Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

Abstract The way residents occupy and operate houses influences the energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to findpatterns of occupant behaviour in actual data for thermal performance simulation.Data on occupancy of rooms and operation of doors and windows were obtained through a database created by means of application of questionnaires in low-income houses located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The reference profiles were obtained using cluster analysis, hierarchical and non-hierarchical techniques combined. Such profiles were submitted to computer simulations. The results showed significant variability within the clusters regarding the occupancy and operation of doors and windows. It was possible to verify the impact that different profiles have on the performance of the house, either due to occupancy or heat losses and gains from air changes through doors and windows. The combination of these effects resulted in some profiles that were highly vulnerable to external temperature conditions, while others were able to maintain the internal temperatures more constant. It was possible to verify that the use of reference profiles based on actual data lead to more reliable performance indicators. consumption simulationData simulation Data lowincome low income Florianópolis Brazil analysis nonhierarchical non combined simulations house conditions constant indicators

Resumo A forma como os moradores ocupam e operam as casas influencia o consumo de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho é encontrar padrões de comportamento dos moradores em dados reais para fins de simulação do desempenho térmico. Dados sobre ocupação de cômodos e funcionamento de portas e janelas foram obtidos por meio de um banco de dados criado por meio da aplicação de questionários em habitações de interesse social localizadas em Florianópolis. Os perfis de referência foram obtidos por meio de análise de agrupamento, com técnicas hierárquicas e não hierárquicas combinadas. Tais perfis foram submetidos a simulações computacionais. Os resultados mostraram variabilidade significativa entre os grupos quanto à ocupação e operação de portas e janelas. Foi possível verificar o impacto que diferentes perfis têm no desempenho da casa, seja pela ocupação ou pelas perdas de calor e ganhos com as trocas de ar através de portas e janelas. A combinação desses efeitos resultou em alguns perfis altamente vulneráveis às condições de temperatura externa, enquanto outros foram capazes de manter as temperaturas internas mais constantes. Foi possível verificar que a utilização de perfis de referência baseados em dados reais leva a indicadores de desempenho mais confiáveis. energia térmico Florianópolis agrupamento combinadas computacionais casa externa constantes confiáveis

Abstract Light wells in residential buildings represent a context that has received relatively little attention in daylighting analyses. This study aims to analyze the daylighting performance of a residential space with a window facing a light well, in order to contribute to the revision of NBR 15575:2013. The study conducted 1,152 daylighting analyses considering windows facing a light well, located on the first and fourth floors of a 4-story building. Clear and intermediate skies were considered in four Brazilian cities with different latitudes. Both the prescriptive method and point-in-time simulations were applied. The effectiveness of achieving daylit interior spaces through light wells strongly depends on the geometry of the light well and the external illuminance conditions of the city. Narrow light wells were found to be unsuitable for adequately daylighting the lower floor spaces. Furthermore, the prescriptive method was insufficient in representing daylighting originating solely from external wall interreflections. The study found that intermediate and superior performance levels, when achieved through point-in-time or spatial daylighting availability simulations, were never attained for the first-floor space. Therefore, the authors recommend that dense urban canyon situations and light wells be carefully considered in the revision of the standard. 155752013. 155752013 15575 2013. 2013 15575:2013 1152 1 152 1,15 4story story 4 building latitudes pointintime point time applied city Furthermore interreflections levels firstfloor Therefore standard 15575201 1557 201 15575:201 115 15 1,1 1557520 155 20 15575:20 11 1, 155752 2 15575:2 15575:

Resumo Poços de luz em edifícios residenciais representam um contexto com pouca atenção nas análises de iluminação natural. Esse estudo propõe analisar o desempenho de iluminação natural de um espaço residencial com janela voltada para poço de luz visando objetivo de contribuir com a revisão da NBR 15575:2013. O estudo realizou 1.152 análises de desempenho considerando a janela voltada para o poço de luz localizada no 1º e 4º pavimentos de uma edificação de quatro pavimentos. Foram considerados céu claros e intermediários em quatro cidades brasileiras com diferentes latitudes. O método prescritivo e simulação ponto-no-tempo foram aplicados. A solução de iluminação de espaços internos por meio de poços de luz depende fortemente de sua geometria e das condições de iluminância externa da cidade. Poços estreitos mostraram-se inaptos para levar luz suficiente para os ambientes inferiores. O método prescritivo não é capaz de representar adequadamente situações de iluminação natural oriunda exclusivamente de interreflexões de paredes externas. Os níveis intermediários e superiores de desempenho por simulação ponto-no-tempo ou por análises baseadas no clima não foram atendidos no 1º pavimento. Os autores recomendam que situações de cânions urbanos densos e poços de luz sejam cuidadosamente consideradas na análise da revisão da norma. 155752013. 155752013 15575 2013. 2013 15575:2013 1152 1 152 1.15 º latitudes pontonotempo ponto tempo aplicados cidade mostraramse mostraram se inferiores externas pavimento norma 15575201 1557 201 15575:201 115 15 1.1 1557520 155 20 15575:20 11 1. 155752 2 15575:2 15575:

