Resumo Este trabalho visa conscientizar sobre os danos causados pelos plásticos despejados no mar e fornecer informações sobre o manejo médico de espécimes de tartarugas verdes do Pacífico sob cuidados humanos, tendo em vista sua necessidade de cuidados. Apresenta-se o caso de uma fêmea adulta de Chelonia mydas resgatada na cidade de Constitución, 200 km a sudoeste do Centro de Reabilitação de Fauna Silvestre (CRFS) do Parque Safari. O espécime apresenta quadro de síndrome de emaranhamento com flutuação caudal, devido ao acúmulo de gases típico de íleo paralítico, ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta lacerações na asa do membro anterior esquerdo. Optou-se por realizar a via diagnóstica com exame clínico e métodos complementares como radiografias, ecografias e análises ao sangue, bem como um processo cirúrgico para acelerar a recuperação das feridas. Após três meses de processo de reabilitação, conclui-se a reinserção do espécime em Chascos Bay, comuna de Caldera, um total de 800 km ao norte do CRFS. Para a reabilitação deste espécime, foram percorridos cerca de 1000 km pelas rotas do Chile desde o seu resgate até a sua reinserção, com colaborações dos setores público e privado para a gestão do seu processo.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo concientizar sobre el daño que hacen los plásticos vertidos en el mar y proporcionar información acerca del manejo médico de ejemplares de tortugas verdes del pacifico bajo cuidado humano ante la necesidad de atención de los mismos. Se presenta un caso de un ejemplar hembra adulto de Chelonia mydas rescatado en la ciudad de Constitución a 200 Km al sur poniente del Centro de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre (CRFS) de Parque Safari. El ejemplar evidencia un cuadro de síndrome de embollamiento con flotación caudal, debido al acumulo de gases propio del íleo paralitico, a su vez presenta lesiones lacerativas en aleta de miembro anterior izquierdo. Se decide realizar la ruta diagnóstica con examen clínico y métodos complementarios como radiografías, ecografías y análisis sanguíneos, además de un proceso quirúrgico para acelerar la recuperación de heridas. Luego de tres meses de proceso de rehabilitación se concluye con la reinserción del ejemplar en la bahía Chascos, comuna de Caldera, a un total de 800 km al norte del CRFS. Para la rehabilitación de este ejemplar, se recorrió cerca de 1000 km por las rutas de Chile desde su rescate hasta su reinserción, con colaboraciones desde el sector público y privado para la gestión de su proceso.

Abstract This work aims to raise awareness about the harm caused by plastics dumped in the sea and provide information about the medical management of Pacific green turtle specimens under human care when they require attention. A case is presented of an adult female specimen of Cheloniamydas rescued in the city of Constitución, Chile, 200 km southwest of the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (CRFS) at Parque Safari. The specimen shows symptoms of impaction syndrome with caudal flotation due to the accumulation of gases characteristic of paralytic ileus, and it also has lacerative injuries on the left anterior limb fin. It was decided to follow a diagnostic route with a clinical examination and complementary methods such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and blood analysis, in addition to a surgical procedure to expedite wound recovery. After three months of rehabilitation, the specimen was successfully reintroduced into Chascos Bay, Caldera, located 800 km north of the CRFS. During the rehabilitation of this specimen, it traveled approximately 1000 km across Chile's routes from its rescue to its reintroduction, with contributions from both the public and private sectors to manage the process.

Resumen: El perezoso de dos dedos (Choloepus hoffmanni) y el de tres dedos (Bradypus variegatus), hoy considerados símbolos nacionales de Costa Rica, fueron estudiados durante 13 años (2004-2016) en una finca de cacao y sus alrededores dentro del proyecto “Theobroma cacao: Biodiversidad en doseles forestales totales y parciales”. Las investigaciones interinstitucionales e interdisciplinarias fueron realizadas por seis departamentos en cinco instituciones, y abarcaron los siguientes temas: a) ecología espacial, b) comportamiento, c) salud de vida silvestre, d) demografía, e) genética, y f) conservación. De ello resultaron 26 publicaciones científicas, la mayoría con información novedosa; algunas aparecen resumidas en este artículo. Conservación de perezosos dependerá de una variedad de componentes, entre ellos: i) protección y regeneración de hábitat donde viven y transitan, sobre todo cacaotales, bosques ribereños, cercas vivas y árboles en potreros, ii) programas de educación ambiental, iii) evitar extraer y vender perezosos a centros de rescate y zoológicos privados, y iv) continuar programas de investigación y monitoreo.

