Abstract The concept of Good Living plays a crucial role in relation to the community and becomes an opportunity to improve the quality of life. This article systematizes the entrepreneurship experience with peasant women from the rural area of Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, as a contribution to human flourishing. This research followed the guidelines of the Alforja Network, which proposes a systematization framed within dialectical, systemic, and holistic approaches to popular education. The results are presented in three phases: characterization of the families, the environment, and the entrepreneurship production; interdisciplinary accompaniment and sustainability through the structuring of networks and alliances. The experience reflects the ability of women for the Good Living of themselves and their families, collective organization, and innovation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the role of the State in strengthening local development through the production chain, preserving its rural identity in the context of equitable processes.

Resumen El concepto del Buen Vivir desempeña un papel crucial en la relación con la comunidad y se convierte en una oportunidad para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este artículo sistematiza la experiencia de emprendimiento con mujeres campesinas del área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, como una contribución al florecimiento humano. Esta investigación siguió los lineamientos de la Red Alforja, la cual propone una sistematización enmarcada en enfoques dialécticos, sistémicos y holísticos de la educación popular. Los resultados son presentados en tres fases: caracterización de las familias, el entorno y la producción del emprendimiento; acompañamiento interdisciplinario y sustentabilidad a través de la estructuración de redes y alianzas. La experiencia refleja la capacidad de las mujeres para el Buen Vivir de ellas y sus familias, la organización colectiva y la innovación. Además, resalta la importancia del rol del Estado en el fortalecimiento del desarrollo local mediante la cadena de producción, preservando su identidad rural en el contexto de procesos equitativos.

Resumen O conceito do Bom Viver desempenha um papel crucial na relação com a comunidade e converte-se em uma oportunidade para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este artigo sistematiza a experiência de emprendimento com mulheres campesinas da área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colômbia, como uma contribuindo ao florecimento humano. Esta investigação continuou os linhamentos da Red Alforja, a qual propõe uma sistematização enmarcada em enfoques dialéticos, sistêmicos e holísticos da educação popular. Os resultados são apresentados em três fases: caracterização das famílias, o entorno e a produção do emprendimento; acompanhamento interdisciplinário e sustentabilidade através da estructuração de redes e alianças. A experiência reflete a capacidade das mulheres para o Bom Viver delas e suas famílias, a organização coletiva e a inovação. Além disso, ressalta a importância do role do Estado no fortalecimento do desenvolvimento local mediante a cadeia de produção, preservando sua identidade rural no contexto de processos equitativos.

Abstract The role of women is particularly relevant for the economic and social development in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of eleven women entrepreneurs living in rural areas in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco, with the hope of promoting the entrepreneurship in these regions. For this purpose, two case studies were carried out using different qualitative techniques for data collection: documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The socio-demographic profile, the family situation, the level of education, the strategies for reconciling family and work, the characteristics of the production and/or business, the needs they had as women entrepreneurs, and the skills they had for such work, were the main variables analyzed by a data triangulation. The results show that, despite their poor educational level and low involvement in the labor market, rural women in Southern Jalisco acquired entrepreneurial abilities through observation and family experience. However, they lack other factors necessary to engage in the labor market. They themselves gave the keys to fostering rural women’s entrepreneurship in the community.

Resumen El papel de la mujer es especialmente relevante para el desarrollo económico y social del medio rural. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la situación de las mujeres emprendedoras de dos comunidades rurales de la zona sur del estado de Jalisco con la esperanza de fomentar el emprendimiento en el medio rural. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios de caso a través del uso de diferentes técnicas de naturaleza cualitativa para la recogida de los datos: análisis documental, entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. Mediante la triangulación de los datos obtenidos, las variables analizadas fueron principalmente el perfil sociodemográfico, la situación familiar, el nivel educativo, las estrategias de conciliación familiar y laboral, las características de la producción y/o empresa, las necesidades que tenían como mujeres emprendedoras y las habilidades que presentaban para tal labor. Los datos obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su bajo nivel educativo y su baja participación en el mercado laboral, las mujeres rurales del sur de Jalisco presentan habilidades emprendedoras adquiridas a través de la observación y la experiencia familiar, pero carecen de otros factores necesarios para emprender. Ellas mismas dieron las claves para fomentar el emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales de la comunidad.

