Resumo O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número de aplicações de inseticidas químicos para seu controle. Assim, contribuindo para aumentar a viabilidade da produção de algodão, principalmente em áreas do semiárido brasileiro em sistema orgânico.

Abstract The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

Abstract Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are one of the main pests in citrus production systems due to their distribution and way of feeding. The objective of this work was to morphologically identify the species of weevils associated with the cultivation of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) in the citrus zone of the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. The captures of weevils were made directly in the canopy, from September 2019 to February 2021, for a total of 17 collected in three Persian lemon plantations, two with conventional management and one with organic management, each one with useful plots of two hectares (624 plants). A total of 1,039 weevils corresponding to four morphospecies were collected, of which 240 were morphologically identified as Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 as Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 as Exophthalmus opulentus and 332 as Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Resumen Los picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) son una de las principales plagas en los sistemas de producción citrícola debido a su distribución y forma de alimentación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar morfológicamente las especies de picudos asociados al cultivo de limón persa (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) en la zona citrícola del municipio de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Las capturas de picudos se realizaron de manera directa en la copa de los árboles, de septiembre de 2019 a febrero de 2021, para un total de 17 muestreos en tres plantaciones de limón persa, dos con manejo convencional y una con manejo orgánico, cada una con parcelas útiles de dos hectáreas (624 plantas). Se colectaron 1,039 picudos correspondientes a cuatro morfoespecies, de las cuales 240 se identificaron morfológicamente como Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 como Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 como Exophthalmus opulentus y 332 como Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Wild olive seed weevil, Anchonocranus oleae Marshall, larvae as well as oviposition and feeding damage were recorded in cultivated olives during a recent study on olive seed wasps in South Africa. Prematurely dropped fruit and fruit picked at harvest in two orchards near Stellenbosch and Agter-Paarl were examined regularly for olive seed wasp infestation over three seasons. In addition, olives were collected over a wider area of the olive growing regions of the Western Cape province for a survey to determine olive seed wasp distribution. DNA barcoding confirmed the identity of weevil larvae in kernels as A. oleae. The number of A. oleae larvae found in olive seeds and the number of olives with weevil oviposition or feeding damage were low. The presence of larvae and weevil damage in two orchards in the survey with no wild olive trees in close proximity suggest that the weevil could breed and persist in cultivated olive orchards. Currently A. oleae is not of economic concern, but if infested olives are discarded at harvest and left in orchards, the weevils could complete their development in the kernels and numbers could increase to damaging levels.

Abstract This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the weevils species present in Mexico. Eight tribes, 11 genera, and 20 species were identified. Twelve species of curculionid are reported for the first time for the state of Chihuahua; three of these are new records for the country: Smicronyx humilis Anderson, Stictobaris pimalis Casey, and Pandeleteius defectus Green.

Resumen Este estudio es una contribución al conocimiento de las especies de picudos presentes en México. Se identificaron ocho tribus, 11 géneros y 20 especies. Se reportan por primera vez 12 especies de curculiónidos para el estado de Chihuahua; tres de estas son nuevos registros para el país: Smicronyx humilis Anderson, Stictobaris pimalis Casey y Pandeleteius defectus Green.

Abstract: Five news distributional records of weevils in Mexico are presented: Listronotus porcellus (Say), Neoerethistes truncatus (Champion), Pnigodes setosus LeConte, Sphenophorus holosericus Chittenden and Conotrachelus brevirostris Champion; all species with very little information regarding to biology and distribution.

Resumen: Se presentan cinco nuevos registros de distribución de curculiónidos en México: Listronotus porcellus (Say), Neoerethistes truncatus (Champion), Pnigodes setosus LeConte, Sphenophorus holosericus Chittenden y Conotrachelus brevirostris Champion; especies con limitada información sobre su biología y distribución.

Resumo: O efeito do ciclo hidrológico sobre a abundância de adultos e larvas dos curculionídeos Cyrtobagous salviniae e Cyrtobagous singularis do Pantanal foi testado e relacionado com a abundância das plantas hospedeiras, variáveis limnológicas e conectividade hidrológica de 10 baías do rio Cuiabá. Os adultos e larvas de C. salviniae foram mais abundantes do que C. singularis, e a abundância de larvas e adultos diferiu significativamente intra e interespecificamente. Adultos e larvas de ambas espécies foram mais abundantes em baías conectadas, mas apenas C. salviniae respondeu ao ciclo hidrológico, com a maior abundância de adultos durante o período de cheia, e maior abundância de larvas na enchente. A abundância de C. singularis foi relacionada negativamente com a predominância de C. salviniae, e a abundância de adultos e larvas de ambas espécies foi fraca e negativamente relacionada com as variáveis limnológicas e abundância das plantas hospedeiras. Os resultados demonstraram que a variação temporal na abundância de larvas e adultos e a dominância de C. salviniae foram influenciadas pela conectividade e ciclo hidrológico, mas não pelas variáveis limnológicas e abundância das macrófitas aquáticas.

