RESUMEN Quizás uno de los objetivos más importantes del desarrollo sostenible para los países en desarrollo es mejorar la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables en todos los sectores en general y en el sector agrícola en particular. El proceso de pre-enfriamiento ayuda a mantener la calidad y prolongar la vida útil de las frutas y verduras. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo fabricar un preenfriador solar evaporativo indirecto (IESP) para reducir las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha de productos agrícolas. El cultivo de tomate fue elegido para ser preenfriado como ejemplo de cadenas de valor agrícolas. Las variables experimentales incluyeron tres temperaturas del agua de enfriamiento (15, 10 y 5 °C) y dos velocidades del aire que pasó por el gabinete de enfriamiento (1,5 y 2,5 m s-1). Los resultados mostraron que a una velocidad del aire de 1,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 19,4, 25,5 y 34,7% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. A una velocidad del aire de 2,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 23,1, 28,8 y 37,2% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. El desempeño del IESP bajo estas condiciones fue de 15,4 oC, 91,5% HR, 0,338 TR carga frigorífica y 37,2% COPcyc. El consumo total de energía fue de 6,4 kWh día-1. El rendimiento del preenfriador solar resultó ser una solución muy viable para las demandas de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones hortícolas, especialmente en ciudades con un clima muy cálido, para evitar que las verduras y frutas se deterioren después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Perhaps one of the most important goals of sustainable development for developing countries is to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources in all sectors in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The pre-cooling process helps to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to fabricate an indirect evaporative solar precooler (IESP) to reduce post-harvest loss for agricultural products. Tomato crop was chosen to be pre-cooled as an example of agricultural value chains. Experimental variables included three temperatures of cooling water (15, 10 and 5 °C) and two air velocities that passed through the cooling cabinet (1.5 and 2.5 m s-1). The results showed that at 1.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 19.4, 25.5 and 34.7% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. At 2.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 23.1, 28.8 and 37.2% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 oC, respectively. The performance of the IESP under these conditions was 15.4 oC, 91.5% RH, 0.338 TR refrigeration load and 37.2% COPcyc. Total energy consumption was 6.4 kWh day-1. The solar pre-cooler performance proved a very feasible solution to the demands of small and medium horticultural holdings, especially in cities with a very hot climate to keep vegetables and fruits from deteriorating after harvest.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the characteristics of specialization patterns on industrial dynamics, using a strong version of Thirlwall's external constraint model, for 13 manufacturing subsectors in Mexico during the period 1995-2020. The main findings show that: i) the growth of the manufacturing sector is constrained by the current account equilibrium; ii) the income elasticity of exports increases as productivity and capital accumulation grow; iii) the income elasticity of imports is greater to the extent that the participation of foreign value added in export production increases. With this evidence, it is possible to conclude that the deepening of the outward industrialization model has limited the gains associated with trade and slowed down economic growth. In this context, it is essential to operate an industrial policy that strengthens internal supply chains and the position within global value chains. The contribution of the work lies in analyzing at the subsector level the implications of the composition of trade on economic expansion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el impacto de las características de los patrones de especialización sobre la dinámica industrial, mediante una versión fuerte del modelo de restricción externa de Thirlwall, en 13 subsectores manufactureros de México durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el crecimiento del sector manufacturero se encuentra restringido por el equilibrio de la cuenta corriente; ii) la elasticidad ingreso de las exportaciones aumenta en la medida que crece la productividad y la acumulación de capital; iii) la elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones es mayor en la medida que aumenta la participación del valor agregado extranjero en la producción de exportación. Con esta evidencia, es posible concluir que la profundización del modelo de industrialización hacia fuera ha limitado las ganancias asociadas al comercio y ralentizado el crecimiento económico. En este contexto, es fundamental operar una política industrial que fortalezca las cadenas de suministro interna y la posición dentro de las cadenas globales de valor. La contribución del trabajo reside en analizar a nivel de subsector las implicaciones de la composición del comercio sobre la expansión económica.