Abstract This research analyzes the relationship between the economic and social dimensions that converge in the empowerment. The sample consist of sixteen businessmen and businesswomen owners of a MSMEs, of eight Mexican states, based on Gender and Development (GAD) theory. The context of the analysis is the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved semi-structured interviews, which were processed with Atlas Ti. The research applied an axial coding, linking the empowerment with the economic and social dimensions. It shows that the main motivation in the economic dimension of business owners is economic autonomy and the management of their time. At the beginning of the entrepreneurship, the main challenges were fear and lack of resources. Nowadays, the hardships they face are the pandemic effects, the payment of taxes, and insecurity. In the social dimension, business owners agree that family is a fundamental aspect of their life. The research concludes that social dimension divergence occurs in gender disparities like care of children and household activities done almost exclusively by women, which impacts their business activity (economic dimension). It is recommended to strengthen public policies focused on GAD and its multidimensional link to empowerment.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre las dimensiones económicas y sociales que convergen en el empoderamiento, de una muestra de dieciséis empresarias y empresarios propietarios de una mipyme, pertenecientes a ocho entidades federativas de México, con base en la teoría del género en el desarrollo (GED). El contexto de estudio se ubica en los retos derivados de la crisis económica producida por la pandemia de COVID-19. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, analizándose mediante Atlas Ti. Se aplicó la codificación axial, para relacionar la categoría de empoderamiento con las dimensiones económicas y sociales. Los hallazgos demostraron que en la dimensión económica la principal motivación de las y los empresarios es la autonomía económica y el manejo del tiempo propio. Los principales retos al iniciar fueron el miedo y la falta de recursos. Actualmente, los desafíos que afrontan son los efectos de la pandemia, el pago de impuestos y la inseguridad. En la dimensión social, concuerdan que la familia es un pilar fundamental. Se concluye que la divergencia de la dimensión social se presenta en las disparidades de género, en el cuidado casi exclusivo de los hijos y las actividades del hogar por parte de las mujeres, lo cual impacta en su actividad empresarial (dimensión económica). Se recomienda fortalecer la implementación de políticas públicas desde el GED y su vínculo multidimensional en el empoderamiento.

Abstract For centuries, there has been gender inequality in Mexico, particularly in indigenous communities, where women depend economically on men. We report forms of participation and expectations of the founding members and later joiners of a women’s cooperative formed by splitting off from a social and solidarity economy entrepreneurship of male and female members. We analyze the case of the Junpajal O'tanil cooperative integrated by 96 Tseltal women, comparing differences in the perception of the founding members and those who joined later. Our hypothesis is that entrepreneurship exclusively formed by women, where they actively participate in decision-making, is a field that allows their empowerment and leadership, as well as the balance between caretaking tasks and income-related activities. During a field visit, we gathered information on the last five years from the splitting process to date. We find the women's cooperative makes the elements mentioned in the hypothesis possible. We identified that the decision to split off is related to the need to participate in strategic decision-making. We conclude that in this case, a women-only space can lower inhibiting factors for female empowerment and leadership, leading later to substantive inclusion and equality. This quasi-experimental research contributes to the empowerment of women from similar contexts, as well as to set grounds of participation for their full integration later. We contribute to filling a gap in studies on gender equality in the context of entrepreneurship in indigenous communities.

