ABSTRACT. Part of the legal literature and jurisprudence have indicated that the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods contains a general right of retention based on the interpretation of several provisions of the Convention, including Article 58 and Article 71. This work analyzes these articles to determine if they are cases of the right of retention, or rather they establish cases of exceptio non adimpleti contractus in its various modalities.

RESUMEN. Parte de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia han señalado que la Convención de Viena sobre compraventa internacional de mercaderías contempla un derecho de retención general a partir de la interpretación de varios artículos de la Convención, entre ellos, el artículo 58 y el artículo 71. El presente trabajo analiza estos artículos para determinar si realmente se trata de supuestos de derecho de retención o si, más bien, establecen supuestos de excepción de contrato no cumplido en sus diversas modalidades.

Abstract The article is based on the diplomatic documentation that the representatives of the Austrian Empire in Madrid sent to Vienna between 1808 and 1825. Although they would refer to the events in Mexico, they didn’t describe them as independence movements. Until 1820 they didn’t show the conviction of a real and absolute independence, but from 1822 on they already made it clear that the situation had changed to the point of even thematize the recognition of the independence. The latter became widespread in Europe after 1823 and made America a subject of the monarchical politics of the time.

Resumen Al analizarse las guerras de independencia en la América española suele recurrirse a variadas fuentes, incluyendo informes diplomáticos. Aquellos provenientes de Austria, sin embargo, no han sido tomados en cuenta hasta la actualidad. Entre 1808 y 1825, los representantes del Imperio austríaco en Madrid, enviaron a Viena despachos que informaban sobre los sucesos americanos, y aunque harían referencia a los acontecimientos en México, no los describieron como movimientos independentistas. Las noticias que el encargado de negocios, Lazzaro Brunetti, envió a Viena desde 1820, no mostraron inicialmente el convencimiento de una independencia absoluta, por lo contrario, a partir de 1822, ya ponían en claro que había cambiado la manera de entenderse las batallas en territorio mexicano, así como la acción de los diputados novohispanos en las Cortes del Trienio Liberal, al punto de incluso tematizar el reconocimiento de la independencia. Esto último se generalizaría en Europa después de 1823 y convertiría a América en un tema de la política monárquica de la época.

Résumé Cet article s’appuie sur la documentation diplomatique transmise à Vienne par les représentants de l’empire autrichien à Madrid entre 1808 et 1825. Bien qu’ils fassent référence aux événements du Mexique, ils ne les qualifient pas de mouvements d’indépendance. Les nouvelles que le chargé d’affaires Lazzaro Brunetti envoie à Vienne à partir de 1820 ne manifestent pas, dans un premier temps, une conviction absolue d’une situation d’indépendance. Mais, dès 1822, elles témoignent déjà d’un changement significatif dans la perception des batailles sur le territoire mexicain et des actions des députés de la Nouvelle Espagne aux Cortes du Triennat, faisant même de la reconnaissance de l’indépendance un thème central de leurs correspondances. Ce point de vue se généralisera en Europe après 1823, transformant l’Amérique en un enjeu majeur de la politique monarchique de l’époque.

