Abstract This article studies the origin of Havana Club, eclipsed by what happened to the brand after 1959, made by a Cuban company and the subject of litigation with Ba-cardí, which in 1993 bought its formula from its owners prior to the nationalization of the company. The rum manufactured since then is not the original and it has been said that it was a minor product, but the evidence shows that it was one of the great insular ones, although it was aged by a firm that was not only a liquor store, late in the ideal moment, after the end of the Dry Law in the United States (1934) and taking advantage of the growth of mass consumption, tourism and cocktails. That is why it was destined for North American consumption and used an elaborate marketing that associated it with the patrimonial values of his country and other goods, also for mass consumption, and it stopped being marketed in 1957 due to the problems of access of the island's liquors to the neighboring country.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el origen de Havana Club, eclipsado por lo ocurrido con la marca después de 1959, elaborada por una empresa cubana y objeto de litigios con Bacardí, que en 1993 compró su fórmula a los propietarios anteriores a la nacionalización de la empresa. El ron fabricado desde entonces no es el original y de este se ha dicho que fue un producto menor, pero la evidencia muestra que se trató de uno de los grandes insulares, aunque lo añejó una firma que no solo era licorera, tardíamente, en el momento idóneo, tras el fin de la ley seca en Estados Unidos (1934) y que aprovechó el crecimiento del consumo de masas, el turismo y la coctelería. Por eso se destinó al consumo norteamericano y empleó un elaborado marketing que lo asoció a los valores patrimoniales de su país y a otros bienes, también de consumo masivo, y dejó de comercializarse en 1957 debido a los problemas de acceso de los licores de la isla al vecino país.

RESUMO: A qualidade e a produtividade de um vinhedo estão relacionadas com a biomassa do dossel e o vigor foliar, e técnicas de sensoriamento próximo têm sido utilizadas como alternativas aos métodos convencionais para estimar esses parâmetros. O conhecimento do teor de clorofila é fundamental para as avaliações fitossanitárias. No entanto, índices de clorofila também podem ser extraídos de espectros de refletância obtidos para uma ampla gama de aplicações. Nesta perspectiva, foram investigadas as relações entre os índices de clorofila obtidos por medidas diretas e derivados de radiometria de campo, com o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia do teor de clorofila previsto. A investigação foi realizada em plantas da variedade Cabernet Sauvignon, baseando-se em levantamentos diretos de clorofila, espectrorradiometria foliar e na derivação de Índices de Vegetação Hiperespectrais (HVIs), sendo a aquisição de dados realizada em duas fases do ciclo vegetativo. Os resultados das estimativas mostraram que os maiores coeficientes de determinação expressando a correlação entre medições e predições foram obtidas para Chl a e Chl a/Chl b modeladas pelo algoritmo RFR, com valores de R ² tão altos quanto 0,8 e erros quadráticos médios tão baixos quanto 0,093. Com relação aos HVIs, o Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) calculado para a segunda data de aquisição, correspondente às folhas que atingiram a senescência, foi o que produziu o maior percentual de explicações de predição. Em conclusão, sugere-se que este estudo pode trazer uma contribuição significativa para o desenvolvimento de técnicas não invasivas de monitoramento de vinhedos. RESUMO parâmetros fitossanitárias entanto aplicações perspectiva campo previsto Sauvignon baseandose baseando se HVIs , (HVIs) vegetativo aChl RFR 08 0 8 0, 0093 093 0,093 PRI (PRI senescência predição conclusão sugerese sugere vinhedos (HVIs 009 09 0,09 00 0,0

ABSTRACT: Quality and yield of a vineyard are related to canopy biomass and leaf vigor, and proximal techniques have been used as alternatives to conventional methods to estimate these parameters. Knowledge on chlorophyll content is crucial to plant health assessments. However, chlorophyll indices can also be extracted from reflectance spectra obtained for an ample range of applications. In this perspective, relations between chlorophyll indices obtained by direct measurements and derived from field radiometry were investigated, with the aim to assess the accuracy of predicted chlorophyll content. The investigation was performed on Cabernet Sauvignon vines, being based on direct chlorophyll surveys, vine leaf spectroradiometry and the derivation of Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices (HVIs), with data acquisition being performed on two stages of the vegetative cycle. Direct chlorophyll data was compared with predicted indices using two machine learning algorithms: Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) and Random Forest Regressor (RFR), using data from reflectance spectra and derived HVIs. The higher correlations between measurements and predictions were obtained for ChlaandChl a/Chl b modeled by the RFR algorithm, with R 2 values as high as 0.8 and Root Mean Squared Errors as low as 0.093. With respect to HVIs, the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) calculated for the second acquisition date, corresponding to leaves reaching senescence was the one which produced the highest percentage of prediction explanations. This study can bring a significant contribution to the development of non-invasive techniques to vine monitoring. ABSTRACT vigor parameters assessments However applications perspective investigated vines surveys HVIs , (HVIs) cycle algorithms LeastSquares Least Squares PLSR (PLSR RFR, (RFR) aChl Chl algorithm 08 0 8 0. 0093 093 0.093 PRI (PRI date explanations noninvasive non invasive monitoring (HVIs (RFR 009 09 0.09 00 0.0

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the responsiveness and interpretability of the Argentine version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-Arg) in a sample of subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Materials and methods: A prospective, observational, and longitudinal study was conducted. Subjects with CLBP referred to the physical therapy unit of a public hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires were recruited. At baseline, demographic data and PCS-Arg scores, as well as pain intensity, disability, quality of life, and depression were recorded through self-reported questionnaires. In a second instance, at one month or discharge, the same variables were collected, along with a Global Rating Of Change (GROC) scale. Responsiveness was assessed using longitudinal construct validity. Interpretability was calculated using the anchor-based method, and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) were reported. Results: A total of 102 subjects were included in the study. The PCS-Arg showed acceptable responsiveness. The MCID score was 10 points, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 and a confidence interval of 95 % (95 % CI 0.47-0.83). The SCB score was 17 points, with an AUC of 0.66 (95 % CI 0.55-0.77). Conclusion: The PCS-Arg is a responsive instrument. The discriminative ability of the values to identify the MCID and SCB was poor. These results will allow for interpreting the impact of different treatments aimed at targeting catastrophizing, as well as enhancing future clinical trials on subjects with CLBP.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reportar la sensibilidad al cambio e interpretabilidad de la versión argentina de la escala de catastrofización del dolor (PCS-Arg, por sus siglas en inglés) en una muestra de sujetos con dolor lumbar crónico (DLC). Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y longitudinal. Se reclutaron sujetos con DLC derivados a la unidad de kinesiología de un hospital público de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Inicialmente, se registraron los datos demográficos y las puntuaciones de la PCS-Arg, así como la intensidad del dolor, discapacidad, calidad de vida y depresión mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados. En una segunda instancia, al mes o alta del tratamiento, se repitieron los cuestionarios junto con una escala global de cambio. La sensibilidad al cambio fue evaluada mediante la validez de constructo longitudinal. La interpretabilidad se calculó mediante el método basado en el ancla, y se reportaron la diferencia mínima clínicamente importante (DMCI) y el beneficio clínico sustancial (BCS). Resultados: Se incluyeron 102 sujetos en el estudio. La PCS-Arg demostró una sensibilidad al cambio aceptable. La DMCI fue de 10 puntos, con un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,65 y un intervalo de confianza del 95 % (IC 95 % 0,47-0,83). El BCS fue de 17 puntos, con un AUC de 0,66 (IC 95 % 0,55-0,77). Conclusión: La PCS-Arg es un instrumento sensible al cambio. La capacidad discriminativa de los valores para identificar la DMCI y el BCS fue pobre. Estos resultados permitirán interpretar el impacto de diferentes terapéuticas orientadas a modificar el catastrofismo, así como potenciar futuros ensayos clínicos que incluyan sujetos con DLC.

