Microparticulated whey protein can be used as a fat substitute in foods to enhance their nutritional value and improve their sensory and rheological characteristics. Microparticulation denatures whey proteins through heat treatment, followed by shear rate control to determine the aggregate sizes formed. The processing method used during microparticulation can modify the protein denaturation rate, which may enable the application of new proteins. This study sought to develop a methodology for quantifying whey protein fractions in commercial samples before and after microparticulation at different concentrations and physical states. The developed methodology proved to be applicable because of its selectivity, quantification, detection limits, and precision. The analyzed samples exhibited a higher denaturation rate for β-lactoglobulin than α-lactoalbumin; the denaturation rate varied among samples due to differences in the microparticulation process. characteristics treatment formed states selectivity quantification limits precision βlactoglobulin β lactoglobulin αlactoalbumin α lactoalbumin α-lactoalbumin process

Methods used to determine pesticide residues in teas typically require several laborious steps for sample preparation before analysis. In this study, a simple method based on solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized and validated for the determination of pesticide residues (pirimiphos-methyl, flutriafol, cyproconazole, and bifenthrin) in dehydrated green tea leaves. After low-temperature partitioning (LTP), the extract in acetonitrile was subjected to a clean-up step using primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18) as sorbents for chlorophyll removal. The optimized SLE/LTP-GC-MS method was validated, and it proved to be effective and selective for extracting pesticides from green tea samples, presenting limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.015 and 0.050 mg kg-1, respectively. Recovery ranged between 81-111%, coefficients of variation were less than 16% and coefficients of determination (R2) were greater than 0.990. The optimized and validated method was applied to green tea and 13 other tea varieties sampled in South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The pesticides under study were detected in some of those samples at values higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed by the European Union. solidliquid solid liquid lowtemperature low temperature SLE/LTP SLELTP SLE LTP (SLE/LTP GCMS GC MS (GC-MS pirimiphosmethyl, pirimiphosmethyl pirimiphos methyl, methyl (pirimiphos-methyl flutriafol cyproconazole bifenthrin leaves LTP, , (LTP) cleanup clean up PSA (PSA C18 C (C18 removal SLE/LTPGCMS SLELTPGCMS LOD (LOD LOQ (LOQ 0015 0 015 0.01 0050 050 0.05 kg1, kg1 kg 1, 1 kg-1 respectively 81111%, 81111 81 111%, 111 81-111% 16 R2 R (R2 0990 990 0.990 Brazil MRLs (MRLs Union (LTP C1 (C1 LTPGCMS 001 01 0.0 005 05 kg- 81111% 8111 8 111% 11 81-111 (R 099 99 0.99 (C 00 0. 811 81-11 09 9 0.9 81-1 81-

ABSTRACT Deformation intensity analysis for mechanical parts are very important data for machine design. For farm machines, these parameters present difficulties for determination due to its particularities. The Machinery industry searches for advanced technologies to determine the mechanical behavior of parts. This article shows the analysis of the reliability in the application of the laser triangulation technique (LTT) to determine the deformation of the mechanical elements of farm machines. A flat cutting disc with standardized dimension was selected as the object of study, as it is commonly used in farm machines, exhibiting a simple geometry made of steel, making the analysis procedure easier both for experimental execution and for data validation. Displacements of 1.0 mm to 10 mm were applied on the specimen. The theoretical behavior of specimen displacement was defined by finite element modelling with same condition of loading and dimension to compare the generated data by the experimental tests. Results indicated a displacement with maximum variation of 2.56% between experimental data and theoretical results and were considered satisfactory. LTT was able to determine deformation curve behavior of machine elements. It was concluded that Laser Triangulation Technique (LTT) was satisfactory to determine the deformation of a specimen. design machines particularities (LTT study steel validation 1 0 1. tests 256 2 56 2.56 25 5 2.5 2.

