Abstract A 33-year-old man with two bilateral tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset 12 years earlier was admitted to our epilepsy monitoring unit for characterization of his nocturnal groaning spells suspicious for catathrenia. Video-scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was suggestive of drug-resistant non-lesional localization-related focal epilepsy in the right hemisphere. Intracranial EEG showed right frontal opercular origin of seizures with insular spread as the cause of his spells. This illustrative case shows the importance of video-EEG monitoring to distinguish nocturnal frontal opercular seizures from catathrenia. We review the evidence on distinguishing the two disorders.

Resumen Un hombre de 33 años con dos crisis epilépticas tónico-clónicas bilaterales de inicio desconocido quien 12 años antes ingresó en nuestra unidad de monitorización de epilepsia para la caracterización de sus ataques de gemidos nocturnos sospechosos de catatrenia. El video-electroencefalograma (EEG) de piel cabelluda sugirió epilepsia focal relacionada con la localización no lesional resistente a los medicamentos en el hemisferio derecho. El EEG intracraneal mostró un origen opercular frontal derecho de las crisis epilépticas con extensión insular como causa de sus ataques. Este caso ilustrativo muestra la importancia de la monitorización por video-EEG para distinguir las crisis epilépticas operculares frontales nocturnas de la catatrenia. Revisamos la evidencia para distinguir los dos trastornos.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

ABSTRACT Parental division of offspring care in the post-fledging stage of passerines is scarcely studied, especially for neotropical species. We describe the division of parental care in the post-fledging stage of the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818, focusing on the food provisioning rate, its effects on fledgling vocalization and foraging, as well as the way parents divide their brood for care. We made direct observations on 13 fledglings from eight families (mean ± standard deviation: 1.88 ± 0.83 fledglings per family) for 70.2 hours. We found no differences in food provisioning rate between adult males and females, nor was it affected by brood age or size. Food provisioning rate was not associated with the frequency of foraging and vocalization by fledglings; foraging was the only behavior that varied with brood age, increasing in frequency. Although there was no difference between parents in food provisioning, pale-breasted thrushes presented four different arrangements of fledgling care: male-only care (while females incubated a new clutch), brood division between the two parents, female-only care (in the absence of a new nesting attempt), and biparental care (both adults take care of the same fledgling). The mode of parental care (uniparental or biparental) did not affect the rate of food provisioning to fledglings. The diversity in modes of brood division between parents was greater than expected, which calls for further studies to uncover the underlying reasons for such variation. postfledging post fledging studied species palebreasted pale breasted thrush Vieillot 1818 1 mean deviation 188 88 1.8 083 0 83 0.8 family 702 70 2 70. hours size maleonly male while clutch, clutch , clutch) femaleonly female attempt, attempt attempt) both fledgling. . fledgling) uniparental expected variation 181 18 8 1. 08 0. 7

ABSTRACT The Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) is a Brazilian parrot globally threatened by extinction. Despite its threatened status (endangered), there is a scarcity of studies on its behavior. Understanding the behavior of this species is crucial to prevent inaccuracies in management and conservation strategies. This study aimed to delineate the behavioral repertoire of Lear’s Macaw individuals residing at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo under two distinct conditions: paired and in flocking. From September 2014 to February 2016, we conducted direct observations using all-occurrences sampling. An ethogram was compiled, encompassing 65 behavioral acts categorized into ten groups: maintenance, rest, locomotion, exploration, feeding, vigilance, socio-agonistic, socio-affiliative, reproduction, and stereotypic behaviors. Additionally, six vocalizations were identified based on spectrograms and associated with specific behavioral contexts: alarm, contact, pair cohesion, reproduction, and imitation. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of Lear’s Macaw behavior in captivity. The ethogram and vocalization descriptions serve as a foundational resource for future studies, facilitating the refinement of tools employed in the conservation efforts for this species. Lears Lear s Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinction endangered, endangered , (endangered) strategies conditions flocking 201 2016 alloccurrences all occurrences sampling compiled 6 groups maintenance rest locomotion exploration feeding vigilance socioagonistic, socioagonistic socio agonistic, agonistic socio-agonistic socioaffiliative, socioaffiliative affiliative, affiliative socio-affiliative reproduction behaviors Additionally contexts alarm contact cohesion imitation captivity 185 (endangered 20 18 2 1

