ABSTRACT: Eryngiumfoetidum exhibits low germination rates and heterogeneous seed maturation. Thus, in order to reduce problems during seedling production, a number of treatments can be used. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological quality of Amazon chicory seeds submitted to water immersion treatments. Two experiments were conducted, under controlled temperature (25 ºC) and nursery conditions, with six treatments (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) in each. A completely randomized design was used in the controlled condition and random blocks in the nursery. The following were assessed: germination/emergence speed index (GSI/ESI), mean germination/emergence time (MGT/MET), germination/emergence percentage, normal seedling development, fresh weight and dry weight. The data were submitted to linear and second-order polynomial regression analysis in the R statistical program. Under controlled conditions, Maximum GSI was 4.65 after 18.03 hours of immersion, and for MGT, 12 h of immersion provided a shorter average time (13.76 days) and obtained 39.26% of germinated seeds after 26.27 h of immersion, as well as 19.34% of normal seedlings in 27.97 h. In the nursery, a lower MET was observed after 48 h and mean fresh and dry weight were higher after 12 h (18.47 and 1.44 g, respectively). Thus, water immersion for 12 hours resulted in a shorter germination time and higher fresh and dry weight, and the treatment may have helped reactivate embryo metabolism and growth. ABSTRACT maturation Thus production conducted 25 (2 ºC conditions 0, 0 (0 24 3 4 each assessed germinationemergence emergence GSI/ESI, GSIESI GSI/ESI , ESI (GSI/ESI) MGT/MET, MGTMET MGT/MET MGT (MGT/MET) percentage development secondorder second program 465 65 4.6 1803 18 03 18.0 1 13.76 1376 13 76 (13.7 days 3926 39 26 39.26 2627 27 26.2 1934 19 34 19.34 2797 97 27.9 18.47 1847 47 (18.4 144 44 1.4 g respectively. respectively . respectively) growth 2 ( (GSI/ESI (MGT/MET 46 6 4. 180 18. 13.7 137 7 (13. 392 39.2 262 26. 193 19.3 279 9 27. 18.4 184 (18. 14 1. 13. (13 39. 19. (18 (1

RESUMO: A Eryngium foetidum apresenta desuniformidade e baixas taxas de germinação. Assim, visando reduzir as problemáticas durante a produção de mudas, alguns tratamentos podem ser realizados. Por isso, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de chicória da Amazônia submetidas a tratamentos de imersão em água. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em condição controlada de temperatura (25 ºC) e em condição de viveiro, testados seis tratamentos (0, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas) em ambos. Na condição controlada, utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado e no viveiro, blocos ao acaso. Sendo avaliado: índice de velocidade de germinação/emergência (IVG/IVE), tempo médio de germinação/emergência (TMG/TME), porcentagem de germinação/emergência, desenvolvimento de plântulas normais, massa fresca e massa seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão linear e polinomial de 2ª ordem no programa estatístico computacional “R”. Na condição controlada, o IVG apresentou valor máximo de 4,65 após estimativa de 18,03 horas de imersão, para o TMG 12 h de imersão proporcionou tempo médio menor (13,76 dias) e obteve 39,26% de sementes germinadas após estimativa de 26,27 h de imersão, assim como 19,34% de plântulas normais em 27,97 h. Enquanto no viveiro, para o TME observou menor valor após 48 h e massa fresca e seca se obteve maiores médias após 12 h, 18,47 g e 1,44 g, respectivamente. Assim, a imersão em água por 12 horas proporcionou menor tempo de germinação e maior massa fresca e seca, possivelmente o tratamento auxiliou na reativação do metabolismo e crescimento do embrião. RESUMO Assim mudas isso experimentos 25 (2 ºC viveiro 0, 0 (0 24 3 4 ambos utilizouse utilizou acaso avaliado germinaçãoemergência emergência IVG/IVE, IVGIVE IVG/IVE , IVE (IVG/IVE) TMG/TME, TMGTME TMG/TME (TMG/TME) ª R. R . “R” 465 65 4,6 1803 18 03 18,0 1 13,76 1376 13 76 (13,7 dias 3926 39 26 39,26 2627 27 26,2 1934 19 34 19,34 2797 97 27,9 1847 47 18,4 144 44 1,4 respectivamente embrião 2 ( (IVG/IVE (TMG/TME “R 46 6 4, 180 18, 13,7 137 7 (13, 392 39,2 262 26, 193 19,3 279 9 27, 184 14 1, 13, (13 39, 19, (1