Abstract: The effect of the hydrological cycle on the abundance of adults and larvae of the weevils Cyrtobagous salviniae and Cyrtobagous singularis in the Pantanal was tested and related to the host-plant abundance, limnological variables, and hydrological connectivity of 10 “bays” (lakes and ponds) along the Cuiabá River. Adults and larvae of C. salviniae were more abundant than C. singularis, and larvae and adult abundance differed significantly both within and between the two species. Adults and larvae of both species were more abundant in connected bays, but only C. salviniae responded to both connectivity and hydrological cycle, with the highest abundances during the high-water and rising-water periods for adults and larvae, respectively. Abundance of C. singularis was negatively related to the predominance of C. salviniae, and populations of adults and larvae of both species were slightly and negatively related to the limnological variables and host-plant abundance. The results showed that the temporal variation in larval and adult abundance and dominance of C. salviniae is influenced by hydrological cycle and connectivity, but not by limnological variables and host-plant abundance.

Abstract APA is a multigene locus that comprises the protein genes of arcelin (Arc), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lectin, and an α-amylase inhibitor (α-AI). These genes play essential roles in the defense responses of legume seeds to protect against seed weevils in common bean (P. vulgaris). During the evolution of this complex locus, PHA proteins appeared first, followed by α-AI and Arc proteins. This study compared and analyzed the sequences of three bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones containing APA fragments of the genotypes G02771, BAT93 and DGD1962. These three genotypes are recognized as representative of the crucial steps of APA evolution in common bean. Our findings demonstrated that rearrangements during evolution can be used to characterize the APA locus, but concurrent adjacent gene regions on either side of the APA locus are highly conserved. Part of the instability of the APA locus may be due to the insertion of retroelements and gene conversion. Arc, , (Arc) (PHA lectin αamylase α amylase αAI. αAI AI . (α-AI) P. P (P vulgaris. vulgaris vulgaris) first BAC (BAC G02771 G BAT BAT9 DGD1962 DGD conserved conversion (Arc (α-AI G0277 DGD196 G027 DGD19 G02 DGD1 G0

Resumen Los objetivos del estudio fueron comparar y determinar la abundancia y riqueza de especies de picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) de la hojarasca de bosques de encinos de 3 sistemas montanos con diferentes regímenes de disturbio en el estado de Querétaro, México. Un total de 1,099 picudos fueron recolectados de 639 muestras de hojarasca con densidades promedio totales de 1.72 ± 1.31 individuos por 0.5 m2. Diecinueve géneros y 49 especies fueron registradas con una riqueza estimada de 69.23 (Chao 1). Todos los géneros de picudos, con la excepción de 2, han sido previamente reportados de bosques mesófilos en el sur de México y muchas especies (88%) representan taxones no descritos. Menos del 25% de las especies fueron compartidas entre los 3 sitios. Las diferencias en la abundancia y riqueza de especies entre las parcelas con diferentes regímenes de disturbio fueron más marcadas en los sitios menos perturbados, Pinal de Amoles y San Joaquín. Los resultados indican que las comunidades de picudos de la hojarasca en bosques de encinos del centro de México, son similares en composición taxonómica y riqueza a los bosques mesófilos del sur de México y que fragmentos pequeños moderadamente alterados, pueden ser suficientes para mantener sus poblaciones.

Abstract The objectives of the study were to determine and compare species richness and abundance of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from leaf litter of oak forests from 3 isolated mountain ranges with different disturbance regimes in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. A total of 1,099 weevils were collected from 639 litter samples with total weevil densities averaging 1.72 ± 1.31 individuals per 0.5 m2. Nineteen genera and 49 species were recorded with an estimated richness of 69.23 (Chao 1). All but 2 weevil genera have been previously reported from cloud forests of southern Mexico, and most species (88%) represented undescribed taxa. Fewer than 25% of the species were shared among the 3 sites. The differences in species richness and abundance between paired plots with different disturbance regimes were most marked in the least disturbed sites in Pinal de Amoles and San Joaquín. Results indicate that leaf litter weevil communities in oak forests of central Mexico are similar in taxonomic composition and richness to cloud forests from southern Mexico and that even small, moderately disturbed fragments may be sufficient to maintain their populations.