Abstract The aim is to analyze the consistency of the BPCG model at the Mexican manufacturing industry level between 1990 and 2021. Using an ARDL model we estimate the strong version of the model including non-price-competitiveness factors and installed capacity on export function. The paper´s results are as follows: i) the Mexican manufacturing industry exhibits an external constraint to growth; ii) the export function responds positively to non-price competitiveness and installed capacity, and iii) the low manufacturing value added is associated with the disarticulation of the productive structure, the high demand for intermediate imported inputs and the insertion into the value chains in assembly activities. Emphasis should be made on promoting an industrial policy based on strengthening productive interconnection, promoting domestic technological capabilities and developing activities with high added value. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the impact of FDI and technological innovation by industrial reclassification or product type. The paper´s contribution lies in the extension of the MCRBP at the manufacturing level including technological competitiveness factors and their empirical evaluation.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar la consistencia del MCRBP a nivel de industria manufacturera mexicana entre 1990 y 2021. Con un modelo ARDL para panel se estimó la versión fuerte del modelo incorporando factores de competitividad no-precio y capacidad instalada a la función de exportaciones. Los principales resultados son: i) la industria presenta restricción externa al crecimiento; ii) la función de exportaciones responde positivamente a la competitividad no-precio y la capacidad instalada, y iii) el bajo valor agregado manufacturero se asocia a la desarticulación de la estructura productiva, la alta demanda por insumos intermedios importados y la inserción en las cadenas de valor en actividades ensambladoras. Se sugiere impulsar una política industrial asentada en la articulación productiva y desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas en actividades con alto valor agregado. Para futuras investigaciones se deberá delimitar el impacto de la IED y la innovación tecnológica por reclasificación industrial o tipo de producto. La contribución reside en la extensión del MCRBP a nivel manufacturero incorporando factores de competitividad tecnológica y su evaluación empírica para determinar el aprovechamiento de las derramas tecnológicas.

Abstract This article contributes to developing and consolidating research on the connections between food and gentrification while highlighting the effects of these processes in areas beyond urban life. To achieve this, we draw on the concept of value chains connecting gentrified neighborhoods to rural agricultural communities. In this chain, processes of valorization and devaluation are generated, which unevenly affect the actors involved in the production and consumption of food. The paper focuses on the conflicts and contestations along the value chain of gentrification, putting interdisciplinary contributions into dialogue while presenting four cases from secondary sources. These cases are illustrative of how these processes operate at different levels, territories, and scales: signature coffee, as a symbol of distinction in gentrified neighborhoods; the avocado from its gastronomic manifestation as avocado toast; wine, from the touristification of its production to valorization strategies in urban consumption; and quinoa, from the patenting of new varieties to the development of markets that exclude large sectors of the population. The boom in the circulation of these foods has the effect of capital accumulation by dispossession in both rural and urban areas and in both production and consumption processes.

Resumen El presente artículo busca contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de los estudios sobre la gourmetización y la gentrificación alimentaria, enfatizando los efectos que estos procesos tienen en ámbitos que exceden a la vida urbana. En ese marco, se propone recuperar los engranajes de la cadena de valor y sus localizaciones -desde los barrios gentrificados hasta las comunidades rurales agrícolas-, indicando los procesos de valorización y desvalorización y cómo estos afectan de forma desigual a los actores involucrados. Se enfatiza sobre este punto estableciendo un diálogo interdisciplinar. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, el artículo se basa en cuatro casos recuperados de fuentes secundarias y que ilustran la forma en la que operan estos procesos en distintos niveles, territorios y escalas: el café de autor en cuanto símbolo de distinción en los barrios gentrificados; la palta o aguacate a partir de su manifestación gastronómica en el avocado toast; el vino, desde la turistificación de su producción hasta las estrategias de valorización en su consumo urbano; y la quinoa, desde el patentamiento de nuevas variedades hasta el desarrollo de mercados que excluyen a amplios sectores de población. Se concluye que el auge de estos alimentos tiene efectos de acumulación del capital por desposesión en los ámbitos rural y urbano, al igual que en los procesos de producción y de consumo.

Abstract This article identifies value-generating activities in agro-industrial chains, through a systematic literature review in the Scopus database, combining terms associated with the generation of value in this type of chains. The search yielded more than two thousand documents, which were reduced using pre-established exclusion and inclusion criteria, like date and language. As a result of the application of these criteria, seventy-eight articles were selected for analysis, allowing the identification of thirty value-generating activities in agro-industrial chains. The findings show that activities associated with operational skills and the integration of agribusiness are the most relevant. However, in recent years value has been given to activities associated with marketing and innovation, making new strategies for the use of resources visible, which directly impacts the increase in the competitiveness of agro-industrial chains.

