Abstract Introduction: Bioindicator monitoring is a crucial conservation strategy within natural protected areas. Various taxonomic groups have been investigated as bioindicators due to their distinctive attributes, including ease of sampling, differential responses to disturbances, associations with species richness, and accessible taxonomy. Objective: To compare the potential of four taxa (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae, and Pompilidae) as environmental bioindicators, considering their ease of collection, presence of changes in community composition due to disturbances, including species with preferences for disturbed or conserved areas; and to correlate their diversity with the diversity of other taxa. Methods: The study was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, which comprises three areas along a disturbance gradient. Specimens were collected using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, and monoliths from May to June in 2021. Ease of collection was measured in terms of richness and abundance; changes in the community composition were assessed using similarity analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and beta diversity partitioning; presence of species with preferences was analyzed using correspondence analysis and G. Williams’ goodness-of-fir test; and diversity correlation using the Spearman index. Results: Among the taxa investigated, Scarabaeidae and Pompilidae were the easiest to collect. Changes in composition were observed in all taxa but were significant only in Chilopoda and Scarabaeidae. All taxa exhibited species with preferences for disturbed and undisturbed environments. There was a high correlation in diversities among Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Chilopoda. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the diverse responses exhibited by taxa along a disturbance gradient. Notably, Scarabaeidae and Chilopoda emerged as particularly robust bioindicators within the studied ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: El monitoreo de bioindicadores es una herramienta importante para la conservación de áreas naturales protegidas. Diferentes grupos taxonómicos fueron estudiados como bioindicadores por presentar: facilidad de muestreo, respuestas variadas a la perturbación, riqueza asociada a otras especies, y taxonomía accesible. Objetivo: Comparar el potencial de cuatro taxones (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae y Pompilidae) como bioindicadores ambientales, tomando en cuenta su facilidad de recolección, presencia de cambios en la composición de sus comunidades por perturbaciones, presencia de especies con preferencia por áreas perturbadas o conservadas; y diversidad correlacionada con la diversidad de los otros taxones. Métodos: El trabajo se realizó en la estación Biológica Manu Learning Centre en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, que comprende tres áreas en un gradiente de perturbación. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados con trampas pitfall, bandejas amarillas, trampas Malaise y monolitos, de mayo a diciembre del 2021. La facilidad de recolección se midió en términos de riqueza y abundancia; los cambios en la composición de sus comunidades mediante el análisis de similitud, escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, y partición de la diversidad beta; presencia de especies con preferencia con el análisis de correspondencia y el ajuste de bondad G de Williams; y finalmente la correlación de las diversidades con el índice de Spearman. Resultados: De los taxones estudiados, las de más fácil recolección fueron Scarabaeidae y Pompilidae. Existen cambios en la composición en todos los taxones, pero son importantes solo en Chilopoda y Scarabaeidae. En todos los taxones hay especies con preferencia por ambientes perturbados y no perturbados. Existe una alta correlación de las diversidades de Carabidae, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda. Conclusiones: Todos los grupos responden de diferente forma a los gradientes de perturbación, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda fueron los que tuvieron mejores características para ser considerados buenos bioindicadores.

Abstract The increasing global importance of pink peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) as a high-value commercial crop and its potential for expansion in production demand appropriate management due to uncertainties regarding its sexual system. This study focused on evaluating the morphology of sterile and fertile floral whorls, as well as analyzing the sexual system of pink pepper in two populations in northeastern Brazil. The results revealed no significant differences in the morphological characteristics of the flowers between the studied areas, suggesting that the species possesses notable adaptability to environmental conditions. However, a significant difference in the proportion of staminate individuals was observed in both areas, representing over 88% and 72%, respectively. A correlation was observed between the size of the stamens and the presence of apparently atrophied pistils (r=0.275; df=178; p<0.001), along with the occurrence of fruits in these hermaphroditic plants. In this context, the species should be considered gynodioecious due to the presence of plants with hermaphroditic flowers and plants with pistillate flowers. However, further research is essential to elucidate the role of pollinators, especially bees and wasps, and to better understand the fruiting process in hermaphroditic flowers. These insights have the potential to significantly enhance management aiming for efficient fruit production, promoting its economic and ecological relevance. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae highvalue high value whorls Brazil areas conditions However 88 72 72% respectively r=0.275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0.275 df=178 df178 df 178 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 , 001 p<0.001) context pollinators wasps relevance 8 7 r=0.27 r027 27 (r=0.27 df=17 df17 17 p000 p<0.00 00 r=0.2 r02 2 (r=0.2 df=1 df1 1 p00 p<0.0 r=0. r0 (r=0. df= p0 p<0. r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