Resumen Durante siglos ha habido desigualdad de género en México, particularmente en comunidades indígenas, donde existe dependencia económica de las mujeres. Reportamos las formas de participación y expectativas de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior en una cooperativa de mujeres formada por escisión de un emprendimiento mixto de economía social y solidaria. Analizamos el caso de Junpajal O’tanil, integrada por 96 mujeres tseltales, comparando diferencias en la percepción de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior. Como hipótesis planteamos que este emprendimiento exclusivo de mujeres, donde participan activamente en la toma de decisiones, es un espacio que permite su empoderamiento y liderazgo, así como el equilibrio entre los trabajos de cuidado y las actividades generadoras de ingresos. Realizamos una visita de campo para obtener información de los cinco años desde el proceso de escisión hasta la fecha. Encontramos que la cooperativa de mujeres posibilita los elementos planteados en la hipótesis. Identificamos que la decisión de escisión está relacionada con la necesidad de participar en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Concluimos que, en este caso, un espacio exclusivo de mujeres reduce los factores inhibidores del empoderamiento y liderazgo femeninos y puede ir llevando a la inclusión e igualdad sustantivas. Esta investigación cuasiexperimental puede contribuir al empoderamiento de mujeres de contextos similares, abriendo caminos de participación para su plena integración posterior. Contribuimos a llenar un vacío en cuanto a estudios sobre la igualdad de género en el contexto de los emprendimientos en comunidades indígenas.

Resumo Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever o contexto do empreendedor do estudante universitário no ambiente de aprendizagem durante a pandemia provocada pelo COVID-19, além de conhecer os padrões de pensamento empreendedor e as suas expectativas. Um questionário foi aplicado em 662 estudantes de uma aula de empreendimento ao nível de estudos de graduação. Os estudantes estavam no último ano dos seus estudos em várias disciplinas. O questionário foi feito com base em a filosofia educativa do Work Integrated Learning (WIL), mostrando uma análise geral em função do gênero, focando-se principalmente em mulheres. Mostrou-se o contexto atual da educação e ensino virtual, as tendências da orientação de empreendimentos, e o empreendimento individual. Os primeiros resultados mostraram que a experiência laboral previa e o fato de tomar riscos são essenciais para começar um empreendimento, com o temor dos riscos sendo o obstáculo maior nas mulheres. Os pontos fundamentais destacados para um empreendimento exitoso são a liderança, a persistência, a responsabilidade e o fato de dispor com a tecnologia necessária para seu desenvolvimento. JEL: I21 Análise da educação.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el contexto emprendedor del estudiante universitario en un ambiente de aprendizaje dentro de la pandemia provocada por el COVID-19, así como conocer los patrones de pensamiento emprendedor y sus expectativas. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 662 estudiantes de una clase de emprendimiento que se imparte en pregrado. Los estudiantes se encuentran estudiando el último año y son de distintas disciplinas. El cuestionario está basado en la filosofía educativa del Work-Integrated Learning (WIL), y muestra un análisis general por género, enfocado principalmente en mujeres. Se muestra el contexto actual sobre educación y enseñanza virtual, las tendencias sobre la orientación emprendedora, así como el emprendimiento individual. Los primeros resultados encontrados fueron que la experiencia laboral previa, tal como el tomar riesgos, es primordial para empezar a emprender, siendo este último en las mujeres el mayor obstáculo. Se destacan, además, como aspectos fundamentales para un emprendimiento exitoso, el liderazgo, la persistencia, la responsabilidad y el contar con tecnología para su desarrollo. JEL: I21 Análisis de la educación.

Abstract This study has as its objective to describe the context of entrepreneurship in university students in a learning environment within the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as learning the patterns of entrepreneur thought and its corresponding expectations. A survey was applied on 662 students in an entrepreneurship class at the undergraduate level. The students were on their last year of studies and belonged to various fields of education. The survey was made based on the Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) education philosophy, showing a general analysis by gender, mainly focusing on women. It includes the current context on education and virtual teaching, trends on entrepreneurial guidance, as well as individual entrepreneurs-hip. The first results obtained revealed that previous work experience, as well as taking risks, are essential to start an entrepreneurial activity, with fear to risk being the greater obstacle for women. Some noteworthy aspects for a successful entrepreneurial activity include leadership skills, persistence, responsibility and holding the necessary technology for its progress. JEL: I21 Education analysis.

