusions show that there are flaws in the production and that new strategies to promote the work of these companies are required.

RESUMO Objetivou-se realizar o balanceamento da linha de produção e análise do layout do setor de costura em uma indústria moveleira. Utilizando o software Arena, foi construído um modelo de simulação que representasse o sistema real constituído de um layout celular com 3 grupos de 5 costureiras, as quais produziam 57 diferentes tipos de produtos, divididos em três famílias, em uma jornada de trabalho diária de 625 minutos nos meses de fevereiro a agosto e de 725 minutos nos meses de setembro a janeiro. O modelo foi validado quantitativamente junto aos gestores da indústria estudada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram um erro menor de 1% na quantidade diária de peças produzidas com 99% de confiança estatística. Assim, foram construídos 3 cenários relacionados à organização do ambiente de trabalho e ao balanceamento da linha de produção, os quais foram: i) layout linear, sendo que o balanceamento realizado permitiu a divisão de 5 costureiras para as famílias 1 e 2 e três costureiras para a família 3; ii) estudo do layout por processos, de forma que o melhor balanceamento constituiu-se de dois grupos com sete costureiras; iii)similar ao cenário 2, com seis costureiras no grupo 1 e sete costureiras no grupo 2. Concluiu-se que o cenário alternativo 2 modificado é mais vantajoso para a organização, visto que apresenta maior produtividade em comparação a todos os outros cenários e ao sistema real, logo a empresa pode aumentar sua capacidade de produção apenas modificando o layout e organizando o ambiente de trabalho.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to balance the production line and analyze the layout of the sewing sector in a furniture industry. Using the Arena software, a simulation model was constructed that represented the real system consisting of a cellular layout with 3 groups of 5 seamstresses, who produced 57 different types of products divided into three families, in a daily working day of 625 minutes in the months of February to August and 725 minutes in the months of September to January. The model was quantitatively validated among the managers of the studied industry. The obtained results allowed conclusions with an error of less than 1% in the daily quantity of pieces produced with 99% statistical confidence. Therefore, three scenarios related to the organization of the work environment and the balancing of the production line were constructed, and those include: i) linear layout, and the balancing allowed the division of five seamstresses for families 1 and 2, and three seamstresses for family 3; ii) study of the layout by processes, so that the best balance was constituted of two groups with seven seamstresses; iii) similar to scenario 2 but with six seamstresses in group 1 and seven seamstresses in group 2. It was verified that the modified, alternative scenario 2 is more advantageous for the organization, since it presents greater productivity compared to all other scenarios and to the real system, so the company can increase its production capacity by simply modifying the layout and organizing the work environment.