Resumen Esta es una investigación base en la que se planteó el objetivo de estimar el Índice Aproximado de Sostenibilidad (IAS) en La Paz, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Para recopilar datos se aplicó un censo habitacional entre agosto de 2016 y marzo de 2017. El resultado del IAS fue 0,7856. los resultados reflejaron que en ocho indicadores poseen condición como muy aceptable, tres indicadores resultaron aceptable, dos indicadores en condición regular y uno de los indicadores se encuentra en condición totalmente inaceptable. El parámetro social obtuvo el índice parcial más bajo con 0,583, los parámetros ambiental y económico comparten un valor de 0,875, mientras el parámetro institucional alcanzó 0,75. La investigación marca un parámetro de partida para futuros estudios que permitan monitorear la sostenibilidad en la zona.

Abstract This is a base investigation in which the objective of estimating the Approximate Sustainability Index (IAS) in La Paz, San Ramón, Costa Rica was set. To collect data, a housing census was applied between August 2016 and March 2017. The IAS result was 0.7856. The results reflected that eight indicators have a very acceptable condition, three indicators were acceptable, two indicators in a regular condition and one of the indicators is in a totally unacceptable condition. The social parameter obtained the lowest partial index with 0.583, the environmental and economic parameters share a value of 0.875, while the institutional parameter reached 0.75. The research marks a starting parameter for future studies that allow monitoring sustainability in the area.

Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

Abstract This paper examines the heterogeneity in the environmental field, specifically in the emission of the main of the greenhouse gases, CO2, within the 3 countries composing the North American region. On the one hand, the United States is a large emitter of CO2 (19% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020), only surpassed by China as of 2005. On the other hand, Canada and Mexico are relatively small emitters on a global scale (1.8% and 1.4% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020, respectively), but with large economic and technological differences. Under these conditions, the objective of this research is to find differences and similarities between the three countries regarding CO2 emissions trends and their driving structural factors: scale, technological and composition effects, based on annual data from 2001 to 2014. With a structural decomposition analysis, we found that, in general, the scale effect was polluting and dominating in the period, while the technological effect was anti-polluting, in addition to a small and ambivalent composition effect (positive in some years and negative in others). It is concluded that there is a process of convergence in the intensity of emissions per GDP value and with respect to the three mentioned effects. It is also concluded that the characteristics of the three effects in Mexico were like those of the United States, while Canada approached along the analysis period.

Resumen Este artículo examina la heterogeneidad, en el ámbito ambiental, de los 3 países que componen la región de Norteamérica, específicamente en la emisión de CO2, el principal gas efecto invernadero. Por un lado, Estados Unidos es un gran emisor de CO2 (19% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), solamente superado por China a partir de 2005. Por otro lado, Canadá y México son emisores relativamente pequeños a escala global (respectivamente 1.8% y 1.4% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), pero con grandes diferencias económicas y tecnológicas. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de la investigación es encontrar diferencias y similitudes entre los tres países respecto de las tendencias de emisiones de CO2 y sus factores estructurales conductores: los efectos escala, tecnológico y composición, con base en datos anuales de 2001 a 2014. Con un análisis de descomposición estructural, se encontró que, en general, el efecto escala fue contaminante y dominó en el periodo, mientras que el efecto tecnológico resultó anticontaminante, además de un efecto composición pequeño y ambivalente (positivo en unos años y negativo en otros). Se concluye que hay un proceso de convergencia en la intensidad de emisiones por valor del PIB y respecto de los tres efectos mencionados. También se concluye que las características de los tres efectos en México fueron parecidas a las de Estados Unidos, a las cuales Canadá se aproximó durante el periodo de análisis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las relaciones entre la evaluación que los clientes realizan de la responsabilidad social empresarial de restaurantes en una zona de alta atracción turística de Lima, Perú, y el valor de marca que les atribuyen a esos restaurantes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, de alcance correlacional y con enfoque transversal. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de dos encuestas, una para la responsabilidad social empresarial y otra para el valor de marca. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio a 417 clientes de 20 restaurantes en la ciudad de Lima, lo que constituyó la muestra. Resultados: Se observaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas, positivas y moderadas entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y el valor de marca percibidos por los clientes. Conclusiones: La importancia y el peso que posee el sector de la restauración en la economía peruana demandan un tránsito de este sector hacia enfoques de gestión sostenible, que pueden materializarse a través de las prácticas de responsabilidad social empresarial. La sostenibilidad de esas prácticas por parte de las empresas de restauración es posible, si las inversiones realizadas para generar mayor beneficio económico, social y ambiental para la sociedad se revierten en el incremento del activo intangible valor de marca. Las correlaciones positivas y moderadas entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y el valor en restaurantes, indican que cualquier acción intencionada de mejora en uno de estos aspectos se verá reforzada y favorecida si se diseña considerando el constructo alternativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the relationships between customers' evaluation of the corporate social responsibility of restaurants in an area of high tourist attraction in Lima, Peru, and the brand value they attribute to those restaurants. Materials and methods: A descriptive quantitative study was carried out, with a correlational scope and a transversal approach. Data collection was carried out through two surveys, one for corporate social responsibility and one for brand value. The sample was obtained through a random sampling of 417 customers from 20 restaurants in the city of Lima. Results: Statistically significant, positive and moderate correlations were observed between corporate social responsibility and brand value perceived by customers. Conclusions: The importance and weight of the restaurant sector in the Peruvian economy demand a transition of this sector towards sustainable management approaches, which can be materialized through corporate social responsibility practices. The sustainability of these practices by restaurant companies is possible if the investments made to generate greater economic, social and environmental benefits for society are reverted to an increase in the intangible asset of brand value. The positive and moderate correlations between corporate social responsibility and brand value in restaurants indicate that any intentional action to improve one of these aspects will be reinforced and favored if it is designed considering the alternative construct.

