SUMMARY: There exists a scarcity of neurocognitive research that has successfully used electrophysiology as an objective tool to assess different learning modalitiesthat are commonly used in anatomy. The objective of this study was to explore the trend in the expression of brain waves in medical students when using different didactic strategies in learning anatomy. An exploratory, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 22 first- semester medical students in anatomy. Using didactic strategies with different pedagogical tools such as biological models (human skulls and pig hearts) and/or digital application (Visible Body software), and different evaluation methods, students were grouped into three groups: "EOR1" students who learned using a skull and were evaluated with it; "EOV1" students who learned using a pig heart and were evaluated with the Visible Body software; and "EOV2" for students who learned through the Visible Body software and were evaluated with it. During the evaluation, each student was monitored in real-time using an electroencephalogram and the Emotiv EPOC brain-computer interface system to record the electro-physiological activity of beta (B), theta (T), and gamma (G) waves. The data obtained (the trend of the electrical activity of each wave and its relationship with students' performance in each didactic strategy) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Groups EOR1 and EOV1 had satisfactory results in their evaluations and showed a predominance of B waves (x=67.33) and T waves (x=57.67). Additionally, a strongly positive correlation (r=0.82) was found between the presence of B waves and the duration of T waves. Students who used three-dimensional biological models as a pedagogical tool showed a predominance of B and T waves, which are associated with sensorimotor and exploratory learning necessary for studying anatomy.

RESUMEN: Son escasos los estudios de neurociencia cognitiva que permitan comprender, de manera objetiva, las manifestaciones electrofisiológicas de los estudiantes de medicina expuestos a diferentes herramientas pedagógicas utilizadas en el área de anatomía. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la tendencia en la expresión de las ondas cerebrales de estudiantes de medicina, al utilizar diferentes estrategias didácticas en el aprendizaje de la anatomía. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, observacional, de corte transversal en 22 estudiantes de medicina de primer semestre en anatomía. Utilizando estrategias didácticas con diferentes herramientas pedagógicas; como modelos biológicos (cráneos humanos y corazones porcinos) y/o aplicación digital (software Visible Body (SVB)), y diferente método de evaluación, se agruparon los estudiantes en tres grupos: “EOR1” estudiantes que aprendieron usando un cráneo y se evaluaron con este, “EOV1” estudiantes que aprendieron usando un corazón porcino y fueron evaluados con el SVB, y “EOV2” para los estudiantes que aprendieron a través del SVB y fueron evaluados con este. Durante la evaluación, cada estudiante fue monitorizado en tiempo real, utilizando un electroencefalograma y el sistema interfaz cerebro - computadora Emotiv EPOC para registrar la actividad electrofisiológica de las ondas beta (B), theta (T) y gamma (G). Los datos obtenidos (tendencia de la actividad eléctrica de cada onda y su relación con el desempeño de los estudiantes en cada estrategia didáctica) fueron analizados usando el índice de correlación de Pearson. Los grupos EOR1 y EOV1, tuvieron resultados satisfactorios en sus evaluaciones y presentaron predominio de ondas B (X=67,33) y T (X=57,67), además, se evidenció una correlación fuertemente positiva (r=0,82) entre la presencia de B y el tiempo de permanencia de T. Los estudiantes que utilizaron modelos biológicos tridimensionales como herramienta pedagógica presentaron predominio de las ondas B y T, asociadas con aprendizajes sensoriomotores y de tipo exploratorio necesarios para el estudio en anatomía.