Abstract: The two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) and the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus), today considered Costa Rican national symbols, were studied for 13 years (2004-2016) in and around a cacao farm in the project “Theobroma cacao: Biodiversity in Total and Partial Forest Canopies”. This interinstitutional and interdisciplinary sloth research carried out by six departments in five institutions covered the following areas: a) spatial ecology, b) behavior, c) wildlife health, d) demography, e) genetics, and f) conservation. Twenty-six (26) scientific publications resulted, most with new information about sloths; some are summarized in this article. Sloth conservation depends on a variety of components, including: i) protection and regeneration of habitat where they live and transit, especially cacao plantations, riparian forests, live fences, and trees in pastures, ii) environmental education programs, iii) avoid extracting and selling sloths to rescue centers and private zoos, and iv) continue research and monitoring programs.

ABSTRACT The road network in Tocantins is of fundamental importance for the development of productive and expansion activities in the state. The BR-242 / TO highway that will be the object of this research is located in the southeast of the State of Tocantins, and will interconnect and serve three states of the Brazilian federation, Bahia, Tocantins and Mato Grosso, with an extension of 262 km, passing through the municipalities from Taguatinga, Paranã and Peixe. The objective of this study is to describe and evaluate the environmental compensation actions of the impacts on fauna, flora and water resources, originated from the implementation of the highway (BR-242/TO). The results of the Vegetation Suppression and Flora Rescue report were used; the results of the Wildlife Removal and Rescue report; and the report of the Water Bodies Monitoring Program produced between the years 2016 and 2019 within the scope of the execution of environmental management services for the construction works of the BR-242 / TO highway. The environmental management implemented in the construction of the highway has brought positive results with its programs for rescuing fauna, flora, collecting seeds and collecting water samples from rivers to analyze water quality. The mitigation and compensation measures implemented before, during and after the work, can drastically reduce the environmental impacts to the environment, resulting in environmental sustainability to the work, gains for the environment and for the communities surrounding the built enterprise.

RESUMO A rede rodoviária no Tocantins é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento das atividades produtivas e de expansão do estado. A rodovia BR-242/TO, objeto desta pesquisa, situa-se no sudeste do Estado do Tocantins, e irá interligar e servir três estados da federação brasileira - Bahia, Tocantins e Mato Grosso -, com uma extensão de 262 km, passando pelos municípios de Taguatinga, Paranã e Peixe. Objetiva-se, com este estudo, descrever e avaliar as ações de compensação ambiental dos impactos na fauna, flora e recursos hídricos, originados da implantação da rodovia (BR-242/TO). Para esta análise, utilizaram-se os resultados do relatório de Supressão de Vegetação e Resgate de Flora; os resultados do relatório de Afugentamento e Salvamento de Fauna Silvestre; e o relatório do Programa de Monitoramento dos Corpos Hídricos, documentos produzidos entre os anos de 2016 e 2019, no âmbito da execução dos serviços de gestão ambiental das obras de implantação da rodovia BR-242/TO. A gestão ambiental implantada na construção da rodovia contribuiu para resultados positivos, com seus programas de resgate da fauna, flora, coleta de sementes e a coleta de amostra de água dos rios para análise da qualidade da água. As medidas de mitigação e compensação implantadas antes, durante e depois da obra, podem diminuir, drasticamente, os impactos ambientais no meio ambiente, resultando na sustentabilidade ambiental da obra, ganhos para o meio ambiente e para as comunidades do entorno do empreendimento construído.

Resumen (Introducción): Entre 2010 y 2020 el Cuerpo de Bomberos de la Estación de Sarapiquí atendió 1926 incidentes relacionados con fauna, entre los que destaca el rescate de abejas, serpientes, cocodrilos y osos perezosos. (Objetivo): Esta investigación tiene por objetivo determinar la distribución espaciotemporal de estas atenciones, mediante la identificación de puntos críticos (distritos), así como de los años y meses de mayor atención de casos. (Metodología): Se llevó a cabo una depuración de la base de datos de fauna silvestre (accidentes y rescates) para el periodo 2010-2020, la cual fue facilitada por el Cuerpo de Bomberos de la Estación de Sarapiquí. Esta información fue georreferenciada, mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), con la finalidad de identificar la distribución espacial de los incidentes asociados a los 4 grupos faunísticos registrados: abejas (Apidae), cocodrilos (Crocodylidae), osos perezosos (Megalonychidae) y serpientes (Viperidae/Elapidae). Referente a la distribución temporal se realizó un análisis descriptivo que permitió determinar los meses y años de mayores incidencias. (Resultados): Entre 2018 y 2019 se registró la mayoría de las atenciones (505 en total), por su parte abril y mayo fueron los meses que concentraron más reportes (241 y 197 respectivamente), siendo los casos con abejas los de mayor atención. En el nivel espacial estos fueron atendidos principalmente en los distritos de Puerto Viejo, Horquetas y La Virgen. (Conclusiones): Los resultados de esta investigación son un insumo para recomendar estrategias de conservación faunística.