ABSTRACT Women perceive transitions to peace as "windows of opportunity" to mobilize their perspectives and advance their interests in peace. In the case of Colombia, these windows are exceptional for highlighting actions taken in favor of peace amidst the conflict. However, gender also plays a role, as transitions bring possibilities while the context of violence and discrimination against women persists. The experiences of women in armed conflict and their involvement in peace processes are not universally shared. While women share common goals in promoting and safeguarding their rights, the strategies and methods employed to achieve these objectives vary depending on several factors, often favoring the participation of well-informed and connected groups. This article analyzes the windows of opportunity created by women within the peace process between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP (2012-2016), examining the functioning of transitional justice in Colombia.

RESUMEN Las mujeres ven en las transiciones hacia la paz unas "ventanas de oportunidad" para movilizar sus perspectivas e intereses sobre la paz. En el caso de Colombia, estas ventanas son extraordinarias para visibilizar las acciones en pro de la búsqueda de la paz durante el conflicto, sin embargo, estas también son afectadas por el género; las transiciones abren posibilidades, pero el contexto de violencia y discriminación que sufren las mujeres en lo cotidiano del conflicto no se suspende durante las transiciones. La experiencia de las mujeres en el conflicto armado y su participación en los procesos de paz no es universal. Las mujeres tienen puntos en común en las agendas que buscan garantizar y avanzar sus derechos, pero las estrategias y los medios empleados para alcanzar la incorporación e implementación de dichos objetivos depende de diversos factores que usualmente favorecen la participación de los colectivos mejor informados y conectados. El artículo ofrece un análisis de las ventanas de oportunidad construidas por las mujeres en el marco del proceso de paz entre el Gobierno de Colombia y las FARC-EP (2012-2016), a través de un análisis del funcionamiento de la justicia transicional en Colombia.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque la vena subclavia ofrece ventajas significativas sobre otros abordajes para el acceso venoso central guiado por ultrasonido, no se considera la primera opción en la población pediátrica, principalmente debido a su proximidad con la pleura y la arteria subclavia. Objetivo: Evaluar las características sonoanatómicas de la vena subclavia y sus estructuras adyacentes utilizando el abordaje supraclavicular en la población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal durante el periodo intraoperatorio, desde junio de 2021 hasta marzo de 2022. Participaron niños ASA I, II y III sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos no emergentes bajo anestesia general. Se realizaron las imágenes bajo anestesia general, utilizando un transductor lineal de alta frecuencia para identificar la vena subclavia y medir características anatómicas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 67 niños, con una mediana de 6 años (RIQ 2-12 años), predominando el sexo masculino (61 %). La mediana de peso fue de 22 kg (RIQ12,2-34 kg) y la de estatura fue de 115 cm (RIQ 88-142 cm). Las mediciones del vaso mostraron una distancia media de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm (DE: 0,18 cm) y una de la piel a la pleura de 1,31 cm (DE: 0,28 cm). El diámetro de la vena tuvo una mediana de 0,49 cm (RIQ 0,40-0,63 cm). El ángulo hipotético de aproximación al vaso presentó una media de 22,09 grados (DE: 4,37 grados), mientras que el ángulo de aproximación a la pleura fue de 39 grados (DE: 5,31 grados). No se documentó la visualización simultánea de la arteria y la vena en ninguna de las ventanas sonoanatómicas registradas. Las pruebas indicaron una diferencia promedio de 0,61 cm en la profundidad del vaso respecto a la pleura, y 16,91 grados menos en el ángulo de aproximación al vaso comparado con el ángulo pleural (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Mediante esta técnica, el abordaje supraclavicular para punción de la vena subclavia en niños es seguro y viable, con una distancia promedio de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm, minimizando el riesgo de punción pleural. Se requieren estudios adicionales para optimizar esta técnica en la población pediátrica.