Resumo A crescente importância global da Pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) como uma cultura de alto valor comercial e seu potencial de expansão na produção demandam um manejo apropriado devido às incertezas quanto ao seu sistema sexual. Este estudo se concentrou na avaliação da morfologia dos verticilos florais estéreis e férteis, bem como no análise do sistema sexual da Pimenta rosa em duas populações no nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados revelaram que não houve diferenças significativas nas características morfológicas das flores entre as áreas estudadas, sugerindo que a espécie possui uma notável adaptabilidade às condições ambientais. No entanto, observou-se uma marcante diferença na proporção de indivíduos estaminados em ambas as áreas, representando mais de 88% e 72%, respectivamente. Observou-se correlação entre o tamanho dos estames e a presença de pistilos aparentemente atrofiados (r=0,275; gl=178; p<0,001), juntamente com a ocorrência de frutos nessas plantas hermafroditas. Neste contexto, deve-se considerar a espécie como ginodióica devido à presença de plantas com flores hermafroditas e plantas com flores pistiladas. No entanto, é fundamental conduzir pesquisas adicionais para elucidar o papel dos polinizadores, especialmente abelhas e vespas, e entender melhor o processo de frutificação em flores hermafroditas. Esses insights têm o potencial de aprimorar significativamente o manejo visando a uma produção eficiente de frutos, promovendo sua relevância econômica e ecológica. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae férteis Brasil estudadas ambientais entanto observouse observou 88 72 72% respectivamente Observouse Observou r=0,275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0,275 gl=178 gl178 gl 178 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 , 001 p<0,001) contexto devese deve pistiladas polinizadores vespas ecológica 8 7 r=0,27 r027 27 (r=0,27 gl=17 gl17 17 p000 p<0,00 00 r=0,2 r02 2 (r=0,2 gl=1 gl1 1 p00 p<0,0 r=0, r0 (r=0, gl= p0 p<0, r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

ABSTRACT To correct errors in previous catalogs and update the Brazilian fauna, thirty-five species of Darwin wasps erroneously reported for Brazil are removed from the Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna, belonging to the following subfamilies: Anomaloninae (2 species), Banchinae (1), Campopleginae (8), Cremastinae (2), Cryptinae (8), Phygadeuontinae (3), Pimplinae (8), Tersilochinae (2), and Tryphoninae (1). Most species were incorrectly cataloged due to an incorrect interpretation of the species list created by Costa Lima in 1962, which mentions species occurring in neighboring countries but does not confirm their presence in Brazil. Thus, the Brazilian fauna of Ichneumonidae currently corresponds to 234 genera and 1,038 species. thirtyfive thirty five Fauna subfamilies 2 ( species, , species) 1, 1 (1) 8, 8 (8) 2, (2) 3, 3 (3) 1. . 1962 Thus 23 1038 038 1,03 (1 (8 (3 196 103 03 1,0 19 10 0

ABSTRACT Great advances were made in recent years regarding the description of immatures of Cassidinae and their taxonomy as a whole, but many taxa remain undescribed. This study focuses on updating morphological data for Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Ischyrosonychini), a tortoise beetle native of South America, which was collected in Fridericia florida (DC.) L. G. Lohmann in the Brazilian Cerrado. We provide descriptions and illustrations of the morphology of the larva, pupa, and genitalia of adults, all of which are novel for this genus. The main discerning features for this species among other Ischyrosonychini are the lack of dark patterns in the dorsum of either the larvae, being limited to the dark scoli and the cranium, or the pupae, and a much reduced anal fork. We also present the first record of parasitism by Chalcididae wasps, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, 1832 and Conura sp. Spinola, 1837. Morphological comparisons remain limited demanding further studies with other species of Ischyrosonychini, as to better understand the placement of this species within the taxonomy of tortoise beetles. whole undescribed Spaeth 191 Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelidae , Ischyrosonychini) America DC. DC (DC. L G Cerrado larva pupa adults genus larvae cranium pupae fork wasps sp Westwood 183 Spinola 1837 beetles 19 (DC 18 1