Abstract (Introduction): Between 2010 and 2020 the Sarapiquí Fire Department in Costa Rica attended 1926 wildlife incidents predominantly pertaining to the rescue of bees, snakes, crocodiles, and sloths. (Objective): To determine the spatiotemporal distribution of human/fauna encounter points (districts), as well as months and years with most of the cases. (Methodology): The database of fauna attention/incidents from 2010 to 2020 and supplied by the firefighter's brigade of Sarapiquí was refined. This information was georeferenced by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for identify spatial distribution of the four fauna groups registered: bees (Apidae), crocodiles (Crocodylidae), sloths (Megalonychidae) and snakes (Viperidae/Elapidae). Referring to the temporal distribution a descriptive analysis was realized which led to determining months and years with most of the incidents. (Results): Most of the incidents were recorded in 2018 and 2019 (total of 505), April and May were the months that concentrated the highest incidences (241 and 197 respectively) and where bees cases were the most attended. At the spatial level most of the cases were attended in the districts of Puerto Viejo, Horquetas and La Virgen. (Conclusions): The results of this research are the basis for the establishment of recommendations for fauna conservation strategies.

Resumen En la cuenca del río Magdalena, las actividades de rescate de peces son una medida de manejo ambiental utilizada para reducir su mortalidad en el área próxima a los embalses. Cuando se realiza la apertura y posterior cierre de compuertas del vertedero, producto de la operación de la central hidroeléctrica Porce III, aguas abajo de la presa se crean hábitats acuáticos temporales en forma de pozas marginales de lecho rocoso, en donde se presentan atrapamientos de peces. El objetivo del rescate es reubicarlos al canal principal del río para reducir su mortalidad. Entre los años 2013 y 2020 se capturaron 4927 individuos, representantes de 28 especies, 12 familias y cinco órdenes. Reubicamos a 4704 individuos nuevamente en el río Porce, siendo las especies de los géneros Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax y Rhamdia los de mayor captura. También se capturaron especies potamodromas de la familia Pochilodontidae, cuya presencia próxima a la presa se debe posiblemente a migraciones que realizan para llevar a cabo su reproducción. Estas acciones de rescate y reubicación, producto de la operación de las centrales hidroeléctricas, deben ser replicadas en la cuenca como estrategia para mitigar los impactos ambientales ocasionados por la fragmentación del hábitat.

Abstract In the Magdalena River basin, fish rescue activities are an environmental management measure used to reduce fish mortality in the area near the reservoirs. When the opening and subsequent closing of the spillway gates is carried out as a result of the operation of the Porce III hydroelectric plant, downstream of the dam temporary aquatic habitats are created in the form of minor pools in the bedrock, where fish entrapment occurs. The objective of rescue activities is to relocate them to the main channel of the river, to reduce mortality. Between the years 2013 to 2020, a total of 4927 individuals were captured, representing 28 species, 12 families and five orders. We relocated 4704 individuals back to the Porce river, being the species of the genera Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax and Rhamdia the highest capture. Potamodromous species of the family Prochilodontidae were also captured, their presence close to the dam possibly being due to the migrations they make to carry out their reproduction. These rescue and relocation actions resulting from the operation of hydroelectric plants should be replicated in the basin, as a strategy to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by habitat fragmentation.

Abstract Illegal wildlife trafficking has negative effects on biodiversity conservation at both global and local scale. Therefore, the establishment of appropriate conservation measures requires local studies that quantify this problem. The aim of this paper is to quantify and characterize the species of birds and mammals in the period 2016-2017, at Valle Alto Wildlife Rescue Center and Wildlife Refuge (Manabí, Ecuador). The study showed that 212 specimens belonging to 41 different species were confiscated. More birds than mammals were confiscated, and a greater proportion of birds were included in a national and international threat category. A clear preference for primates, parrots and squirrels was found. Furthermore, the presence of species with a distribution range outside the study area revealed the existence of the transportation of species from other parts of the country. Although these data are only a sample of what is actually trafficked in the country, they provide an approach of the type of species that are illegally trafficked in this biodiversity hotspot.

Resumen El tráfico ilegal de vida silvestre tiene repercusiones negativas en la conservación de la biodiversidad a nivel global y también local. Por ello, el establecimiento de medidas oportunas de conservación requiere de estudios locales que cuantifiquen dicho problema. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar y caracterizar las especies de aves y mamíferos incautadas en el periodo 2016-2017, en el Centro de Rescate y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Valle Alto (Manabí, Ecuador). El estudio mostró que 212 ejemplares pertenecientes a 41 especies diferentes fueron confiscados. Se decomisaron más aves que mamíferos y una mayor proporción de aves estaban incluidas en alguna categoría de amenaza a nivel nacional e internacional. Se encontró una clara preferencia por primates, loros y ardillas. Además, la presencia de especies con un rango de distribución fuera del área de estudio reveló la existencia del transporte de especies desde otras zonas del país. Si bien estos datos son solo una muestra de lo que realmente se trafica en el país, dan una aproximación del tipo de especies que se trafican ilegalmente en este hotspot de biodiversidad.

