ABSTRACT Exposing seeds to agents that elicit tolerance to abiotic stress, such as phytohormones and organic acids, during hydration and dehydration cycles can determine their response to later stimuli, e.g. exposure to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of priming cycles with different eliciting agents of salt stress tolerance on seeds of the cowpea varieties Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 0.0 mM NaCl (control); 100 mM NaCl (salt stress); salt stress + three seed-priming cycles (PC) in water; salt stress + PC in gibberellic acid; salt stress + PC in hydrogen peroxide; salt stress + PC in salicylic acid; salt stress + PC in ascorbic acid. The following variables were analysed: germination, growth, dry weight, salt tolerance index, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced germination, length and biomass accumulation in the Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro varieties. These showed the best response to the priming cycles with gibberellic and salicylic acids, which promoted greater germination potential, length and biomass under a salt stress of 100 mM NaCl, affording greater tolerance via osmotic regulation, especially in the Sempre Verde variety. stimuli eg e g e.g treatments 00 0 0. control (control) 10 stress) seedpriming seed (PC water acid peroxide analysed growth weight index sugars proline (10 potential regulation variety (control 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT There is great interest in varieties with greater competitive ability against weeds. This can be facilitated by path analysis, which involves the statistical evaluation and interpretation of the relationship between yield and its components. In this analysis, the occurrence of multicollinearity results in inconsistent estimates of the coefficients, and overestimates of the direct effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics with the greatest direct effect on pod yield and green and dry bean yields in traditional cowpea varieties, evaluated in competition with weeds in two experiments. In addition, the presence of multicollinearity was investigated in the analyses. In Experiment-1, twelve varieties with the highest bean yields in a preliminary evaluation were assessed in a randomized block design with five replications. In Experiment-2, six varieties, selected in the preliminary evaluation, were assessed using two methods of weed management: three of the most productive and three of the least productive. Randomized blocks and split plots were used, with five replications. Multicollinearity, indicated by the number of conditions and the variance inflation values, was greater in Experiment-2. In the six cases under study (three yields x two experiments), the number of pods per plant had the greatest direct effect on yield. analysis components coefficients variable experiments addition analyses Experiment1, Experiment1 Experiment 1, 1 Experiment-1 replications Experiment2, Experiment2 2, 2 Experiment-2 management used Multicollinearity values Experiment2. 2. experiments, , experiments) Experiment-

RESUMO A aplicação de esgoto sanitário utilizando o gotejamento subsuperficial contribui para mitigar os problemas atuais de disponibilidade de água e produção de alimento. Objetivou-se avaliar o feijão-caupi recebendo esgoto sanitário por gotejadores operando com diferentes vazões e profundidades. Os gotejadores operaram com as vazões de 1,6 e 3,8 L h-1 e foram instalados nas profundidades de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 cm. O feijão-caupi foi cultivado em vasos de 65 L preenchidos com solo argiloso em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se esgoto sanitário sintético e a quantidade aplicada nos vasos foi baseada no elemento limitante, que no caso foi o nitrogênio, para o cultivo do feijão-caupi. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado com sondas de TDR. Avaliou-se a germinação e as respostas fisiológicas e morfologia das raízes do feijão-caupi. A ascensão capilar, quando a água foi aplicada em profundidade, não foi suficiente para umedecer de maneira uniforme a superfície do solo. As variáveis de germinação apresentaram um decréscimo em função do aumento das profundidades de instalação dos gotejadores. A distribuição da água com o aumento da profundidade dos emissores foi responsável pelos prejuízos nas respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas das raízes feijão-caupi. As vazões dos gotejadores não afetaram a germinação do feijão-caupi. Utilizar o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial não foi apropriado para o feijão-caupi nas condições deste estudo. alimento Objetivouse Objetivou se feijãocaupi feijão caupi 16 1 6 1, 38 3 8 3, h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 2 cm vegetação Utilizouse Utilizou limitante nitrogênio feijãocaupi. caupi. TDR Avaliouse Avaliou capilar estudo

