RESUMEN En la subcuenca del Lago Poopó en el altiplano boliviano, cuyas aguas tributan al dicho lago, se encuentran los municipios de Huanuni, Poopó, Pazña, Machacamarca y Antequera, en los que se tienen acumulaciones de desmontes y relaves de operaciones mineras pasadas, además de descargas de relaves de operaciones de la minería cooperativizada actual, que se caracterizan por ser altamente generadoras de drenajes ácidos de roca, que son la principal fuente de contaminación por metales pesados de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la subcuenca. Por otra parte, y desde otro enfoque, las comunidades mineras de la sub cuenca Poopó, no cuentan con plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas y tampoco con rellenos sanitarios para la disposición de residuos sólidos urbanos, lo que hace que, tanto las aguas negras o servidas y la basura, finalmente vayan a parar a los ríos, magnificando los impactos a los ecosistemas acuáticos de la zona y el riesgo a la salud de sus pobladores. Además, por efecto del cambio climático, las zonas mineras son cada vez más vulnerables en términos de la escasez de agua, lo que hace pensar que, habrá, si es que no se ha iniciado ya, una pugna entre si el agua deficitaria será para uso de las operaciones mineras cooperativizadas o para cubrir el abastecimiento a las poblaciones mineras y su producción agrícola. Adicionalmente, los índices productivos agrícolas son cada vez menores por la falta de agua (precipitaciones anuales promedio de 360 mm) y por la calidad de las aguas de riego, contaminadas con metales pesados tóxicos disueltos; en ese contexto, la falta de productos agrícolas incide fuertemente en la seguridad alimentaria, no sólo de las comunidades mineras, sino también de las ciudades. En el contexto arriba descrito, es fácil establecer cuáles han sido los efectos significativos de impacto ambiental que ha causado la aplicación de una economía lineal en el desarrollo económico local de las comunidades mineras; por lo que, se hace imprescindible desarrollar una propuesta de un modelo de desarrollo económico local circular que genere las bases técnicas para implementar la circularidad en el desarrollo económico local de comunidades mineras en zonas de escasez hídrica del altiplano boliviano ubicadas en la sub cuenca Poopó, a objeto de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores a partir del establecimiento de un propuesta enfocada en: El cierre ambiental a bajo costo de los pasivos ambientales mineros que están alterando la calidad de las aguas de riego; además, postular un manejo inteligente de los recursos hídricos, que involucra el diseño, dimensionamiento e implementación de plantas de tratamiento, tanto de las aguas ácidas en interior mina, como para las aguas residuales urbanas de las comunidad minera, para su uso tanto en el procesamiento mineral y riego; y también, el adecuado manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos (basura), generados por la población minera, a objeto de producir compost, a partir tanto de la fracción orgánica de los mismos y de los lodos de tratamiento de aguas servidas de la comunidad, que serán usados tanto para la fertilización de suelos para mejorar la producción agrícola en carpas solares, como para la obtención de top soil artificial para para la rehabilitación mediante coberturas secas de los sitios de almacenamiento de residuos generadores de DAR, empleando a mujeres palliris (rescatadoras de minerales de desmontes). La propuesta se basa en los resultados de varios trabajos de investigación que han sido desarrollados por separado y a lo largo de una década.

Abstract In the sub-basin of Lake Poopó in the Bolivian altiplano, whose waters flow into the lake, are the municipalities of Huanuni, Poopó, Pazña, Machacamarca and Antequera, where there are accumulations of waste and tailings from past mining operations, these are characterized by the high generation of acid rock drainage, which is the main source of heavy metal contamination of surface and groundwater in the sub-basin. On the other hand, and from another perspective, the mining communities of the Poopó sub-basin do not have urban wastewater treatment plants or sanitary landfills for the disposal of solid urban waste, which means that both sewage and garbage eventually end up in the rivers, magnifying the impacts on the aquatic ecosystems of the area and the risk to the health of its inhabitants. Furthermore, due to climate change, mining areas are increasingly vulnerable in terms of water scarcity, which suggests that there will be, if it has not already begun, a struggle between whether the water shortage will be for the use of cooperative mining operations or to cover the supply to the mining populations and their agricultural production. In addition, agricultural production rates are decreasing due to the lack of water (average annual rainfall of 360 mm) and the quality of irrigation water, contaminated with dissolved toxic heavy metals; in this context, the lack of agricultural products has a strong impact on food security, not only in mining communities, but also in the cities. In the context described above, it is easy to establish which have been the significant effects of environmental impact caused by the application of a linear economy in the local economic development of mining communities; therefore, it is essential to develop a proposal for a circular local economic development model that generates the technical bases to implement circularity in the local economic development of mining communities in areas of water scarcity in the Bolivian highlands located in the Poopó sub-basin, in order to contribute to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants from the establishment of a proposal focused on: The low-cost environmental closure of mining environmental liabilities that are altering the quality of irrigation water; in addition, postulate an intelligent management of water resources, involving the design, sizing and implementation of treatment plants, both for acidic water inside the mine, as for urban wastewat er from the mining community, for use in both mineral processing and irrigation; and also, the proper management of urban solid waste (garbage), generated by the mining population, in order to produce compost, from both the organic fraction of the same and the sludge from wastewater treatment of the community, which will be used both for soil fertilization to improve agricultural production in solar tents, and for obtaining artificial top soil for the rehabilitation through dry covers of the storage sites of waste generating ARD, employing women palliris (rescuers of minerals from waste dumps). The proposal is based on the results of several research papers that have been developed separately and over the course of a decade.