Abstract Wildlife trafficking is one of the most lucrative illicit businesses and is one of the main problems facing wildlife in Ecuador. A female puma cub, a victim of illegal trade, was held by the Big Mammals Conservation Foundation in the province of Loja, in southern Ecuador, and was transferred to the Ilitío Rescue Center, under the care of the Fundación Cóndor Andino. She was subsequently moved to the Planeta Vida Wildlife for examination and treatment. The specimen presented fracture of the calcaneal bone, contact dermatitis in the neck region and poor body condition (2/5). The correction of the fracture, rehabilitation and feeding plan were carried out, with which it was perfected to reestablish its animal welfare.

Resumen El tráfico de vida silvestre es uno de los negocios ilícitos más lucrativos y es uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta la fauna silvestre del Ecuador. Una cachorra hembra de puma, víctima de comercio ilegal fue retenida por la Fundación Big Mammals Conservation en la provincia de Loja, en el sur de Ecuador y fue trasladada al centro de Rescate Ilitío, bajo cuidado de la Fundación Cóndor Andino. Posteriormente fue movilizada al Hospital Veterinario de fauna silvestre Planeta Vida para su examinación y tratamiento. El espécimen presentó fractura del hueso calcáneo, dermatitis de contacto en la región del cuello y mala condición corporal (2/5). Se realizó la corrección de la fractura, rehabilitación y plan alimenticio, con lo que se logró reestablecer su bienestar animal.

Resumo O tráfico de vida silvestre é um dos negócios ilícitos mais lucrativos e é um dos principais problemas enfrentados pela vida silvestre no Equador. Um filhote de puma fêmea, vítima do comércio ilegal, foi detida pela Fundação de Conservação de Grandes Mamíferos na província de Loja, no sul do Equador, e foi transferida para o Centro de Resgate Ilitío, sob os cuidados da Fundação Cóndor Andino. Ela foi posteriormente transferida para o Hospital Veterinário Planeta Vida Wildlife para exame e tratamento. O espécime apresentava fratura do osso do calcâneo, dermatite de contato na região do pescoço e má condição corporal (2/5). Foi realizado a correção da fratura, reabilitação e plano de alimentação, com o qual foi possível restabelecer o bem-estar dos animais.

Abstract Biological Resource Banks (BRB) or Genetic Resource Banks (GRB) are critical tools for the conservation of animal biodiversity. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, more than 38,500 species are threatened with extinction, out of a total of 138,300 surveyed species. These banks are repositories of biological samples and data recovered and preserved for the long term by zoos, universities, research centers and other conservation organizations. In recent years, BRB have increasingly included ovarian and testicular tissues as additional options to rescue and propagate wild species, especially those at risk of extinction. After in vitro culture or grafting, gonadal tissues are potential sources of matured gametes that can be used for Assisted Reproduction Technologies while informing about gametogenesis or mechanisms involved in infertility. It therefore is crucial to properly recover, cryopreserve, and culture these tissues using species-specific protocols. Developing BRBs is currently one of the strategies to preserve species from the Caatinga biome - an exclusively Brazilian biome with a rich wild fauna that suffers from anthropogenic activities. Among wild species from this biome, studies have been primarily conducted in collared peccaries, agoutis, cavies, and armadillos to preserve their ovarian and testicular tissues. Additionally, domestic species such as the domestic cat and donkeys have been proposed as models for wild species that are phylogenetically close. This review addresses the main technical aspects involved in obtaining BRB derived from gonadal tissues in some wild species of the Caatinga biome. It reports recent advances and perspectives to use these biological materials for wildlife conservation. (BRB GRB (GRB biodiversity Nature 38500 38 500 38,50 extinction 138300 138 300 138,30 zoos universities organizations years grafting infertility recover cryopreserve speciesspecific specific protocols activities peccaries agoutis cavies Additionally close 3850 3 50 38,5 13830 13 30 138,3 385 5 38, 1383 1 138,