RESUMO Contexto A colite microscópica é um diagnóstico relativamente novo que foi descrito pela primeira vez na década de 1980. Os pacientes geralmente apresentam diarreia crônica aquosa e não sanguinolenta, e são tipicamente caracterizados por uma aparência macroscópica sem alterações significativas do cólon na endoscopia baixa, enquanto apresentam evidências de infiltração linfocítica da lâmina própria e do epitélio na histologia. Dois subtipos foram descritos na literatura: colite colagenosa, com espessamento acentuado da camada subepitelial, e colite linfocítica. Vários fatores de risco, como gênero feminino, idade avançada e doença celíaca, têm sido associados a essa entidade. Alguns estudos encontraram uma associação entre colite microscópica e inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBP). Objetivo: O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar o risco de desenvolver colite microscópica e seus subtipos em pacientes que estão em terapia com IBP. Métodos: Foi utilizado um banco de dados validado de plataforma de pesquisa e multicêntrica com mais de 360 hospitais de 26 diferentes sistemas de saúde nos Estados Unidos, de 1999 a setembro de 2022, para construir este estudo. Foram incluídos pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Indivíduos diagnosticados com qualquer doença autoimune foram excluídos. Uma análise de regressão multivariada foi realizada para avaliar o risco de desenvolver colite microscópica, linfocítica e colagenosa, levando em conta possíveis fatores de confusão, incluindo gênero feminino, histórico de tabagismo e o uso de inibidores da bomba de prótons, anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e inibidores seletivos da recaptação de serotonina. Um valor de P bilateral <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo, e todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando o R versão 4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2008). Resultados: Um total de 78.256.749 indivíduos foram triados no banco de dados e 69.315.150 foram selecionados na análise final após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. As características básicas dos pacientes com colite microscópica, linfocítica e colagenosa estão apresentadas na Tabela 1. Usando uma análise de regressão multivariada, o risco de desenvolver colite microscópica, linfocítica e colagenosa foi calculado e ilustrado na Tabela 2. Discussão: Nosso estudo mostrou que o risco de colite microscópica, colite linfocítica e colite colagenosa foi maior em mulheres e fumantes. Embora medicamentos como ISRS e AINEs tenham mostrado uma correlação positiva com colite, a maior probabilidade de desenvolver essa doença foi associada aos IBPs. O lansoprazol foi documentado como associado à colite microscópica, pois acredita-se que inibe as bombas de prótons colônicas, promovendo subsequentemente diarreia e inflamação. Curiosamente, a prevalência de colite linfocítica e colagenosa foi semelhante no grupo de pacientes tratados com IBPs, indicando nenhuma predisposição específica para qualquer subtipo. Conclusão: Este estudo confirma ainda mais os fatores de risco associados à colite microscópica. Pode ajudar os médicos a reconhecer e eliminar esses fatores de risco antes de iniciar o tratamento para essa doença. Estudos futuros podem se concentrar em identificar a incidência de colite microscópica com os diferentes tipos de IBPs no mercado. 1980 sanguinolenta baixa histologia literatura subepitelial feminino celíaca entidade IBP . (IBP) Objetivo Métodos 36 2 Unidos 199 2022 1 anos excluídos confusão antiinflamatórios anti inflamatórios serotonina 005 0 05 <0,0 significativo 402 4 4.0. Computing Vienna Austria 2008. 2008 2008) Resultados 78256749 78 256 749 78.256.74 69315150 69 315 150 69.315.15 exclusão Discussão fumantes acreditase acredita colônicas inflamação Curiosamente subtipo Conclusão mercado 198 (IBP 3 19 202 00 <0, 40 4.0 200 7825674 7 25 74 78.256.7 6931515 6 31 15 69.315.1 20 <0 4. 782567 78.256. 693151 69.315. < 78256 78.256 69315 69.315 7825 78.25 6931 69.31 782 78.2 693 69.3 78. 69.

ABSTRACT Background: Microscopic colitis is a relatively new diagnosis that was first described in the 1980s. Patients usually present with chronic watery and non-bloody diarrhea and are typically characterized by an unremarkable gross appearance of the colon on lower endoscopy while having evidence of lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria and the epithelium on histology. Two subtypes have been described in the literature: Collagenous colitis, with marked thickening of the subepithelial layer, and Lymphocytic colitis. Multiple risk factors such as female gender, older age and celiac disease have been associated with this entity. A few studies have found an association between microscopic colitis and proton-pump inhibitor (PPI). The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of developing microscopic colitis and its subtypes for patients who are on PPI therapy. Methods: A validated multicenter and research platform database of more than 360 hospitals from 26 different healthcare systems across the United States from 1999 to September 2022 was utilized to construct this study. Patients aged 18 years and above were included. Individuals who have been diagnosed with any autoimmune disease have been excluded. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess risk of developing microscopic, lymphocytic, and collagenous colitis by accounting for potential confounders including female gender, smoking history, and the use of proton pump inhibitor, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and selective serotonin receptor inhibitors. A two-sided P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant, and all statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2008). Results: 78,256,749 individuals were screened in the database and 69,315,150 were selected in the final analysis after accounting for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The baseline characteristics of patients with microscopic, lymphocytic, and collagenous colitis is seen in table 1. Using a multivariate regression analysis, the risk of developing microscopic, lymphocytic, and collagenous colitis was calculated and illustrated in table 2. Discussion: Our study showed that the risk of microscopic colitis, lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis was higher in females and smokers. Although medications like SSRI and NSAIDs showed a positive correlation with colitis, the highest likelihood of developing this disease was associated with PPIs. Lansoprazole has been documented to be associated with microscopic colitis as it is believed to inhibit colonic proton pumps, and subsequently promote diarrhea and inflammation. Interestingly, the prevalence of lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis was similar in the cohort of patients treated with PPIs, indicating no specific predisposition to either subtype. This study further confirms the risk factors associated with microscopic colitis. It can help guide physicians to recognize and eliminate these risk factors prior to initiating treatment for this disease. Future studies can focus on identifying the incidence of microscopic colitis with the different types of PPIs in the market. Background 1980s s nonbloody non bloody histology literature layer gender entity protonpump PPI. . (PPI) therapy Methods 36 2 199 202 1 included excluded history antiinflammatory anti inflammatory drugs inhibitors twosided two sided 005 0 05 <0.0 significant 402 4 4.0. Computing Vienna Austria 2008. 2008 2008) Results 78256749 78 256 749 78,256,74 69315150 69 315 150 69,315,15 criteria Discussion smokers pumps inflammation Interestingly subtype market (PPI 3 19 20 00 <0. 40 4.0 200 7825674 7 25 74 78,256,7 6931515 6 31 15 69,315,1 <0 4. 782567 78,256, 693151 69,315, < 78256 78,256 69315 69,315 7825 78,25 6931 69,31 782 78,2 693 69,3 78, 69,