Abstract Introduction Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion in chromosome 7, affecting ~ 28 genes. Studies have demonstrated conductive losses seemingly related to the absence of the elastin gene and mild to profound sensorineural losses due to cochlear fragility. Objective To characterize and compare the peripheral auditory system and auditory brainstem response (ABR) of adults with WS and neurotypical adults matched by age and gender. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with 30 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 37 years – 15 of them with WS (study group) and 15 with neither the syndrome nor hearing complaints (control group), matched for sex and age. The subjects underwent pure-tone and speech audiometry, acoustic immittance, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), and ABR. Results Early-onset sensorineural hearing loss was found in 53.3% of the study sample, mostly mild, occurring above 3 kHz. The TEOAEs were absent in 53.3% of assessed subjects; for those in whom they were present, the signal-to-noise responses were significantly lower than in the control group. In the ABR, increased absolute latencies were observed in waves I and III. Conclusion Individuals with WS have early and progressive cochlear impairments, mainly affecting the basal region of the cochlea. They may have low brainstem changes which seem to begin in adulthood. (WS 7 2 genes fragility ABR (ABR gender crosssectional cross sectional sexes 1 group group, , puretone pure tone audiometry immittance transientevoked transient evoked TEOAEs, (TEOAEs) Earlyonset Early onset 533 53 53.3 sample kHz present signaltonoise signal noise III impairments cochlea adulthood (TEOAEs 5 53.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the characteristics of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) in the first three years of the pandemic in children in a pediatric hospital in Peru. We conducted an observational, descriptive study with data from 73 patients and described the clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment and complications according to the wave of the pandemic and whether they had shock. The median age was 6 years, gastrointestinal and mucocutaneous manifestations were frequent in the three waves. Kawasaki disease-like phenotype was present in 34 (46.6%) patients and 21 (28.8%) patients developed shock. The most commonly used treatment was immunoglobulin (95.9%), followed by acetylsalicylic acid (94.5%) and corticosteroid (86.3%). Five (7%) patients had coronary aneurysm and 17 (23.3%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with shock had greater laboratorial alteration and need for mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, MIS-C has decreased in the first three years of the pandemic, possibly due to COVID-19 vaccination in children.

RESUMEN El propósito del estudio fue describir las características del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 (SIM-C) en los primeros tres años de pandemia en niños de un hospital pediátrico del Perú. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo con datos de 73 pacientes y se describieron las características clínicas, laboratoriales, tratamiento y complicaciones según la ola de la pandemia y si tuvieron shock. La mediana de edad fue 6 años, las manifestaciones gastrointestinales y mucocutáneas fueron frecuentes en las tres olas. El fenotipo similar a enfermedad de Kawasaki se presentó en 34 (46,6%) pacientes y 21 (28,8%) pacientes desarrollaron shock. El tratamiento más usado fue la inmunoglobulina (95,9%), ácido acetil salicílico (94,5%) y corticoide (86,3%). Cinco (7%) pacientes tuvieron aneurisma coronario y 17 (23,3%) ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Los pacientes con shock tuvieron mayor alteración laboratorial y necesidad de ventilación mecánica. En conclusión, el SIM-C ha disminuido en los primeros tres años de pandemia posiblemente por la vacunación de COVID-19 en niños.

There is growing recognition that climate change is a worldwide phenomenon with far-reaching effects and that it is linked to an increase in the frequency of extreme weather occurrences. In rural areas of most of the sub-Saharan countries and other developing countries in the world, the frequent occurrences of extreme weather events such as flooding, heat waves, and drought have significantly destroyed livelihood activities of poor communities. Unfavorable geographic characteristics, a lack of resources, and a higher reliance on climate-sensitive sources of income among many community members in poor nations all contribute to the impact. These include livelihood activities associated with land use and agricultural practices. Sadly, the population's capacity and incentive to stay in rural areas have been altered because of climate change and its detrimental impacts on agricultural output, income, and subsistence living; as a result, many rural dwellers are migrating to urban areas. Rural populations migrate to urban areas in search of economic opportunities to earn a living. It is evident that the expected opportunities in urban areas are not always available; thus, most of the rural migrants are stuck in informal settlements, shanty towns, and slums without access to services. Consequently, it is evident that climate change is somehow transferring poverty from rural to urban areas. This study adopted the push/pull theory as a theoretical framework to guide the discussion and analysis. Based on an extensive review of the existing literature using qualitative document analysis, the purpose of this article is to examine the role of climate change on rural-urban migration, which ultimately contributes to the increase in urban poverty. The article concludes by reviewing the current (limited) research on climate change and poverty and argues for a research agenda in the context of sub-Saharan Africa toward sustainable ways to respond to the challenges of climate-induced migration, urbanization, and poverty.