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las especies afectadas por el tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre receptadas en un centro de rescate en la ciudad de Guayaquil. Se recopilaron los registros del 2018 al 2020, obteniendo datos de procedencia de rescate, presencia y gravedad de lesiones, y el porcentaje de mortalidad. Adicionalmente, con la identificación del ejemplar, se categorizó según la especie, y su situación de acuerdo con la lista roja de especies amenazadas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) y los libros rojos del Ecuador. Se registraron 743 animales de 106 especies, siendo el estadio juvenil el más frecuente. Los animales fueron acogidos por decomiso y entregas voluntarias. Se encontró 10% de mortalidad, mayormente en mamíferos. De acuerdo con la UICN, la mayoría de los ejemplares se encontraban en la categoría de Preocupación menor, y según los libros rojos del Ecuador, las aves y mamíferos estuvieron situadas en los de Preocupación menor y los reptiles se registraron como Vulnerables en mayor proporción.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify the species affected by the illegal trafficking of wildlife received in a rescue centre in the city of Guayaquil. Records from 2018 to 2020 were collected, obtaining data on the origin of rescue, presence and severity of injuries, and the percentage of mortality. Additionally, with the identification of the specimen, it was categorized according to the species, and its situation according to the red list of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the red books of Ecuador. In total, 743 animals of 106 species were registered, the juvenile stage being the most frequent. The animals were taken in by confiscation and voluntary surrender. Ten percent mortality was found, mostly in mammals. According to the IUCN, most of the specimens were in the category of Least Concern, and according to the red books of Ecuador, birds and mammals were classified in those of Least Concern and reptiles were recorded as Vulnerable in a higher proportion.

ABSTRACT It is reported the case of an adult titi monkey (Plecturocebus oenanthe) parasitized with Prosthenorchis elegans, which died at the end of December 2019. The animal was in a wildlife rescue centre located on the banks of the Shilcayo Quebrada, the entrance gate of the national park «Cordillera Escalera», in San Martín, Peru. The animal, living in semicaptivity, did not show clinical signs, but it collapsed from a height of 5 m. At necropsy, abdominal exudate, perforation at the level of the small intestine, congestion of blood vessels and mesenteric lymphadenopathy, nodulations in the intestinal wall and a severe infection of white and round parasites were evidenced. The coproparasitological examination revealed characteristic eggs of the genus Prosthenorchis and the analysis of the adult parasite revealed the cranial hooks and characteristic structures of the species Prosthenorchis elegans, a parasite found in neotropical primates. This case is reported not as an accidental necropsy finding, but one which cause of death was as a consequence of septic shock due to a generalized peritonitis caused by a severe parasitic infection of this Acantocephalus that generated an intestinal perforation.

RESUMEN Se reporta el caso de un mono tocón adulto, macho (Plecturocebus oenanthe) parasitado con Prosthenorchis elegans, fallecido a fines de diciembre de 2019, en un centro de custodia de fauna silvestre ubicado a orillas de la Quebrada Shilcayo, puerta de entrada del Área de Conservación Regional «Cordillera Escalera», San Martín, Perú. El animal, en semi-cautividad, no presentó signos clínicos, pero se desplomó desde una altura de 5 m. A la necropsia, se evidenció exudado abdominal, perforación a nivel del intestino delgado, congestión de vasos sanguíneos y linfoadenopatía mesentérica, nodulaciones en pared intestinal y una severa infección de parásitos blanquecinos y redondos. Al examen coproparasitológico, se evidenciaron huevos característicos del género Prosthenorchis y al análisis del parásito adulto se observaron las ganchos craneales y estructuras características de la especie Prosthenorchis elegans, parásito encontrado en primates neotropicales. Se reporta este caso, no como un hallazgo accidental de necropsia, sino cuya causa de muerte fue a consecuencia de un shock séptico, consecuente de la peritonitis generalizada causado por una severa infección parasitaria de este acantocéfalo que generó una perforación a nivel intestinal.

Resumen La investigación tuvo el propósito de identificar el estado actual de la fauna silvestre posdecomiso en el departamento del Caquetá, el marco normativo relacionado con el decomiso y manejo posdecomiso de fauna silvestre en Colombia, la identificación de los grupos animales más frecuentemente traficados y el funcionamiento actual de las figuras posdecomiso en el departamento. Mediante el uso de diversas estrategias y herramientas de los enfoques metodológicos cualitativos y cuantitativos, se logró identificar una estructura normativa nacional constituida por una docena de referentes que establecen 12 figuras como posibles destinos posdecomiso de fauna silvestre, de las que en el departamento solo se utilizan la de liberación y la de Hogar de paso o Red de amigos de la fauna, de manera parcial o modificada, por lo que resulta necesario que las autoridades ambientales socialicen y capaciten a la comunidad en general, sobre la existencia de los centros de rescate o centros de atención y valoración - CAV; centro de atención, valoración y rehabilitación - CAVR; pero especialmente de la de red de amigos de la fauna, tenedores de fauna silvestre, zoocriaderos, museos y colecciones de historia natural, hogares de paso y zoológicos, promocionando y facilitando su implementación. Entre los grupos animales más frecuentemente recepcionados se identificaron en primer lugar las aves, con la participación destacada de loro y papagayos; seguido por los mamíferos, especialmente primates, osos perezosos, hormigueros y zarigüeyas, entre otros, y finalmente los reptiles, siendo charapas, morrocoyes e iguanas, los más frecuentemente identificados.

Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to identify the current state of post-confiscation wildlife in the department of Caquetá, the regulatory framework related to the confiscation and post-confiscation management of wildlife in Colombia, the identification of the most frequently trafficked animal groups and the current functioning of post-confiscation figures in the department. Through the use of various strategies and tools of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches, it was possible to identify a national normative structure constituted by a dozen referents that establish 12 figures as possible post-confiscation destinations for wildlife, of which only the release and the passing home or network of friends are used in the department in a partial or modified way, so the environmental authorities must socialize and train the community in general, on the existence of rescue centers or centers of attention and assessment - CAV; care, assessment and rehabilitation center - CAVR; but especially of the network of friends of the wildlife, wildlife owners, zoocriaderos, museums and natural history collections, passages and zoos, promoting and facilitating its implementation. Among the most frequently received animal groups, birds were first identified, with the outstanding participation of parrots and parrots; followed by mammals, especially primates, sloths, anteaters, and opossums, among others, and finally, reptiles, being charapas, morrocoyes and iguanas, the most frequently identified.

Resumo A investigação teve como objetivo identificar o estado atual da vida selvagem pós-apreensão no departamento de Caquetá, o quadro regulatório relacionado ao confisco e manejo pós-apreensão da vida selvagem na Colômbia, a identificaçãodos grupos de animais mais frequentemente traficados e o funcionamento atual. números pós-confisco no departamento. Através do uso de várias estratégias e ferramentas de abordagens metodológicas qualitativas e quantitativas, foi possível identificar uma estrutura reguladora nacional composta por uma dúzia de referentes que estabelecem 12 números como possíveis destinos pós-confisco para a vida selvagem, dos quais apenas o departamento é usado no departamento a de libertação e a de Hogar de paso ou Rede de Amigos da Fauna, de maneira parcial ou modificada, para que seja necessário que as autoridades ambientais socializem e treinem a comunidade em geral, sobre a existência de centros de resgate ou centros de atendimento e avaliação de clientes - CAV; centro de atendimento, avaliação e reabilitação - CAVR; mas principalmente da rede de Amigos da fauna, detentores de animais selvagens, zoocriaderos, museus e coleções de história natural, passando por casas e zoológicos, promovendo e facilitando sua implementação. Entre os grupos deanimais mais frequentemente recebidos, as aves foram identificadas pela primeira vez, com a participação destacada de papagaios e araras; seguidos por mamíferos, principalmente primatas, preguiças, tamanduás e gambás, entre outros, e finalmente répteis, sendo charapas, morrocoyes e iguanas, os mais frequentemente identificados.

Abstract Background: Human activities are permanently threatening wildlife. Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centers (WRRC) have served for the rescue, rehabilitation and reinsertion of affected and recovered animals. Methods: We reviewed the casuistry of five wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers in Chile over 5 years, and described the main causes of admission, most affected taxonomic groups and final outcomes of the admitted individuals, shedding light into general patterns and relevant factors currently affecting wildlife in Chile. To understand the current work and status of WRRC system in Chile, we also conducted a qualitative survey to WRRC personnel and Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) regional offices regarding their operation. Results: A total of 3418 cases of animals admitted to WRRC were obtained; 95.3% corresponded to native species. Of native animal cases, 86.0% corresponded to birds, 12.3% were mammals and 1.7% reptiles. Trauma was the most frequently observed cause of admission in all three native fauna groups (35.8% in birds, 23.2% in mammals, 27.8% in reptiles). Conclusions: WRRC are a tool for conservation and education of wild animal species in Chile, however WRRC and SAG regional office personnel highlighted several deficiencies in the current system and suggested opportunities for improvement. The current WRRC system needs modernization and financial support from the Chilean state to fulfil their relevant mission.