Abstract The article highlights the origins of Freudian thought as the germ of the advent of psychoanalysis and, in particular, the discovery of the unconscious as one of the disruptive effects that changed the course of human history. The writing suggests that Freud’s Jewishness, in post-Enlightenment Europe in the 19th century, enabled an intellectual formation capable of sustaining political impulses that were not always explicit in the history of psychoanalytic theory. By retracing the path of building ties with the polis, established by the first generations of European analysts, in the so-called Red Vienna of the 1920s (Danto, 2019), the authors articulate links between psychoanalysis and politics. Finally, they discuss the symptomatic effects of the erasure of the political dimension, through the supposed neutrality of the psychoanalytic movement in Brazil and, especially, in the context of the Brazilian dictatorship.

Resumen El artículo destaca los orígenes del pensamiento freudiano como el germen del surgimiento del psicoanálisis y, en particular, del descubrimiento del inconsciente como uno de los efectos disruptivos que cambió el curso de la historia de la humanidad. El escrito sugiere que la judeidad de Freud, en la Europa posterior a la ilustración del siglo XIX, permitió una formación intelectual capaz de respaldar impulsos políticos no siempre explícitos en la historia de la teoría psicoanalítica. Al seguir el camino de la construcción de conexiones con la polis, establecido por las primeras generaciones de analistas europeos en la llamada Viena Roja de la década de 1920 (Danto, 2019), las autoras establecen vínculos entre el psicoanálisis y la política. Por último, se discuten los efectos sintomáticos del borrado de la dimensión política, a través de la supuesta neutralidad del movimiento psicoanalítico en Brasil y, especialmente, en el contexto de la dictadura brasileña.

RESUMEN La Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados reconoce el concepto de ius cogens como normas imperativas del derecho internacional. Según la teoría de la humanización del derecho internacional, el ius cogens expresa la ética y la protección de los valores morales de la humanidad, en los que se fundamenta la comunidad de Estados. Los derechos humanos, inherentes a la condición humana, son de gran importancia y los países han establecido organizaciones para universalizarlos mediante instrumentos internacionales. Sin embargo, no todas las normas de derechos humanos son consideradas ius cogens. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la protección internacional de los derechos humanos en el ius cogens y cómo adquieren esta condición en la protección de las personas. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa utilizando métodos analítico-sintéticos e histórico-lógicos, empleando un enfoque documental y un diseño investigativo no experimental. Se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva investigación bibliográfica para comprender los conceptos jurídicos. Como conclusión, se determinó que no todas las normas internacionales que protegen los derechos humanos son consideradas ius cogens. Esto sugiere la posibilidad de establecer una jerarquía entre los derechos humanos, donde aquellos reconocidos con esta condición se considerarían superiores a aquellos que no poseen el carácter de ius cogens.

ABSTRACT The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties recognizes the concept of jus cogens as peremptory norms of international law. According to the theory of the humanization of international law, ius cogens expresses the ethics and protection of the moral values of humanity, on which the community of states is based. Human rights, inherent to the human condition, are of great importance and countries have established organizations to universalize them through international instruments. However, not all human rights norms are considered jus cogens. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the influence of international protection of human rights on ius cogens and how they acquire this status in the protection of individuals. Qualitative research was conducted using analytical-synthetic and historical-logical methods, employing a documentary approach and a non-experimental research design. Exhaustive bibliographic research was carried out to understand the legal concepts. As a conclusion, it was determined that not all international norms that protect human rights are considered ius cogens. This suggests the possibility of establishing a hierarchy among human rights, where those recognized with this status would be considered superior to those that do not possess the character of ius cogens.