Resumen Estudio de tipo cualitativo que explora las perspectivas y experiencias de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas que vivieron la atención institucionalizada del parto en la primera y segunda ola de la pandemia por COVID-19. A través de un guión semiestructurado se entrevistó a nueve mujeres que vivieron la experiencia de la atención del parto entre marzo y octubre de 2020, en hospitales públicos y privados de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, en México. Bajo la propuesta de análisis de la teoría fundamentada, se identificó que las estrategias sanitarias implementadas en el marco de la pandemia, trajeron consigo un retroceso en la garantía del parto humanizado, las mujeres se narraron desconfiadas en los protocolos que siguió el personal para la atención de sus partos en los hospitales del sector público y muy confiadas en los que se implementaron en el sector privado. La realización de cesáreas sin una justificación clara emergió como una constante, igual que la separación temprana de los binomios. Continúa frágil la disposición y el convencimiento del personal sanitario y las instituciones para garantizar, proteger y defender el derecho de las mujeres a vivir el parto libre de violencia. Persisten resistencias para repensar la atención del parto desde un paradigma no biomédicalizante. COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 2020 Potosí México fundamentada humanizado privado constante binomios garantizar violencia biomédicalizante COVID1 1 COVID-1 202 COVID- 20 2

Abstract This is a qualitative study that explores the perspectives and experiences of a group of Mexican women who experienced institutionalized childbirth care in the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a semi-structured script, nine women who experienced childbirth care were interviewed between March and October 2020 in public and private hospitals in the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Under the Grounded Theory analysis proposal, it was identified that the health strategies implemented during the pandemic brought with them a setback in the guarantee of humanized childbirth. Women described themselves as distrustful of the protocols that personnel followed to attend to their births in public sector hospitals and very confident in those implemented in the private sector. The intervention of cesarean sections without a clear justification emerged as a constant, as did early dyad separation. Healthcare personnel’s and institutions’ willingness and conviction to guarantee, protect and defend the right of women to experience childbirth free of violence remain fragile. Resistance persists to rethink childbirth care from a non-biomedicalizing paradigm. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 semistructured semi structured script 202 Potosí Mexico proposal constant separation personnels s institutions fragile nonbiomedicalizing non biomedicalizing paradigm COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

ABSTRACT This paper discusses some comparative analysis between the pattern of economic performances in Asia and Western Europe during 1950s-2020s through political economies perspective. The Asian and Western European economic performances are investigated through some stylized facts in the sense of economic factors. Three analyses are used to explain the general pattern of these regions. First, this study examines the pattern of GDP growth per capita during the 1950s-2020s, focusing on several countries in this region. Second, the analysis captures the pattern of linkages of economic variables in this region related to the principle of Circular and Cumulative causation (CCC) and contradiction. Third, the analysis employs a historical perspective underpinned by the results in the second analysis. This third analysis is crucial to appreciating Asia’s global economic performance and also the process of Western deterioration phenomenon through long wave, including the occurrence recession and financial crises. The institutions of globalization and neoliberalism that put the power of capital promoted a financial crisis several times during the decades of 1980s-2020. The financial crisis is depicted by contradictions in the structural linkages among economic factors in Western Europe over the period. 1950s2020s ss 1950s 2020s s regions First 1950s2020s, 2020s, Second CCC (CCC contradiction Third Asias wave crises 1980s2020. 1980s2020 1980s 2020. 2020 1980s-2020 period 1980s202 202 1980s-202 1980s20 20 1980s-20 1980s2 2 1980s-2 1980s-