Resumen En este artículo se identifican actividades generadoras de valor en cadenas agroindustriales, a partir de una revisión sistemática de literatura en la base de datos Scopus, combinando términos asociados a la generación de valor en este tipo de cadenas. La búsqueda arrojó más de dos mil documentos, los cuales fueron reducidos por medio de criterios de exclusión e inclusión preestablecidos, como fecha e idioma. Como resultado de la aplicación de estos criterios, se seleccionaron setenta y ocho artículos para análisis, permitiendo identificar treinta actividades generadoras de valor en cadenas agroindustriales. Los hallazgos muestran que las actividades asociadas a las habilidades operacionales y a la integración de la agroindustria son las más relevantes; sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha otorgado valor a las actividades asociadas al marketing e innovación, permitiendo visibilizar nuevas estrategias para el empleo de recursos, repercutiendo directamente en el aumento de la competitividad de las cadenas agroindustriales.

ABSTRACT Chile has a relatively long history of monitoring and managing large-scale commercial fish stocks. However, many other small-scale fisheries, particularly those operating in estuaries, usually lack basic fisheries and biological information. International experience indicates that a monitoring system designed for large-scale stocks cannot simply be resized to address the complexity, relatively low total economic value, and the large number of actors and supply chains in small-scale fisheries. This article proposes a strategy to monitor data-poor fisheries operating in estuaries. The striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), locally known as "lisa", in the Rapel River, central Chile, was selected to establish a pilot monitoring program for small-scale fish resources. From May 2022 to May 2023, fisheries information, including fleet description, catch and effort data, and fish biological attributes such as length and weight, were collected and described for the first time in the region. Drawing insights from this case study, we propose developing a generic monitoring system tailored specifically for monitoring fish stocks in estuaries. This conceptualization is based on: i) change agents, who are individuals trained to work with both the social and biological dimensions of each coastal fish stock; ii) experienced fisheries scientists outside government agencies; and iii) local fishers’ knowledge to provide constant feedback for adapting temporal and spatial scales for monitoring. This monitoring scheme is cost-effective and can be efficiently replicated in other estuarine fisheries in Chile.

ABSTRACT The following article is the third prepared by the author within the framework of the project of the International Economic Research Center of the University of Havana referenced as: "International Economic Relations today. Implications for the external insertion of Cuba”. The objective of this article is to address the problem of the external insertion of the Cuban economy in three ways: choosinga methodology for practice, the measurement of the significance of the external sector for the country's economy, and the presentation of proposals to improve the Cuban external insertion in global economy.

RESUMEN El siguiente artículo es el tercero elaborado por el autor en el marco del proyecto del Centro de Investigaciones de Economía Internacional de La Universidad de La Habana referenciado como «Las relaciones económicas internacionales en la actualidad. Implicaciones para la inserción externa de Cuba». Los objetivos del presente artículo son tres: seleccionar una metodología para la práctica, tratar de medir la significación del sector externo para la economía del país y presentar propuestas guiadas a perfeccionar la inserción de la economía cubana en la economía global.

Resumo Na região Centro-Oeste, estão presentes o Cerrado e Pantanal, locais com diversidade de fauna e flora e alto potencial de exploração. Os frutos nativos têm sabores característicos, valor nutricional significativo e compostos de grande relevância biotecnológica. Alguns frutos nativos e produtos confeccionados são comercializados em feiras livres, nas margens das rodovias, nas centrais de abastecimento e em redes de supermercados. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o conhecimento e o perfil de consumo de frutos nativos do Cerrado e do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) pela população. Este estudo foi do tipo exploratório, com delineamento amostral não probabilístico e amostragem por conveniência. Foi utilizado um questionário on-line com perguntas para caracterização da amostra, referentes ao conhecimento, à experiência, à forma de consumo e ao local de obtenção de 12 frutos nativos do Cerrado e Pantanal, sendo eles: pequi, bocaiuva, mangaba, cagaita, baru, murici, mama-cadela, buriti, araticum e guabiroba. Entre as 616 respostas válidas, a amostra, em sua maioria, foi composta por adultos (92,29%), do gênero feminino (79,06%), renda mensal de até 5 salários mínimos (74,72%), com ensino superior completo (45,94%), nascidos (42,53%) e residentes (53,90%) em MS. O fruto mais conhecido e mais experimentado foi o pequi, enquanto a mama-cadela foi o menos conhecido e experimentado. A principal forma de consumo citada foi “in natura”, e a principal forma de obtenção foi “Do próprio Cerrado/Pantanal”. Os participantes apresentaram conhecimento moderado e um baixo consumo dos frutos nativos do Cerrado e do Pantanal de MS. Assim, destaca-se a importância de valorizar práticas alimentares regionais como forma de fortalecer a cultura local e fomentar o consumo de frutos nativos, ampliando sua divulgação para a população. CentroOeste, CentroOeste Centro Oeste, Oeste Centro-Oeste exploração característicos biotecnológica livres rodovias supermercados Assim MS (MS população exploratório conveniência online on line amostra experiência 1 eles pequi bocaiuva mangaba cagaita baru murici mamacadela, mamacadela mama cadela, cadela buriti guabiroba 61 válidas maioria 92,29%, 9229 92,29% , 92 29 (92,29%) 79,06%, 7906 79,06% 79 06 (79,06%) 74,72%, 7472 74,72% 74 72 (74,72%) 45,94%, 4594 45,94% 45 94 (45,94%) 42,53% 4253 42 53 (42,53% 53,90% 5390 90 (53,90% in natura, natura natura” Do Cerrado/Pantanal. CerradoPantanal Cerrado/Pantanal . Cerrado/Pantanal” destacase destaca se 6 922 92,29 9 2 (92,29% 790 79,06 7 0 (79,06% 747 74,72 (74,72% 459 45,94 4 (45,94% 42,53 425 (42,53 53,90 539 (53,90 92,2 (92,29 79,0 (79,06 74,7 (74,72 45,9 (45,94 42,5 (42,5 53,9 (53,9 92, (92,2 79, (79,0 74, (74,7 45, (45,9 42, (42, 53, (53, (92, (79, (74, (45, (42 (53 (92 (79 (74 (45 (4 (5 (9 (7 (