Abstract Introduction: Although the subclavian vein offers significant advantages over other approaches for ultrasound-guided central venous access, it is not the first choice in the pediatric population, mainly due to its proximity to the pleura and the subclavian artery. Objective: To assess the sonoanatomical characteristics of the subclavian vein and adjacent structures using the supraclavicular approach in a pediatric population. Materials and methods: Observational, intraoperative, cross-sectional study, between June 2021 and March 2022. The population consisted of ASA I, II and III children taken to non-emergent surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Images were acquired with the patients under general anesthesia, using a high-frequency linear probe to identify the subclavian vein and measure the anatomical landmarks. Results: A total of 67 children were recruited; mean age was 6 years (IQR: 2-12 years), with male sex predominance (61%). Median weight was 22 kg (IQR: 12.2-34 Kg) and median height was 115 cm (IQR: 88-142 cm). Measurements in relation to the vessel showed a mean distance from the skin of 0.70 cm (SD: 0.18 cm), while mean distance from the skin to the pleura was 1.31 cm (SD: 0.28 cm). Mean vein diameter was 0.49 cm (IQR: 0.40-0.63 cm). The mean hypothetical approach angle to the vessel was 22.09 degrees (SD: 4.37 degrees), while the approach angle to the pleura was 39 degrees (SD: 5.31 degrees). No concurrent visualization of the vein and artery was documented in any of the recorded sonoanatomy windows. The tests pointed to an average difference of 0.61 cm in vessel depth in relation to the pleura, and the angle of approach to the vessel was 16.91 degrees smaller when compared with the angle of approach to the pleura (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using this technique, the supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein in children is safe and feasible, with an average skin-to-vessel distance of 0.70 cm, minimizing the risk of pleural puncture. Additional studies are required to optimize this technique in the pediatric population.

RESUMEN Introducción: la dirección de salud exige nuevas formas de actuación profesional en las instituciones de salud cubana que garanticen los cambios necesarios para su desarrollo sostenible. Objetivo: diseñar un curso que contribuya a mejorar el desempeño de los cuadros de la atención primaria de salud a partir del trabajo con sus reservas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, educativa, entre julio 2023 a diciembre 2023, que culminó con el diseño del curso de superación sobre dirección en salud para reservas de cuadro de la atención primaria. La población incluyó a las 96 reservas de cuadro pertenecientes a la Dirección General de Salud del municipio. Para la selección de la muestra se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional, finalmente resultó constituida por 34 reservas. La fiabilidad se obtuvo calculando el Alfa de Cronbach, en el Programa SPSS para Windows versión 28. Resultados: se identificaron las necesidades de aprendizaje de las reservas de cuadro sobre la base de las cuales se diseñó un curso compuesto por dieciséis temas, con un enfoque activo y participativo, a través de diferentes formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con énfasis en el uso del trabajo grupal. Se validó el curso por criterios de expertos. Conclusiones: las reservas de cuadro de la Atención Primaria de Salud presentan conocimientos insuficientes acerca de la dirección en salud proponiéndose un curso de posgrado que contribuya a mejorar el desempeño de los cuadros.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the health management demands new forms of professional action in Cuban health institutions that guarantee the changes necessary for their sustainable development. Objective: design a course that contributes to improving the performance of primary health care staff based on working with their reserves. Methods: an educational development research was conducted from July 2023 to December 2023, which culminated in the design of a training course on health management for primary care cadre reserves. The population included the 96 cadre reserves belonging to the General Directorate of Health of the municipality. For the selection of the sample, a non-probabilistic purposive sampling was carried out, and it finally consisted of 34 reserves. Reliability was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha in SPSS for Windows version 28. Results: the learning needs of the cadre reserves were identified on the basis of which a course composed of sixteen topics was designed, with an active and participatory approach, through different forms of teaching-learning, with emphasis on the use of work group. The course was validated by expert criteria. Conclusions: the reserves of Primary Health Care cadres have insufficient knowledge about health management and a postgraduate course is proposed to contribute to improve the performance of the cadres.