Resumo O bicudo-vermelho-das-palmeiras (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), é uma praga invasora devastadora, que invadiu as tamareiras da Arábia Saudita em 1987. A avaliação das infestações e a eficácia dos tratamentos preventivos e de controle foram estudadas a partir de 2015-2020 em Qassim. Os resultados indicaram que o número de tamareiras infestadas variou de acordo com os anos e localidades. A porcentagem de tamareiras infestadas foi relativamente alta em 2016 (2,24%) e 2017 (3,19%), depois diminuiu gradativamente até atingir seu menor valor em 2020 (0,73%), devido ao protocolo de gestão aplicado pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Água e Agricultura. Além disso, o percentual de palmeiras infestadas variou entre os oito locais de estudo, atingindo o maior percentual no local G (SA7), com média geral de 4,31%. Enquanto nas demais localidades, a média geral do percentual infestado foi muito baixa quando comparada à localidade G (SA7) com 1,21% e 0,47% nas localidades A (SA1) e H (SA8), respectivamente. A eficácia dos métodos de controle aumentou acentuadamente de 52,141% em 2015 para 90,0% em 2020, com média geral de 72,73%. Os protocolos de quarentena e manejo de R. ferruginous aplicados em Qassim diminuíram o número de infestações de palmeiras. Ao contrário, o uso intensivo de inseticida nas últimas duas décadas promoveu mutações genéticas dentro do Rhynchophorus, o que levou ao surgimento de uma nova espécie R. bilineatus. Isso leva ao aumento da poluição por agrotóxicos, além de controlar os custos, e o inseto se torna mais resistente aos agrotóxicos.

Abstract Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is a devastating invasive pest, that invaded Saudi Arabia's date palms in 1987. Evaluation of the infestations and the efficacy of both preventative and control treatments have been studied from 2015- 2020 in Qassim. The results indicated that the number of infested date palms varied according to the years and locations. The infested date palm trees percentage was relatively high in 2016 (2.24%) and 2017 (3.19%), then gradually decreased to reach its lowest in 2020 (0.73%) due to the management protocol applied by the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture. Furthermore, the infested palm trees' percentage varied among the eight study locations, reaching the highest percentage in location G (SA7) with a general average of 4.31%. While in the other locations, the general infested percentage average was very low when compared to location G (SA7) with 1.21 and 0.47% in locations A (SA1) and H (SA8), respectively. The effectiveness of control methods increased sharply from 52.141% in 2015 to 90.0% in 2020 with a general average of 72.73%. The quarantine and management protocols of R. ferruginous applied in Qassim decreased the number of palm infestations. Contrary, the intensive use of insecticide in the last two decades promoted genetic mutations within the Rhynchophorus, which led to the emergence of a new species R. bilineatus. This leads to increase pesticide pollution, and control costs and the insect becomes more resistant to pesticides.

Resumo Uma das principais causas de perdas na produção de grãos de milho é devido ao ataque de insetos durante seu armazenamento. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho investigar o potencial de ação inseticida de pós de Urtica urens L. e Piper aduncum L. sobre gorgulhos Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) em grãos de milho. O ensaio foi realizado em laboratório, avaliando pós secos de folhas de U. urens e de P. aduncum a 3 %, em 80 g de grãos de milho infestados com 0, 8, 16 e 24 gorgulhos. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x3 com quatro repetições. O ensaio foi avaliado após 50 dias de armazenamento, por meio de: redução do peso dos grãos, porcentagem de grãos danificados pela ação dos gorgulhos, teor de água dos grãos, número de gorgulhos adultos emergidos e porcentagem de gorgulhos mortos. A aplicação de pós de P. aduncum e U. urens reduziu significativamente a percentagem de grãos danificados por S. zeamais. P. aduncum reduziu significativamente a perda de peso de grãos, o número de gorgulhos adultos emergidos e aumentou a mortalidade do gorgulho. Assim, o pó de P. aduncum mostrou ser promissor para o controle de S. zeamais em grãos de milho armazenados.

