ABSTRACT The following article is the third prepared by the author within the framework of the project of the International Economic Research Center of the University of Havana referenced as: "International Economic Relations today. Implications for the external insertion of Cuba”. The objective of this article is to address the problem of the external insertion of the Cuban economy in three ways: choosinga methodology for practice, the measurement of the significance of the external sector for the country's economy, and the presentation of proposals to improve the Cuban external insertion in global economy.

RESUMEN El siguiente artículo es el tercero elaborado por el autor en el marco del proyecto del Centro de Investigaciones de Economía Internacional de La Universidad de La Habana referenciado como «Las relaciones económicas internacionales en la actualidad. Implicaciones para la inserción externa de Cuba». Los objetivos del presente artículo son tres: seleccionar una metodología para la práctica, tratar de medir la significación del sector externo para la economía del país y presentar propuestas guiadas a perfeccionar la inserción de la economía cubana en la economía global.

Abstract This article examines the new scenarios, formats and dimensions of crime in extractivism in Latin America, from a critical perspective, with a combination of economics/political ecology. An analysis of the intertwining dynamics that occur between the legal/formal aspects, the dispossession policies that are promoted from the spheres of power and the illicit/criminal economies is presented. This prism allows us to highlight the weight of these economies in the composition of extractivism, as well as analyze the evolution and development of the dynamics of legal/illegal accumulation throughout the Latin American historical process. In this sense, the article briefly highlights the historicity of said relationship to later examine characteristics and trends of the current economy/political ecology of extractivism. From a multi-scalar analysis we observe three complementary levels: a) Illicit/criminal extractions of natural resources, b) Intertwined illicit flows of commodities and c) New statehoods and hybrid governances. The hidden hybridizations that, from financial, fiscal, logistical, business and state spheres, enable and strengthen these violent extractions and illicit flows of natural resources are highlighted. At the same time, the analysis seeks to expand and strengthen the conceptualizations of extractivism.

Resumo Este artigo examina os novos cenários, formatos e dimensões do crime no extrativismo na América Latina, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, com uma combinação de economia/ecologia política. É apresentada uma análise das dinâmicas entrelaçadas que ocorrem entre os aspectos legais/formais, as políticas de desapropriação que são promovidas a partir das esferas de poder e as economias ilícitas/criminosas. Este prisma permite-nos destacar o peso destas economias na composição do extrativismo, bem como analisar a evolução e o desenvolvimento das dinâmicas de acumulação legal/ilegal ao longo do processo histórico latino-americano. Nesse sentido, o artigo destaca brevemente a historicidade dessa relação para posteriormente examinar características e tendências da economia/ecologia política atual do extrativismo. A partir de uma análise multiescalar, observamos três níveis complementares: a) Extrações ilícitas/criminosas de recursos naturais, b) Fluxos ilícitos entrelaçados de mercadorias ec) Novos estados e governações híbridas. São destacadas as hibridizações ocultas que, desde as esferas financeira, fiscal, logística, empresarial e estatal, permitem e fortalecem estas extrações violentas e fluxos ilícitos de recursos naturais. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise procura expandir e fortalecer as conceituações do extrativismo.

Resumen Este artículo examina los nuevos escenarios, formatos y dimensiones de la criminalidad en el extractivismo en América Latina, desde una perspectiva crítica, con una combinación de economía/ecología política. Se presenta un análisis de las dinámicas de entrelazamiento que se producen entre las vertientes legales/formales, las políticas de despojo que se impulsan desde las esferas de poder y las economías ilícitas/criminales. Este prisma permite poner de relieve el peso de dichas economías en la composición del extractivismo, así como analizar la evolución y el desarrollo de las dinámicas de acumulación legales/ilegales a lo largo del proceso histórico latinoamericano. En este sentido, el artículo resalta brevemente la historicidad de dicha relación para, más adelante, examinar características y tendencias de la actual economía/ecología política del extractivismo. Desde un análisis multiescalar observamos tres niveles complementarios: a) Extracciones ilícitas/criminales de recursos de la naturaleza, b) Flujos ilícitos entrelazados de commodities y c) Nuevas estatalidades y gobernanzas híbridas. Se resaltan los ocultamientos hibridaciones que, desde ámbitos financieros, fiscales, logísticos, empresariales y estatales, posibilitan y fortalecen estas extracciones violentas y los flujos ilícitos de recursos de la naturaleza. A su vez, el análisis persigue ampliar y robustecer las conceptualizaciones sobre extractivismo.