Abstract The Cerrado and Pantanal are present in the Midwest region, regions with a diversity of fauna and flora and high potential for exploration. The native fruits have characteristic flavors, significant nutritional value and compounds of great biotechnological relevance. Some native fruits and manufactured products are sold at open markets, along highways, at supply centers and at supermarket chains. Thus, this study aimed to verify the knowledge and consumption profile of native fruits from the Cerrado and Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) by the population. This study was exploratory, with a non-probabilistic sampling design and convenience sampling. An online questionnaire was used containing questions to characterize the sample and refering to knowing, tasting, form of consumption and place of obtaining 12 native fruits of the Cerrado and Pantanal, namely: pequi, bocaiuva, mangaba, cagaita, baru, murici, mama-cadela, buriti, araticum and guabiroba. Among the 616 valid answers, the sample was mostly composed of adults (92.29%), female (79.06%), monthly income of up to 5 minimal wages (74.72%), with complete higher education (45.94%), born (42.53%) and residents (53.90%) of MS. The best known and most tried fruit was the pequi, while the mama-chada was the least known and tried. The main form of consumption mentioned was “in natura” and the main form of obtaining was “From the Cerrado/Pantanal itself”. Participants presented moderate knowledge and a low consumption of native fruits from the Cerrado and Pantanal of MS. Thus, the importance of valuing regional food practices is highlighted as a way to increase local culture and encourage the consumption of native fruits, expanding their dissemination to the population. region exploration flavors relevance markets highways chains Thus MS (MS population exploratory nonprobabilistic non probabilistic knowing tasting 1 namely pequi bocaiuva mangaba cagaita baru murici mamacadela, mamacadela mama cadela, cadela mama-cadela buriti guabiroba 61 answers 92.29%, 9229 92.29% , 92 29 (92.29%) 79.06%, 7906 79.06% 79 06 (79.06%) 74.72%, 7472 74.72% 74 72 (74.72%) 45.94%, 4594 45.94% 45 94 (45.94%) 42.53% 4253 42 53 (42.53% 53.90% 5390 90 (53.90% mamachada chada natura From CerradoPantanal itself. itself . itself” 6 922 92.29 9 2 (92.29% 790 79.06 7 0 (79.06% 747 74.72 (74.72% 459 45.94 4 (45.94% 42.53 425 (42.53 53.90 539 (53.90 92.2 (92.29 79.0 (79.06 74.7 (74.72 45.9 (45.94 42.5 (42.5 53.9 (53.9 92. (92.2 79. (79.0 74. (74.7 45. (45.9 42. (42. 53. (53. (92. (79. (74. (45. (42 (53 (92 (79 (74 (45 (4 (5 (9 (7 (

