ABSTRACT This study intends to frame Mozambican rap within a revolutionary perspective that uses the Portuguese language with “Mozambicanisms” as a vehicle for the construction of an identity discourse in young people with critical and creative thinking about Mozambican democracy. This allows for the (re)construction of a collective memory of experiences lived in a globalized world. This study springs from the debate about the place of the Portuguese and Bantu languages in the rap music produced in the country and its role as an identity framework for Mozambican culture in its relationship with collective memory. A content analysis of four songs by the Mozambican rapper Azagaia was carried out, using two categories of analysis: (1) Rap as a space of action promoting an alternative project of governance in Mozambique and (2) Rap as a vehicle of vocalization of collective memory about social injustice in Mozambique.

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude vise à encadrer le rap mozambicain dans une perspective révolutionnaire qui utilise la langue portugaise avec les « mozambicanismes » comme véhicule de construction d’un discours identitaire chez des jeunes dotés d’une pensée critique et créative sur la réalité démocratique mozambicaine, permettant la (re)construction de la mémoire collective d’expériences vécues dans un monde globalisé. L’étude part du débat sur la place de la langue portugaise et des langues bantoues dans le rap produit au Mozambique, et son rôle comme marqueur identitaire de la culture mozambicaine dans sa relation avec la mémoire collective. Une analyse du contenu de quatre chansons du rappeur mozambicain Azagaia est proposée, en utilisant deux catégories d’analyse : (1) le rap comme espace d’action promouvant un projet de gouvernance alternative au Mozambique et (2) le rap comme véhicule de vocalisation de la mémoire collective sur les injustices sociales au Mozambique.

RESUMO Este estudo pretende enquadrar o rap moçambicano dentro de uma perspetiva revolucionária que usa a língua portuguesa com moçambicanismos como veículo de construção de um discurso identitário em jovens com pensamento crítico e criativo sobre a realidade democrática moçambicana, permitindo a (re)construção da memória coletiva das experiências vividas num mundo globalizado. O estudo parte do debate sobre o lugar da língua portuguesa e das línguas bantu no rap produzido em Moçambique, e o papel deste como marco identitário da cultura moçambicana na sua relação com a memória coletiva. Oferece-se uma análise de conteúdo de quatro músicas do rapper moçambicano Azagaia, utilizando duas categorias de análise: (1) o rap como espaço de ação promotor de um projeto alternativo de governação em Moçambique e (2) o rap como veículo de vocalização da memória coletiva sobre injustiça social em Moçambique.

ABSTRACT The auditory systems and sound dynamics in snakes are frequent objects of debate. The known frequency of sounds produced by snakes ranges from 0.2 to 9.5 kHz. Here we report the first record of a vocalization by the South American snake Dipsas catesbyi. The call was recorded oportunistically in June 2021 upon manipulation, and had a duration of 0.06 seconds, reaching 3036 Hz in its peak frequency with a modulated note, emitted through exhalation of air through the larynx. We hypothesize that structured vocal emissions such as this are a reaction to a predation attempt and may be a feature shared by other species of Dipsadidae and other snakes.

RESUMO Os sistemas auditivos e a dinâmica do som em cobras são objetos frequentes de debate. A frequência conhecida dos sons produzidos pelas cobras varia de 0,2 a 9,5 kHz. Aqui relatamos o primeiro registro de vocalização da cobra sul-americana Dipsas catesbyi. O canto foi gravado oportunisticamente em junho de 2021 mediante manuseio, e teve duração de 0,06 segundos, atingindo 3036 Hz em sua frequência de pico com nota modulada, emitida por meio da exalação de ar pela laringe. Nossa hipótese é que emissões vocais estruturadas como esta são uma reação a uma tentativa de predação e podem ser uma característica compartilhada por outras espécies de Dipsadidae e outras serpentes.