RESUMEN Es conocido que los bosques, según su estado de conservación, influyen en la calidad ecológica de la red hídrica, en especial las aguas para mantenimiento de la humedad del suelo, si éstas poseen calidad, se atenúan los efectos de la sequía, favoreciendo también la calidad de los suelos; el servicio ecosistémico de biodiversidad con la presencia de un adecuado índice de diversidad de especies, tanto de la flora como de la fauna, garantiza los procesos necesarios relacionados con la polinización, el control natural de plagas, y la calidad estética del paisaje. Para ello, se evaluó el papel de bosques y algunos de sus servicios ecosistémicos, dentro de un polígono demostrativo, para presentar a una propuesta de medidas que favorezcan los mismos, identificándose indicadores y variables de cada servicio ecosistémico estudiado, teniendo en cuenta las problemáticas de cada uno; permitiendo la operacionalización de las variables durante la evaluación, con el fin de mejorar el estado del agua, los suelos y la biodiversidad en el polígono demostrativo Los Monsegui.

RESUMO Sabe-se que as florestas, dependendo de seu estado de conservação, influenciam a qualidade ecológica da rede hídrica, especialmente a água utilizada para manter a umidade do solo; se forem de boa qualidade, os efeitos da seca são atenuados, favorecendo também a qualidade do solo; o serviço ecossistêmico da biodiversidade, com a presença de um índice adequado de diversidade de espécies, tanto da flora quanto da fauna, garante os processos necessários relacionados à polinização, ao controle natural de pragas e à qualidade estética da paisagem. Para isso, o papel das florestas e alguns de seus serviços ecossistêmicos foram avaliados em um polígono de demonstração, a fim de apresentar uma proposta de medidas que os favoreçam, identificando indicadores e variáveis para cada serviço ecossistêmico estudado, levando em conta os problemas de cada um deles; permitindo a operacionalização das variáveis durante a avaliação, com o objetivo de melhorar o estado da água, dos solos e da biodiversidade no polígono de demonstração de Los Monsegui.

ABSTRACT It is known that forests, depending on their state of conservation, influence the ecological quality of the water network, especially the waters to maintain soil humidity. If these have quality, the effects of drought are attenuated, also favoring the soil quality. The ecosystem service of biodiversity with the presence of an adequate index of species diversity, both flora and fauna, guarantees the necessary processes related to pollination, natural pest control, and the aesthetic quality of the landscape. For this, the role of forests and some of their ecosystem services were evaluated, within a demonstrative polygon, to present a proposal for measures that favor them, identifying indicators and variables of each ecosystem service studied, taking into account the problems of each one; allowing the operationalization of the variables during the evaluation, in order to improve the state of water, soils and biodiversity in the Los Monsegui demonstration site.