Resumen La pequeña agricultura del secano de Chile Central se enfrenta hoy a diversas limitaciones como son la escasez o variabilidad de regímenes de lluvias anuales, la influencia del cambio climático global y lejanía de los centros de desarrollo. La implementación de programas para el desarrollo agrícola requiere de un adecuado diagnóstico y evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas, lo que es posible realizar usando una diversidad de índices. Este estudio analizó la sostenibilidad de la pequeña agricultura de secano de la Región de Valparaíso en Chile Central a través del marco SAFA Smallholders de la FAO. Esta herramienta ha sido validada en diferentes contextos, incluyendo indicadores en dimensiones social, ambiental, económico y de gobernanza. En particular, se evaluó la sostenibilidad de 30 predios representativos de la zona en cuanto a la diversidad de cultivos, enfoque de producción (convencional vs. agroecológico) y el acceso a agua para riego. Al no existir antecedentes previos de este tipo de evaluaciones mediante la herramienta SAFA en el país, este estudio podría considerarse como exploratorio. Los resultados muestran un nivel de sostenibilidad intermedio con un valor promedio de 60% en una escala de 1-100%. Los predios con mayor diversidad de cultivos y prácticas agroecológicas revelaron más altos niveles de sostenibilidad que aquellos con enfoque en monocultivo y prácticas convencionales. Los resultados sugieren fomentar prácticas agroecológicas acorde a la precariedad de recursos hídricos disponibles; reforzar los programas e iniciativas que contribuyan a la participación de los productores en sus organizaciones gremiales e inversiones comunitarias de su territorio; mejorar su liquidez con el acceso a diferentes fuentes de financiamiento; y ampliar a un mayor público las capacitaciones técnicas y de gestión.

Abstract Small-scale agriculture in the drylands of Central Chile is facing several challenges, such as scarcity or variability of annual rainfall regimes, the impact of global climate change, and distance from development centers. The implementation of programs for agricultural development requires an adequate diagnosis and assessment of the sustainability of agricultural systems, which can be conducted using a diversity of indices. This study analyzed the sustainability of small-scale dryland agriculture in the Valparaíso Region in Central Chile through the FAO SAFA Smallholders framework. This tool has been validated in different contexts, including indicators in social, environmental, economic and governance dimensions. In particular, the sustainability of 30 representative farms in the study area was evaluated in terms of crop diversity, production approach (conventional vs. agroecological) and access to water for irrigation. As there is no previous history of the use of the SAFA tool in this type of evaluations in the country, this study could be considered exploratory. The results show an intermediate level of sustainability with an average value of 60% on a scale of 1-100%. Farms with greater diversity of crops and agroecological practices revealed higher levels of sustainability than those with a focus on monoculture and conventional practices. The results highlight the importance of promoting agroecological practices according to the precariousness of available water resources; reinforcing programs and initiatives that contribute to the participation of farmers in their union organizations and community investments in their territory; improving farmers’ liquidity through the access to different financing sources; and expanding technical and management training to a larger audience.