RESUMEN Introducción: la evaluación es la categoría reguladora del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje y uno de los aspectos más polémicos y de mayor interés en la práctica pedagógica. Objetivo: determinar la calidad de un instrumento de evaluación de la asignatura: Medicina General Integral en la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el marco de la educación médica, para determinar la calidad del examen de la asignatura Medicina General Integral en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Mariana Grajales Coello” de Holguín, en el curso 2023. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria (n = 48). El tipo de dificultad y coeficiente de discriminación del punto biserial se calcularon en el software de hoja de cálculo Excel para Windows XP. La confiabilidad de las preguntas y el examen se obtuvo al calcular el Alfa de Cronbach, en el Programa Epidat 4.1. Resultados: predominaron los ítems en las temáticas de prevención de salud; medicina natural tradicional y enfermedades transmisibles, existiendo falta de correspondencia entre estos y el fondo de tiempo según plan calendario. La mayoría de temáticas presentó tipo de dificultad fácil y el examen presentó dificultad medianamente fácil, en correspondencia con un predominio de preguntas con bajo poder discriminante y la pregunta número siete afectó la consistencia interna, que de manera general fue aceptable. Conclusiones: el examen no presentó una dificultad equilibrada, en correspondencia con una discriminación mayoritariamente pobre y la consistencia interna fue aceptable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: evaluation is the regulatory category of the teaching-learning process and one of the most controversial and interesting aspects in pedagogical practice. Objective: to determine the quality of an evaluation instrument for the subject: General Comprehensive Medicine in the Medicine course. Methods: a transversal descriptive study was carried out in the framework of medical education, to determine the quality of the examination of the subject Integral General Medicine in the School of Medical Sciences "Mariana Grajales Coello" of Holguin, in the 2023 course. A random sample was selected (n = 48). The type of difficulty and discrimination coefficient of the biserial point were calculated in the Excel spreadsheet software for Windows XP. The reliability of the questions and the exam was obtained by calculating Cronbach's Alpha in the Epidat 4.1 program. Results: the items on health prevention, traditional natural medicine and communicable diseases predominated, with a lack of correspondence between these and the time fund according to the calendar plan. Most of the topics presented easy difficulty and the exam presented medium-easy difficulty, in correspondence with a predominance of questions with low discriminating power and question number seven affected the internal consistency, which was generally acceptable. Conclusions: the exam did not present a balanced difficulty, in correspondence with a mostly poor discrimination and the internal consistency was acceptable.

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to expose a little developed aspect of the zero tolerance theory: in what sense the model proposed by the American authorities at the end of the 20th century constitutes an implicit recovery of classical anthropology, which places freedom, and therefore the possibility of attributing individual responsibilities, at the center of human action. To this end, the paper exposes the meaning of zero tolerance criminal policies, develops its starting point (the broken windows theory) and explains why it is considered a break in contemporary criminal doctrine, which tends in part to dilute individual responsibility through philosophical categories (such as post-structuralism) or empirical ones: applying notions from the social sciences to indicate that criminal responsibility is structural and responds to conditions external to the subject.

Resumen El objeto del trabajo es exponer un aspecto poco desarrollado de la teoría de la tolerancia cero: en qué sentido el modelo propuesto por las autoridades norteamericanas a fines del siglo XX constituye una recuperación implícita de la antropología clásica, que pone en el centro de la acción humana la libertad, y por lo tanto la posibilidad de atribuir responsabilidades individuales. Para ello, el trabajo expone el significado de las políticas penales de tolerancia cero, desarrolla el punto de partida de esta (la teoría de las ventanas rotas) y explica por qué se la considera una interrupción de la doctrina penal contemporánea, que tiende en parte a diluir la responsabilidad individual a través de categorías filosóficas (como el posestructuralismo) o empíricas: aplicando nociones provenientes de las ciencias sociales para indicar que la responsabilidad penal es estructural, y responde a condicionantes externos al sujeto.