RESUMEN Latinoamérica presenta una alta prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Entre 1996-2003 la prevalencia en Santiago de Chile fue del 70%; estudios recientes presentan una disminución en esta infección. Actualizar la frecuencia de Hp es fundamental debido a su impacto en la salud asociado. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la tendencia de la infección por Hp en pacientes que asisten a endoscopía digestiva alta (EDA) ambulatoria en una población chilena. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 18 años que asistieron a una primera EDA con test rápido de ureasa entre 2010-2020. La tendencia en el tiempo fue descrita mediante análisis de series de tiempo. Se construyó un modelo Poisson para estimar el riesgo de infección, ajustado por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 355 pacientes [66,9% mujeres; edad media 52 años; Hp 41,6%]. El sexo masculino presentó una mayor frecuencia de infección por Hp [RR 1,13; (IC95%:1,08-1,18)]. La frecuencia de Hp disminuyó significativamente desde 45,1% en 2010 hasta 29% en 2020, con 36% menor probabilidad de presentar infección por Hp en 2020 con respecto al 2010 [RR 0,64; (IC95%:0,55-0,74)]. Se proyectó un descenso progresivo en la tendencia de infección por Hp hasta valores cercanos al 25% para el año 2025. Conclusión: Se observó una reducción significativa en la infección por Hp entre los años 2010-2020. Esta disminución pudiese ser explicada mediante la incorporación de políticas públicas de salud en la última década asociadas a cambios sociosanitarios.

ABSTRACT Latin America presents a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Between 1996-2003, the prevalence in Santiago, Chile, was 70%; recent studies indicate a decrease in this infection. Updating the frequency of Hp is crucial due to its associated health impact. Objective: Our objective was to describe the trend in Hp infection in patients undergoing ambulatory esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in a Chilean population. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients over 18 years old who attended a first EGD with a rapid urease test between 2010-2020. Time trends were described through time series analysis. A Poisson model was constructed to estimate the risk of infection, adjusted for age and gender. Results: 11,355 patients were included [66.9% females; mean age 52 years; Hp 41.6%]. Male gender presented a higher frequency of Hp infection [RR 1.13; (95% CI: 1.08-1.18)]. Hp frequency infection decreased significantly from 45.1% in 2010 to 29% in 2020, with a 36% lower probability of Hp infection in 2020 compared to 2010 [RR 0.64; (95% CI: 0.55-0.74)]. A progressive decline in Hp infection trend was projected, reaching values close to 25% by year 2025. Conclusion: A significant reduction in Hp infection was observed between 2010-2020. This decrease could be explained by the implementation of public health policies in the last decade associated with socio-sanitary changes.

Abstract Products derived from medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity are considered a promising alternative in the treatment of fungal infections. In this perspective, this study proposed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the dichloromethane fraction of Annona crassiflora Mart. against C. albicans strains. Tests were carried out to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC), microbial growth kinetics, fungal cell wall and membrane mechanisms of action, antifungal biofilm activity, and cytotoxic effects on human erythrocytes. The extract presented MIC and MFC values that ranged from 256 µg/mL to 1,024 µg/mL, with fungicidal activity in the microbial growth kinetics assay. The mechanism of action did not occur through damage to the cell wall or via binding to ergosterol in the membrane, though the fraction presents activity against biofilm and is not cytotoxic in human erythrocytes. The dichloromethane fraction of Annona crassiflora Mart. presented antifungal activity and reduced biofilm growth, without toxicity against human erythrocytes; however, further studies are needed to define its mechanism of action. infections perspective Mart C strains MIC, , (MIC) MFC, (MFC) erythrocytes 25 µgmL µg mL 1024 1 024 1,02 assay however (MIC (MFC 2 102 02 1,0 10 0 1,

Resumo Produtos derivados de plantas medicinais com atividade antimicrobiana são considerados uma alternativa promissora no tratamento de infecções fúngicas. Nesta perspectiva, o estudo propôs avaliar a atividade antifúngica da fração diclorometano da Annona crassiflora Mart. frente às cepas de C. albicans. Realizou-se ensaios para determinação de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM), interferência sobre a cinética de crescimento microbiano, mecanismos de ação sobre a parede e a membrana celular fúngica, atividade antifúngica sobre o biofilme e os efeitos citotóxicos sobre eritrócitos humanos. Esse extrato apresentou valores da CIM e CFM que variaram de 256 µg/mL a 1,024µg/mL e no ensaio de cinética de crescimento microbiana, demonstrou atividade fungicida. O mecanismo de ação não ocorreu por danos na parece celular, tampouco por via ligação ao ergosterol da membrana. Demonstrou-se, ainda, que a fração tem ação frente ao biofilme e não é citotóxico em eritrócitos humanos. Assim, a fração diclorometano de Annona crassiflora Mart possui atividade antifúngica com capacidade de promover redução do crescimento do biofilme, não demosntrou toxicidade frente eritrócitos humanos, no entanto, necessita-se de mais estudos para definição do seu provável mecanismo de ação. fúngicas perspectiva C albicans Realizouse Realizou se (CIM CFM, , (CFM) microbiano fúngica humanos 25 µgmL µg mL 1024µgmL 1 024µg microbiana fungicida Demonstrouse, Demonstrouse Demonstrou se, Demonstrou-se ainda Assim entanto necessitase necessita (CFM 2