ABSTRACT The application of sanitary sewage using subsurface drip irrigation contributes to mitigating the current problems of water availability and food production. The aim in this study was to evaluate cowpea receiving sanitary sewage through drippers operating at different flow rates and depths. The drippers operated at flow rates of 1.6 and 3.8 L h-1 and were installed at depths of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Cowpea was grown in 65 L pots filled with sandy clay soil in a greenhouse. Synthetic sanitary sewage was used and the amount applied to the pots was based on the limiting element, which in this case was nitrogen, for growing cowpea. Irrigation was managed using TDR probes. Germination and the physiological responses and morphology of cowpea roots were assessed. Capillary rise, when water was applied in subsurface, was not sufficient to evenly moisten the soil surface. The germination variables decreased as a result of the increase in drip installation depths. The distribution of water as the depth of the emitters increased was responsible for the damage to the physiological and morphological responses of cowpea roots. The flow rates of the drippers did not affect the germination of cowpea. Using the subsurface drip irrigation system was not appropriate for growing cowpea under the conditions of this study. production 16 1 6 1. 38 3 8 3. h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 25 cm greenhouse element nitrogen probes assessed rise surface 2

ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume that is widely grown in the north-east of Brazil, and which has been gaining ground in other regions of the country. The main producer is the state of Ceará, with a large planted-area, albeit low productivity due to a lack of producer technology and adapted cultivars. The aim of this study was to identify and recommend superior genotypes in terms of adaptability and stability under rainfed and irrigated conditions, in addition to genotypes with reduced grain darkening. To this end, six experiments were conducted in different districts of Ceará (Crato, Pentecoste, Crateús, Madalena, Bela Cruz and Limoeiro do Norte) and one laboratory experiment, to evaluate grain darkening. The experimental design of the field trials was of randomised blocks, with 14 genotypes and 4 replications. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect from the genotypes and environments and their interaction, so GGE Biplot analysis was carried out to evaluate adaptability and stability. To evaluate grain darkening, a completely randomised design was used in a simple factorial scheme with six previously selected genotypes and five different storage times (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). There was a significant effect from the genotypes and storage time. Genotype 1 showed the least darkening, and can be recommended for environments to which it is best adapted (Crato and Crateús). Genotype 9 was considered the most stable for grain yield, and can be more broadly recommended for the semi-arid region of the state of Ceará. northeast north east Brazil country plantedarea, plantedarea planted area, area planted-area cultivars conditions darkening end Crato, Crato Pentecoste Crateús Madalena Norte experiment blocks replications interaction 0, 0 (0 2 months. months . months) time Crateús. Crateús) yield semiarid semi arid (

ABSTRACT Beans are a vital component of the human diet, being able to supply a large part of the daily protein requirements of individuals, in addition to containing considerable amounts of iron, calcium, vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber, and lysine. Controlled germination is an accessible and effective technique that aims to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of seeds intended for food consumption. This study aimed to characterize fresh and germinated beans of Phaseolus vulgaris (carioca, branco, preto, gordo varieties) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). The germination process was conducted in trays containing the sand substrate (350 g) in the environmental conditions of the laboratory. The fresh and germinated beans were evaluated for physicochemical variables in triplicate. The germination process increased moisture content, water activity, ash, pH, soluble alcohol acidity, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the content of lipids, starch, and total sugars in bean seeds. With the increase in bioactive compounds, it was found that the germination process is an excellent method for increasing the nutritional quality of beans. diet individuals iron calcium vitamins carbohydrates fiber lysine functional consumption carioca, carioca (carioca branco preto varieties cowpea. cowpea . (cowpea) 350 (35 g laboratory triplicate activity ash pH acidity proteins acid phenols tannins flavonoids anthocyanins carotenoids hand lipids starch compounds (cowpea 35 (3 3 (