PURPOSE: This study extends previous research by exploring the key lessons learned by the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa from the COVID-19 pandemic supply chain disruptions. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Having embraced the interpretivist paradigm, 25 supply chain professionals were purposively selected on the basis of their experience and deep knowledge of the industry and interviewed using the semi-structured approach of interviews. A qualitative data analysis programme, ATLAS.ti (version 9.1), was used to analyse the transcripts. FINDINGS/RESULTS: Following thematic analysis, the following themes emerged from the primary data: supply networks, demand planning and management, supply chain coordination, inventory management, logistics management and local production. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is crucial to build resilience in the design of pharmaceutical supply chains. A comprehensive demand management strategy and use of data analytics need to be adopted by pharmaceutical companies to improve demand visibility, responsiveness and supply chain resilience. The study also revealed the need for local production, as local skills and enterprises are being developed. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study has extended the body of knowledge on the supply chain disruptions, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry by building on the studies that were conducted during COVID-19, many of which were not based on empirical data. It also points supply chain professionals in a direction which enables them to develop a disruption strategy while providing justification for policymakers to support investment in the development of the requite skills for the pharmaceutical industry and the development of local production facilities.

PURPOSE: The study explores the country-of-origin effect on the product evaluation of wine offerings from South Africa in European markets. We examine whether a liability of emergingness manifests and its characteristics from an African context DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using a qualitative approach, we examine the country-of-origin effect building on the existing theories and gaining insights from multiple perspectives and participants who are involved in the South African and European wine supply chains FINDINGS/RESULTS: We reveal country-product category interaction and show that the wine category has certain dynamics (complexity, vastness of choice, and limited consumer knowledge) that leads consumers to rely more on extrinsic properties in their product evaluations. We show that a liability of foreignness and emergingness, and particularly Africanness, is at work in terms of the product evaluation of South African wine in European markets PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: We integrate the country-of-origin effect with the liability of foreignness (specifically emergingness and Africanness) research and demonstrate its manifestation in an African context. We contribute towards emerging market country-of-origin effect research, highlighting the liability of emergingness, and unpack its multidimensionality and connections between product category and country engagement dynamics, and how these are affected by consumer involvement, the retail environment, and engagement with expertise ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Understanding how country-of-origin effects manifest with products from emerging markets is of increasing importance given the continued economic shifts towards that part of the world. We examine avenues for South African producers to mitigate country-of-origin effects

PURPOSE: The study aims to examine China's rising technological influence in Africa within the context of Industry 5.0 and how it compares to traditional powers like the European Union (EU) and the United States (US DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Utilising an innovative patent network analysis methodology, this study draws on data from the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) Centre for Intellectual Property Statistics from 2001 to 2021 FINDINGS/RESULTS: The analysis reveals China's significant and growing presence in technological diffusion throughout Africa, potentially surpassing regional historical players PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings have far-reaching implications for policy formulation and management strategies, particularly in a global landscape where technology standards and patents can significantly influence economic and business dynamics ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study contributes to the existing literature by offering a nuanced understanding of power dynamics in African value chains and a new context for relations between developed and developing countries. It emphasises the strategic importance of understanding technological centrality in emerging regions