ABSTRACT: The san Pedro mescaline-rich cacti (Trichocereus spp.) and Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca in Kichwa) are entheogens (whatever brings one to the divine) prominent in Andean art. I discuss the cactus's ten-inch-wide crowning flower and many of its motif variants in sixty-four Wari textiles. Artistic renderings correspond closely with the flower's botanical parts: bud (containing the ovary/ovule/eggs) plus its central tipped vertical (style, stigma) flanked by stalks with tips (filaments, anthers). By revealing the interior components, the flower as it bursts into bloom is evoked. This motif is assigned to parts of the staff-bearer (renamed Transforming Being), including the eyepiece and vocalization and aural emanations. It conveys the multisensory trance experience of the Transforming Being catalyzed by ingesting san Pedro brew. The cactus imagery is consistently paired, even conflated, with vilca leaf and flower motifs, to which is added the jagged tree bark. The pairing of the two sacred plants proclaims specifically highland visionary power and suggests they were ritually consumed simultaneously, even mixed together.

RESUMEN: El san Pedro (Trichocereus spp.), un cactus rico en mescalina, y la Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca en kichwa), son plantas enteógenas (cosas que nos llevan a lo divino) prominentes en el arte andino. Este artículo explora la flor que corona este cactus (de diez pulgadas de ancho) y las numerosas variantes de este motivo exhibidas en 64 textiles wari. Las representaciones artísticas de la flor corresponden estrechamente con sus partes botánicas, su botón (que contiene ovario/óvulo/semillas) más su punta central vertical (estilo, estigma) flanqueada por tallos con puntas (filamentos, anteras). La revelación de estos componentes interiores evoca deforma abstracta la flor en plena floración. Este motivo es asignado a partes del portador de báculo (renombrado Ser en Transformación), incluyendo el elemento ocular y las emanaciones auditivas y de vocalización. Así, transmiten la experiencia de trance multisensorial del Ser en Transformación catalizada por la ingesta de san Pedro. Las imágenes del cactus son emparejadas sistemáticamente, e incluso fusionados, con motivos de la flor y las hojas de la vilca, a los que se añade la corteza del árbol dentada. Este emparejamiento de las dos plantas sagradas proclama un poder visionario específico de las tierras altas y sugiere que estas plantas fueron consumidas ritualmente de manera simultánea, incluso mezclándolas.

Abstract Background Mechanoreceptor activation modulates GABA neuron firing and dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic DA system, an area implicated in reward and substance abuse. The lateral habenula (LHb), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the mesolimbic DA system are not only reciprocally connected, but also involved in drug reward. We explored the effects of mechanical stimulation (MS) on cocaine addiction-like behaviors and the role of the LH-LHb circuit in the MS effects. MS was performed over ulnar nerve and the effects were evaluated by using drug seeking behaviors, optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry. Results Mechanical stimulation attenuated locomotor activity in a nerve-dependent manner and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and DA release in nucleus accumbens (NAc) following cocaine injection. The MS effects were ablated by electrolytic lesion or optogenetic inhibition of LHb. Optogenetic activation of LHb suppressed cocaine-enhanced 50 kHz USVs and locomotion. MS reversed cocaine suppression of neuronal activity of LHb. MS also inhibited cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, which was blocked by chemogenetic inhibition of an LH-LHb circuit. Conclusion These findings suggest that peripheral mechanical stimulation activates LH-LHb pathways to attenuate cocaine-induced psychomotor responses and seeking behaviors.

ABSTRACT Based on the concept of becoming-animal, elaborated by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (1997), in this work, we seek to develop an exercise of comparative criticism among contemporary novels A confissão da leoa (2012), by the mozambican Mia Couto, and O som do rugido da onça (2021), by the brazilian writer Micheliny Verunschk. In common, the two texts undertake the recovery of themes and procedures mobilized in the tale “Meu tio o Iauaretê” (2001 [1961]), by João Guimarães Rosa. Similar to the contagion experienced by the jaguar hunter of the Rosa’s narrative, who from jaguar killer began to the defender of these felines, becoming sibling with these animals, the two narratives under analysis represent a movement towards the feline subjectivities experienced by their characters. Historically, Western thinking has developed several ideological mechanisms to separate the Homo sapiens and other living animals. To this, the process of dehumanization of the colonized subjects is attached, one of the tools manipulated by the imperialist project. As a counterpoint to these perspectives, Mia Couto and Micheliny Verunschk incorporate, in their texts, discourses that enable opening to other perspectives about life. In novels, there is the tensioning of interspecific borders, once that, by fictional ways, the crossing of the boundaries between the human and the nonhuman is effective. For Mariamar and Iñe-e, protagonists of the novels, the encounter with the jaguar and lioness figures, great predators of the two continents that set the narratives, enables access to an animality silenced by oppression devices.