RESUMEN Este artículo evalúa el impacto de un proyecto de capacitación, la Aceleradora de Negocios para Emprendimientos Artesanales Liderados por Mujeres, impulsado por la Universidad Tecnológica Empresarial de Guayaquil con apoyo de la Embajada de Francia en Ecuador. El estudio se enfoca en cómo las mentorías y el acompañamiento en habilidades empresariales y de marketing influyen en la creatividad, el empoderamiento económico y el éxito en la comercialización de bienes no perecederos en emprendimientos femeninos. Utilizando un enfoque metodológico mixto, se evaluó la percepción de 50 participantes a través de encuestas y focus groups. Los talleres, impartidos online, abarcaron temas como emprendimiento artesanal femenino, liderazgo, empoderamiento y marketing digital. Los resultados mostraron una mejora en conocimientos y habilidades, destacando el empoderamiento en la definición de precios y uso efectivo de redes sociales. Las participantes también reflejaron un fortalecimiento en liderazgo y autoconfianza. El estudio sugiere la efectividad de estos talleres y resalta la importancia de integrar aspectos técnicos y sociales en el emprendimiento femenino.

ABSTRACT This article evaluates the impact of a training project, the Business Accelerator for Women-Led Artisanal Enterprises, driven Universidad Tecnológica Empresarial de Guayaquil with support from the French Embassy in Ecuador. The study focuses on how mentorship and support in business and marketing skills influence creativity, economic empowerment, and success in the commercialization of non-perishable goods in women's enterprises. Using a mixed-methodological approach, the perception of 50 participants was assessed through surveys and focus groups. The workshops, conducted online, covered topics such as women's artisanal entrepreneurship, leadership, empowerment, and digital marketing. The results showed a improvement in knowledge and skills, highlighting empowerment in pricing definition and effective use of social networks. The participants also reflected a strengthening in leadership and self-confidence. The study suggests the effectiveness of these workshops and highlights the importance of integrating technical and social aspects in women's entrepreneurship.

RESUMEN El espíritu empresarial femenino (EEFEM) se ha presentado durante mucho tiempo como impulsado principalmente por la necesidad que abarca los procesos sociales de género que empujan a las mujeres a aventurarse como un medio para encontrar la independencia, la seguridad en sí mismas, el alivio financiero o un estilo de vida más equilibrado. La investigación existente también identificó diferencias en las motivaciones y barreras para el autoempleo femenino en países en desarrollo frente a países desarrollados. Por lo tanto, el artículo propone un marco integrador que combina el arraigo mixto y la teoría institucional para analizar el proceso empresarial de las mujeres inmigrantes, adoptando una lente multiteórica para profundizar la comprensión de las prácticas empresariales de las mujeres en el extranjero, abordando las inconsistencias del arraigo de Granovetter. EEFEM (EEFEM independencia mismas equilibrado desarrollados tanto inmigrantes extranjero Granovetter

ABSTRACT Female entrepreneurship (FENT) has long been presented as primarily driven by necessity, encompassing gendered social processes that push women into venturing to find independence, self-assurance, financial relief, or a more balanced lifestyle. Extant research also identified differences in motivations and barriers to female self-employment in developing versus developed countries. Thus, the article proposes an integrative framework combining Mixed Embeddedness and Institutional Theory to analyze immigrant women’s entrepreneurial process, adopting a multi-theoretical lens to deepen the understanding of women’s entrepreneurial practices, addressing Granovetter’s embeddedness’ inconsistencies. FENT (FENT necessity independence selfassurance, selfassurance self assurance, assurance self-assurance relief lifestyle selfemployment employment countries Thus womens s process multitheoretical multi theoretical practices Granovetters Granovetter embeddedness inconsistencies