Abstract The ArticulaFito Project conducted a broad analysis of the production base of plants with medicinal, cosmetic, and food value, mapping 26 value chains (CdV) of traditional peoples and communities and family farmers (PCTAFs). The objective is to define criteria to prioritize actions in order to strengthen the mapped CdV, maintaining the identified challenges and opportunities as a reference. Data Envelopment Analysis and Pareto Diagram methodologies were applied to quantitative data extracted from each CdV map. In this way, the CdV set was divided into four groups of performance levels. For each group, an action diagram was drawn, which, ordered the occurrences and their origins, enabling the reporting and indication, in order of priority, of the institutions and actors to be considered in the strengthening process. The group with the best performance had ten species, 70% in the cosmetic segment, in the Amazon biome, and in the northern region, with 80% native under an extractive regime and 20% exotic under a cultivation regime. The Action Diagram generated prioritized actions and investments, optimizing public resources in the productive inclusion of PCTAFs for the sustainable use of (socio) biodiversity.

Resumo O Projeto ArticulaFito realizou um amplo diagnóstico da base produtiva de espécies vegetais com valor medicinal, cosmético e alimentar, mapeando 26 cadeias de valor (CdV) de povos e comunidades tradicionais e de agricultores familiares (PCTAFs). O objetivo é definir critérios para priorização de ações de fortalecimento das CdV mapeadas, tendo como referência os desafios e oportunidades identificados. As metodologias de análise envoltória de dados e diagrama de Pareto foram aplicadas em dados quantitativos extraídos de cada mapa de CdV. Dessa forma, o conjunto de CdV foi dividido em quatro grupos de níveis de desempenho. Para cada grupo foi traçado um diagrama de ação que ordenou as ocorrências e suas origens, permitindo relacionar e indicar, em ordem de prioridade, as instituições e os atores a serem considerados no processo de fortalecimento. O grupo com o melhor desempenho apresentou dez espécies, sendo 70% no segmento cosmético, no bioma Amazônia e na região norte, 80% nativas sob regime de extrativismo e 20% exóticas sob regime de cultivo. O diagrama de ação gerado priorizou as ações e os investimentos, otimizando os recursos públicos aplicados para a inclusão produtiva dos PCTAFs por meio do uso sustentável da sociobiodiversidade.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to investigate the evolution of China, Brazil and India participation in the pharmaceutical global value chains and how the development of their respective pharmaceutical industries impacted their positioning during the Covid-19 pandemic. The object of this research will be the State policies implemented in order to develop the pharmaceutical sector in the countries analyzed, as well as the impacts on its international insertion between 1980 and 2022. The article adopts the analytical framework of global value chains, which explains the division of production processes across different States and the concentration of production of intangible assets with high added value (such as technology and intellectual property) in important nodes (countries) of a given chain. In this sense, we propose the following research questions: how does the insertion of China, India and Brazil occur in global value chains in this sector? Which nodes did they manage to occupy? Answering these questions allows us to assess whether the international insertion of these countries took place in a subordinate manner or with a greater degree of autonomy and governance in the pharmaceutical chains. Finally, an analysis will be carried out of how the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the selected countries impacted their position in relation to the global pharmaceutical industry

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar a evolução da participação de China, Índia e Brasil nas cadeias globais de fármacos e como o desenvolvimento de suas respectivas indústrias farmacêuticas impactou seu posicionamento durante a pandemia de Covid-19. O objeto desta pesquisa serão as políticas de Estado executadas de modo a desenvolver o setor de fármacos nos países analisados, bem como os impactos para a sua inserção internacional entre 1980 e 2022. O artigo adota o instrumental de análise das cadeias globais de valor, que explicita a divisão dos processos produtivos através de diferentes Estados e a concentração da produção de ativos intangíveis de alto valor agregado (como tecnologia e propriedade intelectual) em nódulos (países) importantes de determinada cadeia. Neste sentido, propomos como perguntas de pesquisa: como ocorre a inserção de China, Índia e Brasil nas cadeias globais de valor neste setor? Quais os nódulos que conseguiram ocupar? A resposta destas perguntas possibilita-nos avaliar se a inserção internacional desses países se deu de forma subordinada ou com maior grau de autonomia e governança nas cadeias de fármacos. Por fim, será realizada uma análise de como o desenvolvimento da indústria farmacêutica dos países selecionados impactou seu posicionamento em relação à indústria farmacêutica global.