RESUMEN Los jóvenes club de computación son lo más próximo en aprendizaje de tecnologías informáticas a los adultos mayores de 65 años en Cuba. Estas instituciones han prestado por años su servicio mediante cursos cortos y asesorías para el uso de los sistemas informáticos. Una problemática que afrontan es la adecuación de los métodos de aprendizaje según las personas que atienden algunas relacionadas con afecciones visuales y de concentración otras dificultades en salud general mismas que en su vida diaria dificultan para lograr conocimientos afines a la informática y en particular del Sistema operativo Windows. De esta manera se precisa contar con un diagnóstico apoyado en instrumentos de obtención de información personalizado. Una perspectiva, es contar con técnicas y herramientas propias de la metodología de la investigación para proponer instrumentos diagnósticos que puedan ser aplicados al adulto mayor y así obtener información fiable para el aprendizaje lo cual fue asumido como objetivo en el presente escrito. La metodología aplicada se sustenta precisamente en múltiples estudios desarrollados en la metodología de la investigación en cómo construir instrumentos de investigación. Finalmente se logran probar instrumentos diagnósticos y validarlos por los especialistas, destacando su validez para mejorar los procesos de aprendizajes del adulto mayor.

ABSTRACT The Young Computer Clubs are the closest thing to learning computer technologies for adults over 65 years of age in Cuba. These institutions have been providing their services for years by means of short courses and counseling for the use of computer systems. One of the problems they face is the adaptation of learning methods according to the people they serve, some of whom have visual and concentration disorders and other general health difficulties, which in their daily life make it difficult for them to achieve knowledge related to computers and in particular to the Windows operating system. In this way, it is necessary to have a diagnosis supported by instruments to obtain personalized information. One perspective is to have the techniques and tools of research methodology to propose diagnostic instruments that can be applied to the elderly and thus obtain reliable information for learning, which was assumed as an objective in this paper. The methodology applied is based precisely on multiple studies developed in research methodology on how to construct research instruments. Finally, diagnostic instruments are tested and validated by specialists, highlighting their validity to improve the learning processes of the elderly.

Abstract The objective of this research is to present a comparative analysis using various lengths of time windows (TW) during emotion recognition, employing machine learning techniques and the portable wireless sensing device EPOC+. In this study, entropy will be utilized as a feature to evaluate the performance of different classifier models across various TW lengths, based on a dataset of EEG signals extracted from individuals during emotional stimulation. Two types of analyses were conducted: between-subjects and within-subjects. Performance measures such as accuracy, area under the curve, and Cohen's Kappa coefficient were compared among five supervised classifier models: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Trees (DT). The results indicate that, in both analyses, all five models exhibit higher performance in TW ranging from 2 to 15 seconds, with the 10 seconds TW particularly standing out for between-subjects analysis and the 5-second TW for within-subjects; furthermore, TW exceeding 20 seconds are not recommended. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting TW in EEG signal analysis when studying emotions.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar un análisis comparativo empleando diversas longitudes de ventanas de tiempo (VT) durante el reconocimiento de emociones, utilizando técnicas de aprendizaje automático y el dispositivo de sensado inalámbrico portátil EPOC+. En este estudio, se utilizará la entropía como característica para evaluar el rendimiento de diferentes modelos clasificadores en diferentes longitudes de VT, basándose en un conjunto de datos de señales EEG extraídas de individuos durante la estimulación de emociones. Se llevaron a cabo dos tipos de análisis: entre sujetos e intra-sujetos. Se compararon las medidas de rendimiento, tales como la exactitud, el área bajo la curva y el coeficiente de Cohen's Kappa, de cinco modelos clasificadores supervisados: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF) y Decision Trees (DT). Los resultados indican que, en ambos análisis, los cinco modelos presentan un mayor rendimiento en VT de 2 a 15 segundos, destacándose especialmente la VT de 10 segundos para el análisis entre los sujetos y 5 segundos intrasujetos; además, no se recomienda utilizar VT superiores a 20 segundos. Estos hallazgos ofrecen una orientación valiosa para la elección de las VT en el análisis de señales EEG al estudiar las emociones.

Resumen: En un contexto de creciente globalización y digitalización, las ventanillas únicas para el comercio han adquirido un papel fundamental como herramienta para agilizar y facilitar las operaciones comerciales a nivel internacional. Este artículo científico se centra en el análisis de las tendencias más recientes en la implementación de las ventanillas únicas para el comercio, poniendo de relieve cuatro áreas de particular interés que están moldeando la actualidad de este campo. La primera tendencia se relaciona con la aplicación de una ventanilla única nacional en un país en vez de implementar distintas ventanillas únicas «limitados». La siguiente tendencia implica incluir diversos sectores de servicios en la ventanilla única nacional, desde los servicios regulatorios hasta los servicios privados, en la esfera de la logística y el transporte. La tercera tendencia se relaciona con la transformación de los sistemas nacionales en las plataformas globales de facilitación del comercio que permiten realizar el comercio sin interrupción, en comparación con la ventanilla única, las plataformas para el comercio ofrecen múltiples soluciones y capaces de abarcar un gran número de bienes, servicios y participantes del comercio internacional no sólo en un sector específico, sino abarcar toda la cadena de suministro. Estas tendencias representan una evolución constante en la búsqueda de simplificar y mejorar el comercio internacional, adaptándolo a las demandas cambiantes de la economía globalizada.