ABSTRACT: The effect of ultrasound on Biceps femoris muscle tenderness was investigated using a 22 Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with triplicates at the central point. We evaluated the following independent variables: ultrasound intensity ranging from 11.30 to 33.90 W cm-2 and exposure time between 35 and 205 s. The ultrasound bath’s frequency (80 kHz) and temperature (10 ºC) were the fixed ones. To validate the model, the muscle was treated at the CCRD’s optimized condition (80 kHz, 22.60 W cm-2, 120 s, 10 ºC) evaluated, and compared with the muscle control sample (non-treated). A 22% shear force reduction was observed compared to the control sample (no ultrasound treatment) after 144 h, and stored at 5 ºC. Moreover, a sarcoplasmic calcium concentration increase was noted for ultrasound-treated muscle, probably activating the calpain enzyme system. In contrast, no significant influence (P > 0.05) was observed for pH, color index, lipid oxidation, water holding capacity, and drip loss by ultrasound treatment at the optimized conditions. Therefore, ultrasound application is promising and suitable for improving muscle tenderness without losing meat quality. This study highlighted the ultrasound effect on the tenderness of a less studied muscle (Biceps femoris) by combining short ultrasound exposure (120 s) and an 80 kHz frequency. ABSTRACT 2 CCRD (CCRD point variables 1130 11 30 11.3 3390 33 90 33.9 cm2 cm cm- 3 20 s baths bath (8 (1 ºC ones model CCRDs 2260 60 22.6 cm2, 2, 12 1 nontreated. nontreated non . (non-treated) 14 h Moreover ultrasoundtreated system contrast P 0.05 005 0 05 pH index oxidation capacity conditions Therefore quality (12 8 113 11. 339 9 33. ( 226 6 22. (non-treated 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO: O efeito do ultrassom sob a maciez do músculo Biceps femoris foi avaliado usando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) 22 com triplicatas no ponto central. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram a intensidade do ultrassom que variou de 11,30 a 33,90 W cm-2 e o tempo de exposição de 35 e 205 s. A frequência do banho de ultrassom (80 kHz) e a temperatura (10 ºC) foram fixas. Para validar o modelo, a carne foi tratada na condição otimizada do DCCR (80 kHz, 22,60 W cm-2, 120 s, 10 ºC), avaliada e comparada à amostra controle (não tratada). Uma redução de 22% na força de cisalhamento foi observada em comparação à amostra controle após 144 h e armazenada a 5 ºC. Além disso, um aumento da concentração de cálcio sarcoplasmático foi observado para o músculo tratado com ultrassom, o que provavelmente ativou o sistema enzimático da calpaína. Em contraste, o tratamento com ultrassom nas condições otimizadas não influenciou significativamente (P > 0,05) o pH, cor, oxidação lipídica, capacidade de retenção de água e perda de gotejamento. Portanto, a aplicação do ultrassom é promissora e adequada para melhorar a maciez do músculo sem perder a qualidade da carne. Este estudo destacou o efeito do ultrassom na maciez de um músculo pouco estudado (Biceps femoris) ao combinar exposição curta ao ultrassom (120 s) e uma frequência de 80 kHz. RESUMO (DCCR 2 central 1130 11 30 11,3 3390 33 90 33,9 cm2 cm cm- 3 20 s (8 kHz (1 ºC fixas modelo 2260 60 22,6 cm2, 2, 12 1 ºC, , tratada. . tratada) 14 disso calpaína contraste P 0,05 005 0 05 pH cor lipídica gotejamento Portanto (12 8 113 11, 339 9 33, ( 226 6 22, 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT: Pineapple is a tropical fruit with high demand by the fruit market in Brazil. Fruits of the cultivar ´Turiaçu` stans out in local consumer markets due to its excellent quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate ecophysiological responses of ´Turiaçu` pineapple plants at the vegetative and reproductive stages to soil fertilization and crop location, and their effects in fruit yield. The study was conducted in the cities of São Luís and Turiaçu, MA, Brazil. Plants under mineral and organic fertilization in two locations, São Luís and Turiaçu, and in two seasons, dry and rainy season, were evaluated during dry and rainy seasons. Chlorophyll index, photochemical efficiency, gas exchange, and fruit yield were evaluated. The pineapple plants presented decrease in the photosynthetic activity, at both developmental stages and in both seasons, when grown in São Luís. The CO2 photosynthetic assimilation decreased. The PSI and PSII activity, according with photosynthetic index, was more sensitive at the reproductive than at the vegetative stage. The organic fertilization was not appropriate for the ´Turiaçu` pineapple crops, regardless of the crop location. The fruit yields were 54.4% and 57.9% lower in São Luís, under mineral and organic fertilization, respectively. Thus, the ecophysiology of ´Turiaçu` pineapple was more affected by water availability than by soil fertility in the municipality of Turiaçu. ABSTRACT Brazil Turiaçu ´Turiaçu quality location MA locations seasons season index efficiency exchange activity CO decreased stage crops 544 54 4 54.4 579 57 9 57.9 respectively Thus 5 54. 57.