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, the Vilcanota River sub-basin (Cusco, Peru) has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures typical of the economic model. In a context of pandemic and ecological crisis, addressing the complexity of the value of water becomes pertinent in order to overcome the exclusive use of mechanisms to calculate monetary value or sustain environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of the study was to analyze water consumption rates in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate management with a vision from ecological economics. To do this, the dynamic factors, impacts and responses of water governance were analyzed, and the problem of value was addressed through the analysis of hydrological flows with the ecological economy approach. A high consumption of the household sector was found (urban: 265151.71 m3/h, rural: 163087.50 m3/h), mainly due to urban expansion, change in land use and other local problems in a mainly agricultural area. where an analysis of the social metabolism in the Vilcanota River sub-basin and the inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy is necessary.

RESUMEN: En la última década, la subcuenca del río Vilcanota (Cusco, Perú) ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas propias del modelo económico. En un contexto de crisis pandémica y ecológica, abordar la complejidad del valor del agua se hace pertinente a fin de superar el uso exclusivo de mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario o sostener una gobernanza ambiental basada en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las tasas de consumo de agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrar la gestión con una visión desde la economía ecológica. Para ello se analizaron los factores dinámicos, impactos y respuestas de la gobernanza hídrica, y se abordó el problema del valor mediante el análisis de los flujos hidrológicos con el enfoque de la economía ecológica. Se encontró un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h), principalmente debido a la expansión urbana, cambio de uso de suelo y otras problemáticas locales sobre una zona principalmente agrícola, donde se hace necesario un análisis del metabolismo social en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota y la inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Organize concepts of capabilities and business performance (BP) within the scope of business sustainability (BS). Originality/value: Concepts of capabilities and performance are fragmented in the BS literature. Therefore, we argue the need for more in-depth studies to organize them. This research identifies and organizes categories of capabilities and BP about BS-oriented organizations, bringing new perspectives on how organizations can better use their resources towards sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach: With the support of content analysis techniques, we conducted a broad integrative review of capabilities and performance in the scope of BS. Concepts were categorized into two analysis frameworks regarding capabilities and BP, respectively. Findings: Findings: Based on these two frameworks, first, nine core capabilities were identified and classified into the strategies of the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV), in order to analyze them into time (short and long-term) and spatial (organization internal and external environments) perspectives. Following that, we identified conceptualizations for BP focusing on one or more BS domains (economic, social, and environmental). Finally, we deduced propositions, including discussions on how capabilities and BP can be constituted into intertemporal and spatial lines, to create a better connection between business and society, accommodating tensions and solving grand societal challenges, such as poverty and climate change. Purpose (BP . (BS) Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value literature Therefore indepth depth BSoriented oriented development Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach techniques respectively Findings first ResourceBased Resource NRBV, NRBV , (NRBV) short longterm long term long-term organization environments that economic, economic (economic social environmental. environmental environmental) Finally propositions lines society challenges change (BS (NRBV

RESUMO Objetivo: Organizar os conceitos de capacidades e desempenho empresarial (DE), no contexto da sustentabilidade empresarial (SE). Originalidade/valor: Os conceitos de capacidades e de DE encontram-se fragmentados na literatura de SE. Por conseguinte, argumenta-se sobre a necessidade de realização de estudos mais aprofundados desses conceitos para a organização. Este artigo identifica e organiza categorias de capacidades e de DE que explicam habilidades organizacionais orientadas à SE. São apresentadas novas perspectivas sobre como as organizações podem usar melhor seus recursos para servir ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Realizou-se, com apoio de técnicas de análise de conteúdo, ampla revisão integrativa sobre capacidades e DE no escopo da SE. Os conceitos foram categorizados em dois quadros de análise, sendo um sobre capacidades e outro sobre DE. Resultados: Fundamentando-se nos dois quadros de análise, primeiramente, identificaram-se nove capacidades principais que foram associadas às estratégias da Visão (da Empresa) Baseada em Recursos Naturais (VBRN), com a finalidade de classificá-las e analisá-las sob perspectivas intertemporais (de curto e longo prazos) e espaciais (nos ambientes interno e externo à organização). Em seguida, identificaram-se conceituações de DE com foco em um ou mais domínios (econômico, social e ambiental) da SE. Por fim, deduziram-se proposições, compreendendo-se discussões sobre como capacidades e DE podem ser constituídos na linha intertemporal e espacial, a fim de criar uma conexão mais benéfica entre negócios e sociedade, acomodando tensões e resolvendo grandes desafios da sociedade, a exemplo de pobreza e mudanças climáticas. Objetivo DE, , (DE) SE . (SE) Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor encontramse encontram se conseguinte argumentase argumenta organização sustentável Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem Realizouse, Realizouse Realizou se, Realizou-se conteúdo Resultados Fundamentandose Fundamentando primeiramente identificaramse identificaram Empresa VBRN, VBRN (VBRN) classificálas classificá las analisálas analisá prazos organização) seguida econômico, econômico (econômico ambiental deduziramse deduziram proposições compreendendose compreendendo espacial sociedade climáticas (DE (SE (VBRN