RESUMO Este artigo discute algumas análises comparativas entre o padrão de desempenho econômico na Ásia e na Europa Ocidental durante os anos 1950-2020 através da perspectiva das economias políticas. Os desempenhos econômicos da Ásia e da Europa Ocidental são investigados por meio de alguns fatos estilizados no sentido de fatores econômicos. Três análises são usadas para explicar o padrão geral dessas regiões. Em primeiro lugar, este estudo examina o padrão de crescimento do PIB per capita durante os anos 1950-2020, com foco em vários países dessa região. Em segundo lugar, a análise captura o padrão de vínculos de variáveis econômicas nesta região relacionadas ao princípio da Causação Circular e Cumulativa (CCC) e contradição. Em terceiro lugar, a análise emprega uma perspectiva histórica sustentada pelos resultados da segunda análise. Esta terceira análise é crucial para apreciar o desempenho econômico global da Ásia e também o processo de deterioração do fenômeno ocidental por meio de ondas longas, incluindo a ocorrência de recessão e crises financeiras. As instituições da globalização e do neoliberalismo que colocaram o poder do capital promoveram várias vezes uma crise financeira durante as décadas de 1980-2020. A crise financeira é retratada por contradições nas ligações estruturais entre os fatores econômicos na Europa Ocidental durante o período. 19502020 1950 2020 1950-202 políticas regiões lugar 19502020, 2020, CCC (CCC contradição longas financeiras 19802020. 19802020 1980 2020. 1980-2020 período 1950202 195 202 1950-20 1980202 198 1980-202 195020 19 20 1950-2 198020 1980-20 19502 1 2 1950- 19802 1980-2 1980-

Resumo: O retorno às atividades presenciais acendeu o alerta para o sedentarismo que se desenvolveu durante o período de confinamento, devido à inclinação ao conforto de permanecer no ambiente familiar. O manuscrito examina o impacto que a pandemia de Covid-19 teve nas instituições educacionais do sul do Peru. Após uma breve introdução, exploramos o medo desenvolvido em relação à interação presencial por parte dos principais agentes impulsionadores do corpus educacional e do desenvolvimento específico da educação nos Andes. Como ramificação da construção teórica, há entre os estudantes uma saudade do passado invernal abalado pelas ondas vibratórias do morcego de Wuhan, pois com o retorno à presencialidade, seu conforto na Internet e usar como desculpa o fato de estar num ambiente virtual para não cuidar de certas responsabilidades acadêmicas e domésticas não será mais possível. No âmbito do ensino, retoma-se o combate frontal aos múltiplos problemas educacionais do país abandonado há dois longos anos; finalmente, para os pais, abre-se no túnel da preocupação, a luz da esperança de ver novamente os filhos com o sagrado uniforme escolar.

Resumen El retorno a la presencialidad ha hecho sonar las alarmas del sedentarismo construido durante el confinamiento debido a la tendencia por la comodidad de no salir del nido. Este ensayo delibera la derivación que ha tenido la pandemia del COVID-19 en las instancias educativas en el sur del Perú. Tras una breve introducción, se aborda el miedo al cara a cara de los principales actores que dinamizan el corpus educacional y el desarrollo específico de la educación en los Andes. Como ramificación del constructo teórico, existe en las personas estudiantes la añoranza hacia el pasado invernal sacudido por las ondas vibratorias del murciélago de Wuhan, porque, con el retorno a la presencialidad, sus comodidades en la red de internet y la excusa de estar en clases virtuales para no ocuparse de ciertas responsabilidades académicas y domésticas ya no serán posibles. En cuanto a la esfera magisterial, se reanuda el combate frontal hacia los múltiples problemas educativos en el país, abandonado por dos largos años; finalmente, para el estrato de progenitores, se aparece en el túnel de la preocupación, la luz de esperanza de ver a sus hijos(as) nuevamente con el sagrado uniforme escolar.

Abstract: The return to presentiality has raised the alarms of the sedentary lifestyle that was built during the confinement and the tendency to the convenience of not leaving the nest. The manuscript explores the repercussions that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on educational institutions in Southern Peru. After a brief introduction, it addresses the face-to-face fear felt by the main actors in the educational corpus, also addressing the specific development of education in the Andes. As a ramification of the theoretical construct, students long for the winter past shaken by the vibrational waves of the Wuhan bat, because with the return to face-to-face, their comforts in the Internet network and the excuse of being in virtual classes to avoid taking care of certain academic and domestic responsibilities, will no longer be possible. As for the teachers’ sphere, the frontal fight against the multiple educational problems in the country, abandoned for two long years, will be resumed. Finally, regarding the parents’ stratum, a light of hope to see their children again wearing the sacred school uniform is starting to shine in a tunnel of worry