RESUMO: O abacaxi é uma fruta tropical com alta demanda pelo mercado de frutas no Brasil. Os frutos da cultivar ´Turiaçu`se destacam nos mercados consumidores locais pela excelente qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas ecofisiológicas de plantas de abacaxizeiro ´Turiaçu`nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo à adubação do solo e ao local de cultivo, e seus efeitos na produção de frutos. O estudo foi realizado nas cidades de São Luís e Turiaçu, MA, Brasil. Plantas sob adubação mineral e orgânica foram avaliadas durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Foram avaliados teores de clorofila, eficiência fotoquímica, trocas gasosas e produção de frutos. As plantas de abacaxi apresentaram diminuição da atividade fotossintética, em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento e em ambas as estações, quando cultivadas em São Luís. A assimilação fotossintética de CO2 diminuiu. A atividade de PSI e PSII foi mais sensível na fase reprodutiva do que na fase vegetativa. A adubação orgânica não foi adequada para as lavouras de abacaxi ´Turiaçu`, independente do local de cultivo. As produtividades de frutos foram 54,4% e 57,9% menores em São Luís, sob adubação mineral e orgânica, respectivamente. Assim, a ecofisiologia do abacaxi de ´Turiaçu`foi mais afetada pela disponibilidade hídrica do que pela fertilidade do solo no município de Turiaçu. RESUMO Brasil Turiaçuse Turiaçu se qualidade Turiaçunos cultivo MA chuvosa clorofila fotoquímica CO diminuiu vegetativa ´Turiaçu` 544 54 4 54,4 579 57 9 57,9 respectivamente Assim Turiaçufoi ´Turiaçu 5 54, 57,

ABSTRACT Harvest delay can alter the physiological and sanitary quality of sorghum seeds due to the longer exposure time of seeds to adverse environmental conditions in the field. In this study, we investigated the impact of delayed Sorghum sp. harvest on the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds in four hybrids grown in the tropical soil of the Brazilian Cerrado region. Plants from four Sorghum sp. hybrids (IPA SUDAN 4202, BRS 658, BRS 810, and BRS 373) were grown and submitted to four seed harvest periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days after stage 9 - seed physiological maturity). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial, with four replicates. At each harvest period, the thousand-seed weight, water content, first count of the germination test, germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and sanitary quality of seeds were determined. Seeds of higher physiological and sanitary quality of the IPA SUDAN 4202 and BRS 658 sorghum hybrids can be obtained when the harvest is carried out up to 7 days after the physiological maturity stage. However, the delay in seed harvesting at 14 and 21 days after physiological maturity results in a higher incidence of Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Alternaria sp. on the seeds of these hybrids. Delaying the harvest of sorghum seeds from 7 days after the physiological maturity stage compromises seed vigor and viability and increases the incidence of pathogens. field study sp region 810 373 0, 0 (0 2 maturity. . maturity) factorial replicates period thousandseed thousand weight content test index matter aging conductivity determined 420 65 However 1 pathogens 81 37 ( 42 6 8 3