RESUMO A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) é um psitacídeo brasileiro globalmente ameaçado de extinção. Apesar de seu status de ameaça (em perigo), há escassez de estudos sobre seu comportamento. Compreender o comportamento desta espécie é crucial para evitar imprecisões nas estratégias de manejo e conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear o repertório comportamental de indivíduos de arara-azul-de-lear residentes na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo sob duas condições distintas: pareados e em flocking. De setembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016, conduzimos observações diretas utilizando amostragem de todas as ocorrências. Foi compilado um etograma abrangendo 65 atos comportamentais categorizados em dez grupos: manutenção, descanso, locomoção, exploração, alimentação, vigilância, comportamentos sócio-agonísticos, sócio-afiliativos, reprodução e comportamentos estereotipados. Além disso, seis vocalizações foram identificadas com base em espectrogramas e associadas a contextos comportamentais específicos: alarme, contato, coesão de pares, reprodução e imitação. Esses resultados fornecem uma visão abrangente do comportamento da arara-azul-de-lear em cativeiro. As descrições do etograma e das vocalizações servem como recurso fundamental para estudos futuros, facilitando o refinamento das ferramentas empregadas nos esforços de conservação desta espécie. araraazuldelear arara azul lear Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinção perigo, perigo , perigo) distintas flocking 201 2016 ocorrências 6 grupos manutenção descanso locomoção exploração alimentação vigilância sócioagonísticos, sócioagonísticos sócio agonísticos, agonísticos sócio-agonísticos sócioafiliativos, sócioafiliativos afiliativos, afiliativos sócio-afiliativos estereotipados disso específicos alarme contato pares imitação cativeiro futuros 185 20 18 2 1

Abstract In this article, we investigate the work of Bertha Lutz as a herpetologist. More specifically, we analyze her descriptions of anuran amphibians found in Brazilian territory. The main objective of this work is to discuss the practical dimension of scientific knowledge in Brazilian herpetology in the mid-20th century. We approach this discussion through the study of the diversity of investigation methods, classification and understanding, employed by Lutz in her work with anurans, focusing on her observations regarding the vocalization of these animals. Her descriptions and classifications, in contrast to the existing knowledge in the context of her work, led us to a debate about the nature of her scientific practices. Finally, we aim to reflect upon the ideas of ‘strong objectivity’ and ‘interagency’, which relate to the activities and roles that Bertha Lutz occupied, as a woman, feminist activist and scientist engaged with the lives of other animals. article herpetologist specifically territory mid20th midth mid 20th th century methods understanding anurans animals classifications practices Finally strong objectivity ‘interagency, interagency ‘interagency , ‘interagency’ occupied woman

Resumo Neste artigo, investigamos o trabalho de Bertha Lutz como herpetóloga. Mais especificamente, analisamos suas descrições de anfíbios anuros encontrados em solo brasileiro. O principal objetivo aqui é discutir a dimensão prática do conhecimento científico na herpetologia brasileira de meados do século XX. Abordamos essa discussão a partir do estudo da diversidade de métodos de investigação, classificação e entendimento empregados por Lutz em suas pesquisas com anuros, focando em suas observações acerca da vocalização desses animais. Suas descrições e classificações, em contraste com o conhecimento existente em seu contexto de atuação, nos levam a um debate sobre a natureza de suas práticas científicas. Buscamos, por fim, esboçar uma reflexão sobre as ideias de ‘objetividade forte’ e ‘interagência’, que se relacionam com as atividades e os lugares que Bertha Lutz ocupava, como mulher, militante feminista e cientista envolvida com a vida de outros animais. artigo herpetóloga especificamente brasileiro XX investigação animais classificações atuação científicas Buscamos fim objetividade forte ‘interagência, interagência ‘interagência , ‘interagência’ ocupava mulher

ABSTRACT This study intends to frame Mozambican rap within a revolutionary perspective that uses the Portuguese language with “Mozambicanisms” as a vehicle for the construction of an identity discourse in young people with critical and creative thinking about Mozambican democracy. This allows for the (re)construction of a collective memory of experiences lived in a globalized world. This study springs from the debate about the place of the Portuguese and Bantu languages in the rap music produced in the country and its role as an identity framework for Mozambican culture in its relationship with collective memory. A content analysis of four songs by the Mozambican rapper Azagaia was carried out, using two categories of analysis: (1) Rap as a space of action promoting an alternative project of governance in Mozambique and (2) Rap as a vehicle of vocalization of collective memory about social injustice in Mozambique.