ABSTRACT Dryinidae is a family of parasitoids and predators; it is the third largest family in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, with 1,924 species worldwide. The diversity of this family may be even greater, but studies on its diversity and geographical distribution are scarce, especially in semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence and diversity of Dryinidae genera in the Semiarid region of Bahia, Brazil. Five Malaise traps were distributed in two areas with native vegetation and in one with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla) plantation and monitored monthly for two years. Specimens were identified to genus and morphospecies levels. The collection consisted of 77 Dryinidae specimens from four subfamilies (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), seven genera (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 and Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), and 29 morphospecies. The genus Dryinus was the most frequent in the three study areas. Areas with native vegetation, mainly the forest area, showed greater diversity than the area with eucalyptus trees. This study contributes with data of identification and distribution of Dryinidae species in the Semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. predators Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1,92 worldwide scarce regions Bahia Brazil Eucalyptus urophylla years levels 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae , Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 trees 192 92 1,9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1,

RESUMO Composta por parasitoides e predadores, a família Dryinidae é a terceira maior família de Chrysidoidea, com 1.924 espécies descritas no mundo. A diversidade da família pode ser ainda maior, entretanto, estudos sobre a diversidade e distribuição geográfica são escassos, especialmente em regiões semiáridas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência e a diversidade de gêneros de Dryinidae no Semiárido da Bahia. Foram utilizadas cinco armadilhas do tipo Malaise distribuídas em duas áreas de vegetação nativa e uma constituída por eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla), com monitoramento mensal por dois anos consecutivos. Os indivíduos foram identificados a nível de gênero e morfoespécies. Foram coletados 77 indivíduos de Dryinidae, distribuídos em quatro subfamílias (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), contidas em sete gêneros (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 e Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), e 29 morfoespécies. O gênero Dryinus foi o mais frequente nas três áreas de estudo. As áreas nativas (principalmente na área florestal) apresentaram maior diversidade do que a área de eucalipto. O presente estudo contribui com dados sobre o conhecimento e distribuição de espécies Dryinidae em zonas do semiárido brasileiro e no estado da Bahia. predadores Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1.92 mundo entretanto escassos semiáridas Bahia Eucalyptus urophylla, urophylla , urophylla) consecutivos morfoespécies 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 principalmente florestal 192 92 1.9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1.

Abstract Cytogenetic techniques have been improving over the last decades, providing useful information for the systematics and evolution of several groups, such as social insects. On the other hand, karyotypic data are still incipient for most wasp genera. For instance, only 21 out of the 242 species of Polistes were karyotyped, generally with data restricted to number and morphology. Therefore, this study aimed to revisit the karyotype structure of Polistes canadensis, providing unpublished information based on traditional cytogenetic methods (karyotyping, C-banding and base-specific fluorochrome staining). Males and females of P. canadensis were characterized by haploid and diploid numbers of n=28 and 2n=56, respectively. The karyotype formula was established in 2K=18M+22SM+16A with a predominance of pericentromeric heterochromatin and terminal GC+ sites in 16 chromosome pairs. These data suggest that fissions and inversions may be involved in the group karyoevolution. It should be pointed out that our results differ significantly from the first cytogenetic report in this species, which may be related to the outdated method of obtaining mitotic chromosomes or misidentification. As a matter of fact, the improved cytogenetic methods from the present study provided reliable information about the karyotype of P. canadensis that can be used in further comparative cytotaxonomic and evolutionary analyses of social wasps. decades groups insects hand genera instance 2 24 karyotyped morphology Therefore karyotyping, karyotyping (karyotyping Cbanding C banding basespecific base specific staining. staining . staining) P n28 n 28 n=2 2n56 2n 56 2n=56 respectively 2K18M22SM16A KMSMA 2K 18M 22SM 16A K M SM A GC 1 pairs karyoevolution misidentification fact wasps n2 n= 2n5 5 2n=5 2n=