RESUMO O feijão é um importante componente da dieta humana, sendo capaz de suprir grande parte das necessidades proteicas diárias dos indivíduos, além de conter quantidades consideráveis de ferro, cálcio, vitaminas, carboidratos, fibras e lisina. A germinação controlada é uma técnica acessível e eficaz que visa melhorar as qualidades nutricionais, funcionais e sensoriais de sementes destinadas ao consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar feijão Phaseolus vulgaris das variedades carioca, branco, preto, gordo e feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) in natura e germinado. O processo de germinação foi realizado em bandejas contendo substrato areia (350 g), em condições ambientais de laboratório. Em seguida, os grãos in natura e germinados foram avaliados quanto às variáveis físico-químicas em triplicata. A germinação do feijão aumentou o teor de umidade, atividade de água, cinzas, pH, acidez álcool solúvel, proteínas, ácido ascórbico, fenóis, taninos, flavonóides, antocianinas e carotenóides. Por outro lado, houve redução no teor de lipídios, amido e açúcares totais nas sementes de feijão. Com o aumento dos compostos bioativos, constatou-se que o processo de germinação é um excelente método para aumentar a qualidade nutricional do feijão. humana indivíduos ferro cálcio vitaminas carboidratos lisina nutricionais alimentar carioca branco preto feijãocaupi caupi Vigna unguiculata germinado 350 (35 g, g , g) laboratório seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas triplicata umidade água cinzas pH solúvel proteínas ascórbico fenóis taninos flavonóides carotenóides lado lipídios bioativos constatouse constatou se 35 (3 3 (

ABSTRACT Storage is one of the main stages during grain production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of silo bags as an alternative for storing landrace cowpea grains. The experiment used samples of the Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão cowpea varieties from Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, harvested in the 2021 crop season. The samples (500 g) were stored in raffia and silo bags for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a split-plot-in-time scheme (2 × 5) with four replicates. Storage conditions represented the plots: silo bags and raffia bags. The subplots comprised five storage conditions: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days for each landrace cowpea variety. The insect species identified in all varieties was Zabrotes subfasciatus, with infestation ranging from 49% to 98% in raffia bags and less than 10% in silo bags over 120 days. A depreciation in grain quality was observed during storage in raffia bags. There was increase in electrical conductivity, fluctuations in water content, and reductions in bulk density and germination due to the higher degree of infestation in all the investigated varieties. The grains stored in silo bags showed minimal variations over the 120 days, maintaining their initial quality throughout the storage period. The bag silo storage system is an effective alternative for controlling Z. subfasciatus and maintaining the grain quality of the varieties Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão for a period of up to 120 days. production Arigozinho Manteiguinha Acre 202 season 500 (50 g 30 60 90 12 randomized splitplotintime split plot time 2 ( 5 replicates plots 0 variety 49 98 10 conductivity content Z 20 50 (5 3 6 9 1 4

RESUMO O armazenamento é uma etapa crucial durante a produção de grãos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de silo bolsa como alternativa no armazenamento de grãos crioulos de feijão-caupi. Para o estudo utilizou-se amostras de feijão-caupi, das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão, procedentes do município de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, safra 2021. As amostras de 500 g foram armazenadas em silos bolsa e sacos de ráfia, durante 30, 60, 90, 120 dias. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as condições de armazenamento: silo bolsa e sacos de ráfia, e as subparcelas, os períodos de armazenamento: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias para cada variedade crioula de feijão-caupi. Zabrotes subfasciatus foi identificado em todas as variedades, com infestações de 49 a 98% em sacos de ráfia e inferiores a 10% em silo bolsa ao longo de 120 dias. Foi observado a depreciação na qualidade dos grãos durante o período de armazenamento em sacos de ráfia. Houve aumento na condutividade elétrica, flutuações no teor de água, redução da massa específica aparente e na germinação, devido ao maior grau de infestação em todas as variedades investigadas. Os grãos em silo bolsa apresentaram mínimas variações e mantiveram a qualidade inicial durante 120 dias. O armazenamento em silo bolsa é eficaz no controle de Z. subfasciatus e na manutenção da qualidade dos grãos das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão por até 120 dias. feijãocaupi. feijãocaupi feijão caupi. caupi feijão-caupi utilizouse utilizou se feijãocaupi, caupi, Arigozinho Acre 2021 50 30 60 12 casualizado 2 ( 5, 5 , 5) repetições subparcelas 0 9 4 98 10 elétrica água germinação investigadas Z 202 3 6 1 20