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude vise à encadrer le rap mozambicain dans une perspective révolutionnaire qui utilise la langue portugaise avec les « mozambicanismes » comme véhicule de construction d’un discours identitaire chez des jeunes dotés d’une pensée critique et créative sur la réalité démocratique mozambicaine, permettant la (re)construction de la mémoire collective d’expériences vécues dans un monde globalisé. L’étude part du débat sur la place de la langue portugaise et des langues bantoues dans le rap produit au Mozambique, et son rôle comme marqueur identitaire de la culture mozambicaine dans sa relation avec la mémoire collective. Une analyse du contenu de quatre chansons du rappeur mozambicain Azagaia est proposée, en utilisant deux catégories d’analyse : (1) le rap comme espace d’action promouvant un projet de gouvernance alternative au Mozambique et (2) le rap comme véhicule de vocalisation de la mémoire collective sur les injustices sociales au Mozambique.

RESUMO Este estudo pretende enquadrar o rap moçambicano dentro de uma perspetiva revolucionária que usa a língua portuguesa com moçambicanismos como veículo de construção de um discurso identitário em jovens com pensamento crítico e criativo sobre a realidade democrática moçambicana, permitindo a (re)construção da memória coletiva das experiências vividas num mundo globalizado. O estudo parte do debate sobre o lugar da língua portuguesa e das línguas bantu no rap produzido em Moçambique, e o papel deste como marco identitário da cultura moçambicana na sua relação com a memória coletiva. Oferece-se uma análise de conteúdo de quatro músicas do rapper moçambicano Azagaia, utilizando duas categorias de análise: (1) o rap como espaço de ação promotor de um projeto alternativo de governação em Moçambique e (2) o rap como veículo de vocalização da memória coletiva sobre injustiça social em Moçambique.

ABSTRACT The auditory systems and sound dynamics in snakes are frequent objects of debate. The known frequency of sounds produced by snakes ranges from 0.2 to 9.5 kHz. Here we report the first record of a vocalization by the South American snake Dipsas catesbyi. The call was recorded oportunistically in June 2021 upon manipulation, and had a duration of 0.06 seconds, reaching 3036 Hz in its peak frequency with a modulated note, emitted through exhalation of air through the larynx. We hypothesize that structured vocal emissions such as this are a reaction to a predation attempt and may be a feature shared by other species of Dipsadidae and other snakes. debate 02 0 2 0. 95 9 5 9. kHz catesbyi 202 manipulation 006 06 0.0 seconds 303 note larynx 20 00 30 3

RESUMO Os sistemas auditivos e a dinâmica do som em cobras são objetos frequentes de debate. A frequência conhecida dos sons produzidos pelas cobras varia de 0,2 a 9,5 kHz. Aqui relatamos o primeiro registro de vocalização da cobra sul-americana Dipsas catesbyi. O canto foi gravado oportunisticamente em junho de 2021 mediante manuseio, e teve duração de 0,06 segundos, atingindo 3036 Hz em sua frequência de pico com nota modulada, emitida por meio da exalação de ar pela laringe. Nossa hipótese é que emissões vocais estruturadas como esta são uma reação a uma tentativa de predação e podem ser uma característica compartilhada por outras espécies de Dipsadidae e outras serpentes. debate 02 0 2 0, 95 9 5 9, kHz sulamericana sul americana catesbyi 202 manuseio 006 06 0,0 segundos 303 modulada laringe serpentes 20 00 30 3