Resumen En la región Centro-oeste estan presentes el Cerrado y e Pantanal, regiones con diversidad de fauna y flora con alto potencial de exploración. Los frutos nativos poseen sabores característicos, valor nutricional significativo y compuestos de gran relevancia biotecnológica. Algunos frutos nativos y productos confeccionados se comercializan en ferias libres, en las margenes de las carreteras, en las centrales de abastecimiento y en redes de supermercados. Así, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo verificar el conocimiento y el perfil de consumo de frutos nativos del Cerrado y del Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) por la populación. Este ensayo fue del tipo exploratorio, con delineamiento muestral no probabilístico y muestra por conveniencia. Fue utilizado un cuestionario on-line con preguntas para caracterización de la muestra y referentes a conecer, experimentar, forma de consumo y local de obtención de 12 frutos nativos del Cerrado y Pantanal, siendo ellos: pequi, bocaiuva, mangaba, cagaita, baru, murici, mama-cadela, buriti, araticum y guabiroba. Entre las 616 respuestas válidas, la muestra, en su mayoría, fue compuesta por adultos (92,29%), del género femenino (79,06%), ingreso mensual hasta 5 salarios mínimos (74,72%), con educación superior completa (45,94%), nacidos (42,53%) y residentes (53,90%) en MS. El fruto más conocido y más probado fue el pequi, mientras la mama-cadela fue el menos conocido y probado. La principal forma del consumo citada fue “in natura” y la principal forma de obtención fue “Del propio Cerrado/Pantanal”. Los participantes presentaron conocimiento moderado y un bajo consumo de los frutos nativos del Cerrado y Pantanal del MS. Así se destaca la importancia de valorizar praticas alimentares regionales como forma de fortalecer la cultura local y fomentar el consumo de frutos nativos ampliando la divulgación para la populación. Centrooeste Centro oeste exploración característicos biotecnológica libres carreteras supermercados MS (MS populación exploratorio conveniencia online on line conecer experimentar 1 ellos pequi bocaiuva mangaba cagaita baru murici mamacadela, mamacadela mama cadela, cadela buriti guabiroba 61 válidas mayoría 92,29%, 9229 92,29% , 92 29 (92,29%) 79,06%, 7906 79,06% 79 06 (79,06%) 74,72%, 7472 74,72% 74 72 (74,72%) 45,94%, 4594 45,94% 45 94 (45,94%) 42,53% 4253 42 53 (42,53% 53,90% 5390 90 (53,90% in natura Del Cerrado/Pantanal. CerradoPantanal Cerrado/Pantanal . Cerrado/Pantanal” 6 922 92,29 9 2 (92,29% 790 79,06 7 0 (79,06% 747 74,72 (74,72% 459 45,94 4 (45,94% 42,53 425 (42,53 53,90 539 (53,90 92,2 (92,29 79,0 (79,06 74,7 (74,72 45,9 (45,94 42,5 (42,5 53,9 (53,9 92, (92,2 79, (79,0 74, (74,7 45, (45,9 42, (42, 53, (53, (92, (79, (74, (45, (42 (53 (92 (79 (74 (45 (4 (5 (9 (7 (

Abstract (Introduction): The bioeconomy addresses a series of problems in key areas for the Latin American region. As a result, a growing number of countries worldwide have developed bioeconomy policies or strategies, the Costa Rica Strategy beings the first in the region. (Objective): The aim of this article is to analyze the opportunities and challenges of the advanced bioeconomy, emphasizing the biotechnology sector, to contribute to the Costa Rican productive and sustainable development. (Methodology): The approach applied is qualitative based on primary and secondary sources, and ongoing reflection and discussion. (Results): As a result, it is found that despite facing structural barriers and challenges such as market aspects, coordination governance, waste management, availability and use of biological, financial, educational, social resources, among others; the bioeconomy is positioned along with biotechnology as a great opportunity to develop valorization and management of waste, enhance productive processes and value chains with high added value related to research, development and innovation, knowledge, competitiveness, encouraging the generation of employment, new exports and access to more and better markets. (Conclusions): It is possible to conclude that the aforementioned can be applied in harmony with natural ecosystems and social welfare that can even be replicated in other countries of the region contributing to improve the social, economic and environmental challenges.