ABSTRACT Weed competition is one of the factors that limit cowpea production in the world, causing losses of up to 90% of grain yield and quality. Knowledge of the critical period of weed competition (CPC) is important to prevent significant losses of grain and resources in the production process. The objective was to determine the critical period of weed competition in the cultivation of cowpea beans, Missouri cultivar, in two sowing seasons: dry (2022B) and rainy (2023A) of warm dry Colombian Caribbean. The randomized complete block design was used with eight treatments and four repetitions. The first four treatments corresponded to manual control of weeds in the intervals 0-10, 0-20, 0-30 and 0-50 days after emergence (DAE), the second four treatments corresponded to the crop-weed coexistence, in the same intervals. Cowpea grain yield, dry mass, cover and weed community composition were evaluated. The critical period of competition of weeds in the cowpea crop for the dry and rainy seasons was 14-33 and 14-29 days after emergence, respectively. The reduction in grain yield was 65.2% in the dry season and 80.46% in the rainy season. Rottboellia cochinchinensis had the highest occurrence rate with 30.3% and a density of 90 individuals per m2; which is important for the agronomic management of the crop in the humid Caribbean subregion.

RESUMEN La competencia con arvenses es uno de los factores que limitan la producción del fríjol caupí en el mundo, causando pérdidas de hasta 90% del rendimiento y calidad de grano. El conocimiento del periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses es importante para prevenir pérdidas significativas de grano y recursos en el proceso productivo. El objetivo fue determinar el periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses en el cultivo de fríjol caupí, cultivar Missouri, en dos estaciones de siembra: seco (2022B) y lluvioso (2023A) del Caribe colombiano cálido y seco. Se utilizó el diseño bloques completos aleatorizados con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los primeros cuatro tratamientos correspondieron al control manual de arvenses en los intervalos 0-10, 0-20, 0-30 y 0-50 días después de la emergencia (DDE), los segundos cuatro tratamientos correspondieron a la coexistencia cultivo-arvense, en los mismos intervalos. Se evaluó el rendimiento de grano del caupí, y masa seca, cobertura y composición de la comunidad de arvenses. El periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses en el cultivo de fríjol caupí para la estación seca y lluviosa fue de 14-33 y 14-29 DDE. La reducción del rendimiento de grano fue de 65,2% en la estación seca y de 80,46%, en la estación lluviosa. Rottboellia cochinchinensis, fue la de mayor índice de ocurrencia con 30,3% y densidad de 90 individuos por m2; lo cual es importante para el manejo agronómico del cultivo en la subregión Caribe húmedo.

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume with a high nutritional value and represents one of the most important self-consumption items in the country. However, under storage conditions its main problem are bruchids, which decrease the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. Bruchids spread more frequently unintentionally throughout the world, this is due their adaptability. In the first months of 2023, damage was observed to stored cowpea grains of the species Vigna unguiculata, presenting round holes, decreasing the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. The inspection of grains recorded the presence of a beetle, which was identified as Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Family Chrysomelidae, Subfamily Bruchinae.

RESUMEN El poroto es una leguminosa comestible con un alto valor nutritivo y representa uno de los rubros de autoconsumo más importantes en el país. Sin embargo, en condiciones de almacenamiento su principal problema son los brúquinos, quienes disminuyen el valor nutricional y la fertilidad de las semillas. Por la adaptación que poseen, los brúquinos, se diseminan con mayor frecuencia de manera involuntaria. En los primeros meses del año 2023, fueron observados daños en granos almacenados de poroto de la especie Vigna unguiculata, presentando orificios redondeados. La inspección de dichos granos registró la presencia de un coleóptero, que fue identificado como Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Familia Chrysomelidae, Subfamilia Bruchinae.