ABSTRACT: The san Pedro mescaline-rich cacti (Trichocereus spp.) and Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca in Kichwa) are entheogens (whatever brings one to the divine) prominent in Andean art. I discuss the cactus's ten-inch-wide crowning flower and many of its motif variants in sixty-four Wari textiles. Artistic renderings correspond closely with the flower's botanical parts: bud (containing the ovary/ovule/eggs) plus its central tipped vertical (style, stigma) flanked by stalks with tips (filaments, anthers). By revealing the interior components, the flower as it bursts into bloom is evoked. This motif is assigned to parts of the staff-bearer (renamed Transforming Being), including the eyepiece and vocalization and aural emanations. It conveys the multisensory trance experience of the Transforming Being catalyzed by ingesting san Pedro brew. The cactus imagery is consistently paired, even conflated, with vilca leaf and flower motifs, to which is added the jagged tree bark. The pairing of the two sacred plants proclaims specifically highland visionary power and suggests they were ritually consumed simultaneously, even mixed together.

RESUMEN: El san Pedro (Trichocereus spp.), un cactus rico en mescalina, y la Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca en kichwa), son plantas enteógenas (cosas que nos llevan a lo divino) prominentes en el arte andino. Este artículo explora la flor que corona este cactus (de diez pulgadas de ancho) y las numerosas variantes de este motivo exhibidas en 64 textiles wari. Las representaciones artísticas de la flor corresponden estrechamente con sus partes botánicas, su botón (que contiene ovario/óvulo/semillas) más su punta central vertical (estilo, estigma) flanqueada por tallos con puntas (filamentos, anteras). La revelación de estos componentes interiores evoca deforma abstracta la flor en plena floración. Este motivo es asignado a partes del portador de báculo (renombrado Ser en Transformación), incluyendo el elemento ocular y las emanaciones auditivas y de vocalización. Así, transmiten la experiencia de trance multisensorial del Ser en Transformación catalizada por la ingesta de san Pedro. Las imágenes del cactus son emparejadas sistemáticamente, e incluso fusionados, con motivos de la flor y las hojas de la vilca, a los que se añade la corteza del árbol dentada. Este emparejamiento de las dos plantas sagradas proclama un poder visionario específico de las tierras altas y sugiere que estas plantas fueron consumidas ritualmente de manera simultánea, incluso mezclándolas.

Abstract Background Mechanoreceptor activation modulates GABA neuron firing and dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic DA system, an area implicated in reward and substance abuse. The lateral habenula (LHb), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the mesolimbic DA system are not only reciprocally connected, but also involved in drug reward. We explored the effects of mechanical stimulation (MS) on cocaine addiction-like behaviors and the role of the LH-LHb circuit in the MS effects. MS was performed over ulnar nerve and the effects were evaluated by using drug seeking behaviors, optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry. Results Mechanical stimulation attenuated locomotor activity in a nerve-dependent manner and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and DA release in nucleus accumbens (NAc) following cocaine injection. The MS effects were ablated by electrolytic lesion or optogenetic inhibition of LHb. Optogenetic activation of LHb suppressed cocaine-enhanced 50 kHz USVs and locomotion. MS reversed cocaine suppression of neuronal activity of LHb. MS also inhibited cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, which was blocked by chemogenetic inhibition of an LH-LHb circuit. Conclusion These findings suggest that peripheral mechanical stimulation activates LH-LHb pathways to attenuate cocaine-induced psychomotor responses and seeking behaviors.