ABSTRACT The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most harmful species to world horticulture, thus requiring suppression or eradication programs. The sterile insect technique is widely used for autocidal control of nuisance insects because it neither releases exotic agents into the environment nor introduces new genetic material into existing populations. In 2005, the Moscamed Brasil biofactory imported the tsl Vienna 8 C. capitata strain from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); this action required genetic testing of the strain’s biological characteristics. The objective of this study was to discriminate males of wild populations from tsl Vienna 8 using molecular markers, and to conclude which male line dominated in a remating condition. Four crosses, each using 100 males and 100 females, were performed: wild female × wild male; wild female × tsl Vienna 8 male; wild female × wild male, followed by remating with tsl Vienna 8 males after 48 h, and wild female × tsl Vienna 8 male, followed by remating with wild males after 48 h. The results showed that the tsl Vienna 8 strain is compatible with wild females from the São Francisco Valley region and that these males can successfully transfer their sperm to the female spermathecae. Regarding remating, the sperm of the second male dominated over that of the first one. Based on these findings, the sterile insect technique success may be reduced, since the progeny of a female that remates with a wild male could be viable. fly Diptera (Diptera Tephritidae, Tephritidae , Tephritidae) horticulture programs 2005 C IAEA (IAEA) strains s characteristics markers condition crosses 10 performed 4 h spermathecae findings reduced viable 200 (IAEA 1 20 2

RESUMO A mosca-das-frutas do Mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), é uma das espécies mais prejudiciais à horticultura mundial, portanto requer programas de supressão ou erradicação. A técnica do inseto estéril é amplamente utilizada para o controle autocida de insetos nocivos, pois não libera agentes exóticos no meio ambiente nem introduz novos materiais genéticos nas populações existentes. Em 2005, a biofábrica Moscamed Brasil importou a cepa Vienna 8 C. capitata da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (IAEA); essa ação exigiu testes genéticos das características biológicas da linhagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi discriminar machos de populações silvestres de tsl Viena 8 usando marcadores moleculares, e inferir sobre qual linhagem masculina era dominante em condição de recópula. Quatro cruzamentos, cada um com 100 machos e 100 fêmeas, foram realizados: fêmea selvagem × macho selvagem; fêmea selvagem × macho tsl Viena 8; fêmea selvagem × macho selvagem, seguido por recópula com machos tsl Vienna 8 após 48 h, e fêmea selvagem × machos tsl Vienna 8, seguido por recópula com machos selvagens após 48 h. Os resultados mostraram que a cepa tsl Vienna 8 é compatível com fêmeas selvagens da região do Vale do São Francisco e que esses machos podem transferir com sucesso seus espermatozóides para a espermateca das fêmeas. Quanto à recópula, o esperma do segundo macho precedeu o primeiro. Com base nesses achados, o sucesso da técnica de insetos estéril pode ser reduzido, já que a progênie de uma fêmea que recopulou com um macho selvagem pode ser viável. moscadasfrutas mosca frutas Mediterrâneo Diptera (Diptera Tephritidae, Tephritidae , Tephritidae) mundial erradicação nocivos existentes 2005 C IAEA (IAEA) moleculares cruzamentos 10 realizados 4 h primeiro achados reduzido viável 200 (IAEA 1 20 2

Abstract The transfer of environmentally sound technologies (EST) poses par¬ticular problems that require an enabling legal framework. The United Nations Organization promotes effective transfer of these technologies; however the role of intellectual property rights must also be considered. The TRIPS Agreement sets minimum standards in the international rules governing intellectual property, including patents, and contains specific obligations that may affect the transfer of clean technologies. It is important to examine how the TRIPS Agreement can achieve the transfer of these technologies. In this regard the Preamble, Objectives and Principles are crucial, as are the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and WTO jurisprudence. Finally for Cuba, a developing country and WTO Member, this topic is very important.