Resumen (Introducción): La bioeconomía aborda una serie de problemas en áreas clave para la región latinoamericana. Debido a esto, cada vez más países el mundo han elaborado políticas o estrategias de bioeconomía, siendo la Estrategia de Costa Rica la primera en la región. (Objetivo): El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las oportunidades y desafíos que enfrenta la bioeconomía avanzada, haciendo énfasis en el sector biotecnológico, para contribuir al desarrollo productivo y sostenible en Costa Rica. (Metodología): El enfoque utilizado es cualitativo con uso de fuentes primarias y secundarias, así como la reflexión y discusión permanente. (Resultados): Como resultado del análisis se encuentra que, pese a una serie de barreras estructurales y retos de mercado, articulación, gobernanza, gestión de residuos, disponibilidad y aprovechamiento de recursos biológicos, financieros, educativos, sociales, entre otros; la bioeconomía se posiciona con la biotecnología como una gran oportunidad para gestionar y valorar los residuos, procesos productivos y encadenamientos con alto valor agregado, incorporando investigación, desarrollo e innovación, conocimiento, competitividad, propiciando la generación de nuevos empleos, exportaciones, acceso a más y mejores mercados. (Conclusiones): Es posible concluir que todo esto puede ser realizado en armonía con los ecosistemas naturales y el bienestar social e incluso replicado en otros países de la región para coadyuvar al mejoramiento de las problemáticas sociales, económicas y ambientales.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como propósito examinar los aparentes beneficios y efectos del libre comercio a partir de la dinámica propia del que fuera el General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) y su sucesora, la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC). Se denuncia el carácter eminentemente ideológico de las premisas tributarias según las cuales sus efectos son, en la generalidad de los supuestos, intrínsecamente provechosos para las economías en desarrollo y subdesarrolladas. En este sentido, se intenta demostrar que las instituciones de referencia han perpetuado consistentemente las derivas que el modelo analítico "centro-periferia" históricamente denunciara en detrimento de esta última. La metodología empleada ha consistido en la revisión bibliográfica del sistema GATT y el esquema de comercio internacional de la OMC, a partir de un examen crítico de estas últimas en función de las tesis de la economía estructuralista cepalina tanto clásica como contemporánea. Los resultados del estudio señalan que el sistema multilateral comercial y las propias políticas comerciales de las naciones hegemónicas, a través del funcionamiento primero del GATT y luego de la OMC, han supuesto efectos endémicamente disvaliosos para las economías periféricas. Las implicaciones de la presente investigación sugieren la necesidad del reexamen tanto en el ámbito nacional como interregional de los términos -actualmente poco equitativos- que rigen el comercio internacional, y de una promoción más activa, en ambos espacios, de aquellas políticas de desarrollo que sean provechosas para los países económicamente desfavorecidos. Clasificación JEL: F01; F12; F13; F53; F60; F63.

Abstract: The present work aims to examine the apparent benefits and effects of free trade based on the dynamics of the former General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). The eminently ideological nature of the tax premises is denounced according to which its effects are intrinsically beneficial for developing and underdeveloped economies in the generality of the assumptions. In this sense, an attempt is made to demonstrate that the reference institutions have consistently perpetuated the drifts that the "center-periphery" analytical model historically denounced to the latter's detriment. The methodology used has involved a literature review of the GATT system and the international trade framework of the WTO, based on a critical examination of these in relation to the theses of both classical and contemporary structuralist economics. The study's results indicate that the multilateral trade system, along with the trade policies of hegemonic nations, through the functioning first of the GATT and then of the WTO, has resulted in endemically detrimental effects for peripheral economies. In this sense, the implications of this research suggest the need for a reexamination, both at the national and interregional levels, of the currently inequitable terms governing international trade, along with a more active promotion, at both levels, of development policies that prove to be beneficial for economically disadvantaged countries.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological contributions of the approaches of regional productive circuits, clusters and global value chains used alternatively for the spatial understanding of social inequalities and development problems in unbalanced productive structures in Latin America. The study is organized in three dimensions of analysis that make the dialogue between the approaches operational: space, scale and relationship between agents. Then, they are used to address the case of unconventional hydrocarbon production in Vaca Muerta, seeking to demonstrate the analytical contributions and limitations of each approach. Finally, the explanatory potentialities of each analyzed perspective are exposed, and it is concluded that the approach of regional productive circuits allows for a complete understanding to address Latin American regional problems based on the particular way in which space is conceived.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de los enfoques de circuitos productivos regionales, de clústeres y de cadenas globales de valor, empleados alternativamente para la comprensión espacial de las desigualdades sociales y los problemas del desarrollo en estructuras productivas desequilibradas en América Latina. El estudio se organiza en tres dimensiones de análisis que tornan operativo el diálogo entre los enfoques: espacio, escala y relación entre agentes. Luego, se recurre a ellos para abordar el caso de la producción hidrocarburífera no convencional en Vaca Muerta, buscando evidenciar los aportes y limitaciones analíticas de cada enfoque. Finalmente, se exponen las potencialidades explicativas de cada una de las perspectivas analizadas y se concluye que el enfoque de circuitos productivos regionales permite alcanzar una comprensión integral para abordar las problemáticas regionales latinoamericanas en función del modo particular en que concibe el espacio.