ABSTRACT Several technologies have been implemented to improve plant performance in irrigated crops, and one of them is the use of nanobiostimulants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the effects of applying different concentrations of a carbon-based biostimulant on the morphophysiology of cowpea plants subjected to varying electrical conductivities of irrigation water. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 6 factorial scheme, with two electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw: 0.35 and 4.0 dS m-1) and six concentrations of nanobiostimulant applied through the leaves (0, 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg L-1), with four replications. Growth and gas exchange variables were evaluated 31 days after sowing (V9 stage). Concentrations between 240 and 320 mg L-1 of carbon-based nanobiostimulant promoted greater increases in growth and physiological variables, but they caused decreases in non-photochemical quenching. Water electrical conductivity of 4.0 dS m-1 reduced the number of leaves (17.1%), stem diameter (10.0%), SPAD index (10.3%), net photosynthesis (10.9%), stomatal conductance (46.4%), transpiration (34.5%), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (22.4%), and photochemical quenching (4.5%); in contrast, it increased the ratio between internal and ambient CO2 concentration (18.0%), leaf temperature (2.9%), water use efficiency (32.5%), and non-photochemical quenching (12.4%). Concentrations of 240 to 320 mg L-1 of the nanobiostimulant enhance the development and gas exchange of cowpea plants under non-stress conditions, whereas the concentration of 240 mg L-1 promotes the maximum increase in plant height under salinity. crops nanobiostimulants Therefore carbonbased carbon based design scheme ECw (ECw 035 0 35 0.3 40 4 4. m1 m 1 0, (0 80 160 L1, L1 L , L-1) replications 3 V9 V (V stage. stage . stage) 24 32 L- nonphotochemical non m- 17.1%, 171 17.1% 17 (17.1%) 10.0%, 100 10.0% 10 (10.0%) 10.3%, 103 10.3% (10.3%) 10.9%, 109 10.9% 9 (10.9%) 46.4%, 464 46.4% 46 (46.4%) 34.5%, 345 34.5% 34 5 (34.5%) 22.4%, 224 22.4% 22 (22.4%) 4.5% 45 (4.5%) contrast CO 18.0%, 180 18.0% 18 (18.0%) 2.9%, 29 2.9% (2.9%) 32.5%, 325 32.5% (32.5%) 12.4%. 124 12.4% 12 (12.4%) nonstress stress conditions salinity 03 0. ( 8 16 17.1 (17.1% 10.0 (10.0% 10.3 (10.3% 10.9 (10.9% 46.4 (46.4% 34.5 (34.5% 22.4 (22.4% 4.5 (4.5% 18.0 (18.0% 2.9 (2.9% 32.5 (32.5% 12.4 (12.4% 17. (17.1 10. (10.0 (10.3 (10.9 46. (46.4 34. (34.5 22. (22.4 (4.5 18. (18.0 2. (2.9 32. (32.5 12. (12.4 (17. (10. (46. (34. (22. (4. (18. (2. (32. (12. (17 (10 (46 (34 (22 (4 (18 (2 (32 (12 (1 (3

RESUMO Diversas tecnologias vêm sendo implementadas para melhorar o desempenho das plantas em cultivos irrigados e uma delas é o uso de nanobioestimulantes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de bioestimulante à base de carbono na morfofisiologia de plantas de feijão-caupi submetidas a diferentes condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 6, com duas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa: 0,35 e 4,0 dS m-1) e seis concentrações do nanobioestimulante aplicadas via foliar (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 e 400 mg L-1), com quatro repetições. Variáveis de crescimento e de trocas gasosas foram avaliadas 31 dias após a semeadura (estádio V9). Concentrações entre 240 e 320 mg L-1 do nanobioestimulante de carbono proporcionaram maiores incrementos no crescimento e nas variáveis fisiológicas, no entanto, causaram decréscimos no quenching não-fotoquímico. A condutividade elétrica da água de 4,0 dS m-1 reduziu número de folhas (17,1%), diâmetro do caule (10,0%), índice SPAD (10,3%), fotossíntese líquida (10,9%), condutância estomática (46,4%), transpiração (34,5%), eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (22,4%), quenching fotoquímico (4,5%); em contraste, aumentou razão entre concentração interna e ambiente de CO2 (18,0%), temperatura foliar (2,9%), eficiência do uso da água (32,5%) e quenching não-fotoquímico (12,4%). As concentrações de 240 a 320 mg L-1 do nanobioestimulante potencializam o desenvolvimento e as trocas gasosas do feijão-caupi em condições sem estresse, enquanto que a concentração de 240 mg L-1 promove aumento máximo de altura de plantas sob salinidade. nanobioestimulantes Assim feijãocaupi feijão caupi casualizado 6 CEa (CEa 035 0 35 0,3 40 4 4, m1 m 1 0, (0 80 160 32 L1, L1 L , L-1) repetições 3 estádio V9. V9 V . V9) 24 L- fisiológicas entanto nãofotoquímico. nãofotoquímico não fotoquímico. m- 17,1%, 171 17,1% 17 (17,1%) 10,0%, 100 10,0% 10 (10,0%) 10,3%, 103 10,3% (10,3%) 10,9%, 109 10,9% 9 (10,9%) 46,4%, 464 46,4% 46 (46,4%) 34,5%, 345 34,5% 34 5 (34,5%) 22,4%, 224 22,4% 22 (22,4%) 4,5% 45 (4,5%) contraste CO 18,0%, 180 18,0% 18 (18,0%) 2,9%, 29 2,9% (2,9%) 32,5% 325 (32,5% 12,4%. 124 12,4% 12 (12,4%) estresse salinidade 03 ( 8 16 17,1 (17,1% 10,0 (10,0% 10,3 (10,3% 10,9 (10,9% 46,4 (46,4% 34,5 (34,5% 22,4 (22,4% 4,5 (4,5% 18,0 (18,0% 2,9 (2,9% 32,5 (32,5 12,4 (12,4% 17, (17,1 10, (10,0 (10,3 (10,9 46, (46,4 34, (34,5 22, (22,4 (4,5 18, (18,0 2, (2,9 32, (32, 12, (12,4 (17, (10, (46, (34, (22, (4, (18, (2, (32 (12, (17 (10 (46 (34 (22 (4 (18 (2 (3 (12 (1