Abstract Water resource charges are fundamental for monitoring and planning effective actions to conserve, protect, and recover the Water Management Unit (UGRHI). The objective of this work was to analyze the monetary amount collected by the State of São Paulo from 2007 to 2019, considering 20 of the 22 UGRHI. It also aimed to simulate the uncollected amounts by employing three economic indices: the Fiscal Unit of the State of São Paulo (UFESP), the Broad Consumer Price Index (IPCA), and the General Price Index (IGP-M). The analysis indicates that the uncollected amount is between R$ 140 and R$ 170 million, depending on the index assessed, confirming the hypothesis that the adoption of an index would contribute significantly to water resource charges. The collected amounts are essential for investments in the Water Resource Policy of the State of São Paulo. It has not escaped the analysis that, until December 2020, there were still two UGHRI without any collection of charges. conserve protect UGRHI . (UGRHI) 200 2019 2 indices UFESP, UFESP , (UFESP) IPCA, IPCA (IPCA) IGPM. IGPM IGP M (IGP-M) R 14 17 million assessed 2020 (UGRHI 201 (UFESP (IPCA (IGP-M 1 202

Resumo A cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos é fundamental para o monitoramento e planificação de ações efetivas para a conservação, proteção e recuperação das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar o valor total arrecadado pela cobrança paulista, no período de 2007 a 2019, referente às cobranças de 20 das 22 UGRHI paulistas. Também visou simular os valores que deixaram de ser arrecadados empregando três índices econômicos, a Unidade Fiscal do Estado de São Paulo (UFESP), o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) e o Índice Geral de Preços - Mercado (IGP-M). A análise mostra que o valor que deixou de ser arrecadado está entre R$ 140 e R$ 170 milhões no período, a depender do índice considerado. Confirma-se assim a hipótese de que a adoção de um índice contribuiria de forma expressiva para a arrecadação da cobrança. Os valores arrecadados são essenciais para os investimentos da Política de Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo. Não escapou à nossa observação que, até dezembro de 2020, ainda existiam duas UGRHI paulistas sem cobranças implantadas. conservação UGRHI. . (UGRHI) paulista 200 2019 2 econômicos UFESP, UFESP , (UFESP) IPCA (IPCA IGPM. IGPM IGP M (IGP-M) R 14 17 considerado Confirmase Confirma se 2020 implantadas (UGRHI 201 (UFESP (IGP-M 1 202

Abstract Objective: Estimating the economic and environmental benefits of the informal work of urban recyclable waste pickers in León, Guanajuato. Methodology: The economic savings and mitigation of greenhouse gases that those pickers generate to the municipality were calculated. The information came from primary and secondary sources: Program for the Prevention and Comprehensive Management of Solid Waste of León, semi-structured interviews with the operating organization staff, and the application of questionnaires in situ to urban waste pickers. Results: The WP generate economic savings to the municipality estimated between 8 and 34 million pesos/year and greenhouse gases mitigation in the range calculated between 164 and 684 tons of CO2/year. Value: Make visible the public importance of informal work of waste pickers. Conclusions: the municipality must incorporate inclusive recycling in the Public Cleaning Regulations as a minimum institutional action to provide decent working conditions for the waste pickers.

Resumen Objetivo: estimar los beneficios económicos y ambientales del trabajo informal de los recuperadores urbanos de residuos reciclables de León, Guanajuato. Metodología: se calculó el ahorro económico y la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero que el trabajo de dichos recuperadores genera para el municipio. La información provino de fuentes primarias y secundarias: Programa para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos en el Municipio de León, Guanajuato; entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal del organismo operador; y la aplicación de cuestionarios in situ a recuperadores urbanos. Resultados: los recuperadores urbanos generan ahorros económicos al municipio, estimados entre 8 y 34 millones de pesos anuales y mitigan los gases de efecto invernadero en un rango calculado de entre 164 y 684 toneladas al año de CO2. Valor: la investigación pondera y visibiliza la importancia pública del trabajo informal de los recuperadores urbanos. Conclusiones: el municipio debe incorporar el reciclaje inclusivo en el Reglamento del Sistema Integral de Aseo Público de León, Guanajuato, como una acción institucional mínima para propiciar condiciones dignas de trabajo a los recuperadores urbanos.