RESUMO: O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é uma espécie vulnerável devido à destruição progressiva do seu habitat natural, sendo afetado por queimadas e atropelamentos. O aumento na casuística de atendimentos de animais silvestres reforça a necessidade de se ter conhecimento dos parâmetros hematológicos, em especial para os que vivem no bioma do cerrado. Por isso, este trabalho teve por objetivos realizar o hemograma de tamanduás-bandeiras de cativeiro localizados no cerrado brasileiro, a fim de estabelecer valores de referência para essa espécie e compará-los a estudos prévios. Além disso, verificar quais alterações podem ser encontradas em amostras armazenadas por 24 e 48 horas após a colheita, em temperatura de refrigeração (4oC) e tratadas com duas concentrações distintas de EDTA (5% e 10%). A média e o desvio padrão das variáveis hematológicas encontradas nas amostras processadas logo após a colheita foram: hemácias (2,07x106/μL±0,40); volume globular (38,08%± 5,93); hemoglobina (11,33g/dL±2,15); VCM (186,52 fL±21,72); CHCM (29,68g/dL±2,56); HCM (55,08pcg±5,94); leucócitos totais (8.142/μL±2.441); neutrófilos (5.913/μL±2.168); linfócitos (1.460/μL±740); eosinófilos (522/μL±385); monócitos (247/μL±176); plaquetas (123.458/μL±31.362) e proteínas plasmáticas totais (6,23g/dL±0,49). Tais dados permitem afirmar que existem importantes diferenças entre os valores hematológicos destes em relação aos animais provenientes de outras regiões, tanto do Brasil quanto de outros países da América do Sul. Provavelmente, tais divergências estão associadas a fatores ambientais, genéticos, nutricionais e/ou de manejo. Quanto à análise das amostras estocadas, conclui-se que, em tamanduás-bandeiras, as amostras para a realização de hemograma podem ser processadas até 24 horas após a colheita, sem alteração significativa das variáveis hematológicas, com exceção das plaquetas. Com relação às duas concentrações de EDTA, pode-se inferir que não há diferença quantitativa entre ambas para as variáveis hematológicas. Contudo, é possível constatar que o EDTA promove alterações morfológicas relevantes nas células sanguíneas após 24 horas de armazenamento, sendo os leucócitos os mais afetados. Tais alterações, quando relatadas, podem induzir interpretações equivocadas, interferindo no diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento.

ABSTRACT: Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a vulnerable species because of progressive habitat destruction, mostly affected by wildfires and car accidents. The increasing number of animals that are attended by wildlife rescue centres reinforces the need of knowledge about haematological parameters, especially for those that inhabit Brazilian cerrado biome. For this purpose and in order to establish reference values for this species and also to compare them with previous studies, haematological analysis of captive giant anteaters from Brazilian cerrado were performed. Moreover, the alterations of blood samples after 24 and 48 hours of storage at refrigeration temperatures (4oC) and preserved with two different EDTA concentrations (5% and 10%) were studied. Means and standard deviations of haematological parameters analysed immediately after collection were: RBC: 2,07 x106/μL ± 0,40; hematocrit: 38,08%± 5,93; haemoglobin: 11.33g/dL±2.15; MCV:186.52 fL±21.72; MCHC: 29.68g/dL±2.56; MCH: 55.08pcg±5,94; total leucocytes: 8.142/μL±2.441; neutrophils: 5.913/μL±2.168; lymphocytes: 1.460/μL±740; eosinophil: 522/μL±385; monocytes: 247/μL±176; thrombocytes: 123.458/μL±31.362 and total plasma protein: 6.23g/dL±0.49. This data shows evidence of the existence of important differences between these values and others from other areas, either from Brazil or from other South American countries. Those variations might be connected to environment, genetic, nutritional and/or management factors. Regarding the storage effect analysis, it can be concluded that in giant anteaters, haematological analysis can be performed until 24h after collection without any significant alterations on the haematological parameters, except for thrombocytes. Concerning the different EDTA concentrations, it can be concluded that there are no quantitative differences in haematological variables. Nevertheless, relevant morphologic alterations in blood cells can be observed after a 24h storage period, being most noticeable in the leucocytes. Those alterations can lead to misinterpretation of the results, interfering diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

Impalas (Aepyceros melampus) are increasingly valuable in the South African wildlife industry, and there is a greater need to chemically immobilise them, ideally with minimal risk. This study aimed to compare the times to recumbency and physiological effects of thiafentanil-medetomidine versus etorphine-medetomidine immobilisation. A combination of thiafentanil (2 mg) + medetomidine (2.2 mg) and etorphine (2 mg) + medetomidine (2.2 mg) was administered (to nine impalas; crossover design) via a dart. After darting, a stopwatch was started to record times to recumbency (time from darting until recumbent without attempts to stand). If apnoea was present, the impalas received one or more boluses of butorphanol (1:1 potent opioid dose). Data collection included arterial blood gas analysis and the number of butorphanol boluses. Two-sample t-tests were used to compare differences between combinations. The time to recumbency for thiafentanil-medetomidine was 12.2 (± 6.8) min and no different from 14.5 (± 5.2) min for etorphine-medetomidine (p = 0.426). The thiafentanil-medetomidine combination required more butorphanol boluses (median: 2; interquartile range: 2-3) compared to etorphine-medetomidine (median: 0; interquartile range: 0-1) (p = 0.001). Despite butorphanol treatment and resolution of apnoea, all impalas suffered hypoxaemia (PaO2 ± 44.0 mmHg). Thiafentanil-medetomidine did not immobilise impalas more rapidly than etorphine-medetomidine, and resulted in more apnoea that required rescue butorphanol boluses. Marked hypoxaemia resulted from both combinations, mainly because of right-to-left intrapulmonary shunting and not because of hypoventilation. Butorphanol and oxygen supplementation should be considered as essential rescue interventions for all impalas immobilised with these potent opioid combinations.