RESUMO O empreendedorismo feminino (EFEM) vem sendo apresentado como impulsionado principalmente pela necessidade, abrangendo processos sociais de gênero que levam as mulheres a empreender como meio de encontrar independência, autoconfiança, alívio financeiro ou um estilo de vida mais equilibrado. Pesquisas existentes também identificaram diferenças nas motivações e barreiras ao autoemprego feminino em países em desenvolvimento versus países desenvolvidos. Assim, o artigo propõe um quadro integrador combinando a Imersão Mista e a Teoria Institucional para analisar o processo empreendedor das mulheres imigrantes, adotando uma lente multiteórica para aprofundar a compreensão das práticas empreendedoras das mulheres no exterior e sanar as inconsistências da imersão de Granovetter. EFEM (EFEM necessidade independência autoconfiança equilibrado desenvolvidos Assim imigrantes Granovetter

ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the challenges of female entrepreneurs who started their ventures driven mainly by the need for survival and how they overcome their challenges. In seeking this, it appropriates the literature on motivations, challenges, and drivers of female entrepreneurship to support the reflections. Method: This was a qualitative strategy. Seven women entrepreneurs who started ventures driven mainly by necessity in Brazil participated in this study. Results: Besides need for survival, other motivations influence business creation, including opportunities. The main challenges are reconciling work and family, access to resources, and a lack of human capital. The main driving factors are public and private entrepreneurial support programs and direct social relationships. Conclusion: The contributions are threefold. First, for the literature on entrepreneurial drivers, it expands the understanding of the factors that positively impact female entrepreneurship. Second, it contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial motivations, broadening the current understanding of pull and push factors. Finally, by identifying new entrepreneurial challenges, this study extends the possibilities of understanding the female entrepreneurial phenomena in other developing contexts besides Brazil. Objective reflections Method strategy Results creation opportunities family resources capital relationships Conclusion threefold First Second Finally

Resumo Objetivo: Este texto é um ensaio que discute o conceito de empreendedorismo feminino a partir da ressignificação posta pela ideia de relações de gênero, em que estas são consideradas como relações assimétricas de poder, abarcando a violência como o resultado desta condição. Nosso argumento se constrói particularmente pela perspectiva de três autores: no pensamento da historiadora Joan Scott, do filósofo Michel Foucault e da filósofa Hannah Arendt. Tese: Suas propostas teóricas nos permitem reconstruir as visões sobre a mulher enquanto uma construção histórica baseada nas relações de poder e controle, e pelo exercício da violência como principal mecanismo de dominação do patriarcado sobre o feminino. Relevância/Originalidade: É assim que argumentamos que o Empreendedorismo Feminino se manifesta em um contexto de violência, já que expressa as diferentes formas de violência contra a mulher enquanto evento socialmente constituído, destacando-se o fato de que, na cultura do capitalismo, empreender é uma atividade de poder e, justamente por isso, costuma ser negada à presença feminina. Contribuição social/gerencial: Em adição, a violência é uma reação à mulher empreendedora e funciona como um recurso não legítimo utilizado pelo agressor para manter o status quo do patriarcado, baseado em uma visão assimétrica de poder e de submissão da mulher ao homem. Por conseguinte, a violência se amplia quanto mais as mulheres se equiparam aos homens nos espaços de poder, sofrendo maior ataque a partir de diferentes formas de violência. Classificação JEL: L26, B54, J71 Objetivo gênero condição autores Scott Arendt Tese controle Relevância/Originalidade RelevânciaOriginalidade Relevância Originalidade constituído destacandose destacando capitalismo isso feminina social/gerencial socialgerencial social gerencial adição homem conseguinte JEL L26 L B54 B J J7 L2 B5