Abstract The attack by insects is one of the main causes of losses on maize during storage. The purpose of this research was to investigate the insecticidal potential action of Urtica urens L. and Piper aduncum L. powders on the maize weevils Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) on stored maize. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory, with evaluation of the dry powder of U. urens leaves and P. aduncum at 3 %, and control without powder, in 80 g of maize grains infested with 0, 8, 16 and 24 maize weevil individuals. A completely randomized design was used on a 4x3 factorial scheme with four replications. The experiment was evaluated after 50 days of storage by: reduction of grain weight, percentage of grain damaged by maize weevils, grain moisture content, number of adult emerged maize weevil and mortality of maize weevil. The application of powders of P. aduncum and U. urens reduced significantly the grain damaged by S. zeamais. P. aduncum also caused a significant reduction of grain weight loss, of the number of adult emerged maize weevil and of increased the percentage of dead maize weevil. The powder of P. aduncum showed to be promising for the control of S. zeamais in stored maize grains.

Abstract Knowledge of the area of distribution of insects of agricultural interest is vital to evaluate their negative impact on agroecosystems focused on the production of crops of high commercial value. In this study, Cylindrocopturus biradiatus and C. ganglbaueri were reported for the first time in the municipalities of Toluca, Temascaltepec and San Felipe del Progreso, State of Mexico associated with Opuntia spp. Opuntia robusta, O. huajuapensis and O. microdasys are included as new hosts for C. biradiatus as well as C. ganglbaueri, expanding its distribution towards the Toluca Valley and the North of the State of Mexico. The incidence of damage attributed by Cylindrocopturus spp. towards the areolas of the nopal is documented in this study and is expected to contribute to the promotion of future studies that allow a more in-depth evaluation of the magnitude of its damage and the design of local strategies for integrated pest management.

Resumen El conocimiento del área de distribución de los insectos de interés agrícola es vital para evaluar su impacto negativo en los agroecosistemas enfocados a la producción de cultivos de alto valor comercial. En este estudio se reportó a Cylindrocopturus biradiatus y C. ganglbaueri por primera vez en los municipios de Toluca, Temascaltepec y San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México asociados con Opuntia spp. Se incluye a Opuntia robusta, O. huajuapensis y O. microdasys como nuevos hospederos de C. biradiatus así como a C. ganglbaueri ampliando su distribución hacia el Valle de Toluca y Norte del Estado de México. La incidencia de daño atribuida por Cylindrocopturus spp. hacia las areolas del nopal es documentada en este estudio y se espera contribuya al fomento de futuros estudios que permitan evaluar más a fondo la magnitud de sus daños y el diseño de estrategias locales de manejo integrado de plagas.

Abstract The weevil Trichobaris compacta occurs in southwest USA where it uses Datura wrightii as host plant and to oviposit into its fruits. Previously, we showed that T. compacta can use 4 other Datura species as host plants also, but the mitochondrial lineages of T. compacta do not appear to be specifically associated to any Datura species. Thus, given that T. compacta is distributed from the southwest USA up to the Tehuantepec Isthmus in the Pacific coast ranges of Mexico, we aimed to determine how the genetic variation of T. compacta is distributed along the geographical space. To determine how geography has shaped the genetic population structure of T. compacta we used a 663-bp region of the COI gene in a sample of 232 individuals from 29 different localities. We detected 49 haplotypes, one of which is widely distributed. The un-rooted haplotype network and phylogeny showed that T. compacta integrates one single lineage. Also, the population genetic structure of T. compacta is made up of the admixture of 3 groups, 2 of them slightly associated geographically to the Colorado River basin. No other apparent geographic barrier to gene flow was identified despite weevils from southwest North America use D. wrightii and D. discolor as host plants, in the Pacific coasts of Mexico T. compacta uses D. reburra and D. discolor as host plants, whereas in southern Mexico it uses D. inoxia, D. pruinosa and D. discolor.