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o comportamento de elementos climáticos e eventos térmicos extremos entre duas unidades de paisagem da cidade de Neuquén, Argentina, no período de 2013 a 2020. Foram analisados dados diários de temperatura mínima (Tmin), temperatura máxima (Tmax) e umidade relativa (UR) das estações meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) e “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), que são referências do vale (área periurbana) e do corredor fluvial (ambiente ribeirinho), respectivamente. Foi analisada a influência da margem nas Tmin e Tmax diárias durante ondas de calor (OC) e ondas de frio (OF) no vale de acordo com a metodologia do Serviço Meteorológico Nacional. As médias de Tmax (Tmin), em resoluções anuais, sazonais e mensais, foram menores (maiores) em PC. Os valores médios de UR foram superiores em NA. Durante as OC, foi observado um efeito regulador em relação à quantidade de dias em que os valores limites foram excedidos de forma consecutiva no litoral fluvial.

Abstract This paper aimed to compare the behavior of climatic elements and extreme thermal events between two landscape units of the city of Neuquén, Argentina, for the period 2013-2020. The study involved daily data of minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), and relative humidity (RH) obtained from the meteorological stations “Neuquén Aero” (NA) and “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referring to the valley (peri-urban area) and the fluvial corridor (riparian environment) respectively. The influence of the riverbank on the daily Tmin and Tmax during Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Waves (CW) in the valley was analyzed using the methodology of the National Meteorological Service. The mean Tmax (Tmin), at annual, seasonal, and monthly resolutions, were lower (higher) in PC. The mean RH values were higher in NA. During the HW, a regulatory effect was exhibited regarding the number of days that the threshold values were exceeded consecutively in the fluvial littoral.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar el comportamiento de elementos climáticos y eventos térmicos extremos entre dos unidades de paisaje de la ciudad de Neuquén (Argentina) para el período 2013-2020. Se examinaron datos diarios de temperatura mínima -Tmin-, temperatura máxima -Tmax- y humedad relativa -HR- de las estaciones meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) y “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referentes del valle (área periurbana) y del corredor fluvial (entorno ripario) respectivamente. Se analizó la influencia de la ribera en las Tmin y Tmax diarias durante Olas de Calor (OC) y Olas de Frío (OF) en el valle según metodología del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Las Tmax (Tmin) medias, a resoluciones anual, estacional y mensual, resultaron menores (mayores) en PC. Los valores medios de HR fueron superiores en NA. Durante las OC, se exhibió un efecto regulador respecto a la cantidad de días que se excedieron los valores umbrales de manera consecutiva en el litoral fluvial.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between perceptions and agricultural practices in the face of the effects of climate change from the agro-socio-economic context and the hydrological structure in the Cochapata high-altitude ecosystem in Urcuquí-Ecuador. The methodological strategy responds to the qualitative paradigm, case study method. Primary information was collected through landscape reading, interviews, and participant observation. It was found that the territory is occupied by timber industries, whose tree species are characterized by excessive water demand. The sub-paramo is inhabited by peasants in survival conditions who use the land to obtain goods for family sustenance using their labor force. Water distribution is of a hydro-social nature, as it excludes peasants from the right to irrigation and watering. Regarding the effects of the changing climate, the inhabitants perceive heat waves and variations in the rainy season in their daily lives; however, no agricultural practices were found to adapt to the climatic phenomenon. It is concluded that the vulnerability of the ecosystem is not directly related to climate change; it responds to historical failures in the distribution of ecosystem goods such as land and water, to the lack of knowledge of the peasant subject on the part of the state and society, and the excessive extractivism implemented during the last decades.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre percepciones y prácticas agrícolas frente a los efectos del cambio climático desde el contexto agro-socio-económico y la estructura hidrológica en el ecosistema de altura Cochapata en Urcuquí-Ecuador. La estrategia metodológica responde al paradigma cualitativo, método de estudio de caso. Se levantó información primaria mediante lectura del paisaje, entrevistas y observación participante. Se encontró que el territorio está ocupado por industrias madereras cuyas especies arbóreas se caracterizan por excesiva demanda hídrica. El subpáramo está habitado por campesinos en condición de sobrevivencia que usan la tierra para obtener bienes de sustento familiar, valiéndose de su fuerza de trabajo. Se evidenció que la distribución del agua es de carácter hidrosocial, pues excluye al campesinado del derecho a riego y abrevadero. Respecto a los efectos del clima cambiante, los pobladores perciben en su cotidianidad olas de calor y variaciones en las temporadas de lluvias, sin embargo, no se encontraron prácticas agrícolas con intención adaptativa al fenómeno climático. Se concluye que la vulnerabilidad del ecosistema no guarda relación directa con el cambio climático, esta responde a las fallas históricas en la distribución de los bienes ecosistémicos tierra y agua, al desconocimiento del sujeto campesino por parte del Estado y de la sociedad, y al excesivo extractivismo implantado durante las últimas décadas.