ABSTRACT Based on the concept of becoming-animal, elaborated by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (1997), in this work, we seek to develop an exercise of comparative criticism among contemporary novels A confissão da leoa (2012), by the mozambican Mia Couto, and O som do rugido da onça (2021), by the brazilian writer Micheliny Verunschk. In common, the two texts undertake the recovery of themes and procedures mobilized in the tale “Meu tio o Iauaretê” (2001 [1961]), by João Guimarães Rosa. Similar to the contagion experienced by the jaguar hunter of the Rosa’s narrative, who from jaguar killer began to the defender of these felines, becoming sibling with these animals, the two narratives under analysis represent a movement towards the feline subjectivities experienced by their characters. Historically, Western thinking has developed several ideological mechanisms to separate the Homo sapiens and other living animals. To this, the process of dehumanization of the colonized subjects is attached, one of the tools manipulated by the imperialist project. As a counterpoint to these perspectives, Mia Couto and Micheliny Verunschk incorporate, in their texts, discourses that enable opening to other perspectives about life. In novels, there is the tensioning of interspecific borders, once that, by fictional ways, the crossing of the boundaries between the human and the nonhuman is effective. For Mariamar and Iñe-e, protagonists of the novels, the encounter with the jaguar and lioness figures, great predators of the two continents that set the narratives, enables access to an animality silenced by oppression devices. becominganimal, becominganimal animal, animal becoming-animal 1997, 1997 , (1997) work 2012, 2012 (2012) 2021, 2021 (2021) common Meu Iauaretê 2001 (200 1961, 1961 [1961]) Rosa Rosas s narrative felines animals characters Historically attached project incorporate life borders ways effective Iñee, Iñee Iñe e, e Iñe-e figures devices 199 (1997 201 (2012 202 (2021 200 (20 196 [1961] 19 (199 20 (201 (202 (2 [1961 1 (19 2 ( [196 (1 [19 [1 [

RESUMO Com base no conceito de devir-animal, elaborado por Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari (1997), buscamos, neste trabalho, desenvolver um exercício de crítica comparatista entre os romances contemporâneos A confissão da leoa (2012), do moçambicano Mia Couto, e O som do rugido da onça (2021), da escritora brasileira Micheliny Verunschk. Em comum, os dois textos empreendem a recuperação de temáticas e procedimentos mobilizados no conto “Meu tio o Iauaretê” (2001 [1961]), de João Guimarães Rosa. Semelhante ao contágio vivenciado pelo onceiro da narrativa roseana, que de matador de onças passa a defensor desses felinos, irmanando-se a esses animais, as duas narrativas em análise representam um movimento em direção a subjetividades não humanas experienciadas por suas personagens. Historicamente, o pensamento ocidental desenvolveu diversos mecanismos ideológicos para efetuar a separação entre o Homo sapiens e os outros viventes animais. A isso, atrela-se o processo de desumanização dos sujeitos colonizados, uma das ferramentas manipuladas pelo projeto imperialista. Como contraponto a essas perspectivas, Mia Couto e Micheliny Verunschk incorporam, em seus textos, discursos que possibilitam a abertura para outras perspectivas sobre a vida. Nos romances, verifica-se o tensionamento das fronteiras interespecíficas, uma vez que, por vias ficcionais, se efetiva o cruzamento dos limites entre o humano e o não humano. Para Mariamar e Iñe-e, protagonistas dos romances, o encontro com as figuras da onça e da leoa, grandes predadores dos dois continentes que ambientam as narrativas, possibilita o acesso a uma animalidade silenciada pelos dispositivos de opressão. deviranimal, deviranimal devir animal, animal devir-animal 1997, 1997 , (1997) buscamos trabalho 2012, 2012 (2012) 2021, 2021 (2021) comum Meu Iauaretê 2001 (200 1961, 1961 [1961]) Rosa roseana felinos irmanandose irmanando animais personagens Historicamente isso atrelase atrela colonizados imperialista incorporam vida verificase verifica interespecíficas ficcionais Iñee, Iñee Iñe e, Iñe-e opressão 199 (1997 201 (2012 202 (2021 200 (20 196 [1961] 19 (199 20 (201 (202 (2 [1961 1 (19 2 ( [196 (1 [19 [1 [

Resumen Objetivo: evidenciar e inferir sobre el patrón de actividad diario, aspectos reproductivos, vocalizaciones y coloración del plumaje de la gallineta azul (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), en una población ubicada en la baja Bota Caucana. Alcance: describir/contrastar patrón de actividad diario, coloración de plumaje, aspectos reproductivos y vocalización con lo descrito para Tinamus osgoodi en otras localidades. Metodología: se realizaron recorridos ad libitum e instalaron 17 cámaras trampa, en la Reserva La Cristalina, localizada en la Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipio de Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Se consolidaron los registros y clasificaron en eventos independientes que se analizaron a través de gráficos. La información obtenida se comparó con literatura existente de la especie y afines. Resultados principales: se obtuvieron 10 muestras biológicas de T. o. hershkovitzi, 9 de ellas fueron huevos y un individuo hembra adulto. Adicionalmente, se grabaron 17 vocalizaciones con tres patrones identificados. El fototrampeo captó 64 eventos independientes, entre estos un evento de precópula. Conclusiones: la gallineta azul presenta el mayor pico de actividad entre las 15:00 y 16:00 horas. Su patrón de coloración está dominado por dos tonos (gris y azul), en la localidad de investigación se le conoce como “gallineta azul”, diferente a lo descrito en Tinamus osgoodi “Tinamu negro”. Los huevos encontrados son totalmente diferentes en forma y color a los huevos de la raza nominal. Los hallazgos indican época reproductiva desde diciembre hasta mayo.