Resumo Este artigo examina o fenômeno das pessoas em movimento, considerando o impacto humano e ambiental das políticas energéticas voltadas para a exportação, por meio do estudo de caso do território e das comunidades do sul da Tunísia. A análise visa interrogar a relação negligenciada entre o contexto socioeconômico dos territórios, que abrigam infraestruturas energéticas de grande impacto, o consequente controle sobre os ecossistemas “humanos” e “naturais” que habitam esses territórios e seu abandono, que leva à migração. A pesquisa lança luz sobre como as medidas coercitivas e as políticas opressivas priorizam a extração máxima de recursos, privando os cidadãos locais de sua agência. Assim sendo, as comunidades deixam de resistir à implantação de infraestruturas energéticas, o que leva ao abandono de suas terras e à perda de controle sobre os recursos naturais. Ao adotar uma abordagem de ecologia política, este artigo visa expandir a categoria de migrantes climáticos, argumentando que o critério econômico não pode ser omitido nem separado do climático. O estudo de caso do sul da Tunísia exemplifica a dinâmica da precariedade e da pobreza estrutural subjacente à migração. É uma dinâmica típica dos territórios onde, paradoxalmente, são extraídos e exportados recursos de alto valor agregado, como petróleo e gás, bem como energia renovável. movimento exportação humanos “humanos naturais “naturais migração agência sendo política climáticos climático onde paradoxalmente agregado gás renovável

Abstract This article examines the phenomenon of people in movement by considering the human and environmental impact of export-oriented energy policies through the case study of Southern Tunisia’s territory and communities. The analysis aims to interrogate the neglected link between the social-economic context of territories hosting impactful energy infrastructures, the resulting control over ‘human’ and ‘natural’ ecosystems that inhabit these territories, and their consequent abandonment, leading to migration. The research sheds light on how coercive measures and oppressive policies prioritize maximal resource extraction, depriving local citizens of their agency. Consequently, communities no longer resist the establishment of energy infrastructure, leading to the abandonment of their land and the loss of control over natural resources. By adopting a political ecology approach, this article aims to expand the category of climate migrants arguing that the economic criterion cannot be omitted nor separated from the climatic one. The case study of Southern Tunisia exemplifies the dynamics of precarity and structural poverty underlying migration peculiar to territories where, paradoxically, high value-added resources such as oil and gas as well as renewable energy are extracted and exported. exportoriented export oriented Tunisias s socialeconomic social infrastructures ‘human ‘natural extraction agency Consequently infrastructure approach one where paradoxically valueadded value added exported

Resumen En la provincia de La Paz (Antioquia Oriental, Colombia), la floricultura de hortensias ha surgido como un importante motor de desarrollo económico y social tras la situación de posconflicto, ofreciendo contribuciones de alto valor agregado al territorio. El objetivo fue identificar los aspectos sociales y ambientales del cultivo de hortensias por parte de pequeños y medianos productores, evaluando los impactos ambientales y externalidades a lo largo del ciclo de vida del cultivo. Esta iniciativa tuvo como propósito fomentar un crecimiento sostenible en la producción de floricultura en condiciones eco-amigables, salvaguardando la salud humana y beneficiando a los actores locales. Para establecer un marco metodológico, el estudio se adhirió a los requisitos y pautas delineados en las normas ISO 14040 y 14044 para la evaluación del ciclo de vida ambiental, además de utilizar la Guía Metodológica del PNUMA. La investigación reveló hallazgos significativos, resaltando los impactos ambientales clave que afectan la producción de hortensias a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Estos impactos provienen principalmente del uso excesivo de agroquímicos, que representan riesgos para la salud humana y los ecosistemas debido a alteraciones en las propiedades del suelo. Además, la dependencia de recursos fósiles (como plásticos y combustibles) en diversas etapas del proceso de cultivo contribuye a estos impactos. Desde una perspectiva social, el estudio identificó actores y aspectos críticos que requieren mejoras, incluyendo la integración, la seguridad, la salud ocupacional, el manejo adecuado de agroquímicos, el cumplimiento normativo y los problemas de reemplazo del sistema. Estos desafíos subrayan la complejidad de lograr la sostenibilidad, enfatizando la necesidad de apoyo técnico especializado y nuevos conocimientos para los productores. La implementación de tecnologías rentables es crucial para mitigar los impactos ambientales, junto con fomentar modelos de asociatividad entre productores de hortensias, lo cual contribuye significativamente a mejorar las condiciones de cultivo.