Resumen La transferencia de las tecnologías ecológicamente racionales (TER) se coloca frente a problemas que demandan un marco legal eficaz. Las Naciones Unidas promueven una transferencia efectiva de estas tecnologías pero es importante considerar el papel de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. El Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC establece estándares mínimos a nivel internacional en materia de propiedad intelectual, incluyendo a las patentes. El Acuerdo contiene obligaciones específicas que pueden afectar la transferencia de las tecnologías limpias. Es importante considerar cómo puede el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC lograr la transferencia de estas tecnologías. A este respecto el Preámbulo, los Objetivos y Principios son determinantes, así como la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados y la jurisprudencia de la OMC. Finalmente para Cuba, país en desarrollo y Miembro de la OMC este tema es de suma importancia.

Abstract Introduction Clinical assessment in orofacial motricity is required for the speech therapist to diagnose and treat disorders involving the stomatognathic system. Validated tools can help establish a prognosis and outline intervention methods connected to human development. Objective The goal of the present study was to examine the domains of the oromyofunctional assessment of nursing infants and preschoolers according to sex and age group, as well as the application of the MMBGR Protocol – Nursing Infants and Preschool Children. Methods A quantitative technique was used to conduct an analytical and cross-sectional investigation. The present study included a total of 214 healthy breastfeeding infants and preschoolers of both sexes. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the medians. The Spearman correlation of each test domain was determined. R Core Team 2021 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) was used, and the significance threshold was set at 5%. Results In intraoral and extraoral examinations, there was a difference between sexes for tongue scores in nursing infants(d =-0.428; p = 0.045), worse in males. When the orofacial functions were considered in nursing infants, there were differences between the sexes for the liquid/solid/semisolid deglutition scores (d = 0.479; p = 0.031), with females performing worse. There were sex differences in solid/semisolid deglutition (d = -0.335; p = 0.043), and speech in preschoolers (d = - 0.478; p = 0.034), including the production of phones/phonemes (d = - 0.599; p = 0.007), which were always worse in males. Conclusion The research revealed sex disparities and related the domains of oromyofunctional assessment, according to scores, of the domains of myofunctional assessment, as recorded in a standardized oromyofunctional assessment protocol by age group. system development group Children crosssectional cross sectional investigation 21 MannWhitney Mann Whitney medians determined 202 Foundation Vienna Austria 5 5% examinations infantsd d =0.428 0428 0.428 0 428 =-0.428 0.045, 0045 0.045 , 045 0.045) males liquidsolidsemisolid liquid solid semisolid 0.479 0479 479 0.031, 0031 0.031 031 0.031) solidsemisolid 0.335 0335 335 -0.335 0.043, 0043 0.043 043 0.043) 0.478 0478 478 0.034, 0034 0.034 034 0.034) phonesphonemes phones phonemes 0.599 0599 599 0.007, 0007 0.007 007 0.007) 2 20 =0.42 042 0.42 42 =-0.42 004 0.04 04 0.47 047 47 003 0.03 03 0.33 033 33 -0.33 0.59 059 59 000 0.00 00 =0.4 0.4 4 =-0.4 0.0 0.3 3 -0.3 0.5 05 =0. 0. =-0. -0. =0 =-0 -0 =-