Resumen El gorgojo Trichobaris compacta se distribuye en el suroeste de EUA y oviposita en el fruto de Datura wrightii. Previamente, demostramos que T. compacta interactúa con otras 4 especies de Datura, pero no hay linajes mitocondriales específicos asociados a éstas. ¿Cómo se distribuye la variación genética de T. compacta en el espacio geográfico? es una pregunta particularmente interesante debido a que se distribuyen desde el suroeste de los EUA hasta el centro de México. Para determinar cómo la geografía ha conformado la estructura genética poblacional de T. compacta utilizamos una región de 663 pb del gen COI de 232 individuos de 29 localidades. Detectamos 49 haplotipos, uno de ellos ampliamente distribuido. La red de haplotipos sin enraizar y la filogenia mostraron que T. compacta integra un solo linaje. También detectamos que la estructura genética de T. compacta se compone de la mezcla de 3 grupos, 2 de ellos ligeramente influenciados por la cuenca del río Colorado, pero no se detectó ninguna otra barrera a pesar de que T. compacta se distribuye desde el suroeste de EUA, donde utiliza como plantas huésped a D. wrightii y D. discolor, hasta la costa del Pacífico de México, donde utiliza a D. reburra y D. discolor, y hacia el sur, donde usa a D. inoxia, D. pruinosa y D. discolor como huéspedes.

RESUMEN Las fabáceas representan una importante fuente de recursos al ser utilizadas en la producción de carbón, alimentación del ganado y personas, además de evitar erosiones del suelo; estas plantas se encuentran amenazadas en su producción por la presencia de brúquidos o gorgojos (Insecta: Coleoptera), quienes se alimentan de sus semillas para sobrevivir, causando pérdidas económicas en la región. En 2017 se realizaron recolectas de semillas en cuatro municipios del norte de Sinaloa, con el objetivo de identificar las especies de brúquidos asociados a fabaceas y evaluar sus daños sobre la germinación de semillas. Se identificaron 25 especies de fabáceas: Ahome (7), El Fuerte (6), Guasave (6) y Choix (6). Del total de 68,340 semillas, emergieron 19,396 gorgojos adultos, agrupados en siete géneros y 14 especies, con dominancias en las especies de Mimosestes (3), Acanthoscelides (3), Merobruchus (3) y Stator (2). De las especies vegetales, 17 fueron atacadas por una sola especie de brúquido, y seis por dos; en Ahome la especie plaga más perjudicial fue Merobruchus santarosae, con 43.9% y 33.1% de daños a Mariosouza coultieri y M. acatlensis, respectivamente; en El Fuerte, Acanthoscelides desmanthi causó daños del 38.95% a Sesvania herbaceae y del 29.48% a S. occidentalis; en Guasave, los mayores daños correspondieron a Callosobruchus maculatus sobre Cicer arietinum (41.3%), Mimosestes ulkei sobre Parkinsonia aculeata (40.6%) y M. mimosae sobre P. florida (37.7%); en Choix los mayores daños correspondieron a Merobruchus insolitus sobre Albizia sinaloensis (34.7%) y Amblycerus acapulcencis sobre Caesalpinia cacalaco (29.1%).

ABSTRACT Fabaceae represent an important source of resources when are used in coal production, feeding of livestock and people, in addition to avoiding soil erosions; these plants are threatened in their production by the presence of bruchids or weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera), who feed on their seeds to survive, causing economic losses in the region. In 2017, seed collections were carried out in four municipalities in the North of Sinaloa, with the objective of identifying the bruquid species associated with Fabaceae and assessing their damage on the germination of seeds. 25 species of Fabaceae were identified: Ahome (7), El Fuerte (6), Guasave (6) and Choix (6). From 68,340 seeds, 19,396 adult weevils emerged, grouped into seven genera and 14 species, with dominance in species of Mimosestes (3), Acanthoscelides (3), Merobruchus (3), and Stator (2). Of the plant species, 17 were attacked by a kind of bruquid and six by two; in Ahome the most harmful pest species was Merobruchus santarosae, with 43.9% and 33.1% damage to Mariosouza coultieri and M. acatlensis, respectively; in El Fuerte, Acanthoscelides desmanthi caused 38.95% damage to Sesvania herbaceae and 29.48% to S. occidentalis; in Guasave, the greatest damages corresponded to Callosobruchus maculatus on Cicer arietinum (41.3%), Mimosestes ulkei on Parkinsonia aculeata (40.6%) and M. mimosae on P. florida (37.7%); in Choix, the greatest damages corresponded to Merobruchus insolitus on Albizia sinaloensis (34.7%) and Amblycerus acapulcencis on Caesalpinia cacalaco (29.1%).