Abstract: In a context of increasing globalization and digitalization, single windows for trade have assumed a fundamental role as a tool to streamline and facilitate international business operations. This scientific article focuses on the analysis of the most recent trends in the implementation of single windows for trade, highlighting four areas of particular interest that are shaping the current landscape in this field. The first trend is related to the implementation of a national single window in a country instead of implementing various "limited" single windows. The following trend involves including various sectors of services in the national single window, from regulatory services to private services, in the logistics and transportation sphere. The third trend is related to the transformation of national systems into global trade facilitation platforms that allow uninterrupted trade. Compared to the single window, trade platforms offer multiple solutions and are capable of covering a wide range of goods, services, and international trade participants not only in a specific sector but across the entire supply chain. These trends represent an ongoing evolution in the pursuit of simplifying and enhancing international trade, adapting it to the changing demands of the globalized economy.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death and disability in the world. Its incidence and prevalence has increased over the last decade and accounts for a third of all deaths. Objective: Determine the association of LDL-C and degrees of cardiovascular risk in adults over 40 years of age in the Family Medicine Unit # 43 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Method: An investigation was carried out with a case-control design during 2023, using the 1:1 case-control ratio formula, (230 subjects) who met the selection criteria. Information collection was carried out through an Excel database, the contrast of variables was carried out with the X2 formula. Using the SPSS version 25 Windows program. Results: The female gender was the most frequent, the average age was 62 years, elevated total cholesterol presented 109 (94.8) patients with high cardiovascular risk, an MRI was calculated: 43,279, CI: 95 %, (17,347-107,980), LDL cholesterol presented 68 % (59.1) with cardiovascular risk and an MRI: 1.28, CI: 95 % (0.760-2.158), the evaluation of triglycerides with high figures presented 50.4 % (58), OR: 0.037, 95 % CI (0.013-0.106). Conclusions: The average age of the subjects was 62 years, the female sex predominated, with a greater proportion of married people, the level of schooling that predominated was high school, the catholic religion was more frequent and the subjects were from the urban area. Lipid variables such as total cholesterol and LDL-C presented statistical significance in relation to cardiovascular risk.

RESUMEN Fundamento: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en el mundo. Su incidencia y prevalencia ha aumentado durante la última década y representa un tercio de todas las muertes. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de LDL-C y grados de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos mayores de 40 años en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar # 43 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Método: Se realizó una investigación con un diseño de casos y controles durante el 2023, mediante la fórmula de relación caso-control 1:1, (230 sujetos) que reunieron los criterios de selección. La recolección de la información se realizó por medio de una base de datos en Excel, el contraste de variables se realizó con la fórmula de X2. Mediante el programa de SPSS versión 25 de Windows. Resultados: El género femenino fue el de mayor frecuencia, la media de edad fue de 62 años, el colesterol total elevado presentó 109 (94,8) pacientes con alto riesgo cardiovascular, se calculó una RM: 43.279, IC: 95 %, (17.347-107.980), el colesterol LDL presentó un 68 % (59,1) con riesgo cardiovascular y una RM: 1.28, IC: 95% (0.760-2.158), la evaluación de los triglicéridos con cifras elevadas presentó un 50,4 % (58), RM: 0.037, IC 95 % (0.013-0.106). Conclusiones: La edad media de los sujetos fue, 62 años, predominó el sexo femenino, con mayor proporción de casados, el nivel de escolaridad que prevaleció fue la preparatoria, la religión católica tuvo mayor frecuencia y los sujetos de la zona urbana. Las variables de lípidos como el colesterol total y LDL-C presentaron significancia estadística en relación a riesgo cardiovascular.