Abstract One century after the first drive tour to detect the effects of urbanization on the local climate (Vienna, Austria, 1927; Karlsruhe, Germany, 1929), the method is still valid, as evidenced by recent research mentioned throughout this article. This method was applied in two data recording campaigns in eastern Mexico: June to September 2012 in a coastal city (Coatzacoalcos, 320 thousand inhabitants) and August to November 2018 in a mountainous site (Emiliano Zapata, 20 thousand inhabitants). In both campaigns, the urban heat island (ICU, for its acronym in Spanish) was detected within the urban canopy, whose intensity depended on the type of surface and the dominant atmospheric circulation systems at the time of data recording. The peak ICU intensity at the coastal site is 8.7 °C in the daytime and 3 °C at night, while it is up to 1.9 °C at the mountainous site. The tours included the urban area and its periphery, with temperature recorded at points representative of the different surfaces or land uses. Gasoline motor vehicles were used. The data recording equipment was calibrated before the campaigns and installed as far away from the engine as possible to avoid data biased by the heat emitted by the engine. Sensors were set to record data at 1-minute intervals. At each recording point, a 10-minute waiting time was allowed to stabilize sensors; then, the temperature corresponding to minute 10 was recorded. We used a HOBO U10-003 data logger in Coatzacoalcos and a Kestrel 4500 portable meteorological station in Emiliano Zapata. Data were recorded outside of the hours when minimum and maximum temperatures occur because around them it is impossible to identify a clear trend to nighttime or evening cooling or morning warming - a trend necessary to know to reproduce simultaneous thermal measurements. In both sites, the temperatures recorded were corrected according to the thermal trend during tours and altitudinal differences between recording points. Eighteen and ten tours were driven for coastal and mountainous sites, respectively. Various weather conditions were considered, for example, clear or partly cloudy skies prior to a cold front or a tropical wave. From the results, it is inferred that the type of surface, the meteorological events during data recording, and the size of the urban area are key factors determining ICU intensity. At the coastal site, an anticyclone seems to promote the development of the ICU, except for significant meteorological disturbances that induce a weak ICU (thermal differences less than 2 °C). Although the mountainous site, Emiliano Zapata, has an area and population 1:10 relative to the coastal site, it does have an ICU, with a higher temperature in the central urban area, compared to its surroundings where vegetated areas predominate. The average ICU intensity is weak, 1.5 ºC. It is worth mentioning that the analysis of atmospheric temperature alone is limited because multiple additional factors, such as wind, atmospheric humidity, and anthropogenic heat emissions, influence the ICU genesis and evolution. Based on the results and experience gathered in this study, we recommend continuing data recording efforts to extend the ICU study period and include other seasons of the year to have a more detailed characterization. While driving tours have proven to be a suitable method for ICU recording in urban areas, setting a relatively dense network of fixed rooftop stations may improve the analysis and yield at least two ICU detection levels (within the urban canopy through drive tours and above it by fixed stations). Infrared satellite images could supplement the analysis to represent the phenomenon at three levels: ground, canopy, and above-canopy.

Resumen A casi un siglo del primer recorrido en vehículo para detectar efectos de la urbanización en el clima local (Viena, Austria, 1927; Karlsruhe, Alemania, 1929) el método sigue vigente como lo evidencian investigaciones recientes. El presente trabajo recupera datos de temperatura atmosférica de dos campañas de mediciones mediante trayectos vehiculares en el oriente de México: de junio a septiembre de 2012 en una ciudad costera (Coatzacoalcos, 320 000 habitantes) y de agosto a noviembre de 2018 en un asentamiento montañoso (Emiliano Zapata, 20 000 habitantes). En ambas campañas se detectó la presencia de la isla de calor urbana, cuya intensidad resultó dependiente del tipo de superficie y de los sistemas de circulación atmosférica predominantes al momento de las mediciones. La intensidad máxima de la isla de calor urbana diurna en el sitio costero es de 8.7 °C y de 3 °C en el periodo nocturno, mientras que en el sitio montañoso fue de hasta 1.9 °C. También se mostró que la intensidad de ambas islas de calor urbana excede a lo estimado estadísticamente para ciudades de Latinoamérica en función de la población.

Cette contribution soutient que le droit à l'oubli ou à l'effacement numérique, qui offre aux individus un outil juridique pour effacer les données numériques dans certains circonstances, est un droit essentiel à l'ère du numérique. Elle examine le droit à l'oubli et retrace sa genèse des politiques de l'Union européenne (UE). La contribution avance que, bien que le droit à l'oubli ait été développé au sein de l'UE et bien qu'il ne soit pas expressément garanti par la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples (Charte), il peut en être déduit à travers trois méthodes. Premièrement, par le biais du principe juridique que certains droits non énumérés sont implicites dans la Charte africaine, développé dans l'affaire de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples Social and Economic Rights Action Centre et Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria. Deuxièmement, le droit à l'oubli peut être déduit de la Charte à travers le principe de mise en œuvre progressive des droits garantis par la Charte tel qu'envisagé aux articles 60 et 61 de ladite convention. Troisièmement, ce droit peut être garanti par la Charte en mobilisant l'article 31 de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités. La présente contribution relève que, bien que certains pays africains aient adopté des mesures pour reconnaitre le droit à l'oubli numérique dans leurs législations nationales et malgré la reconnaissance de ce droit dans certains instruments au niveau continental, sa reconnaissance dans le système africain des droits de l'homme est fragmentée. Cette fragmentation entrave la protection adéquate du droit. En conclusion, la contribution avance que la valeur normative de la Charte africaine dans le système africain de protection des droits de l'homme justifie la nécessité de garantir le droit à l'oubli à travers une lecture progressive de la Charte pour sa protection adéquate et de créer une voie pour des réformes législatives robustes relatives à la protection et à l'autonomie en matière de données personnelles en Afrique.