ABSTRACT: Rhododendron fortune belongs to a scented Rhododendron species native to China, which produces fragrant flowers of great ornamental and environmental values for landscaping or indoor beautification. However, the scents in Rhododendron fortuneihave not yet been investigated, let alone the mechanism of the formation of these fragrance in the flowers. In this study, we measured the scents in terms of its volatile components and contents (VOC) in Rhododendron fortuneiat four different flowering stages and in different tissues of the plant by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then the characteristic aromatic values, which reflects the degree of scent perception by human, of each VOC in the plant was calculated according to its respective aromatic thresholds. Results showed that three main VOCs measured from highest to lowest are methyl benzoates, terpenes and fatty acid derivatives. Their content increased after the flower bud opening and reached the highest at half to full blossom. In a flower most VOC contents were measured in petals and only trace amount in other tissues such as stamen, pistil. A small amount of VOCs was determined in leaves as well.All aromatic values were almost corresponded to the contents of three main VOCs, indicating that the flower fragrance arises truly from these VOC components. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: benzoic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (BAMT) catalyzes the final step to form methyl benzoates. To understand the mechanism of the formation of this main type fragrance and its regulation, we firstly isolate a gene of RfBAMT from petal of Rhododendron fortuneiby using homologous cloning and RACE technology. The full length of its cDNA was 1383 bp，with an open reading frame of 1104 bp, encoding a total of 368 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RfBAMT was the closest to the BSMT of Camellia japonica, belonging to methyltransferases family. Then we measured the expression level of RfBAMT again at four flower developmental stages and in different flower tissues and leaves. The results showed that the expression level of this gene was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowering, implying that RfBAMT plays a pivotal role in the formation and regulation of methyl benzoates in Rhododendron fortune.Thisresearchshowed that the RfBAMT was cloned and identified in our study and its expression level was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowers and leaves, which indicated this gene may play an important role on regulation of methyl benzoate synthesis in Rhododendron fortunei. ABSTRACT China beautification However investigated (VOC solidphase solid phase microextraction micro extraction HSSPME HS SPME (HS-SPME chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) human thresholds derivatives blossom stamen pistil wellAll well All SadenosylLmethionine S adenosyl L methionine S-adenosyl-L-methionine BAMT (BAMT technology 138 bpwith bp 110 36 acids japonica family fortuneThisresearchshowed Thisresearchshowed fortunei (GC-MS 13 11 3 1

RESUMO: Rhododendron fortunei pertence a uma espécie de rododendro perfumada nativa da China, que produz flores perfumadas de grande valor ornamental e ambiental para paisagismo ou embelezamento de interiores. No entanto, os aromas em Rhododendron fortunei ainda não foram investigados, muito menos o mecanismo de formação dessas fragrâncias nas flores. Neste estudo, medimos os aromas em termos de seus componentes e conteúdos voláteis (VOC) em Rhododendron fortunei em quatro diferentes estágios de floração e em diferentes tecidos da planta por microextração em fase sólida headspace combinada com cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Em seguida, foram calculados os valores aromáticos característicos, que refletem o grau de percepção olfativa pelo ser humano, de cada VOC na planta de acordo com seus respectivos limiares aromáticos. Os resultados mostraram que três COVs principais medidos do mais alto ao mais baixo são benzoatos de metila, terpenos e derivados de ácidos graxos. Seu conteúdo aumentou após a abertura do botão floral e atingiu o máximo na metade da floração total. Em uma flor, a maioria dos teores de COV foram medidos em pétalas e apenas traços em outros tecidos, como estame, pistilo. Uma pequena quantidade de COVs foi determinada nas folhas também. Todos os valores aromáticos foram quase correspondentes aos teores de três COVs principais, indicando que a fragrância da flor surge verdadeiramente desses componentes de COV. Para entender o mecanismo de formação deste tipo principal de fragrância e sua regulação, primeiramente isolamos um gene de RfBAMT da pétala de Rhododendron fortunei usando clonagem homóloga e tecnologia RACE. O comprimento total de seu cDNA era de 1383 bp, com um quadro de leitura aberto de 1104 bp, codificando um total de 368 aminoácidos. A análise da árvore filogenética mostrou que RfBAMT foi o mais próximo do BSMT de Camellia japonica, pertencente à família das metiltransferases. Em seguida, medimos o nível de expressão de RfBAMT novamente em quatro estágios de desenvolvimento da flor e em diferentes tecidos e folhas de flores. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de expressão deste gene foi altamente correlacionado positivamente com o conteúdo emitido de benzoatos de metila na floração, implicando que RfBAMT desempenha um papel fundamental na formação e regulação de benzoatos de metila em Rhododendron fortune foi clonado e identificado em nosso estudo e seu nível de expressão foi altamente correlacionado positivamente com o conteúdo emitido de benzoatos de metila nas flores e folhas, o que indicou que este gene pode desempenhar um papel importante na regulação da síntese de benzoato de metila em Rhododendron fortunei. RESUMO China interiores entanto investigados (VOC gasosaespectrometria gasosa espectrometria massa seguida característicos humano graxos estame pistilo também RACE 138 bp 110 36 aminoácidos japonica metiltransferases 13 11 3 1

Abstract Background The use of artificial cardiac pacemakers has grown steadily in line with the aging population. Objectives To determine the rates of hospital readmissions and complications after pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement and to assess the impact of these events on annual treatment costs from the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS). Methods A prospective registry, with data derived from clinical practice, collected during index hospitalization and during the first 12 months after the surgical procedure. The cost of index hospitalization, the procedure, and clinical follow-up were estimated according to the values reimbursed by SUS and analyzed at the patient level. Generalized linear models were used to study factors associated with the total annual treatment cost, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results A total of 1,223 consecutive patients underwent initial implantation (n=634) or pulse generator replacement (n=589). Seventy episodes of complication were observed in 63 patients (5.1%). The incidence of hospital readmissions within one year was 16.4% (95% CI 13.7% - 19.6%) after initial implants and 10.6% (95% CI 8.3% - 13.4%) after generator replacements. Chronic kidney disease, history of stroke, length of hospital stays, need for postoperative intensive care, complications, and hospital readmissions showed a significant impact on the total annual treatment cost. Conclusions The results confirm the influence of age, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and hospital readmissions as factors associated with increased total annual treatment cost for patients with pacemakers. population SUS. . (SUS) registry practice 1 procedure followup follow up 5 5% 1223 223 1,22 n=634 n634 n 634 (n=634 n=589. n589 n=589 589 (n=589) 6 5.1%. 51 5.1% (5.1%) 164 16 4 16.4 95% 95 (95 137 13 7 13.7 19.6% 196 19 106 10 10.6 83 8 3 8.3 13.4% 134 replacements disease stroke stays care age comorbidities (SUS 122 22 1,2 n=63 n63 (n=63 n58 n=58 58 (n=589 5.1 (5.1% 16. 9 (9 13. 19.6 10. 8. 13.4 2 1, n=6 n6 (n=6 n5 n=5 (n=58 5. (5.1 ( 19. n= (n= (n=5 (5. (n (5