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

ABSTRACT Cowpea is a crop of high socioeconomic importance for the semi-arid region of Brazil, although facing significant yield losses due to drought, requiring management strategies to overcome this scenario. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of cowpea genotypes under drought in different cultivation systems. The statistical design was randomized blocks arranged in a 2 × 4 × 2 factorial scheme corresponding to two cowpea genotypes (BRS Pujante and Costela de Vaca), four levels of crop evapotranspiration (40, 60, 80, and 100%), and two cultivation systems (with and without soil mulching). The BRS Pujante showed a higher leaf area and 100-grain weight than Costela de Vaca under all levels of crop evapotranspiration. The cowpea yield parameters showed the best results at 80 and 100% crop evapotranspiration. Regardless of the genotype, soil mulching provided higher cowpea 100-grain weight values. Soil mulching combined with 80% crop evapotranspiration is an appropriate strategy for cowpea production. semiarid semi arid Brazil scenario perspective Vaca, , Vaca) 40, 40 (40 60 100%, 100 100%) mulching. . mulching) 100grain grain 8 genotype values production (4 6 10 ( 1

RESUMO O feijão-caupi tem grande importância socioeconômica para o semiárido brasileiro, porém sofre perdas significativas de produção pelo estresse por seca, necessitando de estratégias de manejo para superar esse cenário. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a produção de genótipos de feijão-caupi sob estresse hídrico em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 4 × 2, correspondendo a dois genótipos de feijão-caupi (BRS Pujante e Costela de Vaca), quatro níveis de evapotranspiração da cultura (40, 60, 80 e 100%) e dois sistemas de cultivo (com e sem cobertura morta do solo). O genótipo de feijão-caupi BRS Pujante apresentou maior área foliar e peso de 100 grãos do que o genótipo Costela de Vaca em todos os níveis de evapotranspiração da cultura. Os parâmetros de produção do feijão-caupi apresentaram os melhores resultados a 80 e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura. Independentemente do genótipo, a cobertura morta do solo proporcionou maiores valores de peso de 100 grãos de feijão-caupi. A cobertura do solo combinada com 80% da evapotranspiração da cultura é uma estratégia adequada para a produção de feijão-caupi. feijãocaupi feijão caupi brasileiro seca cenário perspectiva casualizados Vaca, , Vaca) 40, 40 (40 60 8 solo. . solo) 10 feijãocaupi. caupi. (4 6 1 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to calibrate and test the SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) crop model for cowpea, as well as conducting a climate risk zoning for this crop in a region located in Eastern Amazon, allowing the identification of locations and sowing dates that favor the production considering both the water deficit and the probability of occurrence of severe rains during the harvest period. The model was calibrated and validated with data from experiments conducted between 2013 and 2016 in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Brazil. Low climate risk areas were defined as those that had a water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) greater than or equal to 0.5 in the reproductive phase combined with the occurrence of rainfall below 20 mm at the harvest for, at least, 80% of the years for which planting was simulated. The model was able to simulate the water balance, growth and development of cowpea under the climate and soil conditions of the studied location with high precision and accuracy. The optimal period for sowing cowpea comprises the interval between June 5th and 25th for regions located above 2° S and between March 25th and April 15th for regions below 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques Amazon 201 Castanhal PA Brazil WRSI (WRSI 05 0 5 0. 2 least 80 simulated balance accuracy th º 8