Abstract The Araguaia Plain has extensive areas of savannah scattered forest fragments similar to circular depressions. These features, in addition to serving as corridors, could be associated with important features such as karsts, closed-water connection structures and ecological-type formations. To identify this relationship and contribute to the understanding of its genesis, this study has as its main objective the morphometric analysis of doliniform functions in the Araguaia Plain. Through the geoenvironmental characterization of the study area; digital facility models – SRTM; interpretation of Sentinel 2-A satellite images from 2019 to 2020; and calculation of morphometric variables: area, perimeters, activity, altitude, length and density, Kernel circularity index. A total of 24,023 doliniform features associated with green/healthy vegetation were identified in a Coverage Area of 114,900 km2, Concentrated Majoritariate in the Brazilian municipalities of Lagoa da Confusão -Tocantins; Pium-Tocantins and Cocalinho-Mato Grosso. The features showed circular superiority areas up to 10 km2, circular activity indexes at 0.5 and up to 1 and 1.5, indicating a predominance of circular shapes on slopes of 3% in the NE orientation. Based on the results, it can be verified that these features present sinkholes, as they may be under the influence of patterns associated with some processes, denoting in some processes the existence of a covered karst depressions corridors karsts closedwater closed water ecologicaltype ecological type formations genesis area SRTM 2A 2 201 2020 variables perimeters altitude density index 24023 24 023 24,02 greenhealthy green healthy 114900 114 900 114,90 km2 km Tocantins -Tocantins PiumTocantins Pium CocalinhoMato Cocalinho Mato Grosso 05 0 5 0. 15 1.5 3 orientation results sinkholes 20 202 2402 02 24,0 11490 11 90 114,9 1. 240 24, 1149 9 114,

Resumo A Planície do Araguaia apresenta extensas áreas de savanas com dispersos fragmentos florestais localizados sobre depressões circulares. Estas feições além de servirem como importantes corredores ecológicos, poderiam estar associadas a formações cársticas do tipo dolinas, estruturas fechadas de conexão das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Para identificar esta relação e contribuir o entendimento da sua gênese, este estudo tem como objetivo principal o mapeamento e análise morfométrica de feições doliniformes na Planície do Araguaia. Por meio da caracterização geoambiental da área de estudo; modelos de elevação digital – SRTM; interpretação de imagens do satélite Sentinel 2-A do período de 2019 a 2020; e cálculo das variáveis morfométricas: área, perímetro, declividade, altitude, coeficiente de alongamento, índice de circularidade e densidade de Kernel. Foram identificadas 24.023 feições doliniformes associadas à vegetação verde/sadia em área de abrangência de 114.900 km2, concentradas majoritariamente nos municípios de Lagoa da Confusão – TO, Pium – TO e Cocalinho – MT. As feições apresentaram áreas de até 10 km2, índices de circularidade superiores a 0,5 e coeficientes de alongamento entre 1 e 1,5, indicando uma predominância de formas circulares em declividades de até 3% na orientação NE. Com base nos resultados, pode-se inferir que estas feições apresentam formas de dolinas, as quais podem estar sob influência de controles estruturais e associadas a processos cársticos, denotando em alguns lugares a existência de um carste encoberto. ecológicos dolinas subterrâneas gênese SRTM 2A 2 201 2020 morfométricas perímetro declividade altitude Kernel 24023 24 023 24.02 verdesadia verde sadia 114900 114 900 114.90 km2 km MT 05 0 5 0, 15 1,5 3 NE resultados podese pode se cársticos encoberto 20 202 2402 02 24.0 11490 11 90 114.9 1, 240 24. 1149 9 114.