Abstract: Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) has been extensively studied since the 1940s in some countries across its distribution range. However, several aspects of its biology remain unexplored or have been described superficially. This study updated the geographic distribution of this sloth species in Colombia, describing external traits of specimens that inhabit different areas of the country. Additionally, a revision of the current state of knowledge of this species in Colombia was conducted, with a focus on the identification of information gaps and the major threats affecting this species. An updated map of the distribution of C. hoffmanni in Colombia was elaborated, including the distribution reported by IUCN, the records of specimens received in the Xenarthra center for rescue and rehabilitation (CRRX, for its acronym in Spanish; primary information), the wildlife care centers of the Autonomous Regional Corporations (CARs, for its acronym in Spanish), and records of biological collections available online (secondary information). CRRX specimens were examined externally, and the external morphological characteristics (skull and body shape; pelage color, length and density) were described. A comprehensive literature review was performed, compiling studies conducted over the last two decades on this species in Colombia, analyzing their respective contributions to its knowledge. The records obtained provide localities of occurrence for the species not previously recognized by IUCN, in 54 municipalities of 12 departments of Colombia. There are external morphological patterns defining lowland (interandean valleys and Caribbean region), highland (Colombian Andes) and Colombian Pacific populations. The biggest information gaps regard demography, distribution and genetics. The main threats identified are habitat loss (infrastructure construction, forest clearance) and removal of specimen (illegal trade). The localities of occurrence obtained confirm the distribution of this species in areas previously suggested at the north and center of the Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central and Cauca River valley, besides the north, center and south of the Cordillera Oriental, Piedemonte Llanero, and the southern Magdalena River valley. The external revision of specimens from the CRRX shows that although it is impossible to derive clear taxonomic inferences from the evidence collected, pelage color, length and density are the most representative external traits that differentiate lowland, highland and Pacific Colombian populations. The prioritization of issues such as the conservation status and threats in the investigation of this species in Colombia during the last twenty years have relegated key aspects such as demography, distribution, taxonomy and genetics, a fact that poses a challenge for the execution of proper management actions in the country.

Resumen: El perezoso de dos dedos de Hoffmann (Choloepus hoffmanni) ha sido ampliamente estudiado desde la década de 1940 en algunos países de su distribución. Sin embargo, aún son varios los aspectos de su biología que permanecen inexplorados o vagamente descritos. En el presente estudio se realiza una actualización de la distribución geográfica de este perezoso en Colombia, describiendo caracteres externos de ejemplares para diferentes zonas del país. Adicionalmente se realiza un recuento del estado actual de su conocimiento en Colombia, con un enfoque dirigido hacia la identificación de vacíos de información y sus principales amenazas. Se realizó un mapa actualizado de la distribución de C. hoffmanni en Colombia, incluyendo la realizada por la UICN, los registros de ejemplares recibidos por el Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación de Xenarthras (CRRX, información primaria), los centros de atención y valoración de fauna de las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales (CARs), y los registros de colecciones biológicas disponibles en línea (información secundaria). Se examinaron externamente los ejemplares del CRRX, describiendo caracteres morfológicos externos (forma del cráneo y torso, color, largo y densidad del pelaje). Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, compilando estudios realizados durante las últimas dos décadas sobre esta especie en Colombia, analizando sus aportes al conocimiento de la misma. Los registros obtenidos aportan localidades de ocurrencia de la especie anteriormente no consideradas por la UICN, en 54 municipios de 12 departamentos de Colombia. Existen patrones morfológicos externos definiendo poblaciones de tierras bajas (valles interandinos y el Caribe), altas (Andes colombianos) y del Pacífico colombiano. Los principales vacíos de información están asociados a aspectos de su demografía, distribución y genética. Las principales amenazas identificadas son la pérdida de hábitat (construcción de infraestructura, tala del bosque) y la extracción de individuos (tráfico ilegal de ejemplares). Las localidades de ocurrencia obtenidas confirman la distribución de esta especie en zonas previamente sugeridas sobre el norte y centro de la Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central y valle interandino del río Cauca, además del norte, centro y sur de la Cordillera Oriental, el piedemonte llanero, y sur del valle interandino del río Magdalena. La revisión externa de los ejemplares obtenidos por el CRRX muestra que si bien no es posible establecer inferencias taxonómicas claras con la evidencia recopilada, el color, longitud y densidad del pelaje son los caracteres externos más representativos que están diferenciando poblaciones de tierras bajas, altas y del Pacífico colombiano. La priorización de aspectos como el estado de conservación y amenazas en la investigación de esta especie en Colombia durante los últimos veinte años ha ocasionado que aspectos cruciales como su demografía, distribución, taxonomía y genética hayan sido relegados, hecho que representa un desafío para la formulación de medidas correctas de manejo en el país.