Abstract: The objectives of this analysis are 1) to identify the links in the value chain of the Don Vasco tourist route in Michoacán, Mexico, and 2) based on the previous analysis, the integration of tourism intelligence in the links continues. The method implemented is the Value Chain developed by the Humboldt Institute and the Field Manual for the Design of Strategies to Increase the Competitiveness of Productive Chains with Small-Scale Producers. Among the results obtained are that the links that make up the tourist chain have a strong representation of the government sector, within its development, followed by the need to integrate intelligent elements along the route in response to changes in the tourism sector. Finally, in the conclusions it can be identified that planning within the route helps to correctly monitor the strategies to be implemented in the face of constant changes in the sector in the face of innovations in areas of science and technology that contribute to tourism.

Resumen: Los objetivos de este análisis son 1) identificar los eslabones de la cadena de valor de la ruta turística Don Vasco en Michoacán, México, y 2) con base en el análisis anterior, se procede a integrar la inteligencia turística en los eslabones. El método implementado es la Cadena de Valor desarrollada por el Instituto Humboldt y el Manual de Campo para el Diseño de Estrategias para Incrementar la Competitividad de Cadenas Productivas con Pequeños Productores. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se encontró que los eslabones que conforman la cadena turística tienen una fuerte representación del sector gubernamental, dentro de su desarrollo, seguido de la necesidad de integrar elementos inteligentes a lo largo del camino en respuesta a los cambios del sector. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se puede identificar que la planeación dentro de la ruta ayuda a dar un correcto seguimiento de las estrategias a implementar ante los constantes cambios del sector frente a las innovaciones en las áreas de ciencia y tecnología, que contribuyen al turismo.

Resumo: Os objetivos desta análise são 1) identificar os elos na cadeia de valor da rota turística Don Vasco em Michoacán, México, e 2) com base na análise anterior, procede-se à integração da inteligência turística nos elos. O método implementado é a Cadeia de Valor desenvolvida pelo Instituto Humboldt e o Manual de Campo para o Desenho de Estratégias para Aumentar a Competitividade de Cadeias Produtivas com Pequenos Produtores. Dentre os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que os elos que compõem a cadeia turística possuem forte representatividade do setor governamental, dentro do seu desenvolvimento, seguido da necessidade de integrar elementos inteligentes ao longo do percurso em resposta às mudanças do setor. Por fim, nas conclusões pode-se identificar que o planejamento dentro da rota ajuda a dar um correto acompanhamento das estratégias a serem implementadas diante das constantes mudanças no setor diante das inovações nas áreas de ciência e tecnologia, que contribuem para o turismo.

Resumen El empoderamiento femenino es uno de los objetivos para el desarrollo del milenio y el emprendimiento es una de las vías para lograrlo. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en realizar un diagnóstico acerca de la participación de la mujer en el trabajo remunerado en México, específicamente en el emprendimiento e identificar los retos y oportunidades para insertarse a la era digital. Para lo cual, se realizó una investigación documental recolectando datos de fuentes secundarias de información publicados por organismos internacionales, así como de artículos científicos. Los hallazgos más relevantes permiten conocer que las principales barreras que enfrentan las mujeres para emprender de manera formal son los costos, el financiamiento, la profesionalización, la brecha digital, la falta de confianza, el miedo al fracaso, la carga de trabajo no remunerado y la falta de modelos a seguir. Asimismo, se puede conocer que las oportunidades que tienen las pymes lideradas por mujeres consisten en las cadenas de valor y la era digital, a las que tienen que adherirse para no quedar rezagadas en el mercado. lograrlo México digital cual internacionales científicos costos financiamiento profesionalización confianza fracaso seguir Asimismo mercado