ABSTRACT Watersheds are planning units because they are delimited by topographic divisions formed by a main river and its tributaries, in which water drainage is channeled into a course of greater water volume, such as the Amazon basin, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The objective of this work was to analyze the morphometry of the hydrographic sub-basin of the Curuá-Una River (SBHRM), that integrates the Curuá-Una hydrographic micro-region in western Pará, Brazil, and its surroundings. Data from abiotic variables integrated in a geographic information system were used to identify the areas that most need restauration using production systems such as agroforestry as part of a forest restoration process, necessary to land degradation in the sub-basin and its surroundings. It was found that the sub-basin of the Curuá-Una River has a more elongated shape, confirmed by the circularity index, compactness coefficient, and shape factor. It is a fifth order sub-basin with a densely branched drainage network with a low probability of flooding due to the predominance of undulating relief. The morphometric characteristics present conditions that can be used in anthropic areas integrated into production systems such as agroforestry. The existence of tree species such as andiroba, copaíba, and the Brazil nut tree in the Tapajós basin, as inventoried by the Project RADAMBRAZIL, must be included in agroforestry arrangements in the recovery of degraded areas in western Pará.

To improve its resilience to increasing climatic uncertainty, the City of Cape Town (the City) aims to become a water sensitive city by 2040. To undertake this challenge, a means to measure progress is needed that quantifies the urban water systems at a scale that enables a whole-of-system approach to water management. Using an urban water metabolism framework, we (1) provide a first city-scale quantification of the urban water cycle integrating its natural and anthropogenic flows, and (2) assess alternative water sources (indicated in the New Water Programme) and whether they support the City towards becoming water sensitive. We employ a spatially explicit method with particular consideration to apply this analysis to other African or Global South cities. At the time of study, centralised potable water demand by the City amounted to 325 gigalitres per annum, 99% of which was supplied externally from surface storage, and the remaining ~1% internally from groundwater storage (Atlantis aquifer). Within the City's boundary, runoff, wastewater effluent and groundwater represent significant internal resources which could, in theory, improve supply efficiency and internalisation as well as hydrological performance. For the practical use of alternative resources throughout the urban landscape, spatially explicit insight is required regarding the seasonality of runoff, local groundwater storage capacity and the quality of water as it is conveyed through the complex urban landscape. We suggest further research to develop metrics of urban water resilience and equity, both of which are important in a Global South context.SIGNIFICANCE: • This research provides the initial groundwork of quantifying the magnitude of the urban water cycle of the City of Cape Town at an annual timescale, in relation to becoming a water sensitive city. The urban water metabolism framework used in this study provides important insight to assess whole-of-system urban water dynamics and to benchmark progress towards becoming water sensitive. By quantifying the magnitude of flows into and out of the urban system, this research sheds light on the opportunities to improve circularity in the urban water cycle. The spatial approach adopted here provides a platform to interrogate the urban landscape and its role in the urban water cycle. By using data products that are available via national data sets or remote sensing, this approach can be applied to other African or Global South where data is characteristically scarce. Further work is required to establish metrics that can adequately describe urban water resilience and equity.

Resumo Os remanescentes florestais são essenciais na prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos nas cidades. No entanto, ainda são necessários parâmetros ecológicos adequados para avaliá-los. Diante disto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação do potencial de prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos por remanescentes florestais de bacia hidrográfica urbana a partir da aplicação e interpretação das métricas espaciais da paisagem utilizadas nos estudos de Ecologia da Paisagem. Para tanto, aos indicadores ambientais (área, área central, índice de circularidade, distância do vizinho mais próximo, nascentes de água, uso e ocupação no entorno) avaliados em software GIS foi aplicado o Método de Análise de Processo Hierárquico (AHP) para identificação da importância de cada parâmetro na prestação dos serviços do ecossistema e os prioritários em cada restante. O estudo foi executado em bacia hidrográfica de Campinas/SP, na qual verificou-se que os remanescentes florestais desenvolvem, prioritariamente, serviços ecossistêmicos de apoio ou habitat, serviços de regulação e serviços culturais.

Abstract Forest remnants are essential in the provision of ecosystem services in cities. However, adequate ecological parameters are still needed to assess them. Because of this, the present work proposes a methodology for assessing the potential of providing ecosystem services by forest remnants in urban watershed based on the application and interpretation of landscape spatial metrics used in Landscape Ecology studies. For that, the environmental indicators (area, central area, circularity index, distance from the nearest neighbor, water springs, land use, and occupation in the surroundings) were evaluated in GIS software and to them, the Hierarchical Process Analysis Method (AHP) was applied to identify the importance of each parameter in the provision of ecosystem services and the priority in each remainder. The study was carried out in a watershed in Campinas/ SP, in which it was found that forest remnants develop, primarily, ecosystem support or habitat services, regulation services, and cultural services.