Abstract Objective: to understand the emotional resilience from the entrepreneurship education perspective and from the experience of arts entrepreneurship education. Methodology/approach: Qualitative, inductive and narrative methods. Use of different sources of information (documents, direct observation, videos and semi-structured interviews) and narrative analysis. Main results: Conceptual elaboration of four emotionally challenging educational contexts and five educational practices for the development of emotional resilience. Theoretical/methodological contributions: We propose new reflections on the contexts and practices in the context of entrepreneurial education, as well as specific reflections on the field of entrepreneurial education in the arts, thus stimulating a more current, sophisticated and comprehensive entrepreneurial education, in which the ability to be emotionally resilient becomes a priority. Relevance/originality: Despite the importance of emotional resilience for entrepreneurship, the topic was underestimated by research on entrepreneurial education. Social contributions: By stimulating the conceptual refinement of entrepreneurial education based on the concept of emotional resilience, we contribute to the advancement of research on entrepreneurship, to the practice of artistic entrepreneurship and to the development of the creative economy. JEL classification: L26, B54, J71 Objective Methodology/approach Methodologyapproach Methodology approach Qualitative methods documents, documents (documents observation semistructured semi structured interviews analysis results Theoreticalmethodological Theoretical methodological contributions current priority Relevance/originality Relevanceoriginality Relevance originality economy classification L26 L B54 B J J7 L2 B5

ABSTRACT The study aimed to compare entrepreneurial self-efficacy and psychological well-being as well as the relationships between these constructs in Brazilian and Argentinean female entrepreneurs. A total of 404 women participated in a survey during a development program at two universities located on the border. The results point to several similarities, which can promote rapprochement and development, and differences, which, if not managed assertively, can lead to conflicts. The results demonstrate associations between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and psychological well-being, thereby expanding the entrepreneurship literature. This study develops the understanding of motivation in entrepreneurial cognition, redefines entrepreneurial success, boaden the scope of women’s entrepreneurial role in this border region, and identifies elements to promote cooperation between female entrepreneurs in both countries. From a managerial point of view, the research shows the need for managers to be aware of cultural differences in everyday actions and negotiations within these territories. selfefficacy self efficacy wellbeing being 40 similarities assertively conflicts wellbeing, being, literature cognition success womens s region countries view territories 4

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os níveis de autoeficácia empreendedora e bem-estar psicológico e as relações entre ambos os construtos em empreendedoras brasileiras e argentinas. No total, participaram de um estudo survey 404 mulheres durante um programa de desenvolvimento de duas universidades fronteiriças. Os resultados apontam diversas semelhanças, que podem promover aproximação e desenvolvimento, e também diferenças, que se não forem geridas de forma assertiva podem gerar conflitos. As evidências demonstram associações entre autoeficácia empreendedora e bem-estar psicológico que ampliam a literatura de empreendedorismo. A contribuição desenvolve o entendimento da motivação na cognição empreendedora, ressignifica o sucesso empreendedor, expande os limites do papel empreendedor da mulher nessa região fronteiriça e, ainda, identifica elementos para promover a cooperação entre as empreendedoras nos dois países. Do ponto de vista gerencial, a pesquisa mostra aos dirigentes a necessidade de ter presentes as diferenças culturais no cotidiano das ações e negociações nesses territórios. bemestar bem estar argentinas total 40 fronteiriças semelhanças conflitos empreendedorismo ainda países gerencial territórios 4

RESUMEN El estudio se propuso comparar los niveles de autoeficacia empresarial y bienestar psicológico y las relaciones entre ambos constructos en emprendedoras brasileñas y argentinas. En total, 404 mujeres participaron en una encuesta durante un programa de desarrollo en dos universidades fronterizas. Los resultados apuntan similitudes que pueden promover el acercamiento y desarrollo, y también diferencias, que, si no fueran gestionadas asertivamente, podrían generar conflictos. La evidencia demuestra asociaciones entre la autoeficacia empresarial y el bienestar psicológico que amplían la literatura sobre emprendimiento. La contribución desarrolla la comprensión de la motivación en la cognición emprendedora, ofrece un nuevo significado al éxito empresarial, amplía los límites del rol emprendedor de las mujeres en esta región fronteriza e identifica elementos para promover la cooperación entre ambos países. Desde el punto de vista empresarial, la investigación muestra la necesidad de que los directivos sean conscientes de las diferencias culturales en las acciones y negociaciones cotidianas en estos territorios. argentinas total 40 fronterizas asertivamente conflictos emprendimiento emprendedora países territorios 4