Abstract As dams play a very important role in the optimum use of water resources, it is very important to keep them stable and the water stored in the reservoir. It is particularly important to investigate how water moves through rocks and the permeability and quality of the rock mass in structures like dams. Therefore, one of the issues considered in dam stability is monitoring the quantity of leaks. In this research, the engineering geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass for the construction of the Kurit Dam located in the city of Tabas in eastern Iran were evaluated. Initially, following the determination of geotechnical parameters, the engineering classification of the rock mass of the study area was carried out. In addition, in order to study and trace the water evacuation routes of the dam construction, two parameters of the RQD and Lugeon were studied and modelled. Analyses have been conducted to examine the permeability and rock quality index in three parts of the left and right abutment, the dam's axis and reservoir with geostatistics and kriging methods. Three-dimensional model of the construction of the Kurit dam was presented and the results were analyzed. Based on the results, the quality of the rock mass in the right and left abutments is arguably better than the dam axis and reservoir. Additionally, as the depth increases, the permeability decreases and the permeability is higher at shallow depths. The highest level of permeability is located at the surface and near the B H 4 borehole. resources Therefore leaks research evaluated Initially out addition modelled abutment s methods Threedimensional Three dimensional analyzed Additionally increases depths borehole

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the biochemical and physiological quality of peanut cultivar seeds under periods of imbibition and drying. A completely randomized statistical design was adopted, in factorial scheme, with four replications. The three peanut cultivars were: BR1, BRS 151-L7, and IAC 505. The imbibition and drying periods were: 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. The seeds were imbibition with the aid of germitest paper and distilled water, then dried on a metal screen in a plastic box with silica, according to the periods studied. Physiological variables were evaluated (percentage of germination, normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings in the first count and abnormal seedlings in the final count, accelerated aging, seedling length, electrical conductivity, speed index, and average germination time) and biochemical variables (sugar concentration total, reducing sugars, hydrogen peroxide, total superoxide dismutase proteins, and total proteins). The desiccation tolerance of peanut seeds is reduced as the period of water absorption followed by drying increases. Seeds of cultivar IAC 505 have greater tolerance to imbibition and subsequent desiccation compared to seeds of BR1 and BRS 151-L7. adopted scheme replications BR 151L7, 151L7 L 151 L7, L7 151-L7 0 12 24 3 4 hours silica studied percentage aging length conductivity index time sugar sugars peroxide proteins proteins. . proteins) increases 50 151L7. L7. 151L 15 151-L 1 2 5

ABSTRACT The pineapple, the most important fruit in the state of Paraíba, is characterized as an important generator of employment, income and regional development. With the increase in production, challenges arise in reaching distant competitive markets, including exports, making refrigerated storage necessary. However, pineapple, a tropical fruit, is subject to Chilling Injury (CI) when stored under sub-optimal temperatures, below 12 °C, which provide internal browning (IB) and quality loss. The use of pulsed electric field (PEF), a non-thermal technology, can be an alternative in ensuring the control of IB in pineapple. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of PEF application on IB, enzyme expression and activity, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of ‘Pérola’ pineapple. Initially, to define the best strategy, 8 kV/cm of PEF was applied to pineapples directly and indirectly (drinking water), in 4 levels of electrical pulses: 0 (control), 5, 20 and 35, proving to be the most efficient the indirect pulses. From these results, a completely randomized design was used, with indirect application of PEF at the four levels in pineapples, with 5 periods of evaluations at refrigeration at 5 °C, followed by transferring at each period for two more days to the room condition, in 4 replicants (3 fruit / rep). The indirect application of 35 pulses provided a reduction in expression and enzyme activity, IB and maintained the functional potential, being a promising alternative for the storage of pineapple under sub-optimal temperatures. Paraíba employment development production markets exports necessary However CI (CI suboptimal sub optimal temperatures 1 C °C (IB loss PEF, , (PEF) nonthermal non thermal technology Therefore ‘Pérola Pérola Initially strategy kVcm kV cm drinking water, water water) control, (control) 2 results used condition 3 ( rep. rep . rep) potential (PEF (control