Abstract Female empowerment is one of the goals for the development of the millennium, entrepreneurship is one of the ways to achieve it. The objective of this research was to make a diagnosis about the participation of women in paid work in Mexico, specifically in entrepreneurship, and to identify the challenges and opportunities to enter the digital age. For which a documentary research was carried out collecting data from secondary sources of information published by international organizations, as well as scientific articles. The main findings allow us to know that the main barriers that women face to undertake formally are costs, financing, professionalization, the digital divide, lack of confidence, fear of failure, unpaid workload and lack of role models. Likewise, it can be known that the opportunities that SMEs led by women have consist of value chains and the digital age, to which they have to adhere so as not to be left behind in the market. millennium Mexico age organizations articles costs financing professionalization divide confidence failure models Likewise market

RESUMO A lenha é uma das principais fontes de energia renováveis utilizadas mundialmente. No Brasil, a utilização da lenha para fins energéticos é importante para diversas cadeias de valor da agricultura familiar. Assim, é importante que se conheça o potencial energético de produção florestal, tendo em vista ressaltar a segurança e sustentabilidade energética. Portanto, objetivou-se analisar a dinâmica e capacidade de produção de lenha através da produção florestal familiar direcionada à secagem de produtos agrícolas no sul do Brasil. O trabalho consistiu na análise da produção florestal de agricultores familiares integrados na cadeia de valor do tabaco Virgínia no sul do Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada de forma exploratória a fim de buscar, por meio de critérios e métodos, uma proximidade com a realidade do universo de agricultores que compõem a cadeia de valor do tabaco em sete regiões do sul do Brasil. Foram construídos cenários de produção florestal e consumo de lenha para cada região. Os cenários construídos indicam que a base florestal familiar é capaz de suprir toda a demanda de lenha para o processo de cura das folhas do tabaco. Sendo assim, a produção florestal familiar é favorável ao suprimento da energia térmica para o processo de secagem das folhas tabaco Virgínia da região Sul do Brasil. mundialmente Brasil Assim energética Portanto objetivouse objetivou buscar métodos assim

ABSTRACT Firewood is one of the main sources of renewable energy used worldwide. In Brazil, the use of firewood for energy purposes is important for several family farming value chains. Thus, it is important to know the energy potential of forest production, with a view to emphasizing energy security and sustainability. Therefore, the objective was to analyze the dynamics and capacity of firewood production through family forestry production aimed at drying agricultural products in southern Brazil. The work consisted of analyzing the forestry production of family farmers integrated in the Virginia tobacco value chain in southern Brazil. The research was carried out in an exploratory manner to seek, through criteria and methods, a proximity to the reality of the universe of farmers that make up the tobacco value chain in seven regions of southern Brazil. Forest production and firewood consumption scenarios were built for each region. The constructed scenarios indicate that the family forestry base can supply all the demand for firewood for the curing process of tobacco leaves. Thus, family forestry production is favorable to the supply of thermal energy for the drying process of Virginia tobacco leaves in the southern region of Brazil. worldwide Brazil chains Thus sustainability Therefore seek methods

Resumen La manufactura del mueble de madera en Misantla utiliza procesos artesanales largos, técnicamente no estructurados, con alta generación de desperdicio de madera y gran rotación entre sus artesanos. Esta investigación describe la forma de organización y operación de las carpinterías y talleres de ese sector. Se estudiaron las interrelaciones de los actores económicos proveedor-organización-cliente, incluidos los procesos internos y externos, así como los factores productivos que caracterizan su cadena de suministro. El estudio, realizado en 2021, tuvo un enfoque mixto, alcance exploratorio y diseño transversal. Se contactaron a dueños o encargados de 86 carpinterías y 101 talleres de muebles de madera a los que se les realizó una encuesta semiestructurada. Los hallazgos describen una industria familiar con tecnología adaptada y construida por el mismo carpintero, nulo acceso a tecnologías asistidas por computadora, y esquemas de comercialización para una economía local y regional que propicia entregas tardías e incumplimiento al cliente. Este contexto de industria familiar exige estructuras de organización administrativa formal, programas de capacitación, y esquemas de integración industrial que permitan acceder a tecnología y financiamiento. Resulta importante la organización como un solo sector de artesanos, un plan de reforestación y manejo sustentable de extracción, mejoramiento del suministro de materias primas y materiales, así como definir estrategias de comercialización, y plantear procesos automatizados para ensamble e integración vertical para conformar clústeres de cadena de valor. Futuras investigaciones podrían utilizar un muestreo aleatorio, ampliar el tamaño de muestra, reducir la longitud de la encuesta e incluir a mueblerías de otras regiones.