Resumen Los remanentes forestales son esenciales en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos en las ciudades. Sin embargo, todavía se necesitan parámetros ecológicos adecuados para evaluarlos. En vista de esto, esto trabajo propone una metodología para evaluacion del potencial de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos por remanentes forestales basado en la aplicación e interpretación de métricas espaciales del paisaje, utilizado en los estudios de Ecología del Paisaje. Para eso, a los indicadores ambientales (área, área central, índice de circularidad, distancia del vecino más cercano, manantiales, uso y ocupación en el entorno) evaluados en SIG se aplicó el Método de Análisis Jerárquico de Procesos (AHP), para identificar la importancia de cada parámetro en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos y la prioridad en cada remanentes. El estudio fue realizado en una cuenca hidrográfica em Campinas / SP, en el que se descubrió que los remanentes forestales desarrollan, principalmente, servicios de soporte del ecosistema o hábitat, servicios de regulación y servicios culturales.

Resumo A fragmentação florestal é um dos fatores que interferem na sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais, biodiversidade e qualidade de vida. Diante disso, são essenciais estudos que avaliem quanti e qualitativamente as propriedades ambientais de determinado ecossistema e/ou paisagem. Para tanto, a análise da ecologia da paisagem atua de forma eficaz. Diante disso o presente estudo buscou avaliar, a partir de métricas de paisagem, a qualidade dos remanescentes florestais presentes na parte da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Atibaia que cobre o município de Campinas/SP. Para tanto, utilizaram-se as métricas: Tamanho; Índice de Área Central; Índice de Circularidade; Distância do Vizinho mais Próximo; Proximidade à Curso d’Água; Produção de Água; Grau de Uso e Ocupação do Solo no Entorno e Grau de Erodibilidade do Solo. Estas foram analisadas individualmente e através do Índice de Qualidade Ambiental (IQrem). Verificou-se o alto grau de fragmentação florestal, dado o elevado número de remanescentes, especialmente pequenos e com baixa representativa de área central, porém localizados próximos uns aos outros. Além disso, por tratar-se de sub-bacia produtora de água para abastecimento, ressalta-se a necessidade de estratégias específicas de conservação desses remanescentes a fim de garantir a produção de água em termos quantitativos e qualitativos.

Abstract Forest fragmentation is one of the factors which interfere in the sustainability of natural resources, biodiversity and life quality. In view of this, studies that assess the quantitative and qualitative environmental properties of a given ecosystem and/or landscape are essential. Therefore, the analysis of landscape ecology acts effectively. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate, based on landscape metrics, the quality of the forest remnants presents in the Atibaia river sub-basin covering the municipality of Campinas/SP. For that, the following metrics were used: Size; Central Area Index; Circularity Index; Distance from the Nearest Neighbor; Proximity to the Watercourse; Water Production; Degree of Land Use and Occupation in the Surroundings and Degree of Soil Erodibility. These were analyzed individually and through the Environmental Quality Index (IQrem). There was a high degree of forest fragmentation, given by the high number of remnants, especially small and with a low representative central area, however, located close to each other. In addition, as this watershed is a water-producing for supply, the need for specific conservation strategies for these remnants is emphasized, in order to guarantee water production in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Abstract The circular economy is a paradigm that aims to generate economic prosperity, protect the environment and prevent pollution, thus facilitating sustainable development. The growing interest of the tourist industry for the implementation of the circular economy has led to inquire about its direct connection with sustainability in a tourist destination of sun and beach. For this, an analysis of scientific articles published in this last century on this topic has been made and some applications of circular economy alternatives are shown. The final results show that the Circular Economy is a mode of action that has evolved from the concept of sustainability, proposing different strategies regarding the efficient use of water and waste to achieve circularity in the different processes, allowing sustainable consumption.

Resumen La economía circular es un paradigma que tiene como objetivo generar prosperidad económica, proteger el medioambiente y prevenir la contaminación, facilitando así el desarrollo sostenible. El creciente interés de la industria turística por la implementación de la economía circular, ha llevado a indagar sobre su conexión directa con la sostenibilidad en un destino turístico de sol y playa. Para esto se ha realizado un análisis de artículos científicos publicados en este último siglo acerca de este tema y se muestran algunas aplicaciones de alternativas de economía circular. Como resultados finales se obtiene que la economía circular es un modo de actuación que ha evolucionado a partir del concepto de sostenibilidad, proponiendo diferentes estrategias en cuanto al uso eficiente del agua y desechos para conseguir la circularidad en los diferentes procesos, permitiendo un consumo sostenible.