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the application of the Phytoplankton Community Index-PCI and Functional Groups-FG in determining the water quality of the Guamá River (Pará, Amazônia, Brazil). Samplings occurred monthly for analyses of phytoplankton and physical and chemical parameters, for two years, at the station where water was collected for human supply consumption. Seasonality influenced electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, winds, true color, and N-ammoniacal. The ebb tide showed high turbidity and suspended solids. The density varied seasonally with the highest values occurring in September and December (61.1 ind mL-1 and 60.2 ind mL-1, respectively). Chlorophyll-a was more elevated in December (21.0 ± 4.7 µg L-1) and chlorophyll-c higher in relation to clorophyll- b indicated the dominance of diatoms. Functional Group P prevailed in the study months. Through the PCI índex the waters of Guamá River varied from reasonable to excellent and the TSI ranged from oligo to mesotrophic. The use of Functional Groups proved to be a promising tool in the determination of water quality since it covered the most abundant species in the Environment, but the PCI is not adequate to characterize Amazonian white-waters rivers, which have diatoms as the leading dominant group. IndexPCI Index GroupsFG FG Pará, Pará (Pará Amazônia Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) parameters years consumption conductivity solids oxygen transparency winds color Nammoniacal. Nammoniacal N ammoniacal. ammoniacal N-ammoniacal 61.1 611 61 1 (61. mL1 mL mL- 602 60 2 60. mL1, 1, respectively. respectively respectively) Chlorophylla Chlorophyll 21.0 210 21 0 (21. 47 4 7 4. L1 L L-1 chlorophyllc chlorophyll c clorophyll months mesotrophic Environment whitewaters white rivers group 61. 6 (61 21. (21 L- (6 (2 (

There are many stilts and industry, which discharge sewage, domestic garbage and industrial effluents in the Pouca Saúde River from the port environment of Santos, São Paulo (SP) State. However, ecotoxicological studies in this river are rare. In this study, we seek to fill this gap by analyzing physicochemical, toxicological, and chemical conditions. Surface water and sediment samples were collected at 2 sampling sites with riparian community activities and industrial activities in the summer, autumn, winter and spring. The parameters analyzed were pH, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, oils, greases, dissolved oxygen (DO), toxicological and cytotoxicity with mitotic index (MI) of onion roots using Allium cepa roots, and concentration of Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni and Cd. Our results showed alterations in the DO, turbidity, oils/greases and reduction of MI when compared to the respective control. Ni and Zn in sediment samples presented concentrations exceeding levels occasionally associated with adverse biological effects “threshold effect level”. These results suggested that the water quality of the Pouca Saúde River is influenced by both presences of heavy metals contamination and the seasons, i.e. by the tide. Thus, the toxic potential monitoring carried out in this study is of paramount importance to this river. industry sewage Santos SP (SP State However rare physicochemical conditions summer autumn spring pH alkalinity turbidity salinity oils greases DO , (DO) (MI Pb Hg Cd oilsgreases control threshold level. level . level” seasons ie i e i.e tide Thus (DO

Abstract Water management in the Brazilian semi-arid region has been, for decades, a challenge for institutions and decision-makers due to its intrinsic characteristics. The density of human occupation makes the region very vulnerable to drought events and problems related to the quality and need for water use are central issues. For this reason, this study presents an approach to assess the situation of water reservoirs in the semiarid based on the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The WQI was used to calculate water quality and later applied as a criterion for the MCDM model proposed. The model also considers the need and availability criteria to assess the reservoirs of the two largest drainage basins in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The MCDM method used was R-TOPSIS since it is more flexible and robust for future analyses in other situations. The results showed the condition of the reservoirs, in order to support decision-makers in the operation of these facilities and enable multiple use of the waters. The combined approach proposed may provide important contributions in the analysis of water reservoirs in order to supply the semiarid region, where water issue is critical. semi arid been decades decisionmakers decision makers characteristics issues reason (WQI MultiCriteria Multi Criteria MCDM. . (MCDM) state Brazil RTOPSIS R TOPSIS situations waters critical (MCDM