Resumo Fundamento O uso de marca-passos cardíacos artificiais tem crescido constantemente, acompanhando o envelhecimento populacional. Objetivos Determinar as taxas de readmissões hospitalares e complicações após implante de marca-passo ou troca de gerador de pulsos e avaliar o impacto desses eventos nos custos anuais do tratamento sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos Registro prospectivo, com dados derivados da prática clínica assistencial, coletados na hospitalização índice e durante os primeiros 12 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. O custo da hospitalização índice, do procedimento e do seguimento clínico foram estimados de acordo com os valores reembolsados pelo SUS e analisados ao nível do paciente. Modelos lineares generalizados foram utilizados para estudar fatores associados ao custo total anual do tratamento, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados No total, 1.223 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a implante inicial (n= 634) ou troca do gerador de pulsos (n= 589). Foram observados 70 episódios de complicação em 63 pacientes (5,1%). A incidência de readmissões hospitalares em um ano foi de 16,4% (IC 95% 13,7% - 19,6%) após implantes iniciais e 10,6% (IC 95% 8,3% - 13,4%) após trocas de geradores. Doença renal crônica, histórico de acidente vascular encefálico, tempo de permanência hospitalar, necessidade de cuidados intensivos pós-operatórios, complicações e readmissões hospitalares mostraram um impacto significativo sobre o custo anual total do tratamento. Conclusões Os resultados confirmam a influência da idade, comorbidades, complicações pós-operatórias e readmissões hospitalares como fatores associados ao incremento do custo total anual do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo. marcapassos marca passos constantemente populacional marcapasso passo SUS. . (SUS) prospectivo assistencial 1 cirúrgico paciente adotandose adotando se 5 5% 1223 223 1.22 n= n (n 634 589. 589 589) 7 6 5,1%. 51 5,1% (5,1%) 164 16 4 16,4 IC 95 137 13 13,7 19,6% 196 19 106 10 10,6 83 8 3 8,3 13,4% 134 geradores crônica encefálico hospitalar pósoperatórios, pósoperatórios pós operatórios, operatórios pós-operatórios idade comorbidades pósoperatórias operatórias marcapasso. passo. (SUS 122 22 1.2 58 5,1 (5,1% 16, 9 13, 19,6 10, 8, 13,4 2 1. 5, (5,1 19, (5, (5 (

ABSTRACT Objective: the number of women-owned SMEs in the Maldives has increased as a result of the recent popularity of e-commerce and the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe the entrepreneurial experiences of female entrepreneurs in the Maldives in order to gain an understanding of the various stages of entrepreneurial process. Theoretical approach: the conceptual framework of this research was based theoretically on values derived from entrepreneurial theories and the components and features derived from the existing entrepreneurial process models. Method: this study employed a qualitative methodology, with semi-structured interviews conducted with five established female entrepreneurs. Purposive sampling technique was used to select participants. The data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis method. Results: the study’s findings revealed that the conception of the entrepreneurial idea, the first stage of the entrepreneurial process, was primarily inspired by the entrepreneur’s passion and hobby. In the second stage, it was discovered that no proper business planning had been completed, and the business was initially self-financed. In the third stage, it was discovered that the majority of entrepreneurs launched their businesses through social media and managed day-to-day operations as a small team. When it came to fourth stage, most of female entrepreneurs preferred both image and financial growth, with the majority of them relying on government funds for further business growth. Conclusion: this research will assist policymakers to gain insight into female entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial experiences and, as a result, in developing effective policies and programs to help them expand their business. Objective womenowned women owned ecommerce e commerce Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 pandemic Thus approach models Method methodology semistructured semi structured participants method Results studys s idea entrepreneur hobby completed selffinanced. selffinanced self financed. financed self-financed daytoday day team growth Conclusion Covid1 1 Covid-

RESUMO Objetivo: O número de pequenas e micro empresas de propriedade de mulheres nas Maldivas aumentou como resultado da recente popularidade do comércio eletrônico e em virtude da pandemia de Covid-19. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo busca descrever as experiências de mulheres empreendedoras no país, de forma a compreender os vários estágios do processo de empreender. Marco teórico: a estrutura conceitual do estudo se baseia em valores derivados de teorias do empreendedorismo e nos componentes e características oriundos dos modelos de processo empreendedor existentes. Método: A pesquisa adota uma metodologia qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas conduzidas com cinco mulheres empreendedoras. A técnica de amostragem proposital foi usada para selecionar as participantes e a análise de dados foi realizada pelo método de análise temática. Resultados: o estudo revelou que a concepção da ideia empreendedora, ou seja, o primeiro estágio do processo empreendedor, foi inspirada principalmente pela paixão e hobby da empreendedora. No segundo estágio, descobriu-se que nenhum planejamento de negócios adequado havia sido conduzido e a empresa foi inicialmente autofinanciada. O terceiro estágio mostrou que a maioria das empreendedoras lançou seus negócios por meio de mídias sociais e administrou as operações do dia a dia com uma pequena equipe. No quarto estágio, a maioria das empreendedoras preferiu tanto o crescimento da imagem quanto o financeiro, com a maioria delas contando com fundos do governo para o desenvolvimento do negócio. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa busca ajudar formuladores de políticas a compreender as experiências das empreendedoras e, como resultado, a desenvolver políticas e programas eficazes para ajudá-las a expandir seus negócios Objetivo Covid19. Covid19 Covid 19. 19 Covid-19 contexto país empreender teórico existentes Método qualitativa temática Resultados empreendedora seja descobriuse descobriu autofinanciada equipe financeiro negócio Conclusão ajudálas ajudá las Covid1 1 Covid-1 Covid-