This study expands and shows the versatility of applications in hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) using a FRULIC-N column to determine 31 phenolic compounds in beverage industry residues (coffee, apple juice, beer, and wine). Optimization, via Doehlert design, determined the acetonitrile proportion (50-90%) and pH (3.0-7.0) in the mobile phase (MP). A 22 factorial design assessed the concentration of ammonium acetate (10-110 mmol L-1) in the MP and column temperature (20-60 °C). Injection volume (5-45 µL) was univariately optimized. Separations at 60 °C reduced chromatographic run time to less than 11 min. Gradient elution (500 µL min-1) employed an MP comprising acetonitrile and ammonium acetate (110 mmol L-1, pH 7). Validation demonstrated average coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9707, limit of detection 0.001-0.503 mg L-1 and quantification 0.004-1.524 mg L-1, precision < 12.2%, recovery 92.4-110.8%. The method was applied to five residues, indicating its viability for determining phenolics in beverage production residues. HILICMS/MS HILICMSMS HILIC MS/MS MS (HILIC-MS/MS FRULICN FRULIC N 3 coffee, coffee (coffee juice beer wine. wine . wine) Optimization 5090% 5090 50 90% 90 (50-90% 3.07.0 3070 3.0 7.0 0 7 (3.0-7.0 MP. (MP) 2 10110 10 110 (10-11 L1 L 1 2060 20 (20-6 °C. C °C) 545 5 45 (5-4 optimized 6 min 500 (50 min1 min-1 (11 L1, 1, 7. 7) R2 R (R2 09707 9707 0.9707 0.0010.503 00010503 0.001 0.503 001 503 0.001-0.50 L- 0.0041.524 00041524 0.004 1.524 004 524 0.004-1.52 122 12 12.2% 92.4110.8%. 9241108 92.4 110.8%. 92 4 8 92.4-110.8% HILICMS MSMS 509 9 (50-90 07 3.07. 307 30 3. 70 (3.0-7. (MP 1011 (10-1 206 (20- 54 (5- (5 min- (1 (R 0970 970 0.970 0010 0.0010.50 0001050 0001 0.00 0503 0.50 00 0.001-0.5 0041 0.0041.52 0004152 0004 1524 1.52 52 0.004-1.5 12.2 4110 92.4110.8% 924110 924 92. 1108 110.8% 92.4-110.8 (50-9 3.07 (3.0-7 101 (10- (20 ( 097 97 0.97 0.0010.5 000105 000 0.0 050 0.5 0.001-0. 0.0041.5 000415 152 1.5 0.004-1. 12. 411 92.4110.8 92411 110.8 92.4-110. (50- (3.0- (10 (2 09 0.9 0.0010. 00010 0. 05 0.001-0 0.0041. 00041 15 1. 0.004-1 41 92.4110. 9241 110. 92.4-110 (3.0 0.0010 0.001- 0.0041 0.004- 92.4110 92.4-11 (3. 92.411 92.4-1 (3 92.41 92.4-

ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

Resumen Marco contextual: Los estudiantes de enfermería están sometidos a estrés a lo largo de sus estudios, especialmente durante las prácticas clínicas. El conocimiento de las estrategias de afrontamiento (coping) utilizadas nos permite identificar recursos para mitigar el estrés al que están sometidos. Objetivo: Traducir y validar el instrumento Coping Behavior Inventory para el idioma portugués europeo. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio metodológico que utilizó una muestra no probabilística de 113 estudiantes de los cuatro años de la carrera de Enfermería. Para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, se determinó la validez de constructo de la escala mediante el método de análisis de componentes principales y la consistencia interna mediante el cálculo del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio extrajo cuatro factores comunes que explican el 57,5% de la varianza retenida, con un valor alfa de Cronbach para la escala total de 0,668. Conclusión: El Inventario de Comportamientos de Afrontamiento tiene características psicométricas adecuadas en portugués europeo y es un instrumento fiable para evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los estudiantes de enfermería.