Resumo Há um consenso cada vez maior sobre a natureza complementar da política institucional e não institucional como um meio de promover agendas políticas. No entanto, a maioria das pesquisas tende a se concentrar em um aspecto dessa relação, qual seja, como os movimentos sociais influenciam a arena política, por exemplo, impactando diferentes estágios do processo de elaboração de políticas e criando partidos políticos. Comparativamente, há menos compreensão da dinâmica inversa: até que ponto os partidos políticos também influenciam a arena de protestos adotando e usando estratégias e táticas comumente associadas aos movimentos sociais e conectando-se com os manifestantes. Com foco na Argentina e no Chile, dois países que passaram por grandes ondas de protestos nos últimos anos, neste artigo examinamos a presença de partidos políticos na organização, condução e canalização de manifestações. Como a recepção dos partidos políticos nas manifestações está intimamente ligada ao fato de eles serem ou não bem-vindos na arena de protestos, também analisamos como os manifestantes argentinos e chilenos percebem os partidos políticos e o nível de identificação que sentem com eles. Nossa principal fonte de dados vem de 1.935 entrevistas realizadas como parte da rede Caught in the Act of Protest: Contextualizing Contestation (CCC, sigla em inglês) entre 2015 e 2017. Constatamos que os partidos políticos da Argentina apresentam vínculos mais fortes com os movimentos sociais em comparação com os do Chile. Procuramos vincular esse resultado a padrões divergentes e historicamente enraizados de dinâmicas de protesto em ambos os países e discutimos as implicações de nossas descobertas na conclusão.

Resumen Existe un consenso cada vez mayor sobre la naturaleza complementaria de la política institucional y no institucional como medio para impulsar las agendas políticas. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la investigación tiende a concentrarse en un aspecto de esta relación, a saber, cómo los movimientos sociales influyen en la arena política, por ejemplo, impactando diferentes etapas del proceso de formulación de políticas y creando nuevos partidos políticos. Hay comparativamente menos comprensión de la dinámica inversa: el grado en que los partidos políticos también influyen en el ámbito de la protesta al adoptar y utilizar estrategias y tácticas -comúnmente asociadas con los movimientos sociales- y al conectarse con los manifestantes. Centrándose en Argentina y Chile, dos países que han experimentado oleadas masivas de protestas en los últimos años, este artículo examina la presencia de los partidos políticos en la organización, realización y canalización de manifestaciones. La recepción de los partidos políticos en las manifestaciones está estrechamente ligada a si son bienvenidos o no en el ámbito de la protesta. También analizamos cómo los manifestantes argentinos y chilenos perciben a los partidos políticos y el nivel de identificación que sienten con ellos. Nuestra principal fuente de datos proviene de 1935 encuestas realizadas como parte de la red Caught in the Act of Protest: Contextualizing Contestation (CCC) entre 2015 y 2017. Encontramos que los partidos políticos en Argentina exhiben vínculos más fuertes con los movimientos sociales en comparación con los de Chile. Buscamos vincular este resultado con patrones divergentes e históricamente arraigados de dinámicas de protesta en ambos países y discutimos las implicaciones de nuestros hallazgos en la conclusión.