RESUMO Tem se intensificado a busca por alternativas sustentáveis e menos poluentes, como o aproveitamento de resíduos de biomassa para fins energéticos, substituindo os combustíveis fósseis e derivados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial energético de biomassas agrícolas e florestais para geração de energia. Além disso, determinar suas propriedades físicas, químicas e energéticas. Para realizar esta análise, utilizou-se cinco biomassas agrícolas e florestais de processos produtivos no estado de Pernambuco, são elas: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de eucalipto, cavaco de eucalipto, serragem de madeira e poda da arborização urbana do município de Recife. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (18.405 KJ/Kg), seguido pela serragem (18.115 KJ/Kg) e cavaco de eucalipto (18.024 KJ/Kg), obtiveram maior poder calorífico. Quanto à química elementar, o teor de hidrogênio foi o único que não apresentou diferença significativa entre as biomassas e o bagaço de cana apresentou os melhores valores de oxigênio e enxofre, além de alto teor de carbono. Em relação à densidade energética e ao IVC, o cavaco de eucalipto (6,16 GJ/m³ e 307, respectivamente) e a serragem (5,91 GJ/m³ e 32,86, respectivamente), apresentaram os maiores valores. Todas as biomassas avaliadas possuem potencial energético, porém, com base nas variáveis, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, a serragem e o cavaco de eucalipto tendem a apresentar maior combustibilidade. poluentes energéticos derivados energia disso físicas energéticas análise utilizouse utilizou Pernambuco elas canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar açúcar, açúcar Recife 18.405 18405 18 405 (18.40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg 18.115 18115 115 (18.11 18.024 18024 024 (18.02 calorífico elementar enxofre carbono IVC 6,16 616 6 16 (6,1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectivamente 5,91 591 5 91 (5,9 3286 32 86 32,86 respectivamente, porém variáveis combustibilidade 18.40 1840 1 40 (18.4 18.11 1811 11 (18.1 18.02 1802 02 (18.0 6,1 61 (6, 30 5,9 59 9 (5, 328 3 8 32,8 18.4 184 4 (18. 18.1 181 18.0 180 0 6, (6 5, (5 32, 18. (18 ( (1

ABSTRACT The search for sustainable and less polluting alternatives has intensified, such as the use of biomass residues for energy purposes, replacing fossil fuels and derivatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of agricultural and forestry biomasses for energy generation, as well as to, determine their physical, chemical and energetic properties. To carry out this analysis five agricultural and forestry biomasses from productive processes in the state of Pernambuco were used, namely: sugarcane bagasse, eucalyptus bark, eucalyptus chips, wood sawdust and pruning of urban trees in the municipality of Recife. Sugarcane bagasse (18,405 KJ/Kg), followed by sawdust (18,115 KJ/Kg), and eucalyptus chips (18,024 KJ/Kg), had the highest calorific value. As for elemental chemistry, the hydrogen content was the only one that did not show a significant difference between the biomasses, and the sugarcane bagasse presented the best values of oxygen and sulfur, in addition to high carbon content. Regarding energy density and IVC, eucalyptus chips (6.16 GJ/m³ and 307, respectively), and sawdust (5.91 GJ/m³ and 32, 86, respectively), presented the highest values. All evaluated biomasses have energy potential, however, based on the variables, sugarcane bagasse, sawdust and eucalyptus chips, tend to have greater combustibility. intensified purposes derivatives generation physical properties used namely bark Recife 18,405 18405 18 405 (18,40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg KJ/Kg) 18,115 18115 115 (18,11 18,024 18024 024 (18,02 value chemistry sulfur IVC 6.16 616 6 16 (6.1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectively, respectively respectively) 5.91 591 5 91 (5.9 32 86 however variables combustibility 18,40 1840 1 40 (18,4 18,11 1811 11 (18,1 18,02 1802 02 (18,0 6.1 61 (6. 30 5.9 59 9 (5. 3 8 18,4 184 4 (18, 18,1 181 18,0 180 0 6. (6 5. (5 18, (18 ( (1

Abstract This research assessed the efficiency of chemically modified tannins as coagulants for water treatment. Tannins from Anacardium occidentale (cashew tree) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (‘sabiá’) barks and seedless fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina (‘angico’) and Pityrocarpa moniliformis (‘angico de bezerro’) were evaluated after cationization to remove turbidity from water. After extraction, the total solids content (TSC), Stiasny index (SI), and total condensed tannins content (TCC) of the tannins extracts were determined. Extracted tannins were converted into powders and cationized. Then, the cationized tannins' effectiveness on water turbidity removal, sedimentation time, and effect on pH were assessed. Three concentrations of each type of tannin were used to evaluate flocculant efficiency: 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1. Although the P. moniliformis extract had a higher TSC value (56.06%), it presented the lowest SI (0.42%) and TTC (0.23%) values. M. caesalpiniifolia had the lowest TSC (9.18%) and the highest SI (91.27%), while Ac occidentale stood out with the highest TCC (19.83%). All species have shown potential for tannin production and efficiently removed turbidity at all concentrations. However, only A. occidentale, at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, presented a nephelometric turbidity unit of 2.4, reaching the potability standards required by international specifications and, therefore, being indicated for water treatment. treatment cashew tree ‘sabiá sabiá (‘sabiá’ ‘angico angico (‘angico’ bezerro bezerro’ extraction TSC, , (TSC) SI, (SI) (TCC determined Then removal time 50 15 L1. L1 L 1. 1 L-1 P 56.06%, 5606 56.06% 56 06 (56.06%) 0.42% 042 0 42 (0.42% 0.23% 023 23 (0.23% values M 9.18% 918 9 18 (9.18% 91.27%, 9127 91.27% 91 27 (91.27%) 19.83%. 1983 19.83% . 19 83 (19.83%) However A 10 L1, 1, 24 2 4 2.4 therefore (‘sabiá (TSC (SI 5 L- 560 56.06 (56.06% 0.42 04 (0.42 0.23 02 (0.23 9.18 (9.18 912 91.27 (91.27% 198 19.83 8 (19.83% 2. 56.0 (56.06 0.4 (0.4 0.2 (0.2 9.1 (9.1 91.2 (91.27 19.8 (19.83 56. (56.0 0. (0. 9. (9. 91. (91.2 19. (19.8 (56. (0 (9 (91. (19. (56 ( (91 (19 (5 (1

Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de taninos quimicamente modificados como coagulantes para tratamento de água. Os taninos das cascas de Anacardium occidentale (cajueiro) e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá) e dos frutos sem sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (angico) e Pityrocarpa moniliformis (angico de bezerro) foram avaliados após cationização para remover a turbidez da água. Após a extração, os extratos de taninos tiveram o teor de sólidos totais (TST), o índice de Stiasny (IS) e o teor de taninos totais condensados (TCT). Os taninos extraídos foram convertidos em pó e cationizados. Em seguida, avaliou-se a eficácia dos taninos cationizados na remoção da turbidez e o tempo de sedimentação além do efeito no pH da água. Para avaliar a eficiência dos taninos cationizados como floculantes foram utilizadas três concentrações de cada tipo de material: 50, 100 e 150 mg L-1. Embora o extrato de P. moniliformis tenha apresentado maior valor de TST (56,06%), apresentou os menores valores de IS (0,42%) e TCT (0,23%). Os taninos da casca de M. caesalpiniifolia apresentou o menor TST (9,18%) e o maior IS (91,27%), enquanto os derivados de A. occidentale se destacaram pelo maior TCT (19,83%). Todas as espécies demonstraram potencial para produção de taninos e foram eficientes em remover a turbidez da água em todas as concentrações. Porém, apenas o A. occidentale, na concentração de 100 mg L-1, apresentou unidade de turbidez nefelométrica de 2,4, atingindo os padrões de potabilidade exigidos pelas especificações internacionais e, portanto, sendo indicado para tratamento de água. cajueiro (cajueiro sabiá (sabiá angico bezerro extração TST, , (TST) (IS TCT. . (TCT) seguida avaliouse avaliou material 50 10 15 L1. L1 L 1. 1 L-1 P 56,06%, 5606 56,06% 56 06 (56,06%) 0,42% 042 0 42 (0,42% 0,23%. 023 0,23% 23 (0,23%) M 9,18% 918 9 18 (9,18% 91,27%, 9127 91,27% 91 27 (91,27%) A 19,83%. 1983 19,83% 19 83 (19,83%) Porém L1, 1, 24 2 4 2,4 portanto (TST (TCT 5 L- 560 56,06 (56,06% 0,42 04 (0,42 02 0,23 (0,23% 9,18 (9,18 912 91,27 (91,27% 198 19,83 8 (19,83% 2, 56,0 (56,06 0,4 (0,4 0,2 (0,23 9,1 (9,1 91,2 (91,27 19,8 (19,83 56, (56,0 0, (0, (0,2 9, (9, 91, (91,2 19, (19,8 (56, (0 (9 (91, (19, (56 ( (91 (19 (5 (1

Abstract (DL). Ecosystem services are all tangible and intangible processes, goods, values, and services humans extract from ecosystems worldwide. Some ecosystems are peculiar and of local or regional importance, such as cenotes (flooded sinkholes). These are unique to the Yucatan Peninsula and are greatly important for providing various ecosystem services, including tourism and recreation, classified within cultural services, which is the subject of interest in this document. This article analyzes the cultural ecosystem services provided by cenotes, the implications of their use, and the threats facing them. We studied the relationship between man and nature and the socioeconomic importance of cenotes in the territories showing the greatest tourist growth, such as the municipality of Tulum. Here, tourist activities are carried out around natural spaces such as beaches, archaeological sites, cenotes, and caves to promote culture. The present research involved a descriptive and exploratory approach. The methodological process included three phases: 1) literature search and review in specialized search engines, websites, and online pages, as well as consultation of databases on archaeo-paleontological findings of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History; INAH, in Spanish) and the cenote inventory of Amigos de Sian Ka'an (Friends of Sian Ka’an; a civil association); 2) identification of the cenotes with the highest number of visits in the Amigos de Sian Ka'an database and Google Earth data, using the InVEST spatial tool, to focus the research on these cenotes; and 3) classification of cenotes according to their geographic location, dissolution processes, and a proposal based on infrastructure and accessibility. All the cartographic information developed in the work was processed in the QGis3 and ArcGIS 10.8 Geographic Information Systems. The highest number of visits were recorded in Casa Cenote, Gran Cenote, Calavera, Dos Ojos, Yal Ku, and Karwash, which are mainly classified as pristine and coastal cenotes, with private management, tourist infrastructure inside and outside of the facilities, and accessibility due to their proximity to population centers. Two cultural ecosystem services were identified in cenotes: a) tourism-recreation, whose main beneficiaries are tourists, the working population, owners, and local inhabitants. The main tourist activities are snorkeling, diving, free swimming, paddleboarding, wildlife watching, hiking, and zip lining; b) education-research fostered by the archaeological and paleontological findings from the Pleistocene or Ice Age in caves and caverns, as well as the discovery of complex interconnected underground river systems. This ecosystem service has a global impact due to new theories, explanations to address emerging questions, and a deeper knowledge of the past, understanding of the present, and future explorations, together with the growing multidisciplinary and scientific interest in karst ecosystems. Specialized exploration diving by researchers and extreme-sport tourists, mainly foreigners, has grown to the extent of having promoted a specialized industry of training and certification companies, stores for diving equipment rental, and specialized diving guides. A complex organization in the provision of tourist services and chain benefits was analyzed, as well as adverse impacts derived mainly from overcrowding, legal gaps, and poor management. However, Tulum is a tourist destination with a segment of tourists seeking inner harmony, cultural connection, and environmental care. This context can be leveraged to give cenotes a more sustainable use and highlight spirituality, appreciation of nature, landscape, art, identity, and sense of belonging, among other cultural ecosystem services.

Resumen Los servicios ecosistémicos se conceptualizan como todos aquellos procesos, bienes, valores y servicios que el ser humano extrae de forma tangible e intangible de los diferentes ecosistemas distribuidos en el mundo. Algunos ecosistemas son peculiares y de importancia local o regional, como es el caso de los cenotes (dolinas inundadas), característicos de la Península de Yucatán y de gran importancia para la provisión de diversos servicios ecosistémicos, como el turismo y la recreación, clasificados dentro de la categoría de servicios culturales, tema de interés en el presente documento. El objetivo fue analizar los servicios ecosistémicos culturales de los cenotes, las implicaciones de su uso y las amenazas a las que se exponen, se indagó sobre la relación hombre naturaleza y su importancia socioeconómica en los territorios de mayor crecimiento turístico como el municipio de Tulum, en el que las actividades turísticas se desarrollan en torno a espacios naturales y creados para fomento a la cultura, como sus playas, zonas arqueológicas, cenotes y cuevas. La investigación tiene un corte descriptivo y exploratorio con un proceso metodológico dividido en tres fases: 1) búsqueda y revisión de literatura en buscadores especializados, sitios web y páginas de sitio, así como consulta de bases de datos sobre hallazgos arqueo-paleontológicos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) e inventario de cenotes de la Asociación civil Amigos de Sian Ka’an, 2) identificación de cenotes con mayor visitación por medio de la base de datos amigos Sian Ka’an y datos obtenidos de Google Earth, en esta fase del proceso fue de utilidad la herramienta espacial InVEST para calcular las tasas de visitación y centrar la investigación en los cenotes con mayor número de visitas, y 3) clasificación de cenotes de acuerdo a la ubicación geográfica, procesos de disolución y una propuesta basada en la infraestructura y la accesibilidad. Toda la información cartográfica presentada en el trabajo fue procesada en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica QGis3 y ArcGis 10.8. Entre los resultados obtenidos, es que la mayor visitación se registró en Casa Cenote, Gran Cenote, Calavera, Dos ojos, Yal Ku y Karwash; clasificados como prístinos y costeros principalmente, con administración privada, desarrollo de infraestructura turística dentro y fuera de las instalaciones, accesibilidad y cercanía con centros de población. Se identificaron dos servicios ecosistémicos culturales en los cenotes: a) turismo-recreación, cuyos principales beneficiarios son los turistas, la población trabajadora, los propietarios y los locales. Las actividades turísticas más importantes son snorkel, buceo, nado libre, paddleboard, observación de flora y fauna, senderismo y tirolesa, b) educación-investigación, incentivado por los hallazgos arqueológicos y paleontológicos del pleistoceno o la edad de hielo en cuevas y cavernas, así como el descubrimiento de complejos sistemas de ríos subterráneos interconectados entre sí. Este servicio ecosistémico tiene un impacto a nivel global por las nuevas teorías que se están formulando, explicaciones a interrogantes y un mayor conocimiento del pasado, entendimiento del presente y prospecciones futuras, aunado al creciente interés multidisciplinar y científico de los ecosistemas kársticos. El buceo especializado en la exploración por investigadores y como deporte extremo por turistas, principalmente extranjeros; ha crecido al punto de existir empresas de capacitación y certificación, tiendas especializadas para renta de equipo y guías especializados en buceo. Se analizó una compleja organización en la prestación de servicios turísticos y beneficios en cadena, así como impactos negativos derivados principalmente de la masificación de los cenotes, vacíos legales y una débil gestión, sin embargo, Tulum es un destino turístico con un segmento ligado a la búsqueda de la armonía interior, la conexión con la cultura y el cuidado del medio ambiente, situación que puede ser aprovechada para dar a los cenotes un uso más sostenible y resaltar la espiritualidad, la apreciación de la naturaleza, el paisaje, el arte, la identidad y la pertenencia, entre otros servicios ecosistémicos culturales.