This article advances that the right to be forgotten (RTBF), which affords individuals a legal tool to erasure of personal digital data under certain circumstances, is an essential right in the digital age. It discusses the RTBF and traces its development to the European Union (EU) jurisprudence. The article argues that, although the RTBF was developed under the EU jurisprudence and despite it being not expressly recognised under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Charter), it can be read into the Charter through three methods. First, it can be read into the Charter through the SERAC principle, namely, that some unenumerated rights are implied by the African Charter, as set in the Commission's decision in Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria. Second, the right can be read into the Charter through the progressive application principle as envisaged by articles 60 and 61 of the Charter. Third, the RTBF can also be read into the Charter by employing article 31 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The article submits that although some African countries have made tentative steps in adopting the RTBF in their domestic jurisdiction and despite the recognition of the right in some of the continent's instruments, its recognition in the African human rights system is fragmented. This fragmentation hinders adequate protection of the right. The article ultimately argues that the superior status that the African Charter enjoys in the African human rights system justifies the need for the RTBF to be read into the Charter to ensure adequate protection and to create a pathway for robust law reforms related to the protection and autonomy over personal data in Africa's national jurisdictions.

Resumen El presente artículo examina la importancia del trabajo de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional en el desarrollo del concepto del ius cogens, el cual inició con su inclusión en los artículos 53 y 64 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados. En un segundo momento, la Comisión, con base en un análisis de la práctica internacional, ha definido en cuatro informes la naturaleza del ius cogens, los requisitos para considerar una norma internacional como tal, sus consecuencias jurídicas y una lista ilustrativa de estas normas. De esta forma, la Comisión de Derecho Internacional ha hecho una contribución útil al desarrollo progresivo del derecho internacional público.

Résumé Cet article examine l’importance du travail de la Commission du droit international dans le développement du concept de ius cogens, le quel est né avec sa propre inclusion dans les articles 53 et 64 de la Convention sur le Droit des Traités. Ensuite, en analysant la pratique internationale de son usage, ladite Commission a défini, au cours de quatre rapports, la nature du ius cogens, les conditions pour la considérer comme une norme internationale de plein droit, les conséquences juridiques qui en dérivent, en donnant aussi une liste de normes de ce type. En conclusion, la Commission du Droit International a fait une contribution utile au développement progressif du Droit Publique International.

Abstract This article examines the importance of the work of the International Law Commission in the development of the concept of jus cogens, which began with its inclusion in articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Furthermore, the Commission, based on an analysis of international practice, has defined, in four different reports, the nature of jus cogens, the requirements to endorse an international norm as such, its legal consequences, and an illustrative list of these statutes. In this way, the International Law Commission has made useful contributions to the progressive development of Public International Law.

Resumen: El Tratado Uribe-Vargas Ozores de 1979, también conocido como Tratado de Montería, es un tratado internacional entre la República de Panamá y la República de Colombia. Este tratado concede el tránsito sin costo para los productos naturales e industriales, correos, tropas, naves y materiales de guerra de la República de Colombia a través del Canal de Panamá. De manera anormal, este Tratado no estableció un plazo definido de vencimiento, lo que lo hace indefinido. Sin embargo, la República de Panamá podría iniciar los trámites judiciales para cambiar esta prerrogativa para Colombia basado en el carácter no recíproco y la naturaleza perpetua. Hipotéticamente, es muy probable que esta decisión provoque que Colombia recurra a sanciones comerciales con una intensa batalla legal en virtud de la interpretación de Colombia sobre sus derechos históricos respecto al Canal de Panamá y de su renuncia en el año 2012 al Pacto de Bogotá de 1948 para la resolución de controversias de forma pacífica. Por consiguiente, se ocasionarían graves daños a la industria aérea y al sistema bancario de Panamá. Sin embargo, este artículo considera que sería oportuno denunciar el Tratado de Montería ante la Secretaría General de las Naciones Unidas, en virtud de la Convención de Viena de Derechos de Tratados de 1969 que permite este mecanismo con la intervención de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, de ser necesario.