Abstract There is a growing consensus about the complementary nature of institutional and noninstitutional politics as means to push forward policy agendas. However, the bulk of research tends to concentrate on one aspect of this relationship, namely, how social movements influence the political arena, for example by impacting different stages of the policymaking process and creating new political parties. There is comparatively less understanding of the reverse dynamics: the degree to which political parties also influence the protest arena by adopting and utilizing strategies and tactics commonly associated with social movements and by connecting to demonstrators. Focusing on Argentina and Chile, two countries that have experienced massive protest waves in recent years, this article examines the presence of political parties in the organization, staging, and channeling of demonstrations. Given that the reception of political parties in demonstrations is closely tied to whether they are welcome in the protest arena or not, we also analyze how Argentine and Chilean protesters perceive political parties and the level of identification they feel with them. Our primary data source comes from 1935 surveys conducted as part of the Caught in the Act of Protest: Contextualizing Contestation (CCC) network between 2015 and 2017. We found that political parties in Argentina exhibit stronger ties to social movements compared to those in Chile. We seek to link this outcome to divergent and historically rooted patterns of protest dynamics in both countries and discuss the implications of our findings in the conclusion.

ABSTRACT It is a fact that Cuba's climate is already experiencing some specific impacts of global climate change. Among them, the occurrence of extreme behaviors of the thermal regime of the air, including episodes of intense heat or cold. These act differently in summer and winter and can be predisposing factors for various meteor-pathologies, including death. To further study the relationship between the extreme thermal regime and its possible influence on the increase in daily mortality, a national sample of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures from 68 meteorological stations was selected to compare their behavior with daily mortality in excess throughout the country during the period 2001-2020. It is demonstrated that there is a well-defined relationship between the daytime and nighttime extremes of air temperature with increases in daily excess mortality, finding seasonal differences in the genesis and duration of mortality maximums, depending on the influence of extreme sensations. of cold or heat. The starting thresholds of possible health crisis associated with the extremes of the thermal regime are identified and a preliminary estimate of the prospective behavior of the average annual maximum and minimum temperatures of Cuba is made, as well as the national excess mortality that can be reached in the year 2030.

RESUMEN Es un hecho que el clima de Cuba ya experimenta algunos impactos específicos del cambio climático global. Entre ellos, la ocurrencia de comportamientos extremos del régimen térmico del aire, incluyendo episodios de calor o frío intensos. Estos actúan de manera diferenciada en verano e invierno y pueden ser factores predisponentes de diversas meteoropatías, incluyendo la muerte. Para profundizar en el estudio de la relación entre el régimen térmico extremo y su posible influencia en el aumento de la mortalidad diaria, se seleccionó una muestra nacional de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas diarias del aire de 68 estaciones meteorológicas, para comparar su comportamiento con la mortalidad diaria en exceso en todo el país durante el período 2001-2020. Se demuestra que existe una relación bien definida entre los extremos diurnos y nocturnos de la temperatura del aire con los aumentos de la mortalidad en exceso, encontrando diferencias estacionales en la génesis y duración de los máximos de mortalidad, según sea la influencia de las sensaciones extremas de frío o calor. Se identifican los umbrales de inicio de las posibles crisis de salud asociadas a los extremos del régimen térmico y se hace una estimación preliminar del comportamiento perspectivo de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas medias anuales de Cuba, así como de la mortalidad en exceso nacional que se puede alcanzar en el año 2030.