ABSTRACT We report for the first time a tritrophic relationship (host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid) among Conocephalus saltator (Sausurre, 1859) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), Ormia cfr. crespoi Tavares, 1965 (Diptera, Tachinidae), and Perilampus sp. (Hymenoptera, Perilampidae). Specimens of C. saltator were collected at the Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil) and reared in the laboratory, in order to detect eventual parasitoids. We collected and reared 904 katydids, with 113 of them parasitized, producing 123 fly puparia, and 18 puparia that developed to adults of Ormia cfr. crespoi. We also recorded the emergence of four hyperparasitoid wasps, Perilampus sp., from the fly puparia. hostparasitoidhyperparasitoid host parasitoid (host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid Sausurre, Sausurre (Sausurre 1859 Orthoptera, Orthoptera (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniidae , Tettigoniidae) cfr Tavares 196 Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Tachinidae, Tachinidae Tachinidae) sp Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Perilampidae. Perilampidae . Perilampidae) C Foz Paraná Brazil laboratory parasitoids 90 katydids 11 parasitized 12 1 wasps 185 19 9

ABSTRACT Apoid hymenopterans are well represented in the fossil record, particularly in the mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar with 37 species and eight families. The fossils from this deposit are providing a glimpse into an astonishingly diverse fauna, including lineages with no counterpart in the present day. In this study, we describe two new genera and six new species of a remarkable new lineage of apoid wasps from Burmese amber: †Temnogyna gen. nov., containing †T. elegans sp. nov., †T. multiplex sp. nov., and †T. nyx sp. nov.; †Rhabdogyna gen. nov., containing †R. festiva sp. nov., †R. prima sp. nov. and †R. elongata sp. nov. These new fossil taxa have distinctive body morphology, particularly in the pattern of forewing venation and a remarkable anterior constriction in the 2nd metasomal segment, which sets them apart from all known apoid lineages. To accommodate these extinct taxa, a new family is introduced, †Temnogynidae fam. nov. (type genus †Temnogyna gen. nov.). Furthermore, the phylogenetic affinities of these new taxa are also discussed, based on the interpretations of the main morphological characters presented in previous studies. We also discuss how the discovery of this new family sheds light on the evolution of apoid wasps during the early Cretaceous. record midCretaceous mid Cretaceous 3 families fauna day study Temnogyna gen nov T †T sp Rhabdogyna R †R morphology nd segment introduced Temnogynidae fam type nov.. . nov.) Furthermore discussed studies

ABSTRACT Pemphredoninae are a very large lineage of crabronid wasps with more than a thousand species. In this lineage, the subtribe Spilomenina stand out for containing the smallest apoid wasps and by exhibiting relatively complex social behavior such as female nest-sharing and even eusocial colonies. One of the most conspicuous features of this subtribe, and which seems to be associated with its social behavior, is the presence of silk spinnerets that are used for lining and nest building. In the present study, we conducted Bayesian inference and parsimony analyses with a subset of a previously established morphological data matrix of Pemphredoninae. Our phylogenetic results indicate that Spilomena subterranea McCoquodale & Naumann, 1988, an Australian spilomenine species that presents nest-sharing behavior but lacking silk apparatus represents an independent lineage, recognized here in a new genus, Australomena gen. nov. Our results indicate that Australomena gen. nov. is sister group of the remaining Spilomenina (Arpactophilus, Microstigmus, Spilomena and Xysma). The females of Australomena gen. nov. shows clear adaptations for ground nesting, such as a pygidial plate and basitibial plates on the hind legs, that means that nest-sharing behavior arose very early in Spilomenina evolution, apparently long before the emergence of the silk apparatus. nestsharing sharing colonies building study Naumann 1988 genus gen nov Arpactophilus, Arpactophilus (Arpactophilus Microstigmus Xysma. Xysma . Xysma) nesting legs evolution 198 19 1