Abstract Goal: To evidence and infer about the pattern of daily activity, reproductive aspects, vocalizations and plumage coloration of the blue moorhen (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), in a population located in the Andean foothills of Colombia. Scope: To describe/contrast pattern of daily activity, plumage coloration, reproductive aspects and vocalization on what has been described for Tinamus osgoodi in other localities. Methodology: Ad libitum surveys were carried out and 17 camera traps were installed in La Cristalina Reserve, located in Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipality of Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Records were consolidated and classified into independent events that were analyzed through graphs. The information obtained was compared with existing literature of the species and related species. Main results: 10 biological samples of T. o. hershkovitzi were obtained, 9 of them were eggs and one individual adult female . Additionally, 17 vocalizations with three identified patterns were recorded. The camera trap captured 64 independent events, including a precopulation event. Conclusions: The blue moorhen presents the highest peak of activity between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. Its color pattern is dominated by two tones (gray and blue). In the research location it is known as “blue hen”, different from what is described in Tinamus osgoodi “Black Tinamu”. The eggs found are totally different in shape and color from the eggs of the nominal breed. The findings indicate the reproductive season from December to May.

RESUMO O comportamento de following é uma especialização de forrageamento bem documentada em aves neotropicais, que consiste em indivíduos de espécies solitárias ou em bandos mistos seguindo outros animais em movimento para capturar presas afugentadas. Aqui reportamos duas observações do falcão-críptico, Micrastur mintoni seguindo grupos de primatas, durante um inventário ornitológico na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Durante as duas observações, o falcão emitiu uma vocalização típica e capturou insetos afugentados pelos primatas em movimento pela floresta enquanto forrageavam. Esse é o primeiro relato de uma associação aparentemente comensal entre um falcão florestal do gênero Micrastur e duas espécies de primatas.

ABSTRACT Following behavior is a well-documented foraging specialization in Neotropical birds, which consists of individuals of solitary or mixed-flocking species following other moving animals to capture fleeing prey. Here, we report two observations of the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni following troops of primates during an ornithological inventory in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. During both observations, the falcon emitted a typical vocalization and captured fleeing insects dispersed by the primates moving through the forest while foraging. This is the first report of an apparently commensal association between a Micrastur forest falcon and two species of primates.

RESUMO: Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

ABSTRACT: Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs’ mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

Abstract Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) exhibit specific behaviour during the rutting season, which may have an impact on the safety on cervid farms, both due to aggressive interactions between animals and the safety of people staying there, such as staff and tourists. This issue applies especially to stags whose behaviour changes radically, and the correct interpretation of the observed changes is very important. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyse the pre-rut behaviour of stags and to show the influence of atmospheric conditions on vocalization and other elements of their behaviour, which facilitate determination of the onset of the rutting season. The observations were conducted in August and September of 2017 and 2018. It was shown that lower temperatures, declines in air humidity, increasing atmospheric pressure, and transition of the moon phase towards the full moon resulted in intensification of the vocalization activity in the red deer in the pre-rutting season, which may accelerate the rutting period in the deer males. The number of vocalizations varied between the years and depended on the mean temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and moon phase in the pre-rutting and rutting seasons. Through observation of the changing weather conditions, it is possible to predict the time of increased activity of stags and the onset of the rutting period. Predicting the date of mating season in farm breeding, based on daily observations of changes in the behaviour of stags, can be helpful in planning veterinary treatments or selecting the composition of the hinds to be covered by specific stags, which can also contribute to the improvement of their welfare.