Abstract: The 1979 Uribe-Vargas Ozores Treaty, also known as the Montería Treaty, is an international treaty between the Republic of Panama and the Republic of Colombia. This treaty grants the Republic of Columbia free transit for its natural and industrial products, mail, troops, ships and war materials through the Panama Canal. Unusually, the treaty does not establish an expiration date for this prerogative, which makes it indefinite. However, the Republic of Panama could initiate legal proceedings to change this prerogative for Colombia based on its non-reciprocal character and perpetual nature. It is very likely that this decision would cause Colombia to resort to trade sanctions and result in an intense legal battle due to Colombia's interpretation of its historic rights regarding the Panama Canal and its 2012 resignation from the 1948 Pact of Bogotá, which obliges signatories to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes. Consequently, serious damage would be caused to the airline industry and the banking system of Panama. This article argues that it would, however, be appropriate to denounce the Treaty of Montería before the General Secretariat of the United Nations, by virtue of the Vienna Convention on the Rights of Treaties of 1969, which allows for use of this mechanism with the intervention of the International Court of Justice, if necessary.

Resumo Este artigo é uma homenagem ao embaixador José Augusto Lindgren Alves e ao jurista Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, proferida no evento A Importância da Reconstrução das Políticas de Direitos Humanos no Brasil, realizado no Instituto de Estudos Avançados da Universidade de São Paulo (IEA-USP), em 30 de junho de 2022. O evento ocorreu na ocasião do lançamento dos Cadernos Cedec - editados em parceria com o Grupo de Pesquisa Direitos Humanos, Democracia, Política e Memória (GPDH-IEA) -, e abordou outros dois eventos do Ciclo de Memórias da Política Institucional de Direitos Humanos, realizados um ano antes, nos quais se debateu o passado, o presente e o futuro das políticas públicas nacionais de direitos humanos, a fim de construir coletivamente a memória institucional delas.

Abstract This paper is a tribute to Ambassador José Augusto Lindgren Alves and jurist Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, delivered at the event “The Importance of Reconstructing Human Rights Policies in Brazil,” held at USP’s Institute of Advanced Studies on June 30, 2022. The event took place on the launching of Cadernos Cedec-edited in partnership with the Research Group on Human Rights, Democracy, Politics and Memory (GPDH-IEA)-and addressed two other events of the Cycle of Memories of Human Rights Institutional Policy, held in 2021, which debated the past, present and future of national human rights public policies to collectively build their institutional memory.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Barrett's esophagus is an injury to the esophagus with high degenerative potential; histological confirmation of intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus is required for its diagnosis. Objective: To determine the frequency and epidemiological characteristics of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was conducted between January 2018 and June 2019 in 14 patients with a histological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. The variables studied were: age, sex, skin color, epidemiological history, symptoms and signs, segment length according to the Sharma classification and presence of hiatal hernia, as well as the histological diagnosis according to the Vienna classification. The prevalence was determined with respect to the total number of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies performed in the period; descriptive statistical techniques were used. Results: A prevalence of 0,37 % was obtained. Males (78,6 %) and white skin color (71,4 %) predominated; the mean age was 51,64 years. Smoking was reported by 50 % of patients. Typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, regurgitation (64,3 %) and heartburn (42,9 %) were the most frequent. The short segment variety was the most observed and hiatal hernia was found in 28,6 % of cases. Conclusions: The epidemiological characteristics of male patients, white skin color, between the 5th and 6th decades of life and typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease predominate.

RESUMEN Introducción: El esófago de Barrett es una lesión del esófago con elevado potencial degenerativo; para su diagnóstico se requiere la confirmación histológica de metaplasia intestinal en el esófago. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del esófago de Barrett y las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con esta afección. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, entre enero del 2018 y junio del 2019, en 14 pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de esófago de Barrett. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, color de la piel, antecedentes epidemiológicos, síntomas y signos, longitud del segmento, de acuerdo con la clasificación de Sharma y presencia de hernia hiatal. Se realizó el diagnóstico histológico según la clasificación de Viena. Se determinó la prevalencia respecto del total de endoscopias digestivas altas realizadas en el periodo; emplearon de estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: Se obtuvo una prevalencia de 0,37 %. El sexo masculino (78,6 %) y el color de piel blanca (71,4 %) predominaron; la edad media fue de 51,64 años. El consumo de tabaco fue referido por el 50 % de los pacientes. Los síntomas típicos de reflujo gastroesofágico, regurgitación (64,3 %) y pirosis (42,9 %) fueron los más frecuentes. La variedad de segmento corto fue la más observada y la hernia hiatal se encontró en 28,6 % de los casos. Conclusiones: Predominan las características epidemiológicas de ser pacientes masculinos, color de piel blanca, entre la 5ta y 6ta décadas de la vida y síntomas típicos de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. La prevalencia de la afección es baja.