RESUMO Um estudo na sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio das Cobras foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfométricas e o perfil longitudinal da bacia hidrográfica, como ferramenta de planejamento na locação de barragens subterrâneas. Os parâmetros morfométricos - coeficiente de compacidade, fator forma, densidade de drenagem e índice de circularidade - foram determinados. Também foi realizado o perfil de equilíbrio a fim de compreender a dinâmica de erosão e a disposição na sub-bacia estudada. Os resultados demonstraram que a sub-bacia do rio das Cobras possui forte caráter alongado, baixa densidade de drenagem e altas taxas de escoamento superficial para as áreas aluvionares. O perfil de equilíbrio indicou que o médio curso (18 km, trecho 2) da sub-bacia tem anomalia de primeira ordem com susceptibilidade a processos erosivos ao longo deste trecho. O segmento baixo curso (10 km, trecho 3) também possui anomalia de primeira ordem; porém, com tendência de agradação de material sedimentar (pacote sedimentar maior), advindo do médio curso. O médio curso da sub-bacia tem potencial para a construção de barragens subterrâneas submersíveis; já no baixo curso, recomenda-se a construção de barragens subterrâneas submersas. Os parâmetros morfométricos físicos não devem ser analisados isoladamente, mas integrados a outros aspectos de qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, área de recarga e demanda social ou produtiva da sub-bacia.

ABSTRACT A study was carried out in the sub-basin of the River Cobras with the aim of evaluating the morphometric characteristics and longitudinal profile of the river basin as a tool for planning the location of underground dams. Morphometric parameters - compactness coefficient, form factor, drainage density and circularity index - were determined. An equilibrium profile was also performed in order to understand the dynamics of erosion and disposition in the sub-basin under study. The results showed that the River Cobras sub-basin is strongly elongated, with low drainage density and high rates of runoff in alluvial areas. The equilibrium profile indicated that the middle course (18 km, stretch 2) of the sub-basin includes a first-order anomaly and is susceptible to erosive processes along this stretch. The lower course (10 km, stretch 3) also has a first order anomaly; however, with a tendency to favour the aggregation of sedimentary material (larger sedimentary bundle) coming from the middle course. The middle course of the sub-basin has potential for the construction of submersible underground dams; whereas in the lower course, the construction of submerged underground dams is recommended. The physical morphometric parameters should not be analysed in isolation, but together with other aspects of surface- and groundwater quality, the recharge area and the social or production demand on the sub-basin.

Resumo A bacia do rio Dois Rios (R2R) (3.159 km²) recolhe os efeitos climáticos e ambientais típicos de zonas situadas a sotavento de cadeias montanhosas. Tem balanço hídrico deficitário, havendo poucos e específicos locais úmidos. Este estudo identifica, espacializa, caracteriza e agrupa as planícies de inundação com maior habilidade em produzir serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à perenidade de recursos hídricos na bacia R2R. Foram segregados locais com maiores índices pluviométrico (1500 a 2800 mm/ano), agrupados em microbacias com maior potencial de captação em função de estarem a sota-vento na região (slopes oriented to permit them to capture humidity and concave plane curvature). As 42 bacias formaram 4 grupos, onde levantou-se 17 microbacias com alto potencial de fornecer serviços ecossistêmicos pertencentes aos Grupos III e IV. Nestes grupos, 498 planícies de inundação com maior potencial de oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos (grupo D) apresentam habilidades para retenção hídrica e efeitos de perenização (high average circularity index, higher altitudes and low occupation rates). O uso correto de 0,0006% pode garantir o escoamento direto das drenagens de toda a bacia. Está estratégica implicaria em medidas de renaturalização, disciplinamento dos usos e estrita observação dos processos que geram serviços ecossistêmicos nas planícies das bacias, trazendo relevantes benefícios socioeconômicos para todos os segmentos da bacia do R2R.