ABSTRACT In La Paz Province (Eastern Antioquia, Colombia), hydrangea floriculture has emerged as a significant driver of economic and social development following the post-conflict situation, offering high value-added contributions to the territory. The objective was to identify both the social and environmental aspects of hydrangea cultivation by small and medium-sized growers, assessing the environmental impacts and externalities across the crop's life cycle. This initiative aimed to foster sustainable growth in floriculture production under eco-friendly conditions, safeguarding human health, and benefiting local stakeholders. To establish a methodological framework, the study adhered to the requirements and guidelines outlined in ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for environmental life cycle assessment, in addition to utilizing the UNEP Methodological Guide. The research revealed significant findings, highlighting the key environmental impacts affecting hydrangea production throughout its life cycle. These impacts primarily stem from the excessive use of agrochemicals, which pose risks to human health and ecosystems due to alterations in soil properties. Moreover, the reliance on fossil resources (such as plastics and fuels) at various stages of the cultivation process contributes to these impacts. From a social perspective, the study identified stakeholders and critical aspects requiring improvement, including integration, safety, occupational health, proper agrochemical handling, regulatory compliance, and system replacement issues. These challenges underscore the complexity of achieving sustainability, emphasizing the need for specialized technical support and new knowledge for growers. Implementing cost-effective technologies is crucial to mitigate environmental impacts, along with fostering associativity models among hydrangea crop producers, which significantly contribute to enhancing growing conditions.

Resumen En el presente estudio se analizó la dinámica del pastoreo en la producción de ovinos asociada a los cultivos agrícolas a partir de la dimensión social, productiva, mercado, ingresos y ambiental en la región templada de Puebla y Tlaxcala, México. Se registró el uso del pastoreo, relieve, clima, cultivos y tipo de vegetación en los sistemas de producción y datos de la familia, medios de producción, mercado e ingresos con entrevista a 256 productores de ovinos. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva y modelos de regresión lineal de superficie de respuesta y modelos multinivel, con el paquete estadístico SAS. Como resultados se definieron cinco asociaciones cultivos y ovinos. Los modelos de regresión lineal de superficie de respuesta, ajustada por porcentaje de pastoreo, tuvieron diferencias en las pendientes estimadas (P<0.05) para experiencia del productor, escolaridad, jornales dedicados a ovinos, valor de instalaciones y tamaño de rebaño. El análisis multinivel mostró que 19 % de la varianza en el tiempo de pastoreo (horas) fue explicada por las variables de las asociaciones cultivos y ovinos (nivel 2) y el resto por las unidades de producción (nivel 1). Los modelos multinivel asociaron el tiempo de pastoreo con los ingresos (P<0.01), porcentaje de venta de corderos (P<0.01), escolaridad (P<0.05), jornales dedicados a ovinos (P<0.05), tamaño de rebaño P<0.05) y porcentaje de pastoreo (P<0.001). El estudio permitió clasificar a los agroecosistemas e identificar el perfil del productor más apropiado para la producción de ovinos en el contexto socioecológico y económico en la región templada de Puebla y Tlaxcala, México.

Abstract The study analyzed the dynamics of grazing in sheep production associated with agricultural crops based on the social, productive, market, income, and environmental dimensions in the temperate region of Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico. The use of grazing, topography, climate, crops and type of vegetation in the production systems and data on the family, means of production, market and income were recorded with interviews applied to 256 sheep producers. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and response surface linear regression models and multilevel models, with the SAS statistical package. Five crop and sheep associations were defined as results. The response surface linear regression models, fitted for grazing percentage, had differences in the slopes estimated (P<0.05) for producer experience, schooling, days of work spent on sheep, value of facilities and flock size. The multilevel analysis showed that 19 % of the variance in grazing time (hours) was explained by the variables of crop and sheep associations (level 2) and the rest by production units (level 1). Multilevel models associated grazing time with income (P<0.01), percentage of lamb sales (P<0.01), schooling (P<0.05), days of work spent on sheep (P<0.05), flock size P<0.05) and grazing percentage (P<0.001). The study allowed the classification of agroecosystems and the identification of the most appropriate profile of producer for sheep production in the socioecological and economic context in the temperate region of Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico.