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo calibrar e testar o modelo de cultura SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) para o caupi, bem como realizar o zoneamento de risco climático para esta cultura em uma região localizada na Amazônia Oriental, a fim de permitir a identificação de locais e datas de semeadura que favoreçam a produção considerando tanto o déficit hídrico como a probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas severas durante o período da colheita. O modelo foi calibrado e validado com dados de experimentos realizados entre 2013 e 2016 no município de Castanhal, PA. As áreas de baixo risco climático foram definidas como aquelas que apresentaram índice de satisfação da necessidade hídrica (WRSI) maior ou igual a 0,5 na fase reprodutiva combinado com a ocorrência de chuvas abaixo de 20 mm na colheita por, pelo menos, 80% dos anos onde foi simulado o plantio. O modelo foi capaz de simular o balanço hídrico, crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi nas condições climáticas e de solo da região estudada com boa precisão e exatidão. O período de ótima semeadura para o feijão-caupi compreende o intervalo entre 5 e 25 de junho para regiões localizadas acima de 2° S, e entre 25 de março e 15 de abril para regiões abaixo de 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques caupi Oriental 201 Castanhal PA WRSI (WRSI 05 0 0, 2 por menos 80 plantio feijãocaupi feijão exatidão S 1 º 8

Abstract Salinity reduces feijão-caupi production, and the search for tolerant varieties becomes important within the agricultural context, as, in addition to being used in the field, they can be used in genetic improvement. The objective was to for a identify variety that is tolerant to salinity considering the physiological quality of seeds and seedling growth. A 2 × 4 factorial scheme was used, referring to the varieties Pingo-de-ouro and Coruja, and four electrical conductivities of water (0; 3.3; 6.6 and 9.9 dS m-1). The physiological quality of seeds and the growth of seedlings were analyzed, in addition to the cumulative germination. The Pingo-de-ouro variety showed no germination, length of the shoot and root, dry mass of the shoot and root compromised up to electrical conductivity of 6 dS m-1 in relation to 0.0 dS m-1. On the other hand, the Coruja variety showed reduced germination, increased shoot and root length. The creole variety Pingo-de-ouro proved to be tolerant to salinity. feijãocaupi feijão caupi production context as field improvement Pingodeouro Pingo de ouro 0 (0 3.3 33 3 66 6. 99 9 9. m1. m1 m 1 . m-1) analyzed germination m- 00 0. 1. hand ( 3.

Resumo A salinidade reduz a produção de feijão-caupi, e a busca por variedades tolerantes torna-se importante dentro do contexto agrícola, pois, além de serem utilizadas no campo, podem utilizar-se no melhoramento genético. Com isso, objetivou-se buscar alguma variedade crioula que seja tolerante à salinidade considerando a qualidade fisiológica de sementes e crescimento da plântula. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 2 × 4, correspondendo às variedades Pingo-de-ouro e Coruja, e quatro condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (0; 3,3; 6,6 e 9,9 dS m-1). Analisou-se a qualidade fisiológica de sementes e o crescimento das plântulas, além da germinação cumulativa. A variedade Pingo-de-ouro, não apresentou germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz comprometida até condutividade elétrica de 6 dS m-1 em relação a 0,0 dS m-1. Por outro lado, a variedade Coruja apresentou redução da germinação, aumento no comprimento da parte aérea e raiz. A variedade crioula Pingo-de-ouro se mostrou tolerante à salinidade. feijãocaupi, feijãocaupi feijão caupi, caupi feijão-caupi tornase torna agrícola pois campo utilizarse utilizar genético isso objetivouse objetivou plântula Utilizouse Utilizou 4 Pingodeouro Pingo ouro 0 (0 3,3 33 3 66 6, 99 9 9, m1. m1 m 1 . m-1) Analisouse Analisou plântulas cumulativa Pingodeouro, ouro, m- 00 0, 1. lado ( 3,