RESUMO Com base no conceito de devir-animal, elaborado por Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari (1997), buscamos, neste trabalho, desenvolver um exercício de crítica comparatista entre os romances contemporâneos A confissão da leoa (2012), do moçambicano Mia Couto, e O som do rugido da onça (2021), da escritora brasileira Micheliny Verunschk. Em comum, os dois textos empreendem a recuperação de temáticas e procedimentos mobilizados no conto “Meu tio o Iauaretê” (2001 [1961]), de João Guimarães Rosa. Semelhante ao contágio vivenciado pelo onceiro da narrativa roseana, que de matador de onças passa a defensor desses felinos, irmanando-se a esses animais, as duas narrativas em análise representam um movimento em direção a subjetividades não humanas experienciadas por suas personagens. Historicamente, o pensamento ocidental desenvolveu diversos mecanismos ideológicos para efetuar a separação entre o Homo sapiens e os outros viventes animais. A isso, atrela-se o processo de desumanização dos sujeitos colonizados, uma das ferramentas manipuladas pelo projeto imperialista. Como contraponto a essas perspectivas, Mia Couto e Micheliny Verunschk incorporam, em seus textos, discursos que possibilitam a abertura para outras perspectivas sobre a vida. Nos romances, verifica-se o tensionamento das fronteiras interespecíficas, uma vez que, por vias ficcionais, se efetiva o cruzamento dos limites entre o humano e o não humano. Para Mariamar e Iñe-e, protagonistas dos romances, o encontro com as figuras da onça e da leoa, grandes predadores dos dois continentes que ambientam as narrativas, possibilita o acesso a uma animalidade silenciada pelos dispositivos de opressão.

Resumen Objetivo: evidenciar e inferir sobre el patrón de actividad diario, aspectos reproductivos, vocalizaciones y coloración del plumaje de la gallineta azul (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), en una población ubicada en la baja Bota Caucana. Alcance: describir/contrastar patrón de actividad diario, coloración de plumaje, aspectos reproductivos y vocalización con lo descrito para Tinamus osgoodi en otras localidades. Metodología: se realizaron recorridos ad libitum e instalaron 17 cámaras trampa, en la Reserva La Cristalina, localizada en la Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipio de Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Se consolidaron los registros y clasificaron en eventos independientes que se analizaron a través de gráficos. La información obtenida se comparó con literatura existente de la especie y afines. Resultados principales: se obtuvieron 10 muestras biológicas de T. o. hershkovitzi, 9 de ellas fueron huevos y un individuo hembra adulto. Adicionalmente, se grabaron 17 vocalizaciones con tres patrones identificados. El fototrampeo captó 64 eventos independientes, entre estos un evento de precópula. Conclusiones: la gallineta azul presenta el mayor pico de actividad entre las 15:00 y 16:00 horas. Su patrón de coloración está dominado por dos tonos (gris y azul), en la localidad de investigación se le conoce como “gallineta azul”, diferente a lo descrito en Tinamus osgoodi “Tinamu negro”. Los huevos encontrados son totalmente diferentes en forma y color a los huevos de la raza nominal. Los hallazgos indican época reproductiva desde diciembre hasta mayo.

Abstract Goal: To evidence and infer about the pattern of daily activity, reproductive aspects, vocalizations and plumage coloration of the blue moorhen (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), in a population located in the Andean foothills of Colombia. Scope: To describe/contrast pattern of daily activity, plumage coloration, reproductive aspects and vocalization on what has been described for Tinamus osgoodi in other localities. Methodology: Ad libitum surveys were carried out and 17 camera traps were installed in La Cristalina Reserve, located in Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipality of Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Records were consolidated and classified into independent events that were analyzed through graphs. The information obtained was compared with existing literature of the species and related species. Main results: 10 biological samples of T. o. hershkovitzi were obtained, 9 of them were eggs and one individual adult female . Additionally, 17 vocalizations with three identified patterns were recorded. The camera trap captured 64 independent events, including a precopulation event. Conclusions: The blue moorhen presents the highest peak of activity between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. Its color pattern is dominated by two tones (gray and blue). In the research location it is known as “blue hen”, different from what is described in Tinamus osgoodi “Black Tinamu”. The eggs found are totally different in shape and color from the eggs of the nominal breed. The findings indicate the reproductive season from December to May.