RESUMEN El Índice de Desarrollo Humano es una medida que resume los logros de un país en dimensiones clave del progreso humano. Se estima utilizando tres indicadores: esperanza de vida al nacer, promedio de años de escolaridad e ingreso nacional per cápita. El índice agregado se calcula utilizando su media geométrica para disminuir el nivel de sustituibilidad entre esas tres dimensiones. Sin embargo, el indicador de educación se estima promediando la media de los años de escolaridad recibidos por los adultos y los años de educación esperados para los niños que ingresan a la escuela. Esto puede distorsionar el índice agregado al hacer que los países con niveles de desarrollo comparables se clasifiquen separados entre sí debido a las diferentes expectativas de escolaridad. Para mejorar esa distorsión, proponemos estimar el indicador de educación utilizando ventanas de 20 años para construir una media geométrica ponderada que capture para los países sus avances reales en la escolarización dos décadas después.

ABSTRACT The Human Development Index is a summary measure of a country’s achievement in key dimensions of human progress. It is estimated using three indicators: Life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and national income per capita. The aggregate index is calculated using their geometric mean to decrease the level of substitutability among those three dimensions. However, the indicator of education is estimated by simply averaging the mean of years of schooling received by adults and the expected years of education for children entering school. This may distort the index by making countries with comparable levels of development to be ranked away from each other due to different schooling expectations. To ameliorate that distortion, we propose to estimate the indicator for education using 20-year windows to build a weighted geometric mean that captures countries’ factual advances in schooling two decades later.

Abstract The goal of this study is to review the overall prevalence, burden, and distribution of the dengue disease in Pakistan from 2000 to 2019. Literature was searched using different search engines like Google scholar, PubMed, etc. providing the keywords “Dengue disease/infection, Dengue virus, DENV, DF/DHF/ DSS Pakistan”. All the published research papers/reports on the dengue virus over the period 2000 to 2019 were studied and selected data were summarized using MS Excel for windows such as total cases, age wise, gender, DENV serotype distribution, total DHF, and DSS patients. The literature providing insufficient data was excluded. The total number of cases reported during 2000-19 were 201,269. The maximum number of cases during the mentioned literature survey period was reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (23.3%) followed by Punjab (3.8%) and Sindh (1.9%). The majority of dengue-infected cases were reported as Dengue fever (74.4%) followed by DHF (24.1%) and DSS (1.5%). Overall the deaths during the mentioned literature survey were 1082, of which the maximum mortalities were reported from KP (N=248) followed by Punjab (N=220). DENV remains a major public health problem in Pakistan and seems to remain endemic for a long time. The total prevalence of dengue infection is increased accordingly with time from 2000 to 2019. Moreover, all the four serotypes exist in Pakistan with increased mortalities. burden 200 scholar PubMed etc diseaseinfection disease/infection DFDHF DF DF/DHF Pakistan. . Pakistan” papersreports papers reports 201 wise gender patients excluded 200019 19 2000-1 201269 269 201,269 (KP 23.3% 233 23 3 (23.3% 3.8% 38 8 (3.8% 1.9%. 1.9% 1 9 (1.9%) dengueinfected infected 74.4% 744 74 4 (74.4% 24.1% 241 24 (24.1% 1.5%. 15 1.5% 5 (1.5%) 1082 N=248 N248 N 248 (N=248 N=220. N220 N=220 220 (N=220) Moreover 20 20001 2000- 20126 26 201,26 23.3 2 (23.3 3.8 (3.8 1.9 (1.9% 74.4 7 (74.4 24.1 (24.1 1.5 (1.5% 108 N=24 N24 (N=24 N22 N=22 22 (N=220 2012 201,2 23. (23. 3. (3. 1. (1.9 74. (74. 24. (24. (1.5 10 N=2 N2 (N=2 (N=22 201, (23 (3 (1. (74 (24 N= (N= (2 ( (1 (7 (N