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds from early and late maturing Coffea canephora clones, aiming to identify the ideal harvest time. The fruits were collected every two weeks from 188 days after anthesis (DAA) and characterized as green, cane green, cherry, raisin and dry. The seeds were evaluated for water content, germination percentage, normal and abnormal seedlings, nongerminated seeds and dead seeds, vigor index, hypocotyl lenght, and root length. Seed germination of the early maturing clone started at 202 DAA, while that of the late maturing clone started at 230 DAA, with both clones showing a water content of 63% and a dry mass of 37%. Although the optimum harvest point was identified at the cherry ripening stage, it was found that the late maturing clone showed a more pronounced variation in the maturation process, directly impacting the physiological quality of the seeds. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the maturation stages and the physiological quality of the seeds. For the early maturing clone, the maximum physiological quality was recorded at 244 DAA, corresponding to 80% of fruits at the cherry stage, while for the late maturing clone this point was reached at 326 DAA, with 98% of the fruits ripe. time 18 DAA (DAA green percentage seedlings index lenght length 20 23 63 37 37% stage process Furthermore 24 80 32 98 ripe 1 2 6 3 8 9

Abstract The scarcity of data on diffuse pollution in Brazilian hydrographic basins makes it difficult to create models that allow the assessment of the generation of polluting sources. Thus, this work aimed to simplify the identification of imminently polluting regions, applying two methods: the Non-Point Potential Index (PNPI) and the Mathematical Model of Correlation Land Use and Water Quality (MQUAL). These two models were developed in Geographic Information System (GIS) analyzing Contribution Areas (CA’s) in the Cotia River Basin (SP). The average PNPI of the basin was classified as low potential for diffuse pollution, however, areas of high potential increased especially on the banks of the Cotia River. The MQUAL indicated a significant daily input of pollutants: approximately 10 kg of Total Phosphorus (PT), 200 kg of Total Nitrogen (NT) and 8 tons of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The land uses and occupations that contribute most to diffuse pollution are urban area and industry, so the sectoral analysis of the watershed allowed to categorize areas of greater potential diffuse pollution, a useful tool for understanding the effects of anthropization on water resources. sources Thus regions methods NonPoint Non Point (PNPI MQUAL. . (MQUAL) GIS (GIS CAs CA s (CA’s SP. SP (SP) however pollutants 1 PT, PT , (PT) 20 NT (NT TSS. TSS (TSS) industry resources (MQUAL (SP (PT 2 (TSS

Resumo A escassez de dados referentes à poluição difusa nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras dificulta a criação de modelos que permitam avaliar a geração de fontes poluidoras. Esse trabalho objetivou delimitar as áreas com potencial de poluição difusa, assim como mensurar esta carga poluente, aplicando-se dois métodos: o Índice de Potencial Não Pontual (PNPI) e o Modelo Matemático de Correlação Uso do Solo e Qualidade da Água (MQUAL). Esses dois modelos foram trabalhados em Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) analisando Áreas de Contribuição (AC’s) na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cotia (SP). O PNPI médio da bacia hidrográfica foi classificado como baixo potencial de poluição difusa, porém, as áreas de alto potencial aumentam especialmente nas margens do Rio Cotia. O MQUAL indicou um aporte diário de poluentes significativo: aproximadamente 10 kg de Fósforo Total (FT), 200 kg de Nitrogênio Total (NT) e 8 toneladas de Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST). Os usos e ocupações da terra que mais contribuem para a poluição difusa são: área urbana e indústria, de modo que a análise setorizada da bacia hidrográfica permitiu categorizar áreas de maior potencial de poluição difusa, uma ferramenta útil para compreensão dos efeitos da antropização nos recursos hídricos. poluidoras poluente aplicandose aplicando se métodos (PNPI MQUAL. . (MQUAL) SIG (SIG ACs AC s (AC’s SP. SP (SP) porém significativo 1 FT, FT , (FT) 20 NT (NT SST. SST (SST) são indústria hídricos (MQUAL (SP (FT 2 (SST