Abstract This article examines the new scenarios, formats and dimensions of crime in extractivism in Latin America, from a critical perspective, with a combination of economics/political ecology. An analysis of the intertwining dynamics that occur between the legal/formal aspects, the dispossession policies that are promoted from the spheres of power and the illicit/criminal economies is presented. This prism allows us to highlight the weight of these economies in the composition of extractivism, as well as analyze the evolution and development of the dynamics of legal/illegal accumulation throughout the Latin American historical process. In this sense, the article briefly highlights the historicity of said relationship to later examine characteristics and trends of the current economy/political ecology of extractivism. From a multi-scalar analysis we observe three complementary levels: a) Illicit/criminal extractions of natural resources, b) Intertwined illicit flows of commodities and c) New statehoods and hybrid governances. The hidden hybridizations that, from financial, fiscal, logistical, business and state spheres, enable and strengthen these violent extractions and illicit flows of natural resources are highlighted. At the same time, the analysis seeks to expand and strengthen the conceptualizations of extractivism.

Resumo Este artigo examina os novos cenários, formatos e dimensões do crime no extrativismo na América Latina, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, com uma combinação de economia/ecologia política. É apresentada uma análise das dinâmicas entrelaçadas que ocorrem entre os aspectos legais/formais, as políticas de desapropriação que são promovidas a partir das esferas de poder e as economias ilícitas/criminosas. Este prisma permite-nos destacar o peso destas economias na composição do extrativismo, bem como analisar a evolução e o desenvolvimento das dinâmicas de acumulação legal/ilegal ao longo do processo histórico latino-americano. Nesse sentido, o artigo destaca brevemente a historicidade dessa relação para posteriormente examinar características e tendências da economia/ecologia política atual do extrativismo. A partir de uma análise multiescalar, observamos três níveis complementares: a) Extrações ilícitas/criminosas de recursos naturais, b) Fluxos ilícitos entrelaçados de mercadorias ec) Novos estados e governações híbridas. São destacadas as hibridizações ocultas que, desde as esferas financeira, fiscal, logística, empresarial e estatal, permitem e fortalecem estas extrações violentas e fluxos ilícitos de recursos naturais. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise procura expandir e fortalecer as conceituações do extrativismo.

Resumen Este artículo examina los nuevos escenarios, formatos y dimensiones de la criminalidad en el extractivismo en América Latina, desde una perspectiva crítica, con una combinación de economía/ecología política. Se presenta un análisis de las dinámicas de entrelazamiento que se producen entre las vertientes legales/formales, las políticas de despojo que se impulsan desde las esferas de poder y las economías ilícitas/criminales. Este prisma permite poner de relieve el peso de dichas economías en la composición del extractivismo, así como analizar la evolución y el desarrollo de las dinámicas de acumulación legales/ilegales a lo largo del proceso histórico latinoamericano. En este sentido, el artículo resalta brevemente la historicidad de dicha relación para, más adelante, examinar características y tendencias de la actual economía/ecología política del extractivismo. Desde un análisis multiescalar observamos tres niveles complementarios: a) Extracciones ilícitas/criminales de recursos de la naturaleza, b) Flujos ilícitos entrelazados de commodities y c) Nuevas estatalidades y gobernanzas híbridas. Se resaltan los ocultamientos hibridaciones que, desde ámbitos financieros, fiscales, logísticos, empresariales y estatales, posibilitan y fortalecen estas extracciones violentas y los flujos ilícitos de recursos de la naturaleza. A su vez, el análisis persigue ampliar y robustecer las conceptualizaciones sobre extractivismo.

Abstract The objective of this article is to understand the determinants for the process of productive fragmentation in Global Value Chains (GVC) and what are the contributions of political economy to the understanding of the phenomenon. Neoclassical economics and the theoretical framework of GVCs emphasize the technical or technological reasons to explain the emergence of GVCs. Alternatively, this article proposes an interpretation of the political economy of GVCs. In this way, three stages of dispute for power and capital stimulate the development of GVCs, which is the result of interstate competition (for hegemony and dominance of peripheral regions), intercapitalist competition (between companies inside and outside the chains) and between classes, so as to reduce labor bargaining and increase the power of capital. GVC (GVC phenomenon Alternatively way regions, regions , regions) chains classes