ABSTRACT We present an updated, commented, and revised catalog for the Brazilian cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) and pay tribute to Adolph Ducke’s 1913 monographic work on the Brazilian fauna of these wasps titled “As Chrysididas do Brazil.” We document all 159 chrysidid species known to occur in Brazil, classified into 18 genera representing three subfamilies: Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, and Cleptinae. We detail all synonyms, provide geographical distribution for all recorded species, and compile host associations for 28 species in Brazil. Notes on type specimens and their depository collections are provided and complemented by images of 30 primary types. Additionally, we reinstated Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier from the synonymy with Pleurochrysis Bohart (rejected junior homonym) in place of Rhipidochrysis Rosa & Pavese, new synonym. All species previously treated as Pleurochrysis are transferred to Exsecochrysis. updated commented Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Chrysididae Duckes Ducke s 191 As Brazil 15 1 subfamilies Amiseginae Chrysidinae Cleptinae synonyms 2 3 types Additionally rejected homonym Pavese synonym 19

Abstract Introduction: Severe infestations by a sawfly species of the genus Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), previously considered as Zadiprion howdeni, were detected in the forests of the Sierra Juárez of Oaxaca from 2018 to 2021. Objective: The objective was to corroborate the identity and generate information on biological and ecological aspects of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. affecting Pinus trees in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca. Materials and methods: The biological development of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. was studied by field sampling in forests of Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. The species was identified by observing the external and internal morphological characteristics of the adult stage, based on taxonomic keys of diprionids. The number of instars was estimated by measuring the width of the larval head using digitized images and fitting a mathematical model. Results and discussion: The species infesting the study area is not Z. howdeni but a new species named Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. The larvae fed on needles of Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. and Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., with the first being the main host. The species has one generation per year. In the field, an average density of 39.2 ± 9.69 sawfly cocoons∙m-2 was reported; 50.1 % of these were attacked by parasitoids, including wasps of the genus Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusions: We describe the species Z. llanderalae nov. sp. and provide data on its life cycle. This information is important for the planning of its management.

Resumen Introducción: En los bosques de la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, de 2018 a 2021, se detectaron infestaciones severas por una especie de mosca sierra del género Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), considerada previamente como Zadiprion howdeni. Objetivo: Corroborar la identidad y generar información sobre aspectos biológicos y ecológicos del defoliador Zadiprion sp. que afecta el arbolado de Pinus en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos: El desarrollo biológico del defoliador Zadiprion sp. se estudió mediante muestreos de campo en bosques de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. La especie se identificó mediante observación de las características morfológicas externas e internas del estadio adulto, con base en claves taxonómicas de dipriónidos. El número de instares se estimó a través de la medición del ancho de la cabeza de las larvas en imágenes digitalizadas y del ajuste a un modelo matemático. Resultados y discusión: La especie que ha causado las infestaciones en el área de estudio no es Z. howdeni sino una especie nueva denominada Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. Las larvas se alimentaron de acículas de Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. y Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., siendo la primera el hospedante principal. La especie tiene una generación por año. En campo se obtuvo una densidad promedio de 39.2 ± 9.69 capullos∙m-2; 50.1 % de estos fueron atacados por parasitoides, entre ellos avispas del género Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusiones: Se describe la especie Z. llanderalae nov. sp. y se aportan datos sobre su ciclo biológico. Esta información es importante para la planificación de su manejo.

Abstract De Egea Elsam, J. & M. T. Amela García. 2023. Floral biology, reproductive system and floral visitors of Vitex cymosa (Lamiaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 246-264. Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng. (Lamiaceae) is a native species of tropical and subtropical Central and South America. Its medicinal, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties are noteworthy and widely studied. This study aims to contribute towards the knowledge of the reproductive biology of V. cymosa, through: the determination of the reproductive system; the description of reproductive morphological attributes (flower, fruit, pollen and nectary), attractants and floral phases, as well as the record and function of floral visitors. Vitex cymosa presents melitophilic floral traits: diurnal anthesis, bluish coloration, bilabiate structural type, presence of visual guides in the corolla indicating the location of the reward (nectar), and a soft, sweet and pleasant aroma to humans. The pollen has pollenkit and is deposited nototribically on the pollinators. The nectary is of gynoecial origin, the nectar is released through nectarostomes located on the apex of the ovary, remaining available even after corolla abscition, as a post-floral nectary; such zone is distinguished by a purple coloration, different from that of the rest of this organ, which grows basipetally as the fruit develops. The reproductive system of V. cymosa is mixed, resulting in more than 75% of fructification, through both allogamy mediated by pollinators and spontaneous self-pollination, presenting a slight hercogamy that would contribute to cross-pollination. Eleven species of floral visitors were recorded, all belonging to the Class Insecta. Among these floral visitors, Apis mellifera was the most frequent species, and along with other species of native bees (of the genera Bombus, Centris, Plebeia, Tetragonisca, Trigona), wasps and butterflies, they would be pollinators when they visit legitimately (in the case of the hymenopterans, as some of them thieve pollen). Despite this visitor assembly, the most important pollinators are the bees, which coincides with the melitophilic characteristics of the flowers. The nectar exposed in flowers where the corolla has already fallen, more accessible to some bees and to the wasps, would contribute to greater attraction to pollinators, as well as predatory insects of herbivores of the developing fruits.