Abstract Background: Nursing students are exposed to stress during their nursing program, particularly during clinical practice. Identifying the coping strategies used during this period can help identify resources to mitigate the stress they face. Objective: To translate and validate the Coping Behavior Inventory (CBI) into European Portuguese. Methodology: Methodological study with a nonprobability sample of 113 students attending the four years of the nursing program. To assess the psychometric properties of the instrument, its validity was analyzed using the principal component analysis method and its internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: Four common factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis, explaining 57.5% of the variance, with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.668 for the total scale. Conclusion: The European Portuguese version of the CBI has adequate psychometric characteristics and is a reliable tool for assessing the coping strategies used by nursing students.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os estudantes de enfermagem estão sujeitos a stress ao longo do curso de enfermagem sobretudo durante a prática clínica. O conhecimento das estratégias de coping utilizadas permite identificar recursos para mitigar o stress a que estes estão sujeitos. Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o instrumento Coping Behaviour Inventory para o idioma português europeu. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico onde foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística de 113 estudantes dos 4 anos do curso de licenciatura em enfermagem. Para a aferição das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento foi determinada a validade de construto da escala pelo método de análise de componentes principais e a consistência interna pelo cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Pela análise fatorial exploratória foram extraídos quatro fatores comuns que explicam 57,5% da variância retida sendo o valor alfa de Cronbach para a escala total de 0,668. Conclusão: O Inventário de comportamentos de coping apresenta características psicométricas adequadas no idioma português europeu, sendo um instrumento fiável na avaliação das estratégias de coping utilizadas pelos estudantes de enfermagem.

Resumen Marco contextual: La generatividad se asocia con la resiliencia y la satisfacción con la vida en la vejez, incluidas las de las personas adultas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT+). Objetivo: Examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) y la Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) en adultos mayores LGBT+ españoles (mayores de 50 años). Metodología: Estudio psicométrico con 141 adultos mayores LGBT+. Se analizó la validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio), la validez convergente y la consistencia interna de cada escala. Resultado: Los análisis factoriales paralelos y exploratorios sugieren un modelo bifactorial para ambas escalas con una buena adecuación a la muestra. La LGS explica el 45,1% de la varianza y tiene una consistencia interna de 0,78. La GBC explica el 41,76% de la varianza y tiene una consistencia interna de 0,879. Se encontró una correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre la satisfacción con la vida y las escalas de generatividad. Las dos escalas mostraron una correlación positiva y significativa (rs = 0,310). Conclusión: Ambas escalas han demostrado ser válidas y fiables para medir la generatividad en adultos mayores LGBT+ españoles.

Abstract Background: Generativity has been associated with resilience and life satisfaction in older age, including among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) older adults. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) and Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) for Spanish LGBT+ older adults (over the age of 50). Methodology: A psychometric study was conducted with 141 Spanish LGBT+ older adults to examine the construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), convergent validity, and reliability (internal consistency) of the LGS and the GBC. Results: Parallel and exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor model with good sample adequacy for both scales. The LGS explained 45.1% of the variance and had an internal consistency of 0.78. The GBC explained 41.76 % of the variance and had an internal consistency of 0.879. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between life satisfaction and the generative scales. A positive and significant correlation (rs = 0.310) was also observed between both instruments. Conclusion: Both instruments proved valid and reliable for measuring generativity in Spanish LGBT+ older adults.

Resumo Enquadramento: A generatividade tem sido associada à resiliência e à satisfação com a vida na velhice, incluindo entre a população lésbica, gay, bissexual e transgénero (LGBT+) mais velha. Objetivo: Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) e da Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) para idosos espanhóis LGBT + (com mais de 50 anos). Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo psicométrico com 141 idosos espanhóis LGBT+ com o objetivo de examinar a validade de construto (análise fatorial exploratória), a validade convergente e a fiabilidade (consistência interna) da LGS e da GBC. Resultados: Os métodos de análise paralela e a análise fatorial exploratória sugeriram um modelo de dois fatores para ambos os instrumentos com boa adequação da amostra. A LGS explicou 45,1% da variância e apresentou uma consistência interna de 0,78. O GBC explicou 41,76% da variância e apresentou uma consistência interna de 0,879. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a satisfação com a vida e as escalas generativas. Foi também observada uma correlação positiva e significativa (rs = 0,310) entre os dois instrumentos. Conclusão: Ambos os instrumentos demonstraram ser válidos e fiáveis para medir a generatividade em idosos espanhóis LGBT+.

Summary: The fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) are biophysical variables closely related to the evapotranspiration rate of crops and their biomass production. Despite their importance, they are usually not measured directly due to their time-consuming and costly nature; however, they can be estimated on a large scale and near-real-time using spectral information captured in satellite images, although this requires prior validation at the field level. Simple linear regression models were developed and validated using 13 vegetation indices (VI) related to LAI and FCV in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three spectral information sources were used: (i) reflectance to derive the VI; (ii) digital photographs processed with the Canopeo application to estimate FVC; and (iii) direct LAI measurements using a ceptometer. Six field samples were taken between March and June, 2020 in four alfalfa plots located in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. To evaluate each VI, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. We found that the most suitable VI for estimating FVC was the VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 =0.987 and RMSE = 0.093). For the LAI, the VI that performed best was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.935 and RMSE = 0.746). The results showed the suitability and practical utility of spectral information for estimating biophysical variables in alfalfa cultivation and their monitoring.