Abstract The catchment basin of the Dois Rios River (R2R) (3159 km2) unites the climatic and environmental effects typical of areas located on the leeward side of mountain chains. It has a deficient water balance, with sparse and very specific wet areas. This study identifies delimitation areas, and characterizes and groups those basins and floodplains which show the greatest capacity for producing ecosystemic services related to maintaining the continuity of water resources in the R2R basin. Locations with higher pluviometric indices (1500 to 2800 mm/year) were selected and grouped into micro basins with the highest potential for capturing rainfall due to their being on the leeward side of the mountains in the region (with their slopes oriented to permit them to capture humidity and concave plane curvature). The 42 basins formed 4 groups, from which the 17 micro basins with the highest probability of providing ecosystemic services were chosen, belonging to Groups III and IV. Within these groups, the 498 floodplains with the highest potential for offering ecosystemic services (Group D) present the greatest capacity for water retention and sustainable effects (high average circularity index, higher altitudes and low occupation rates). The correct use of 0.0006% of the basin can guarantee the direct flow of the drainage for the entire basin. This strategy only requires renaturation measures, discipline with regard to the land uses and strict observance of the processes which generate ecosystemic services in the floodplains of these basins, resulting in relevant socio-environmental benefits for all socioeconomic segments within the R2R basin.

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a saturação e a cinética de decomposição do ozônio em meio poroso contendo grãos de diferentes híbridos de milho. Foram utilizados híbridos de milho comum, AG 1051, e os de milho super doce, Tropical Plus, GSS 42072, GSS 41499 e GSS 41243. Foram usadas amostras de 1 kg de milho, com teores de água de 13,0% (b.u.), acondicionadas em recipientes de vidro com capacidade de 3,25 L. Os grãos foram ozonizados na concentração de 1,28 mg L-1, a 25 ºC e vazão do gás de 5,0 L min-1. Foram determinados o tempo e a concentração de saturação, o tempo de meia-vida, e as propriedades físicas massa específica aparente, massa específica real, porosidade, esfericidade e circularidade de cada um dos híbridos. O experimento foi realizado com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, utilizando-se análise de regressão dos dados. No que se refere ao tempo de saturação do gás, os valores obtidos permaneceram entre 6,6 e 163,9 min, com concentração de saturação variando de 0,34 a 1,12 mg L-1. Quanto ao tempo de meia-vida do ozônio, o maior valor obtido foi 10,5 min para o híbrido de milho comum AG 1051 e o menor valor 0,16 min, para o híbrido de milho super doce GSS 41499. Verificou-se que a saturação e cinética de decomposição do ozônio em milho é dependente do híbrido contido no meio poroso. A decomposição do ozônio é mais rápida em meio poroso contendo híbridos de milho super doce.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate ozone saturation and decomposition kinetics in porous medium containing grains of different hybrids of maize. The following hybrids were used: common maize hybrid AG 1051, super sweet maize hybrids Tropical Plus, GSS 42072, GSS 41499 and GSS 41243. 1 kg grain samples with water contents of 13.0% (w.b.) were placed in glass containers with 3.25 L capacity. The grains were ozonized at the concentration of 1.28 mg L-1, at 25 ºC, with gas flow rate of 5.0 L min-1. Saturation time and concentration, half-life time and physical properties such as apparent specific weight, actual specific weight, porosity, sphericity and circularity of each maize hybrid were determined. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates, using regression analysis of the data. Ozone saturation times remained between 6.6 and 163.9 min, with saturation concentration varying from 0.34 to 1.12 mg L-1. As for the ozone half-life time, the highest value was 10.5 min for the common maize hybrid AG 1051 and the lowest value was 0.14 min for the super sweet maize hybrid GSS 41499. It was concluded that ozone saturation and decomposition kinetics in maize depends on the hybrid contained in the porous medium. Ozone decomposition is faster in porous medium containing super sweet maize hybrids compared with the common maize hybrid.

This paper presents the effect of some watershed characteristics on water yield based on two-year measurements (2015-2016) realized at 29 watersheds. Although, there are several factors affecting the runoffs, we tried to eliminate some and focused on watershed characteristics by choosing the watersheds as near as to each other in the same hydro-climatic zone. These are relatively small watersheds (8.6-449.3 ha) at the mountainous and forested areas around Düzce city, Turkey. Elevation of most watersheds, which is effective on precipitation, is above 1,000 m and covered by snow in winter. Regression models between water yield or runoff coefficient based on water yield/precipitation ratio and some watershed characteristics can be important to estimate the amount of water and manage the forest for its hydrologic function. In this study, the effect of watershed area, form factor, mean slope, drainage density, elevation, circularity and elongation ratios on water yield and runoff coefficient was analyzed by multiple linear regression analyses. While there is not a significant relation between runoff coefficient and watershed characteristics, we constructed a significant regression model for estimating water yield depending on watershed characteristics. Watershed size, elevation, form factor and elongation ratios are found as effective variables on water yield. When other variables (ratio of circularity, mean slope, drainage density) were added, adjusted R² and significance of the model was decreased. Results showed that some watershed characteristics have a significant effect on water yield, and equations based on these characteristics can be used in forest management or policy making in determining the priority of watersheds for water production.