Abstract Wooden furniture manufacturing in Misantla uses long, technically unstructured artisan processes, high generation of wood waste and high turnover among its handicraftsmen. This paper describes the organization and operation of their carpentry shops and workshops. The relationships between their economic agents, the supplier-organization-final customers, including the internal and external processes as well as their productive factors that make up their supply chain were studied. This research, accomplished in 2021, was a mixed, exploratory and transactional study. 86 carpentry shops and 101 workshops were interviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied. Findings state a family wood furniture industry, with a technology designed by the carpenters, no access to technology supported by computers or the marketing strategies for a local and regional scope that favors delayed deliveries and client complaints. This family industry context requires formal administrative organization structures, training programs, and industrial integration schemes that allow access to technology and financing. It is important to organize as a single handicraft sector, a plan for reforestation and sustainable extraction management, an improvement in the supply of raw materials and materials, as well as defining marketing strategies, proposing automated processes for assembly and vertical integration to form clusters of value chain. Future research could use random sampling, enlarge the sample size, reduce the length of the survey, and include furniture stores from other regions.

This article aims to provide more and better evidence regarding the degree and nature of the interaction of countries within global value chains (GVCs), based on metrics compatible with the international fragmentation of production. The main focus is on the Chinese specialization pattern in vertically integrated production networks. Our results suggest that China’s production has advanced to other stages located more at the beginning/bottom of the GVC, while increasing its importance in cross-country production sharing and becoming less dependent of intermediate imports embodied in its exports. The decline in re-exported intermediate imports in China was not translated into lesser diversification of its exports. On the contrary, China has climbed the ladder of production complexity, while becoming more integrated into world trade and relying less and less on imported inputs, as well as becoming more competitive in the production of components.

Este artigo tem como objetivo fornecer mais e melhores evidências sobre o grau e a natureza da interação dos países nas cadeias de valor globais (CGV) a partir de métricas compatíveis com a fragmentação internacional da produção, com foco no padrão de especialização chinês em redes de produção verticalmente integradas. Nossos resultados sugerem que a produção da China avançou para outros estágios localizados mais no início das CGVs, enquanto o país aprofundou sua importância na divisão da produção internacional entre os países e tornou-se menos dependente de importações intermediárias incorporadas em suas exportações. A queda nas importações de intermediários reexportados na China não se traduziu em menor diversificação de suas exportações. Pelo contrário, a China galgou a escada da complexidade da produção, ao mesmo tempo que se integrou mais ao comércio mundial e dependeu cada vez menos de insumos importados, bem como tornou-se mais competitiva na produção de componentes.

Resumen El objetivo de este documento es descomponer las exportaciones bilaterales del sector automotriz en la región del TLCAN según el origen y usos del valor agregado a través de un modelo de insumo-producto multirregional. Los resultados indican que Canadá y México son altamente dependientes de insumos estadounidenses para la producción de exportaciones automotrices, mientras que EE. UU. registra el mayor contenido de valor agregado interno. Por su parte, EE. UU. ha formado cadenas de producción que abastecen a Canadá y México de insumos para la producción que después de procesados regresan a EE.UU. o se reexportan a terceros países, en tanto que Canadá y México se limitan a abastecer de bienes finales e intermedios a EE.UU. La relación comercial entre estos dos países es menor.