ABSTRACT Remote sensing data used in this study included MSI (Multispectral Instrument) Sentinel-2, SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Sentinel-1, GLCM (Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix) texture data derived from Sentinel-1, and geomorphometric data derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) images. The input data was divided into separate groups for machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and Random Forest (RF), which were implemented on the Google Earth Engine platform. RF showed the highest overall accuracies (93 to 97%), regardless of the dataset used as input, with the Kappa index ranging from 0.89 (optical and SAR data) to 0.95 (optical, SAR, and geomorphometric data). CART showed identical overall accuracy values (92.5%) except for the dataset supplemented with SAR texture data, which showed slightly lower accuracy (91.7%), with the Kappa index ranging from 0.89 to 0.91. The worst performance was classifying optical data by SVM, resulting in 59% accuracy and a Kappa index of 0.37. However, the synergy of optical, SAR, and geomorphometric data classified by SVM achieved 75% accuracy. Multispectral Instrument Sentinel2, Sentinel2 Sentinel 2, 2 Sentinel-2 Synthetic Sentinel1, Sentinel1 1, 1 Sentinel-1 Grey CoOccurrence Co Occurrence Matrix Shuttle Mission images algorithms , (SVM) CART, (CART) RF, (RF) platform 93 (9 97%, 97 97% 97%) 089 0 89 0.8 095 95 0.9 data. . 92.5% 925 92 5 (92.5% 91.7%, 917 91.7% 91 7 (91.7%) 091 0.91 59 037 37 0.37 However 75 Sentinel- (SVM (CART (RF 9 ( 08 8 0. 09 92.5 (92.5 91.7 (91.7% 03 3 0.3 92. (92. 91. (91.7 (92 (91. (91

RESUMO Foram utilizados dados de sensoriamento remoto adquiridos pelos sensores MSI (Multispetral Instrument) do satélite Sentinel-2 e SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Sentinel-1, dados de textura GLCM (Grey Level Co-Ocurrence Matrix) derivados das imagens Sentinel-1 e dados geomorfométricos derivados de imagens SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission). Os dados compuseram diferentes grupos de entrada para os classificadores de aprendizagem de máquina Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART) e Random Forest (RF), implementados na plataforma Google Earth Engine. O RF apresentou as maiores exatidões globais (93 a 97%), independente do conjunto de dados utilizados como entrada, com o índice Kappa variando de 0,89 (dados ópticos e SAR) a 0,95 (dados ópticos, SAR e geomorfométricos). O CART apresentou valores idênticos de exatidão global (92,5%) exceto para o conjunto de dados acrescido dos dados de textura SAR, que apresentou exatidão ligeiramente mais baixa (91,7%), com índice Kappa variando de 0,89 a 0,91. O pior desempenho foi o da classificação de dados ópticos por SVM, resultando em 59% de exatidão e 0,37 de índice Kappa. Todavia, a sinergia de dados ópticos, SAR e geomorfométricos classificados por SVM atingiu 75% de exatidão. Multispetral Instrument Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- Synthetic Sentinel1, Sentinel1 1, 1 Grey CoOcurrence Co Ocurrence Matrix Shuttle Mission. Mission . Mission) , (SVM) (CART RF, (RF) Engine 93 (9 97%, 97 97% 97%) 089 0 89 0,8 095 95 0,9 geomorfométricos. geomorfométricos) 92,5% 925 92 5 (92,5% 91,7%, 917 91,7% 91 7 (91,7%) 091 0,91 59 037 37 0,3 Todavia 75 (SVM (RF 9 ( 08 8 0, 09 92,5 (92,5 91,7 (91,7% 03 3 92, (92, 91, (91,7 (92 (91, (91

ABSTRACT Introduction: The adoption of new patterns of utilization of productive factors, management models, organization and production planning are elements to be considered in government management models based on science and innovation supported by science-based decision making. Objective: To apply the intersectoral balances in the intensified and diversified sorbitol industry through the input-product matrix for the economic planning of its productions. Materials and Methods: The use of the Input - Product matrix is proposed in order to improve the economic planning processes in the supply chain, using the material balances and the technological relationships established between them. Likewise, by applying the Rasmussen method, the industries involved are classified, defining the role played by the Sorbitol plant. Results and Discussion: The results reflect the economic technical relationships between the industries involved. The demands are quantified in values with their respective percentages of contributions to their satisfaction. Likewise, the quantification of productive chains allowed their classification. Conclusions: The application of the Input - Product matrix made it possible to improve the economic planning processes of their productions and other components of the supply chain, to analyze the role played by the industry in territorial development and to define the factory case study as a key sector in the economy of the territory.