Resumo A literatura foi examinada através de diferentes mecanismos de pesquisa, como Google Acadêmico, PubMed, etc., fornecendo as palavras-chave “Dengue disease/infection, Dengue virus, DENV, DF/DHF/ DSS Pakistan”. Todos os trabalhos/relatórios de pesquisa publicados sobre o vírus da dengue no período de 2000 a 2019 foram analisados e os dados selecionados foram coletados e resumidos usando o MS Excel para janelas como total de casos, idade, sexo, distribuição de sorotipos, total de DHF e pacientes com DSS. A literatura que forneceu dados insuficientes foi excluída. O número total de casos notificados de 2000 a 2019 foi de 201.269. O número máximo de casos durante o período de levantamento da literatura mencionado foi relatado em KP (23,3%), seguido por Punjab (3,8%) e Sindh (1,9%). A maioria dos casos de infecção por dengue foi relatada como Dengue (74,4%), seguida por FHD (24,1%) e DSS (1,5%). No geral, as mortes durante a pesquisa de literatura mencionada foram 1.082, das quais as morbidades máximas foram relatadas em KP (248), seguidas por Punjab, com um total de 220 mortes. O DENV continua sendo um grande problema de saúde pública no Paquistão e é considerado endêmico agora e provavelmente permanecerá por muito tempo. A prevalência total de infecção por dengue foi aumentada conforme a pesquisa de literatura publicada entre 2000 e 2019. A mortalidade por DENV também aumentou. Todos os 4 sorotipos, bem como em várias formas, existem no Paquistão. Acadêmico PubMed etc etc. palavraschave palavras chave diseaseinfection disease infection disease/infection virus DFDHF DF DF/DHF Pakistan. Pakistan . Pakistan” trabalhosrelatórios trabalhos relatórios 200 201 idade sexo sorotipos excluída 201269 269 201.269 23,3%, 233 23,3% , 23 3 (23,3%) 3,8% 38 8 (3,8% 1,9%. 19 1,9% 1 9 (1,9%) 74,4%, 744 74,4% 74 (74,4%) 24,1% 241 24 (24,1% 1,5%. 15 1,5% 5 (1,5%) geral 1082 082 1.082 248, 248 (248) 22 tempo aumentou formas 20 20126 26 201.26 23,3 2 (23,3% 3,8 (3,8 1,9 (1,9% 74,4 7 (74,4% 24,1 (24,1 1,5 (1,5% 108 08 1.08 (248 2012 201.2 23, (23,3 3, (3, 1, (1,9 74, (74,4 24, (24, (1,5 10 0 1.0 (24 201. (23, (3 (1, (74, 1. (2 (23 ( (1 (74 (7

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the association between magnetic resonance imaging apparent diffusion coefficient map value and histopathological differentiation in patients who underwent eye enucleation due to retinoblastomas. Methods: An observational chart review study of patients with retinoblastoma that had histopathology of the lesion and orbit magnetic resonance imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient analysis at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between November 2013 and November 2016 was performed. The histopathology was reviewed after enucleation. To analyze the difference in apparent diffusion coefficient values between the two major histopathological prognostic groups, Student’s t-test was used for the two groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 for Microsoft Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study without obtaining informed consent. Results: Thirteen children were evaluated, and only eight underwent eye enucleation and were included in the analysis. The others were treated with photocoagulation, embolization, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and were excluded due to the lack of histopathological results. When compared with histopathology, magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated 100% accuracy in retinoblastoma diagnosis. Optic nerve invasion detection on magnetic resonance imaging showed a 66.6% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Positive and negative predictive values were 66.6% and 80.0%, respectively, with an accuracy of 75%. In addition, the mean apparent diffusion coefficient of the eight eyes was 0.615 × 103 mm2/s. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient value of poorly or undifferentiated retinoblastoma and differentiated tumors were 0.520 × 103 mm2/s and 0.774 × 103 mm2/s, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that magnetic resonance imaging is useful in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma and detection of optic nerve infiltration, with a sensitivity of 66.6% and specificity of 80%. Our results also showed lower apparent diffusion coefficient values in poorly differentiated retinoblastomas with a mean of 0.520 × 103 mm2/s, whereas in well and moderately differentiated, the mean was 0.774 × 103 mm2/s. Purpose Methods 201 groups Students Student s ttest t test 190 19 0 19. SPSS, (SPSS Inc Inc. Chicago IL USA. USA . USA) consent Results evaluated photocoagulation embolization radiotherapy 100 666 66 6 66.6 800 80 80.0 respectively 75 75% addition 0615 615 0.61 10 mm2s mms mm2 mm 0520 520 0.52 0774 774 0.77 Conclusion infiltration 80% 20 1 66. 8 80. 7 061 61 0.6 052 52 0.5 077 77 0.7 2 06 0. 05 5 07