Este artículo presenta el efecto de algunas características de 29 cuencas hidrográficas sobre el rendimiento del agua con base en mediciones de dos años (2015-2016). No obstante que hay varios factores que afectan las escorrentías, el estudio se concentró en las características de las cuencas hidrográficas, eligiendo cuencas cercanas unas de otras en la misma zona hidroclimática. Fueron cuencas pequeñas (8,6-449,3 ha) en áreas montañosas y boscosas alrededor de la ciudad de Düzce, Turquía. La mayoría de las cuencas presentó elevación sobre 1.000 m y cubierta de nieve invernal. Mediante análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se evaluó el efecto de: área de la cuenca, factor de forma, pendiente media, densidad de drenaje, elevación, circularidad y relaciones de elongación en el rendimiento de agua y el coeficiente de escorrentía. Si bien no hubo relación significativa entre el coeficiente de escorrentía y las características de la cuenca, se construyó un modelo de regresión significativo para estimar el rendimiento del agua dependiendo de las características de la cuenca. El tamaño de la cuenca, la elevación, el factor de forma y las relaciones de elongación fueron variables explicativas del rendimiento del agua. Al añadir otras variables (relación de circularidad, pendiente media, densidad de drenaje) se redujo la significancia del modelo. Algunas características de las cuencas hidrográficas tuvieron efecto significativo en el rendimiento del agua y las ecuaciones basadas en ellas pueden ser utilizadas en el manejo forestal o en la formulación de políticas para determinar prioridades de cuencas hidrográficas para la producción de agua.

Abstract: The silverside Odontesthes bonariensis is a euryhaline species native of South America and represents a very important fishing resource for the Plata Basin (Argentina and Uruguay). This study compares the Sr:Ca ratio of water as well as the Sr:Ca ratio and morphometry of the sagittal otolith of the silverside present in different environments (one salt lake, two freshwater dams, one lagoon, and one estuary) in order to evaluate the use of these variables as markers of habitat. The pattern of the Sr:Ca ratio in the water agrees with the one found in the otoliths, showing a positive relationship with the conductivity of the water. Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) among the localities studied for the morphometric indices. The discriminant function analysis provided a high percentage of correctly classified individuals for the saltwater environment (100%) and the lentic water bodies and estuary (60-80%), circularity and form factor being the most relevant morphometric variables. These results indicate that the Sr:Ca ratio and otolith morphometry are good markers of habitat for this important resource.

Resumen: El pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis es una especie eurihalina nativa de Sudamérica y representa un importante recurso pesquero para la cuenca del Plata (Argentina y Uruguay). En este estudio se comparó la relación Sr:Ca del agua y la relación Sr.:Ca y morfometría de los otolitos sagittae de pejerreyes presentes en diferentes ambientes (un lago de agua salada, dos embalses de agua dulce, una laguna y un estuario) con el objetivo de evaluar el uso de estas variables como marcadores de hábitat. El patrón de la relación Sr:Ca del agua concuerda con la hallada en los otolitos, mostrando una relación positiva con la conductividad del agua. Los análisis univariados y multivariados indicaron diferencias (P < 0.05) entre las localidades estudiadas para los índices morfométricos. El análisis discriminante mostró un elevado porcentaje de individuos correctamente clasificados para el ambiente de agua salada (100%), los cuerpos de agua lenticos y el estuario (60-80%), siendo la circularidad y el factor de forma los índices morfométricos de mayor relevancia para esta clasificación. Estos resultados indican que la relación Sr:Ca y la morfometría del otolito son buenos marcadores de hábitat para este importante recurso.