RESUMEN Introducción: La adopción de nuevos patrones de utilización de los factores productivos, modelos gerenciales, de organización y planificación de la producción, son elementos a considerar en los modelos de gestión de gobierno basados en ciencia e innovación soportados en la toma de decisiones sobre bases científicas. Objetivo: Aplicar los balances intersectoriales en la industria Sorbitol y sus derivados intensificada y diversificada, mediante la matriz insumo - producto para la planificación económica de sus producciones. Materiales y Métodos: Se propone el empleo de la matriz insumo - producto con la finalidad de perfeccionar los procesos de planificación económica en la cadena de suministro, empleando los balances de materiales y las relaciones tecnológicas que se establecen entre ellos. Asimismo, mediante la aplicación del método de Rasmussen se clasifican las industrias involucradas, definiendo el rol que representa la planta Sorbitol. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados reflejan las relaciones técnico - económicas entre las industrias involucradas. Se cuantifican en valores las demandas con sus respectivos porcentajes referidos a los aportes para la satisfacción de las mismas. Así mismo, la cuantificación de encadenamientos productivos, permitieron su clasificación según el método de Rasmussen. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la matriz Insumo - Producto posibilitará perfeccionar los procesos de planificación económica de las producciones en los componentes de la cadena de suministro, analizar el papel que desempeña la industria en el desarrollo territorial y permitió clasificar a la fábrica caso estudio como una industria clave en la economía del territorio.

Summary: Crop yield estimation based on spectral indices is crucial for decision-making in agricultural activities; however, questions regarding their usefulness persist. The aims of our research were: 1) to relate the radiative properties of forage corn (FC) and biomass production using LANDSAT-8 and SENTINEL-2 images; and 2) to select the best-performing vegetation index (VI) to model FC yield under similar conditions. The study was conducted along the PV-2019 cycle with morphological measurements at different FC growth stages and with destructive random sampling at 72 dds to determine biomass magnitude in the laboratory. Biomass data were then related to reflectance values and VI’s from LANDSAT-8 and SENTINEL-2 to estimate yield through multiple linear regression. Eight VI’s (NDVI, TVI, TTVI, RDVI, RVI, RATIO, SAVI, MSAVI2) were evaluated through cross-evaluations based on key statistics. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the best model (R2 = 0.66) was obtained with SENTINEL-2 image data from bands 3 (α3 = 0.54-0.57 µm) and 8 (α8= 0.78-0.90 µm) with highly significant βi estimators (P < 0.05). Moreover, RDVI showed the best performance due to a good spatial relationship between raster digital values and green biomass yield produced with an association of 75.41%, the statistical indicators were R2= 0.75 and CME =17. Yield at 72 dds was predicted both with Multiple Regression Models and VI’s in a range of 10.7 - 57.01 Mg ha-1. In conclusion, SENTINEL-2 outperformed LANDSAT-8 as a free tool for crop assessment and biomass estimation due to its better spatial and temporal resolution.

Resumen: La estimación de cosecha basada en índices espectrales conforma un elemento de decisión importante para quienes participan en la actividad agrícola; sin embargo, muchas interrogantes sobre su utilidad aún persisten. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: 1) relacionar propiedades radiativas del maíz forrajero (MF) y producción de biomasa mediante imágenes LANDSAT-8 y SENTINEL-2; y 2) seleccionar el índice de vegetación (IV) con mejor desempeño que permita modelar el rendimiento del MF para condiciones similares. El estudio se realizó en el ciclo PV-2019 con mediciones morfológicas en distintas etapas de crecimiento del MF y mediante muestreos aleatorios destructivos a los 72 dds para determinar magnitud de biomasa en laboratorio; los datos de biomasa se relacionaron con valores de reflectancia e IV de LANDAT-8 y SENTINEL-2 para estimar rendimiento mediante regresión lineal múltiple; ocho IV (NDVI, TVI TTVI, RDVI, RVI, RATIO, SAVI, MSAVI2) se evaluaron mediante evaluaciones cruzadas con base en estadísticos clave. Los resultados del análisis de regresión múltiple indicaron que el mejor modelo (R2 = 0.66) se obtuvo con datos de imágenes SENTINEL-2 a partir de las bandas 3 (α3 = 0.54-0.57 µm) y 8 (α8= 0.78-0.90 µm) con estimadores βi muy significativos (P < 0.05); RDVI presentó el mejor desempeño debido a una buena relación espacial entre los valores digitales ráster y la producción de biomasa verde producida con una asociación del 75.41%; en tanto que los indicadores estadísticos fueron R2= 0.75 y CME=17; con ambos recursos (Modelos de Regresión Múltiple e IV) se pronosticó el rendimiento a los 72 dds en un rango de 10.7 - 57.01 Mg ha-1. La conclusión es que SENTINEL-2 superó a LANDSAT-8 como herramienta libre para la evaluación de cultivos y estimación de biomasa debido a una mejor resolución espacial y temporal.

Summary: Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for forage crops because of its contribution in various biochemical reactions in the different phenological stages of the plant. The main aim of this study is to develop a multiple linear regression model to estimate total nitrogen (Nt) in corn plants using spectral indexes. The percentage of total nitrogen (Nt) was determined through three plant samplings in four experimental plots. The estimation model was obtained to process the Sentinel-2 satellite images according to the plant sampling dates; 13 spectral indexes were calculated and the association between nitrogen and the reflectance values was analyzed by the principal component analysis (ACP), correlation matrix, and dendrogram. The indexes with the highest relationship were MCARI / OSAVI, TCARI / OSAVI, MCARI / OSAVI RE and TCARI / OSAVI RE, explaining more than 50% of the variability of the proposed model and a MSE of 0.12. This study indicates that the estimation obtained from Sentinel-2 spectral indexes images has great potential to determine nitrogen in crops. However, for future research, Nt estimation models should be obtained for each phenological crop stage.

Resumen: El nitrógeno es el nutriente más importante en cultivos forrajeros, debido a su participación en diversas reacciones bioquímicas en las diferentes etapas fenológicas de la planta. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para estimar el nitrógeno total (Nt) en planta de maíz a partir de imágenes satelitales. El porcentaje de Nt se determinó mediante tres muestreos de planta en cuatro parcelas experimentales. El modelo de estimación se obtuvo al procesar las imágenes satelitales Sentinel-2 de acuerdo a las fechas de muestreo, se calcularon 13 índices espectrales y se analizó la asociación entre los valores del contenido de nitrógeno y la reflectancia a través de: análisis de componentes principales (ACP), matriz de correlación y dendrograma. Los índices con mayor relación fueron MCARI/OSAVI, TCARI/OSAVI, MCARI/OSAVI RE y TCARI/OSAVI RE, esto permitió explicar más de 50% de la variabilidad del modelo propuesto y un EMC de 0.12. El presente estudio indicó que el cálculo de índices espectrales derivados de Sentinel-2 tiene gran potencial para conocer el estado nitrogenado del cultivo de maíz, sin embargo, para futuras investigaciones se sugiere obtener modelos de estimación de Nt por etapa fenológica del cultivo.