PURPOSE: There is a need to better understand the impact of different contexts depending on their economic and social development on women's entrepreneurial experience, that is how belonging to certain cultures may affect women entrepreneurs' experiences differently. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using interviews, this research explores the narratives of 35 women entrepreneurs in Nigeria (sub-Saharan Africa) in a context of scarcity and where the burden of care and support falls on women. It is important to understand how entrepreneurs feel and think about the barriers and catalysts they have encountered and their identity in specific contexts. FINDINGS/RESULTS: In Nigeria, the discourse around women entrepreneurship revolves around personal characteristics that women should emphasise, such as self-confidence, self-efficacy and determination. Therefore, they build their identity in a communitarian and pluralistic way, which is not common in developed countries that are more individualistic. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: We cannot assume that a developed world perspective, however dominant, is well-equipped to explain entrepreneurship everywhere. In developing countries, women still must fight for their legitimacy as entrepreneurs, while in developed countries women show greater agency in trying to counteract the gendered construction of entrepreneurship. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The article follows calls in the literature, specifically that dealing with women's entrepreneurship, to contextualise the analysis, focus on developing countries and use a qualitative approach.

Resumen El empoderamiento femenino es uno de los objetivos para el desarrollo del milenio y el emprendimiento es una de las vías para lograrlo. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en realizar un diagnóstico acerca de la participación de la mujer en el trabajo remunerado en México, específicamente en el emprendimiento e identificar los retos y oportunidades para insertarse a la era digital. Para lo cual, se realizó una investigación documental recolectando datos de fuentes secundarias de información publicados por organismos internacionales, así como de artículos científicos. Los hallazgos más relevantes permiten conocer que las principales barreras que enfrentan las mujeres para emprender de manera formal son los costos, el financiamiento, la profesionalización, la brecha digital, la falta de confianza, el miedo al fracaso, la carga de trabajo no remunerado y la falta de modelos a seguir. Asimismo, se puede conocer que las oportunidades que tienen las pymes lideradas por mujeres consisten en las cadenas de valor y la era digital, a las que tienen que adherirse para no quedar rezagadas en el mercado. lograrlo México digital cual internacionales científicos costos financiamiento profesionalización confianza fracaso seguir Asimismo mercado

Abstract Female empowerment is one of the goals for the development of the millennium, entrepreneurship is one of the ways to achieve it. The objective of this research was to make a diagnosis about the participation of women in paid work in Mexico, specifically in entrepreneurship, and to identify the challenges and opportunities to enter the digital age. For which a documentary research was carried out collecting data from secondary sources of information published by international organizations, as well as scientific articles. The main findings allow us to know that the main barriers that women face to undertake formally are costs, financing, professionalization, the digital divide, lack of confidence, fear of failure, unpaid workload and lack of role models. Likewise, it can be known that the opportunities that SMEs led by women have consist of value chains and the digital age, to which they have to adhere so as not to be left behind in the market. millennium Mexico age organizations articles costs financing professionalization divide confidence failure models Likewise market