RESUMO O comportamento de following é uma especialização de forrageamento bem documentada em aves neotropicais, que consiste em indivíduos de espécies solitárias ou em bandos mistos seguindo outros animais em movimento para capturar presas afugentadas. Aqui reportamos duas observações do falcão-críptico, Micrastur mintoni seguindo grupos de primatas, durante um inventário ornitológico na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Durante as duas observações, o falcão emitiu uma vocalização típica e capturou insetos afugentados pelos primatas em movimento pela floresta enquanto forrageavam. Esse é o primeiro relato de uma associação aparentemente comensal entre um falcão florestal do gênero Micrastur e duas espécies de primatas.

ABSTRACT Following behavior is a well-documented foraging specialization in Neotropical birds, which consists of individuals of solitary or mixed-flocking species following other moving animals to capture fleeing prey. Here, we report two observations of the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni following troops of primates during an ornithological inventory in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. During both observations, the falcon emitted a typical vocalization and captured fleeing insects dispersed by the primates moving through the forest while foraging. This is the first report of an apparently commensal association between a Micrastur forest falcon and two species of primates.

RESUMO: Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

ABSTRACT: Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs’ mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

Abstract Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) exhibit specific behaviour during the rutting season, which may have an impact on the safety on cervid farms, both due to aggressive interactions between animals and the safety of people staying there, such as staff and tourists. This issue applies especially to stags whose behaviour changes radically, and the correct interpretation of the observed changes is very important. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyse the pre-rut behaviour of stags and to show the influence of atmospheric conditions on vocalization and other elements of their behaviour, which facilitate determination of the onset of the rutting season. The observations were conducted in August and September of 2017 and 2018. It was shown that lower temperatures, declines in air humidity, increasing atmospheric pressure, and transition of the moon phase towards the full moon resulted in intensification of the vocalization activity in the red deer in the pre-rutting season, which may accelerate the rutting period in the deer males. The number of vocalizations varied between the years and depended on the mean temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and moon phase in the pre-rutting and rutting seasons. Through observation of the changing weather conditions, it is possible to predict the time of increased activity of stags and the onset of the rutting period. Predicting the date of mating season in farm breeding, based on daily observations of changes in the behaviour of stags, can be helpful in planning veterinary treatments or selecting the composition of the hinds to be covered by specific stags, which can also contribute to the improvement of their welfare.

Resumen A pesar de su relevancia para la comprensión de la expresión emocional vocal, el estudio de la risa contagiosa se encuentra en sus primeras etapas de investigación y aún no se ha establecido su naturaleza ni la de las respuestas que esta provoca. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar si los estímulos acústicos de risa contagiosa, además de generar conductas de risa o sonrisa, provocan en los oyentes las expresiones faciales, electromiográficas y cardíacas de una emoción positiva. Para esto, se contó con la participación de 60 universitarios de ambos sexos con edades entre los 18 y los 30 años en un diseño experimental intrasujeto con mediciones en la condición de línea de base y en exposiciones a diferentes estímulos de risa contagiosa, donde se verificaron tres hipótesis en las que se comparó expresiones faciales de alegría (medidas con el software FaceReader), amplitud electromiográfica (EMG) del músculo cigomático mayor (medida con el módulo EMG-100 del Biopac) e intervalos R-R como indicadores de frecuencia cardíaca (medidos con el módulo ECG-100 del Biopac) entre las diferentes condiciones. Como resultado, se encontraron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de las expresiones faciales de alegría y amplitud EMG del cigomático al comparar las condiciones de línea de base y estímulos de risa más contagiosa, y de risas más y menos contagiosas; no obstante, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los intervalos R-R en ninguna de las condiciones comparadas. Como conclusión, se comprobó la naturaleza emocional positiva de la risa/sonrisa provocada por estímulos de risa contagiosa y la proporcionalidad entre la intensidad de las expresiones faciales y las respuestas EMG elicitadas por esta risa y el grado de contagio percibido de la misma.