RESUMO Objetivo da Investigação: A relação homem-natureza por si causa distintos níveis de impacto ambiental, estendendo-se ao desenvolvimento do meio urbano. O objetivo é compreender o papel que o lago Itaipu tem desempenhado nas relações com o desenvolvimento urbano-territorial nos municípios Lindeiros, Paraná, Brasil. A reflexão sobre os impactos ambientais gerados pelo crescimento econômico é uma das justificativas do estudo. Metodologia: A metodologia da pesquisa adotou o estudo de casos múltiplos em 16 municípios, utilizando um protocolo de pesquisa com duas variáveis. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizou-se a pesquisa documental, enfatizando um novo cenário constituído a partir de um impacto ambiental em que foram identificados três planos regionais. Resultados: Os principais resultados remetem à responsabilidade das empresas que geram impactos ambientais severos, criando obrigatoriamente regiões específicas. Originalidade/Valor: A conclusão reitera que o lago da Itaipu tem múltiplos papéis nos municípios Lindeiros, sendo, um deles, a formação (obrigatória) da região dos Lindeiros que influencia nas relações com o desenvolvimento urbano-territorial daqueles municípios. No entanto, não se encontrou elementos de uma identidade territorial que se coloca como regional, sendo uma lacuna para aquele espaço a ausência de um pensamento regional.

ABSTRACT Research Purpose: The relationship between humans and nature itself causes distinct levels of environmental impact, extending to the development of the urban environment. The objective is to understand the role that the Itaipu Lake has played in the relations with urban-territorial development in the Lindeiros municipalities, Paraná, Brazil. Reflection on the environmental impacts generated by economic growth is one of the justifications for the study. Methodology: The research methodology adopted a multiple case study in 16 municipalities, using a research protocol with two variables. In addition to the bibliographic research, documentary research was used, emphasizing a new scenario constituted from an environmental impact in which three regional plans were identified. Findings: The main results refer to the responsibility of companies that generate severe environmental impacts, creating specific regions obligatorily. Originality/Value: The conclusion reiterates that the Itaipu Lake has multiple roles in the Lindeiros municipalities, being one of them the mandatory formation of the Lindeiros region, which influences the relations with the urban-territorial development of those municipalities. However, there were no elements of a territorial identity that could be regional, which is a gap for that space due to the absence of a regional thinking.

Abstract Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Servantes’) is a popular and economically cut flower widely used in the florist industry. However, post-harvest senescence occurs in a few days and limits the cut carnation flowers’ commercialization. Therefore, this research was performed to investigate the impact of essential oils such as tea tree oil (TTO), pumpkin seed oil (PSO), Moringa seed essential oils (MEO), and Eucalyptus oils (EEO), as eco-friendly preservative solutions to enhance the quality and longevity of carnation flowers. Carnation cut flowers were submitted to different concentrations (250 and 500 mg L-1) of each essential oil used in the vase solution and the experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design in three replicates. The findings revealed that the longest vase life and the maximum total water solution uptake in cut carnation were achieved when treated with either TTO or PSO oil at 500 mg L-1 in solution preservative as compared to the control (distilled water). While the highest relative fresh weight was observed at 500 mg L-1 PSO, the highest chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, total sugar, total phenolic content in leaves, anthocyanin content, and enzyme activity in petals at 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. Additionally, all treatments of selected oils have positively declined the bacteria activity compared to control. Also, the lowest bacteria growth on third day with 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. However, observing a prim state of xylem vessels with TTO 500 mg L-1and PSO 500 mg L-1, comparable with distilled water, the application of essential oil in this study as a natural preservative in preservative solution as an alternative to chemicals could be of environmental value and great economic. Dianthus ‘Servantes Servantes ‘Servantes’ industry However postharvest post harvest commercialization Therefore TTO, , (TTO) (PSO) MEO, MEO (MEO) EEO, EEO (EEO) ecofriendly eco friendly 250 (25 50 L1 L 1 replicates L- water. . water) b carotenoids sugar leaves Additionally Also L1and Land 1and L1, 1, economic (TTO (PSO (MEO (EEO 25 (2 5 2 (