Resumen: La fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV) y el índice de área foliar (IAF) son variables biofísicas relacionadas estrechamente con la tasa de evapotranspiración de los cultivos y su producción de biomasa. A pesar de su importancia, usualmente no se miden de manera directa debido al tiempo invertido y costo; sin embargo, se pueden estimar a gran escala y en tiempo casi real mediante información espectral captada en imágenes de satélite, pero esto requiere de su validación a nivel de campo. Se desarrollaron y validaron modelos de regresión lineal simple utilizando 13 índices de vegetación (IV) relacionados con el IAF y la FCV en alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se usaron tres fuentes de información espectral: (i) La reflectancia para derivar los IV; (ii) fotografías digitales procesadas con Canopeo para estimar la FCV; y (iii) mediciones del IAF utilizando un ceptómetro. Se realizaron seis muestreos de campo entre marzo y junio de 2020, en cuatro parcelas de alfalfa situadas en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Para evaluar cada IV, se utilizó el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME). Se encontró que el IV más apropiado para estimar la FCV fue el VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.987 y RCME = 0.093). En el caso del IAF, el IV que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), R2 = 0.935 y RCME = 0.746). Los resultados mostraron la aptitud y utilidad práctica de la información espectral para estimar las variables biofísicas en el cultivo de alfalfa y su monitoreo.

Abstract The parental monitoring scale has demonstrated adequate levels of validity and feasibility in the USA and given the lack of instruments assessing this construct in Mexico, the aim of this study was to adapt and validate into Spanish the Parental Monitoring Instrument scale in Mexican adolescents and their parents, as well as its validation using external criteria. 448 adolescents from public schools in Guadalajara and 215 parents of adolescents were included. The scale was not equivalent for both adolescents and parents. The adolescent version had a four-dimensional structure, while the parent version had a three-dimensional structure. Scale reliability was ω = 80 and ω = 83 respectively. Criterion validation identified an association between parental supervision and substance use. The parental supervision scale can be used with Mexican adolescents and their parents. Evaluation of the scale’s psychometric structure in other contexts is encouraged.

Resumen La escala de supervisión parental ha demostrado niveles adecuados de validez y factibilidad en EEUU y ante la falta de instrumentos que evalúen este constructo en México, el objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar al español la escala Parental Monitoring Instrument en adolescentes mexicanos y sus padres, así como evaluar su validación mediante criterios externos. Se incluyeron 448 adolescentes de escuelas públicas de Guadalajara y 215 padres de adolescentes. La escala no fue equivalente para adolescentes y padres. La versión de adolescentes tuvo una estructura de cuatro dimensiones, mientras que la de padres fue de tres. La confiabilidad de la escala fue de ω =80 y ω = 83 respectivamente. En la validación mediante criterios se identificó asociación entre la supervisión parental y el consumo de sustancias. En conclusión, la escala de supervisión parental se puede utilizar con adolescentes mexicanos y sus padres. Se alienta a evaluar su estructura psicométrica en otros contextos.

Abstract Through the Official Mexican Standard NOM-035-STPS-2018, organizations have the possibility of identifying, analyzing, and preventing psychosocial risk factors in the workplace, as well as promoting adequate organizational environments. Its compliance is mandatory for most of the organizations located in this nation. The main objective of the study is to validate the instrument of psychosocial risk factors included in the NOM-035-STPS-2018 standard through an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In this investigation, an analysis of the validity of the questionnaire proposed in the reference guide III of the aforementioned Standard was carried out based on the criteria established in the same document. For this, said instrument was applied to 250 workers of a maquiladora company located in the State of Guanajuato. It was found that, although the questionnaire is valid, it can be enriched based on the experience of the same organizations and that it should be adapted to extraordinary situations as a pandemic.