A Política de Recursos Hídricos do Estado de São Paulo estabeleceu em 1991 o Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (SIGRHI) e ao definir os princípios básicos para a gestão da água, adotou a bacia hidrográfica como unidade territorial para estudos, planejamento integrado para o desenvolvimento sustentável. O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a morfometria das sub-bacias hidrográficas Fojo e Perdizes, no município de Campos do Jordão, SP. A análise morfométrica envolveu a caracterização de parâmetros geométricos, do relevo, da rede de drenagem, e a análise do uso e ocupação do solo das sub-bacias. Na caracterização morfométrica foi encontrada para sub-bacia Perdizes a área de 12,70 km², o perímetro de 19,85 km e o comprimento do eixo da bacia de 6,86 km, enquanto para a sub-bacia Fojo, a área de drenagem encontrada foi de 13,97 km², o perímetro de 19,74 km e o comprimento do eixo da bacia de 6,94 km. Esses resultados indicam semelhanças entre as duas sub-bacias. O coeficiente de compacidade (Kc) encontrado, 1,56 para a sub-bacia Perdizes e 1,41 para a sub-bacia Fojo, associados aos respectivos fatores de forma, F= 0,27 e F = 0,29 indicam que estas sub-bacias, em condições normais de precipitação, são pouco suscetíveis a enchentes. O resultado desses índices é reforçado pelo índice de circularidade encontrado, IC = 0,41 para Perdizes e IC = 0,45 para Fojo, pois o afastamento da unidade indica que as sub-bacias não tendem à forma circular, ou seja, possuem forma mais alongada e, portanto, possuem menor concentração de deflúvio. Os resultados obtidos para o Coeficiente de manutenção (Cm) indicam que para manter cada metro de canal, são necessários 286,5 m² para Perdizes e 243,9 m² para Fojo. A análise do uso e ocupação do solo revelou que dos quatro tipos de coberturas vegetais existentes: a cobertura vegetal dominante nas duas sub-bacias é de Floresta com 649 ha (51,1%) na Perdizes e 608,8 ha (43,6%) na Fojo; a cobertura Reflorestamento aparece em segundo lugar, ocupa área muito semelhante nas duas sub-bacias, 218 ha (17,2%) na Perdizes e aproximadamente 214 ha (15,3%) na Fojo. Em termos de conservação, a sub-bacia Fojo apresenta-se melhor conservada, pois além de menor área urbanizada, apresenta ainda, maior área com cobertura do tipo campo e uma área de floresta apenas um pouco menor que da sub-bacia Perdizes.

The State of São Paulo Water Resources Policy established, in 1991, the Integrated Water Resources Management System (SIGRHI) and defined the basic principles for water management, adopting the watershed as the basic unit for studies, integrated planning for sustainable development. This study characterized the morphology of sub-basins Fojo and Perdizes in the city of Campos do Jordão, SP. Morphometric analysis involved the characterization of geometric parameters, topography and drainage network, and the analysis of land use and land cover of the sub-basins. The morphometric characterization revealed that Perdizes sub-basin has an area of 12.70 km², a perimeter of 19.85 km, and a main channel length of 6.86 km, while Fojo sub-basin has a drainage area of 13.97 km², a perimeter of 19.74 km, and a main channel length of 6.94 km. These results indicate similarities between the two sub-basins. The compactness coefficient (Kc) for Perdizes was 1.56 and for Fojo 1.41. These values associated with the respective form factors, F = 0.27 and F = 0.29, indicate that these sub-basins, under a normal precipitation regime are not susceptible to flooding. The results of these indices are consisted with the circularity index (CI) found: CI = 0.41 for Perdizes and CI = 0.45 for Fojo, respectively. As CI values found are far from one, they indicate that these sub-basins tend to have a more elongated shape and, therefore, lower flow concentration tendency. The results obtained for the maintenance coefficient indicate that in order to maintain the flow of each channel meter, Perdizes sub-basin needs 286.5 m² and Fojo sub-basin needs 243.9 m². Land cover and land use analysis revealed that among the four existing vegetation cover types, Forest is dominant in both sub-basins with 649 ha (51.1%) in Perdizes, and 608.8 ha (43.6%) in Fojo; Reforestation cover ranks second with similar areas in both sub-basins, Perdizes with 218 ha (17.2%) and Fojo with approximately 214 ha (15.3%). In terms of conservation, Fojo sub-basin can be considered better conserved with a smaller urban area, larger rangeland natural coverage area, and only slightly smaller forest coverage area than Perdizes.

Visa-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os dados Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) na caracterização morfométrica de bacias hidrográficas, através da comparação das características obtidas a partir de dados SRTM e de cartas topográficas, processados em Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). O estudo foi realizado tomando-se por base a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Salobra, com área aproximada de 540 km². A diferença percentual obtida nos dados morfométricos entre os métodos estudados foi inferior a 11%, exceto no índice de circularidade (22%) e declividade média (55%). A utilização de dados SRTM em ambiente SIG permite a caracterização morfométrica de bacias hidrográficas, podendo auxiliar a gestão e o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, mostrando-se uma alternativa prática e viável ao minimizar custos e tempo na execução dos trabalhos.

This study aimed to evaluate the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data in morphometric characterization of watersheds, through the comparison of the characteristics obtained from SRTM data and topographic letters, by using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The study considered the Ribeirão Salobra basin, its area is about 540 km². The percentage difference in the morphometric data obtained between the two methods was less than 11%, except for the index of circularity (22%) and average slope (55%). The use of SRTM data allows the morphometric characterization of watershed and can help management of water resources. In addition, this is an easy and economic alternative to minimize costs and job times.