BACKGROUND. Trends data up to 2018 suggest that tobacco smoking was increasing in South Africa (SA), but only limited information is available on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current pattern of use of tobacco and nicotine products (TNPs). OBJECTIVES. To assess trends in sociodemographic patterns in the use of TNPs and the extent to which sociodemographic factors and non-cigarette tobacco use may explain possible changes in rates of TNP use between 2017/18 and 2021. METHODS. Data from three waves (2017, 2018 and 2021) of the South African Social Attitudes Survey (total N=8 140) were analysed. The sociodemographic correlates of current daily and non-daily use of factory-manufactured cigarettes (FMCs), roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes, waterpipe/hubbly, electronic cigarettes (ECigs), snuff (a smokeless tobacco) and any combination of FMCs, RYO cigarettes and waterpipe/hubbly ('current smoking') in 2017/18 (pre-pandemic) were compared with those for 2021 (during the pandemic). Chi-square analyses and generalised linear models were used to compare the prevalence of TNP use between the two periods. A Blinda-Oaxaca decomposition analysis was also used to explore the roles of various sociodemographic factors, including any differences in the use of TNPs, that may explain any observed differences in smoking rates between 2017/18 and 2021. RESULTS. Current smoking increased significantly from 22.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.4 - 24.5) in 2017/18 to 27.6% (95% CI 24.3 - 31.1) in 2021 (p=0.009). Smoking of FMCs did not change significantly overall between these two periods (20.1% v. 22.1%; p=0.240), except for a significant increase among those who self-identified as black African and a decrease among those who self-identified as coloured and those currently employed. However, the use of waterpipe/hubbly, ECigs, RYO cigarettes and snuff increased significantly. Women, individuals aged <35 years and black Africans had the largest increase in waterpipe/hubbly and ECig use. A decomposition analysis showed that increased waterpipe/hubbly and RYO use explained 52% and 15%, respectively, of the increase in smoking rates, while lower employment during 2021 compared with 2017/18 explained 15% of the increase in smoking rates during 2021. CONCLUSION. The use of all TNPs continued to increase in SA, particularly among women and unemployed people. These findings have policy and practice implications for addressing socioeconomic disparities in tobacco-related diseases.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo analizar las dinámicas migratorias que se llevan adelante en África Occidental a partir del interrogante que se desprende de los discursos dominantes respecto de la supuesta invasión de migrantes africanos a Europa, especialmente después de 2015. Desde ese año, la consigna más frecuente ha sido “Grandes oleadas de refugiados arriban a Europa”. Sin embargo, la realidad muestra que no existe tal invasión en términos cuantitativos absolutos, además de profundizarse el discurso racista y xenófobo que habla de “crisis migratoria” para alertar sobre una presunta invasión de africanos al continente, cuando casi un 80% de quienes emigran de sus países se dirige a otro país del continente africano y tan solo el, aproximadamente, 20% restante “intenta” cruzar a Europa. Y este último dato representa un porcentaje de población extremadamente reducido en relación con la población europea. A partir del trabajo de campo en Senegal, Malí, Burkina Faso y Níger, realizado para una tesis de doctorado, las reflexiones en torno al problema planteado se orientan a desmontar ideas ampliamente difundidas por medios de comunicación y determinados ámbitos académicos en relación con las migraciones subsaharianas en dirección a Europa, en muchos casos fundamentadas por representaciones vinculadas a “la huida del continente”, “las guerras”, “los conflictos étnicos” y “la invasión de migrantes a Europa”, entre otras.

Abstract The main objective of this work is to analyze the migratory dynamics that are carried out in West Africa based on the question that emerges from the dominant discourses regarding the alleged invasion of African migrants to Europe, especially after 2015. Since that year, the most frequent slogan has been that of “Large waves of refugees arrive in Europe”. However, reality shows that there is no such invasion in absolute quantitative terms, but there is an increasingly racist and xenophobic discourse that speaks of the “migration crisis”, which alerts about an alleged invasion of Africans to the continent, when, in fact, almost 80% of those who emigrate from their countries go to another country on the African continent and only the remaining 20% “try” to cross to Europe. And this last figure represents an extremely small percentage of the population in relation to the European population. Based on fieldwork in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger carried out for a doctoral dissertation, the reflections on the problem posed are aimed at dismantling ideas widely disseminated by the media and certain academic fields in relation to migrations and sub-Saharan movements towards Europe, in many cases based on representations linked to “the flight from the continent”, “wars”, “ethnic conflicts” and “the invasion of migrants to Europe”, among others.