Resumo O cravo (Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Servantes’) é uma flor e corte popular e economicamente viável, amplamente utilizada na indústria florística. Apesar disso, a senescência pós-colheita ocorre em poucos dias, sendo um problema limitante na comercialização de flores de cravos cortadas. Assim, realizou-se a pesquisa para investigar o impacto de óleos essenciais como o óleo de árvore de chá (TTO), óleo de semente de abóbora (PSO), óleos essenciais de semente de Moringa (MEO), e óleos de Eucalipto (EEO), como soluções conservantes ecologicamente corretas para melhorar a qualidade e a longevidade das flores de cravo. As flores de cravo cortadas foram submetidas a diferentes concentrações (250 e 500 mg L-1) de todos os óleos essenciais utilizados na solução de vaso. Os resultados revelaram que a maior vida útil de vaso e a máxima absorção total da solução pelo cravo cortado ocorreu nos tratamentos com óleo TTO ou PSO a 500 mg L-1 na solução conservante em comparação com o controle (água destilada). Enquanto o maior peso relativo fresco indicado com 500 mg L-1 PSO, a maiores valores de clorofila a e b, carotenóides totais, açúcares totais, conteúdo fenólico total nas folhas, conteúdo de antocianina e atividade enzimática em pétalas tratadas com 500 mg L-1 de (TTO) e (PSO). Além disso, todos os tratamentos de óleos atuaram diminuindo a atividade bacteriana em comparação com o controle. Também, o menor crescimento bacteriano ocorreu no terceiro dia com o uso 500 mg de L-1 TTO e PSO. Entretanto, observando um estado primário de vasos de xilema de hastes tratadas com 500 mg L-1 de TTO e 500 mg L-1 de PSO, comparando com água destilada, a aplicação do óleo essencial neste estudo como conservante natural em solução conservante como alternativa aos produtos químicos pode ser de grande valor ambiental e econômico. Dianthus ‘Servantes Servantes ‘Servantes’ viável florística disso póscolheita pós colheita dias Assim realizouse realizou se TTO, , (PSO) MEO, MEO (MEO) EEO, EEO (EEO) 250 (25 50 L1 L 1 L- destilada. destilada . destilada) b totais folhas (TTO Também Entretanto econômico (PSO (MEO (EEO 25 (2 5 2 (

Abstract The Mexican forest sector faces overexploitation, illegal logging, deforestation, lack of government subsidies, and irregular agricultural growth, all of which reduces its competitiveness. This study analyzes the capacity of forestry businesses to adapt to environmental, economic, and social challenges in district VII of Tehuacán and Sierra Negra, in the state of Puebla. A mixed approach was used, with an exploratory scope and a cross-section design. In 2021, 16 timber producers (sawmills), 12 traders (timber companies), and 38 final consumers (construction companies-carpentries) were selected for convenience. A structured survey was applied with demographic data, environmental and sustainable management perceptions (the reference was the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations), organizational, legal, and socioeconomic data. Results showed that the most benefited agent during COVID-19 was the sawmill (44 %), which, together with the timber companies, are family businesses (75 % and 92 %, respectively). Respondents are willing to adapt to economic challenges, however, their ability to cope with environmental and economic development will be long-term. Sawmills try to protect and maintain forested areas but lack external support. In the social aspect, the participation of men prevails. The final consumer is more interested in wood price (58 %) than in its legal origin (42 %). Future research could increase the sample size, apply random sampling, and include other regions both within and outside Mexico.

Resumen El sector forestal mexicano enfrenta sobreexplotación, tala ilegal, deforestación, falta de subsidios gubernamentales y crecimiento agrícola irregular, lo que reduce su competitividad. Este estudio analiza la capacidad de las empresas forestales para adaptarse a los desafíos ambientales, económicos y sociales en el distrito VII de Tehuacán y Sierra Negra del estado de Puebla. Se utilizó un enfoque mixto, de alcance exploratorio y diseño transversal. En 2021, se seleccionaron por conveniencia a 16 productores de madera (aserraderos), 12 comercializadores (madererías) y 38 consumidores finales (constructoras-carpinterías). Se aplicó una encuesta estructurada con datos demográficos, percepciones ambientales y de manejo sustentable (la referencia fueron los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas), organizacionales, legales y socioeconómicos. Los resultados demostraron que el agente más beneficiado durante el COVID-19 fue el aserradero (44 %) que, junto con las madererías, son empresas familiares (75 % y 92 %, respectivamente). Los encuestados están dispuestos a adaptarse a los desafíos económicos, aunque su capacidad para enfrentar el desarrollo ambiental y económico será a largo plazo. Los aserraderos intentan proteger y mantener las zonas boscosas, pero carecen de apoyo externo. En el aspecto social, prevalece la participación de los hombres. El consumidor final tiene un mayor interés en el precio de la madera (58 %) que en su origen legal (42 %). En futuras investigaciones se podría aumentar el tamaño de muestra, aplicar un muestreo aleatorio e incluir otras regiones dentro y fuera de México.