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, caused productive disruptions in the guava production system of the municipality of Calvillo, Aguascalientes. These disruptions included delays in the application of phytosanitary management measures against weevils and fruit flies, pests of quarantine, and economic importance, due to the appearance of positive cases among operational and technical personnel. Manual harvesting, an activity that requires large crews of agricultural workers, was delayed due to labor shortages. The cost and supply of fertilizers and pesticides were also affected due to problems in the supply chains of agro-inputs. The sale price of guava in supply centers and local markets fell on average from 10.83 to 10 MN/kg during the months of highest demand due to a 60% reduction in agricultural activities. In Calvillo, the return of Mexican migrants from the US and the presence of asymptomatic cases influenced the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among the local rural community.

Resumen. La pandemia COVID-19, causada por SARS-CoV-2, ha ocasionado problemas productivos al sistema producto guayaba en el municipio de Calvillo, Aguascalientes. Incluye retraso de medidas de manejo fitosanitario en campañas contra picudo y moscas de la fruta, de importancia cuarentenaria y económica, debido a la ocurrencia de COVID-19 entre personal técnico operativo. La cosecha manual, actividad que requiere de cuadrillas numerosas de trabajadores agrícolas, se retrasó por escasez de jornales. El costo y provisión de fertilizantes y pesticidas también se afectó debido a problemas en las cadenas de suministro de agro-insumos, tales como el transporte, almacenamiento y distribución. El precio de venta de guayaba en centrales de abasto y mercados locales se redujo en promedio de 10.83 a 10 MN/kg en meses de mayor demanda debido a la reducción de operaciones hasta del 60%. En Calvillo, se percibió el retorno de migrantes mexicanos debido al COVID-19 y a infecciones asintomáticas en la diseminación de SARS-CoV-2 entre la comunidad rural.

Resumen La deforestación produce ambientes agrícolas homogéneos y puede generar desequilibrios entre los herbívoros y sus hospederos. Desde 2010, ha ocurrido una crisis fitosanitaria en el cultivo de la palma de chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes) en el Pacífico colombiano, atribuida a los picudos Rhynchophorus palmarum y Dynamis borassi. Se ha planteado que la deforestación de palmas nativas utilizadas por estos picudos, hace que busquen nuevos recursos y los encuentran en el chontaduro. Esta investigación examinó la asociación de estos picudos con palmas nativas cercanas a cultivos de chontaduro, y cómo se da en dos tipos de hábitats. Se visitaron seis bosques secundarios y áreas antropogénicamente intervenidas en los corregimientos 1 y 2 (zona A), y 7 y 8 (zona B) de Buenaventura. En cada una se delimitaron tres parcelas de 100 x 50 m y se registraron todas las palmas con daño, además se complementó con un muestreo libre. Se identificaron doce especies de palmas distribuidas en una subfamilia y nueve géneros. Se examinaron 271 inflorescencias sin abrir en la zona A y 501 en B. Solo se evidenció daño en individuos de la palma “milpesos” (Oenocarpus bataua), especie económicamente explotable. La proporción de palmas afectadas en términos de hábitat fue significativamente mayor en el área intervenida. Este es el primer registro que cuantifica un alto porcentaje de asociación entreD. borassi y la palma “milpesos”, fenómeno que podría ser explicado por hipótesis agroecológicas.

Abstract Deforestation produces homogeneous agricultural environments creating an imbalance between herbivores and their hosts. Since 2010, there has been a phytosanitary crisis in the peach palm (or chontaduro), Bactris gasipaes in the Colombian Pacific Region which can be attributed to two species of palm weevils: Rhynchophorus palmarum and Dynamis borassi. It has been proposed that deforestation of native palms, used by these weevils, induces these to find new resources in the peach palm. This study examined the association of these two weevils with native palms near chontaduro crops and how this occurs in two types of habitats. Six secondary forests and six anthropogenically disturbed areas were visited in third administrative division: “corregimientos” 1 and 2 (Zone A) and 7 and 8 (Zone B) in the municipality of Buenaventura. Three 50 x 100 m plots were designated in each zone, all palms with damage being recorded; the sampling was also complemented with a free sample. Twelve palm species distributed into one subfamily and nine genera were identified. A total of 271 unopened inflorescences were examined in Zone A and 501 in Zone B. Only evidence of damage was found in individuals of the “milpesos” palm (Oenocarpus bataua), an economically exploitable species. The proportion of palms affected in terms of habitat was significantly higher in the disturbed habitat. This is the first record that quantifies a high percentage of association between D. borassi and the “milpesos” palm in the Colombian Pacific Region, a phenomenon that could be explained by agroecological hypotheses.