Resumen Introducción: el concepto de «trabajo decente» definido por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo se asume como el trabajo productivo de hombres y mujeres en condiciones de libertad, equidad, seguridad y dignidad humana, y se propone como uno de los objetivos prioritarios de la Agenda 2030 de desarrollo sustentable de las Naciones Unidas. Objetivo: identificar y analizar los elementos que involucra el trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres microempresarias que trabajan en el sector alimentos y bebidas artesanales naturales u orgánicas para contribuir a la discusión sobre las características del concepto de trabajo decente para las mujeres desde la sustentabilidad económica y laboral. Método: implicó un enfoque cualitativo de corte descriptivo con perspectiva de género y el concepto de cultura estructural como una perspectiva teórica, esto para analizar los elementos del trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres. El trabajo de campo involucró la participación de 5 mujeres microempresarias de un colectivo artesanal a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados: desde la percepción de las mujeres, los elementos sustanciales para un trabajo decente son: las convicciones, las preocupaciones e intereses de la mujer microempresaria y la conciliación trabajo-familia. Conclusiones: la ausencia de estos elementos en las estructuras laborales y sociales en que se desenvuelven las mujeres son un obstáculo si se pretende promover el crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenible, ya que la erradicación de la pobreza solo es posible mediante empleos estables, justos y bien remunerados. Adicionalmente, se identificó el emprendimiento como un proceso sostenible de empoderamiento para las mujeres que no encuentran espacio laboral que equilibre las convicciones, preocupaciones e intereses y la conciliación trabajo-familia.

Abstract Introduction: the concept of «decent work» defined by the International Labor Organization is assumed as the productive work of men and women in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity, and is proposed as one of the priority objectives of the Agenda 2030 sustainable development of the United Nations. Objective: to identify and analyze the elements that decent work involves from the perception of women microentrepreneurs who work in the natural or organic artisanal food and beverage sector to contribute to the discussion about the characteristics of the concept of decent work for women from sustainability economic and labor. Method: it involved a descriptive qualitative approach with a gender perspective and the concept of structural culture as a theoretical perspective, to analyze the elements of decent work from the perspective of women. The field work involved the participation of 5 women microentrepreneurs from an artisan collective who were given in-depth interviews. Results: from the perception of women, the essential elements for a decent job are the convictions, suspicions and interests of women microentrepreneurs, and the work-family balance. Conclusions: the absence of these elements in the labor and social structures in which women operate are an obstacle if the intention is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, since the eradication of poverty is only possible through stable, fair and well-functioning jobs. paid. Additionally, entrepreneurship was identified as a sustainable process of empowerment for women who do not find a work space that balances convictions, concerns and interests and work-family reconciliation.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers’ and their families’ food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen El emprendimiento ha adquirido una relevancia significativa en la economía de Ecuador en la actualidad, manifestándose de manera notable en el crecimiento empresarial de las mujeres en diversos sectores. Este fenómeno se percibe como una valiosa oportunidad para el desarrollo y el crecimiento de las mujeres como empresarias. Por tal razón, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la percepción de la población en relación con la iniciativa empresarial liderada por mujeres en Ecuador. Se examinó el estado actual de proyectos y emprendimientos liderados por mujeres, para identificar las dificultades que se enfrentan en este medio. El tipo de investigación fue descriptivo con diseño no experimental. En un primer momento se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, la cual sirvió para la búsqueda, recopilación y organización de la información relacionada con las variables de investigación. La recolección de información se aplicaron encuestas. Se evidenció una actitud mayormente favorable hacia el emprendimiento femenino, demostrándose un incremento en la aceptación y valoración de las habilidades y aportes de las mujeres en el ámbito empresarial. También se destacó un interés significativo en el respaldo gubernamental a las mujeres emprendedoras.

Abstract Entrepreneurship has acquired significant relevance in Ecuador's economy today, manifesting itself notably in the business growth of women in various sectors. This phenomenon is perceived as a valuable opportunity for the development and growth of women as entrepreneurs. For this reason, the objective of this research was to analyze the perception of the population in relation to entrepreneurship led by women in Ecuador. The current state of projects and ventures led by women was examined to identify the difficulties faced in this environment. The type of research was descriptive with a non-experimental design. Initially, a bibliographic review was carried out, which served to search, compile and organize information related to the research variables. Surveys were applied to collect information. A mostly favorable attitude towards female entrepreneurship was evident, demonstrating an increase in the acceptance and appreciation of the skills and contributions of women in the business field. Significant interest in government support for women entrepreneurs was also highlighted.