Resumen De Egea Elsam, J. & M. T. Amela García. 2023. Biología floral, sistema reproductivo y visitantes florales de Vitex cymosa (Lamiaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 246-264. Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng. (Lamiaceae) es una especie nativa de América Central y del Sur tropical y subtropical, reconocida por sus propiedades medicinales, antioxidantes, antimicóticas y antibacteriales, ampliamente estudiadas. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de V. cymosa, a través de: la determinación del sistema reproductivo; la descripción de atributos morfológicos reproductivos (flor, fruto, polen y nectario), atractivos y fases florales, así como el registro y función de los visitantes florales. Vitex cymosa presenta rasgos florales melitófilos: antesis diurna, coloración azulada, tipo estructural bilabiado, con guías visuales indicativas de la ubicación de la recompensa (néctar) y aroma suave, dulce y agradable al humano. El polen posee cemento polínico y se deposita en forma nototriba sobre los polinizadores. El nectario es de origen ginoecial, el néctar se libera a través de nectarostomas ubicados sobre el ápice del ovario, quedando disponible incluso después de abscisa la corola, a modo de nectario post-floral; dicha zona se distingue por una coloración púrpura, diferente a la del resto del gineceo, que crece hacia la base a medida que el fruto se desarrolla. El sistema reproductivo de V. cymosa es mixto, fructificando en más del 75%, tanto por alogamia mediada por polinizadores como por autopolinización espontánea, presentando una leve hercogamia que contribuiría a la polinización cruzada. Se registraron 11 especies de visitantes florales, todas pertenecientes a la Clase Insecta. De los visitantes florales, Apis mellifera fue la especie más frecuente, y junto a otras especies de abejas nativas registradas (de los géneros Bombus, Centris, Plebeia, Tetragonisca, Trigona), avispas y mariposas, serían polinizadores cuando visitan en forma legítima (en el caso de los himenópteros, ya que algunos hurtan polen). A pesar de este ensamble de visitantes, los polinizadores más importantes son las abejas, en coincidencia con los caracteres melitófilos de las flores. El néctar expuesto en flores donde ya se cayó la corola, más accesible a algunas abejas y a las avispas, contribuiría a una mayor atracción de los polinizadores, así como a insectos predadores de herbívoros de los frutos en desarrollo.

Resumen Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) es un ectoparasitoide larval de lepidópteros con antecedentes como biocontrolador de varias plagas agrícolas alrededor del mundo. Mediante un extensivo monitoreo, se encontró a esta avispa en cuatro distritos distantes de la provincia de Mendoza parasitando a tres lepidópteros plaga: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) en vid, a Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) en nogal y “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) y a Cydia pomonella (L.) en nogal. Para corroborar la identificación de la especie del parasitoide y evaluar la viabilidad de la población silvestre, se realizaron estudios de la genitalia de machos y entrecruzamientos de avispas silvestres con otras seleccionadas de una cría de laboratorio. Asimismo, es la primera vez que se reporta su presencia como parasitoide de L. botrana en viñedos de Argentina en condiciones naturales de cultivo.