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é entender os determinantes para o processo de fragmentação produtiva em Cadeias Globais de Valor (CGV) e quais são as contribuições da economia política para a compreensão do fenômeno. A economia neoclássica e o marco teórico das CGV enfatizam as razões técnicas ou tecnológicas para explicar o surgimento das CGV. Alternativamente, este artigo propõe uma interpretação da economia política das CGV. Desse modo, a interpretação sugerida é a de que três palcos de disputa pelo poder e pelo capital estimulam o desenvolvimento das CGV, a qual é fruto da competição interestatal (pela hegemonia e pelo domínio de regiões periféricas), intercapitalista (entre empresas dentro e fora das cadeias) e entre as classes, de modo a reduzir a barganha do trabalho e aumentar o poder do capital. JEL: F12, F60, L23, O34. (CGV fenômeno Alternativamente pela periféricas, periféricas , periféricas) cadeias classes JEL F12 F F60 L23 L O34 F1 F6 L2 O3

Abstract This manuscript focuses on understanding the urban development driven by the folkloric Festival of Boi Bumbá, held annually in the island city of Parintins in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. As an island, the city experiences an atypical situation, uncommon among many other cities in the country. The general objective of this article is to evaluate the urban development of the city of Parintins through variables assigned by the National Plan for Urban Development (PNDU) of 2021, from the perspective of the urban population. The results show that the population residing in the peripheral areas of the city is in general excluded from and does not benefit from the annual festival. The authors suggest the application of the following public policies in the city of Parintins: projects to increase accessibility, improvement of the quality of public spaces such as parks, squares and gardens, improvement of the state of conservation of the roads and buildings, mainly of historical-cultural value and improvements in the quality and diversification of the hotel and restaurant chains present in the city. Bumbá Amazonas situation country PNDU (PNDU 2021 festival accessibility parks gardens buildings historicalcultural historical cultural 202 20 2

Abstract Este manuscrito tem como foco compreender o desenvolvimento urbano impulsionado pela Festa folclórica do Boi Bumbá, realizada anualmente na cidade de Parintins, no estado brasileiro do Amazonas. Como ilha, a cidade vive uma situação atípica, incomum entre muitas outras cidades do país. O objetivo geral deste artigo é avaliar o desenvolvimento urbano da cidade de Parintins por meio de variáveis atribuídas pelo Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Urbano (PNDU) de 2021, sob a ótica da população urbana. Os resultados mostram que a população residente nas áreas periféricas da cidade é, em geral, excluída e não se beneficia do festival anual. Os autores sugerem a aplicação das seguintes políticas públicas na cidade de Parintins: projetos de ampliação da acessibilidade, melhoria da qualidade dos espaços públicos como parques, praças e jardins, melhoria do estado de conservação das vias e edificações, principalmente na valorização histórico-cultural e melhorias na qualidade e diversificação das redes hoteleiras e gastronômicas presentes na cidade. Bumbá Amazonas ilha atípica país PNDU (PNDU 2021 urbana anual acessibilidade parques jardins edificações históricocultural histórico cultural 202 20 2

ABSTRACT Objective: comprehend the challenges and solutions faced by a non-technological and non-profit organization, acting within a coopetitive environment, in the construction of a multisided platform business model. Method: utilizing a qualitative case study approach, we investigated FEBRAFAR, a multisided platform of drugstore retailers, manufacturers, and service providers. Data collection and analysis was based on the following categories: (a) the methods through which the platform generates value for its diverse customer segments, (b) the intricate contours of its value configuration endeavor, and (c) its strategies for value appropriation to ensure both sustainability and growth. Results: the challenges in establishing an efficiently functioning multisided platform business model included: getting resources; member's attraction; and resistance to adopting best management practices. The solutions contained the development of value creation techniques for its varied customer segments by reducing transactional friction with customers and suppliers, a comprehensive value configuration process, and value appropriation that promote sustainability and growth to these drugstore chains. Conclusion: the paper shows how FEBRAFAR got the solution of value creation and appropriation of the platform business model by orchestrating the interactions of competing entities within the stakeholder ecosystem that engage in collaboration. By establishing clear rules and interaction protocols, a multisided platform can facilitate coordination among competing entities, thereby enabling collaborative value co-creation for all involved stakeholders. This finding contributes to the broader understanding of strategic management in multisided platforms, particularly in non-technology contexts. Objective nontechnological non technological nonprofit profit organization environment Method approach retailers manufacturers providers categories (a b (b endeavor c (c Results included resources members member s attraction practices suppliers process chains Conclusion collaboration protocols cocreation co stakeholders platforms nontechnology technology contexts