Abstract The objective of this document is to decompose the gross value of bilateral exports of the automotive sector in the NAFTA region, according to the source and destination of its value added. A multi-country input-output model is utilized. The results indicate that Canada and Mexico are highly dependent on U.S. inputs to produce automotive exports while the U.S. records the highest content of domestic value-added. Besides, the U.S. has formed production chains that supply Canada and Mexico with production inputs that after processing return to the U.S. or are re-exported to third countries, whereas Canada and Mexico are limited to supplying final and intermediate goods to the U.S. Trade between the two countries is minor.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la participación de las productoras e identificar sus desafíos y oportunidades en la cadena de valor del totopo en Santa María Xadani y clayuda en San Antonio de la Cal, Oaxaca, bajo el enfoque de género. Metodología: Se utilizó un método mixto. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 136 productoras con la técnica cara a cara y la observación participante. Los datos se analizaron con el análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos, K-medias y el cálculo de costos, ingresos y ganancias. Resultados: Los hallazgos revelan oportunidades como apoyos gubernamentales y adición de valor. Los desafíos de provisión, mercado, socioculturales, de acceso a información y financiamiento influyen en las ganancias de los segmentos y estancan sus actividades a negocios de subsistencia. Limitaciones: Restricciones en el trabajo de campo por la pandemia de Covid-19. Se configuraron las preguntas a la lengua zapoteca. Conclusiones: Se limita el emprendimiento y se desplaza a las mujeres de los eslabones más rentables en la cadena de valor del totopo y clayuda. La participación de las mujeres en los sistemas agroalimentarios contribuye al desarrollo rural, la inclusión, la equidad y la sostenibilidad.

Abstract Objective: Determine the participation of women producers and identify their challenges and opportunities in the totopo value chain in Santa María Xadani and clayuda in San Antonio de la Cal, Oaxaca, from a gender perspective. Methodology: A mixed method was used. A questionnaire was administered to 136 producers using the face-to-face technique and participant observation. The data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis, K-means and costing of revenue and profit. Results: Findings reveal opportunities such as governmental support and value addition. Supply, market, socio-cultural, access to information and financing challenges influence the profitability of the segments and lock their activities into subsistence businesses. Limitations: Restrictions on field work due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Questions in Zapotec language were set up. Conclusions: The challenges encountered limit entrepreneurship and displace women from the most profitable links in the totopo and clayuda value chain. Finally, women's participation in agrifood systems contributes to rural development, inclusion, equity, and sustainability.

Resumen El aumento de la demanda global de una mercancía puede, paradójicamente, reducir las oportunidades comerciales de productores orientados al mercado nacional. En Colombia, la creciente demanda de aguacates para exportación ha llevado a la expulsión de productores de otras variedades que durante décadas han abastecido el mercado nacional. Esto se debe a la entrada de inversionistas que han expandido la producción de aguacate tanto en los mercados nuevos como en los preexistentes. Al mismo tiempo, los productores preexistentes han rechazado las oportunidades creadas por el aumento de la demanda cuando estas van en contra de sus posibilidades de sustento. A través de entrevistas con actores de la cadena de valor del aguacate en Santander, Colombia, y un diálogo con las literaturas de cadenas de valor y sistemas agroalimentarios, esta investigación destaca la necesidad de estudiar los efectos sociales del comercio de mercancías más allá de las relaciones lineales.

Abstract This research finds that rising global demand for a specific commodity can, paradoxically, reduce commercial opportunities for preexisting producers oriented towards domestic markets. In Colombia, increased commercial opportunities for export avocados have excluded small-scale farmers from the domestic markets they have supplied for decades. This situation is the result of increased participation of investors in avocado production, as these investors have seized part of the opportunities in the domestic market. Simultaneously, traditional farmers have consciously rejected apparent opportunities, created by rising global demand for avocados, that put their long-term livelihoods at risk. This work is based on ethnographic research in Santander Colombia. Through a dialogue between global value chain analysis and agrofood systems research, we highlight the need to explore the effects of changing market patterns beyond linear relations.