Abstract Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a larval ectoparasitoid of lepidopterans, with a worldwide history as a biocontrol agent of various agricultural pests. By means of extensive monitoring, this wasp was found in four distant districts of Mendoza province parasitizing three lepidopteran pests: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) in grapevine, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) in walnut and “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) and Cydia pomonella (L.) in walnut. To corroborate the parasitoid species identification and to analyze its population viability in this region, studies of male genitalia and sexual crossings between wild and laboratory-reared wasps were conducted. Further, we report for the first time the natural host-parasitoid interaction of L. botrana with this parasitoid in vineyards from Argentina.

Abstract Popularly known as "witch ants" or "velvet ants", mutillids are solitary ectoparasitoids wasps of immature insects. Atillum André, 1903, is a genus endemic to South America composed of 49 valid species. This study was motivated by the inconsistency of the available information, where, depending on the consulted bibliography, the number of Atillum species in Brazil varies. This contribution aims to reduce the knowledge gap on this genus, verifying the real number of species that comprise it and which actually inhabit Brazil. The specialized bibliography for Mutillidae and Atillum was consulted, in addition to carrying out an exhaustive consultation of the specialized bibliography. Additionally, to validate some of the records found, Atillum specimens deposited in the main collections that house this group were examined. As a result, records were found for ten Atillum species in Brazil, nine of which were confirmed as present in the country, and unpublished records of presence of Atillum and Atillum bucephalum (Perty, 1833) in four Brazilian states and eight municipalities located in the Northeastern region of the country.

Resumen Popularmente conocidas como "hormigas-brujas" u "hormigas de terciopelo", los mutílidos son avispas solitarias ectoparasitoides de insectos inmaduros. Atillum André, 1903, es un género endémico de América del Sur compuesto por 49 especies válidas. Este estudio fue motivado por la inconsistencia de la información disponible, donde, dependiendo de la bibliografía consultada, varía el número de especies de Atillum en Brasil. En este aporte se pretende reducir la brecha de conocimento sobre este género, verificando el número real de especies que lo componen y cuales habitan efectivamente en Brasil. Se consultó la bibliografía especializada para Mutillidae y Atillum. Adicionalmente, para validar algunos de los registros encontrados, se examinaron especímenes de Atillum depositados en las principales colecciones que albergan a este grupo. Como resultado, se encontraron registros para diez especies de Atillum en Brasil, nueve de las cuales fueron confirmadas como presentes en el país, y también se entregan registros inéditos de presencia de Atillum y Atillum bucephalum (Perty, 1833) en cuatro estados brasileños y ocho municipios localizados en la región noreste del país.

Abstract New host wasps attacked by Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) are recorded and their possible feeding on fungi and mites in colonies of Polistes melanosoma and Polistes ferreri is evaluated. No predation events on mites or fungal ingestion were observed, indicating that these thrips only use wasp eggs as food. Thrips do not parasitize wasps' bodies, they only live at the expense of their colonies, where they find food and shelter. However, as these insects feed on the immature stages of the wasps, it is possible that they cause or accelerate colony decline. Given this, we can say that the ecological relationship between thrips and social wasps is that of social parasitism, that is, thrips are parasites of wasps colonies, they depend directly on them for their survival and cause damage to them. From our findings, the number of host wasp species of this thrips rose to five, all belonging to the Polistinae subfamily.

Resumen Se registran nuevas avispas hospedantes atacadas por Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) y se evalúa su posible alimentación de hongos y ácaros en colonias de Polistes melanosoma y Polistes ferreri. No se observó ningún evento de depredación sobre ácaros o ingesta de hongos, lo que indica que estos trips sólo usan los huevos de las avispas como alimento. Los trips no parasitan el cuerpo de las avispas, solamente viven a expensas de sus colonias, donde encuentran alimento y refugio. Sin embargo, como estos insectos se alimentan de las etapas inmaduras de las avispas, es posible que provoquen o aceleren el declive de las colonias. Ante esto, podemos decir que la relación ecológica entre los trips y las avispas sociales es de parasitismo social, o sea, los trips son parásitos de las colonias de avispas, dependen directamente de ellas para su supervivencia y les causan daños. A partir de nuestros hallazgos, el número de especies de avispas hospedantes de este trips se elevó a cinco, todas pertenecientes a la subfamilia Polistinae.