Abstract In this research, acorn flour (AF) was used in starch based noodle production. It was replaced with gluten free mix at four different ratios (10, 20, 30 40%) for supplementation. The results indicated that AF utilization caused lower L* values and higher a* values and the total color difference reached 22.86. Especially, 30% and 40% addition of AF led to volume and weight increases and high cooking losses compared to control. Besides these samples exhibited lower firmness values. There were not a significant effect on optimum cooking time, swelling index, water solubility index and brix values. The utilization of AF at the level of 40% increased ash, protein and fat content from 0.89%, 5.64% and 2.64% to 1.14%, 7.70% and 6.83% respectively. The highest total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity were detected in 40% AF added samples (17.55 and 5.77 fold). Also one of the remarkable results of the study were the lower phytic acid and phytate phosphorus contents with AF usage. The results changed between 184.39-27.54 mg/100g and 52.00-7.76 mg/100g respectively. An increment in water absorption and decrement in C3 and stability values revealed with usage of 30% and upper levels of AF in mixolab measurements. The parameters of sensory analysis evaluated, it was observed that AF addition occured negative effects and it was concluded that although improvement of nutritional composition of gluten free noodles with AF, it may be used maximum 20% as ratio. research (AF production 10, 10 (10 20 3 40 supplementation L 2286 22 86 22.86 Especially control time ash 089 0 89 0.89% 564 5 64 5.64 264 2 2.64 114 1 14 1.14% 770 7 70 7.70 683 6 83 6.83 respectively 17.55 1755 17 55 (17.5 577 77 5.7 fold. fold . fold) 184.3927.54 184392754 184.39 27.54 184 39 27 54 184.39-27.5 mg100g mgg mg 100g g 52.007.76 5200776 52.00 7.76 52 00 76 52.00-7.7 C measurements evaluated ratio (1 4 228 8 22.8 08 0.89 56 5.6 26 2.6 11 1.14 7.7 68 6.8 17.5 175 (17. 57 5. 3927 184.3927.5 18439275 18439 184.3 2754 27.5 18 184.39-27. 007 52.007.7 520077 5200 52.0 776 52.00-7. ( 22. 0.8 2. 1.1 7. 6. 17. (17 392 184.3927. 1843927 1843 184. 275 27. 184.39-27 52.007. 52007 520 52. 52.00-7 0. 1. 184.3927 184392 184.39-2 52.007 52.00- 184.392 184.39-

ABSTRACT Light stress damages the photochemical apparatus and affects seedling growth of forest species. Using potassium silicate (K2SiO3) can mitigate these deleterious effects and contribute to the acclimatization and robustness of seedlings. This study evaluated the effect of K2SiO3 and shading levels on the photochemical and growth of Alibertia edulis (Rich) A. Rich seedlings. The experiment was arranged under three light conditions based on shading levels of 0 % (full sun), 30 %, and 70 %. Four doses of K2SiO3 applied through foliar spray were tested: 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mL L–1. Cultivation under full sun and under 70 % of shade was stressful for A. edulis, while cultivation under 30 % of shade improved plant growth. Increasing application of K2SiO3 in seedlings under full sun damaged the reaction center, causing lower photochemical yields, but increased the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under 30 % of shade. Using K2SiO3 contributed to leaf water regulation while applying 10.0 mL L–1 increased chlorophyll indices, leaf area, physiological indices, and the quality of seedlings cultivated under full sun and 30 % of shade. Using 10.0 mL L–1 K2SiO3 mitigated the negative effects of light stress under full sun. It provided high photochemical efficiency, morphology aspects, and Dickson quality index A. edulis seedlings in environments with high or moderate light availability. species KSiO K SiO (K2SiO3 K2SiO (Rich A sun, , sun) 3 7 tested 00 0.0 25 2 5 2.5 50 5.0 100 10 10. L1 L 1 center yields L– indices area aspects availability (K2SiO 0. 2. 5.