Abstract Cowpea is a leguminous plant belonging to the fabaceae family cultivated in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, with productive potential. Among the abiotic factors, water deficiency is one of the main environmental limitations that influence agricultural production in the world. The objective of this work was to study the relative water content and osmoregulators of cowpea plants subjected to water stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA, Belém, PA), cowpea plants BR-17 Gurguéia Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp were used. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, two water conditions (control and water deficit) and two times of stress (four and six days of water suspension), with 7 replications, totaling 28 experimental units. The water deficit affected plants, causing a reduction in relative water content (69.98%), starch (12.84% in leaves and 23.48% in roots) and carbohydrates (84.34%), and an increase in glycine-betaine, sucrose (114.11% in leaves and 18.71% in roots) and proline (358.86%) at time 2. The relative water content was negatively affected by water conditions, with a decrease in relation to the interaction of the aerial part and the root system. Therefore, greater metabolic responses were noted in plants that were subjected to stress treatment at time 2 (6 days). Brazil potential factors world UFRA, UFRA (UFRA Belém PA, PA , PA) BR17 BR 17 BR-1 L. L (L. used DIC (DIC scheme control four suspension, suspension suspension) replications units 69.98%, 6998 69.98% 69 98 (69.98%) 12.84% 1284 12 84 (12.84 2348 23 48 23.48 roots 84.34%, 8434 84.34% 34 (84.34%) glycinebetaine, glycinebetaine glycine betaine, betaine glycine-betaine 114.11% 11411 114 11 (114.11 1871 18 71 18.71 358.86% 35886 358 86 (358.86% system Therefore 6 ( days. . days) BR1 1 BR- (L 699 69.98 9 (69.98% 12.84 128 8 (12.8 234 4 23.4 843 84.34 3 (84.34% 114.11 1141 (114.1 187 18.7 358.86 3588 35 (358.86 69.9 (69.98 12.8 (12. 23. 84.3 (84.34 114.1 (114. 18. 358.8 (358.8 69. (69.9 12. (12 84. (84.3 114. (114 358. (358. (69. (1 (84. (11 (358 (69 (84 (35 (8 (3

Resumo O feijão-caupi é uma planta leguminosa pertencente à família das Fabaceae cultivada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, com potencial produtivo. Entre os fatores abióticos, a deficiência hídrica é uma das principais limitações ambientais que influenciam a produção agrícola no mundo. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o conteúdo relativo de água e os osmorreguladores de plantas de feijão-caupi submetidas ao estresse hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA, Belém, PA), foram utilizadas plantas de feijão-caupi BR-17 Gurguéia Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, duas condições hídricas (controle e déficit hídrico) e dois tempos de estresse (quatro e seis dias de suspensão hídrica), com 7 repetições, totalizando 28 unidades experimentais. O estresse hídrico afetou as plantas, provocando redução no conteúdo relativos de água (69,98%), amido (12,84% nas folhas e 23,48% nas raízes) e carboidratos (84,34%), e aumento na glicina-betaína, sacarose (114,11% nas folhas e 18,71% nas raízes) e prolina (358,86%) no tempo 2. O conteúdo relativo de água foi afetado negativamente pelas condições hídricas, com diminuição em relação à interação da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Diante disso, notou-se maiores respostas metabólicas nas plantas que foram submetidas ao tratamento de estresse no tempo 2 (6 dias). feijãocaupi feijão caupi Brasil produtivo abióticos mundo UFRA, UFRA (UFRA Belém PA, PA , PA) BR17 BR 17 BR-1 L. L (L. Walp DIC (DIC controle quatro hídrica, hídrica) repetições experimentais 69,98%, 6998 69,98% 69 98 (69,98%) 12,84% 1284 12 84 (12,84 2348 23 48 23,48 raízes 84,34%, 8434 84,34% 34 (84,34%) glicinabetaína, glicinabetaína glicina betaína, betaína glicina-betaína 114,11% 11411 114 11 (114,11 1871 18 71 18,71 358,86% 35886 358 86 (358,86% radicular disso notouse notou se 6 ( dias. . dias) BR1 1 BR- (L 699 69,98 9 (69,98% 12,84 128 8 (12,8 234 4 23,4 843 84,34 3 (84,34% 114,11 1141 (114,1 187 18,7 358,86 3588 35 (358,86 69,9 (69,98 12,8 (12, 23, 84,3 (84,34 114,1 (114, 18, 358,8 (358,8 69, (69,9 12, (12 84, (84,3 114, (114 358, (358, (69, (1 (84, (11 (358 (69 (84 (35 (8 (3