Abstract Despite its relevance for the understanding of vocal emotional expression, the study of contagious laughter is in its early stages of research and neither its nature nor the nature of the responses it provokes have not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the acoustic stimuli of contagious laughter, in addition to generating laughter or smiling behaviors, elicit in listeners the facial, electromyographic and heart expressions of a positive emotion. To this end, 60 university students of both sexes, aged between 18 and 30 years participated in an intrasubject experimental design with measurements in the baseline condition and in exposures to different contagious laughter stimuli, where three hypotheses were tested comparing facial expressions of joy (measured with the FaceReader software), electromyographic amplitude (EMG) of the zygomaticus major muscle (measured with the Biopac EMG-100 module) and RR intervals as indicators of heart rate (measured with the Biopac ECG-100 module) between the different conditions. As a result, significant differences were found in the percentages of facial expressions ofjoy and zygomatic EMG amplitude when comparing the baseline and stimulus conditions of more contagious laughter, and more and less contagious laughter. However, no significant differences were found in the R-R intervals in any of the compared conditions. In conclusion, the positive emotional nature of laughter / smile caused by contagious laughter stimuli and the proportionality between the intensity of the facial expressions and EMG responses elicited by this laughter and the perceived degree of contagiousness of laughter were verified.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A manometria de alta resolução (MAR) é uma ferramenta de grande potencial para mensuração das pressões faringoesofágicas durante a fonação. OBJETIVO: O estudo visa avaliar pressões faringianas, do esfíncter esofagiano superior e do esôfago durante manobras fonatórias. MÉTODOS: Doze (seis homens, idade média 27 anos) cantores profissionais foram submetidos à MAR e produziram quatro tarefas vocais em intensidade baixa, média e alta: vogal / ae /, escala ascendente de cinco notas, palavras /hey/ e /go/. Pressões aos níveis da faringe, esfíncter esofagiano superior e esôfago foram aferidas além de análise visual dos traçados. RESULTADOS: Pressões esofágicas foram maiores na vocalização que no repouso. Pressões da faringe e esfíncter esofagiano superior durante a fonação não foram diferentes que no repouso. Análise visual dos traçados mostrou importante incremento da pressão do esfíncter durante a fonação. CONCLUSÃO: MAR é uma ferramenta valiosa para mensurar as pressões faringoesofágicas durante a fonação. Pressões esofágicas são maiores durante a fonação que no repouso e tendem a aumentar com maior intensidade sonora. Análise visual dos traçados mostram dados adicionais sobre a fisiologia do mecanismo da fonação, especialmente na região do esfíncter esofagiano superior.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: High-resolution manometry (HRM) represents a potential tool for measuring pharyngoesophageal phonation pressures. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate pharyngeal, esophageal upper sphincteric and esophageal pressures during different phonation tasks. METHODS: 12 (six males, mean age 27 years) professional singers underwent HRM and produced four different vocal tasks at low, medium and high vocal loudness: vowel /ae/, ascending five note scale, word /hey/ and word /go/. Pressures were measured at pharynx, upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and esophagus. Visual analysis of the HRM topographic plots were performed. RESULTS: Esophageal pressures are higher during vocalization than at rest. Pharyngeal and UES phonation pressures does not differ significantly from rest pressures. Visual analysis of the topographic plots showed an important UES pressure increasement during phonation. CONCLUSION: HRM is a valuable tool for measuring pharyngoesophageal pressures during phonation. Esophageal pressures are higher during phonation than at rest and tend to increase with vocal loudness increment. The topographic plot provides additional data about phonatory mechanism physiology, especially at the UES region.

Abstract The Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a typical bird from southern Brazil, but it is widely dis- tributed across South America. It is well-recognized by its characteristic colors, imposing vocalization and aggressive behavior. The species inhabits grasslands, which can vary locally and regionally. The aim of this study is to evaluate how Southern Lapwings select their macro- and micro-habitats, which is necessary to better understand the species’ ecology, its relationship with the environment and the complex interaction between behavior and territory. This research intends to verify if there is any kind of selection for a specific environ ment and which factors influence the choice of feeding and breeding territories. Fieldwork was carried out at 40 ha in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with 60 sampling points divided across six different vegetal formations. For macro-habitats, we analyzed data on availability and use of the area through the selection index, while for micro-habitat selection we constructed Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with the measures of environmental variables for each point. The selection index indicates that there is a strong preference for impacted grasslands, while lapwings seem to avoid forests and shrubland during both breeding and non-breeding seasons. The mi cro-habitat analysis indicates that the birds generally select areas with low vegetation height, and a certain degree of local human impact, but that the presence of farm animals is only preferred during the non-breeding season. This study shows that the Southern Lapwing can benefit from anthropic and altered environments, and it contributes to the understanding of this bird’s ecology and facilitates conservation measures.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la asociación entre las vocalizaciones y los comportamientos del cacique montano norteño (Cacicus chrysonotus leucoramphus), se tomaron registros acústicos y conductuales de la especie en cuatro localidades de los Andes de Nariño, en el sur de Colombia. Se registraron seis tipos de vocalizaciones asociadas a por lo menos una de las tres categorías conductuales identificadas (vigilancia, alerta y defensa territorial), y una vocalización registrada en un único evento de cortejo. Vocalizaciones con valores más altos de ancho de banda y modulación de frecuencia resultaron asociadas a defensa territorial, mientras que vocalizaciones con valores bajos de ancho de banda y poca modulación cumplieron funciones de vigilancia y alerta. Los resultados indican similitudes en el comportamiento vocal y social con respecto a estudios en otras especies como Cacicus cela y C. haemorrhous. C. c. leucoramphus utiliza vocalizaciones específicas en un determinado contexto conductual, pudiendo algunas de ellas ser reutilizadas en varios comportamientos. Este estudio describe por primera vez el contexto social en el que se asocian las vocalizaciones y conductas en esta especie.

Abstract In order to assess the association between the vocalizations and the displayed behaviors of the Golden-shouldered Mountain Cacique (Cacicus chrysonotus leucoramphus), we sampled both acoustic and behavioral features at three sites in the Andes of Nariño, southern Colombia. We obtained seven vocalization types, six of them associated with at least one of the three identified behavioral categories (vigilance, alertness, and territorial defense), and one linked with a courtship exhibition. Vocalizations with higher values of bandwidth and frequency modulations were associated with territorial behavior, whereas those with lower values of bandwidth and few frequency modulations were associated with vigilance and alert. Results showed similarities in the acoustic structure of vocalizations and the related social context with other species as the C. cela and C. haemorrhous. C. c. leucoramphus uses specific types of vocalizations in a particular social context, with some vocalizations used in different behaviors. This study describes for the first time the social context in which vocalizations are associated with their behaviors.

RESUMO Avaliações nacionais e internacionais mostram que o Brasil falha no ensino de leitura em todo o sistema escolar. Neste artigo defende-se que a explicação para o sucesso no aprendizado inicial da leitura de uma parte destes estudantes pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento da consciência sociolinguística. As taxas de variação de oito variáveis fonológicas (monotongação de -ow e de -aj, -ej, ditongação, apagamento de -R em coda em nomes e em verbos, apagamento de -d em -ndo, simplificação de cluster e vocalização da lateral palatal) em três diferentes contextos estilísticos (do menos para o mais monitorado: entrevista curta - tarefa de nomeação de figuras - tarefa de leitura em voz alta) coletados em uma sala de aula da 3ª série mostram uma relação gradual entre o aumento do monitoramento estilístico e o uso da variante padrão e efeito positivo no desempenho em um teste de compreensão em leitura. Esses resultados revelam que o desenvolvimento da consciência sociolinguística pode ser medido pela transposição da variante da fala para a leitura em voz alta, sugerindo a automatização no processo de decodificação por via lexical.

ABSTRACT National and international assessments show that Brazil fails in the teaching of reading in its entire school system. This paper argues that the explanation for part of the students’ success in early learning of reading might be related to the development of sociolinguistic awareness. The rates of variation in eight phonological variables (-ow monophthongization, -aj, -ej monophthongization, diphthongization, coda -r deletion in nouns and in verbs, -d deletion in -ndo, cluster simplification, and vocalization of palatal lateral) in three different stylistic contexts (from less to more monitored speech: short interview - naming picture task - reading aloud task) collected in a 3rdgrade classroom show a gradual relation between the increase in stylistic monitoring and the use of standard variant and a positive effect in the performance in a reading comprehension test. These results reveal that the development of sociolinguistic awareness can be measured by transposing the variant into spontaneous speech for reading aloud, suggesting automaticity in the decoding process by lexical route.