Resumen Por medio de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-035-STPS-2018, cuyo cumplimento es obligatorio para la mayoría las organizaciones, se tiene la posibilidad de identificar, analizar y prevenir los factores de riesgo psicosociales en los centros de trabajo, así como propiciar entornos organizacionales adecuados. El objetivo principal de este estudio radica en validar el instrumento de factores de riesgo psicosociales incluido en la norma a través de un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. En esta investigación se efectúo un análisis de la validez del cuestionario propuesto en la guía de referencia III de la citada norma con base en los criterios establecidos en el mismo documento. Para ello, se aplicó el instrumento a 250 trabajadores de una empresa maquiladora situada en el Estado de Guanajuato. Se halló que, aunque el cuestionario es válido, es susceptible de ser enriquecido con base en la experiencia de las mismas organizaciones y que debería adaptarse a situaciones extraordinarias como una pandemia.

Resumen La corrosión es un problema recurrente en la industria del gas natural, debido a la presencia de gases corrosivos como el CO2 y el H2S que en presencia de agua pueden atacar el acero y producir daños y fugas que generen accidentes y contaminación, es por ello que la predicción de la tendencia del gas natural hacia la corrosión es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de inhibición y mitigación de este proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) entrenada con datos de composición de muestras de gas natural para predecir la tendencia corrosiva, como método alternativo que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta predictiva eficiente. La RNA se entrenó con una muestra de 46 gases naturales y 11 componentes por cada una, además de la presión y la temperatura como condiciones operacionales, lo que representa un total de 598 datos de entrenamiento de la RNA, además se utilizaron 8 muestras adicionales para la validación externa del modelo. La RNA que desarrolló fue dentro de los principios de la estadística Bayesiana, con una arquitectura de Perceptrón Multicapa. Se obtuvo que la RNA es capaz de clasificar correctamente el 95,65% de la tendencia corrosiva de las muestras, siendo aquellas con tendencia no corrosiva las que presentaron el menor porcentaje de predicción (75%). La predicción de las muestras externas siguió la tendencia esperada, con menor capacidad para clasificar a las no corrosivas, y las muestras con posible corrosión y corrosivas fueron predichas en 80%. Se concluye que la RNA es una herramienta eficiente para la predicción de la tendencia corrosiva del gas natural en presencia de CO2 y su efectividad depende de que se utilicen muestras con todos los componentes necesarios para entrenar la misma, además puede ser mejorada al introducir otros parámetros como la cantidad de agua presente.

Abstract Corrosion is a recurrent problem in the natural gas industry, due to the presence of corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S that in the presence of water can attack steel and produce damages and leaks that generate accidents and contamination, that is why the prediction of the tendency of natural gas towards corrosion is essential to develop strategies to inhibit and mitigate this process. The objective of the study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with composition data of natural gas samples to predict the corrosive tendency, as an alternative method that can be used as an efficient predictive tool. The ANN was trained with a sample of 46 natural gases and 11 components for each one, in addition to pressure and temperature as operational conditions, representing a total of 598 training data of the ANN, also 8 additional samples were used for external validation of the model. The ANN that developed was within the principles of Bayesian statistics, with a Multilayer Perceptron architecture. It was obtained that the ANN is able to correctly classify 95.65% of the corrosive tendency of the samples, being those with non-corrosive tendency the ones that presented the lowest prediction percentage (75%). The prediction of the external samples followed the expected trend, with lower capacity to classify the non-corrosive ones, and the samples with possible corrosion and corrosive were predicted in 80%. It is concluded that ANN is an efficient tool for predicting the corrosive tendency of natural gas in the presence of CO2 and its effectiveness depends on using samples with all the necessary components to train it, and it can be improved by introducing other parameters such as the amount of water present.

Resumen: La editorial de la revista Estoa enfatiza la creciente importancia de los procesos de evaluación y validación en las publicaciones científicas, especialmente en la investigación arquitectónica. Destaca la necesidad de generar y contextualizar procesos para asegurar la replicabilidad, funcionalidad y sostenibilidad en los estudios de investigación. La integración de nuevas tecnologías, como la simulación digital, la realidad virtual y los biomateriales, ha revolucionado estos procesos, mejorando la precisión y el rigor de las evaluaciones. El número actual de la revista se centra en el impacto de estas tecnologías en los estudios arquitectónicos y urbanos, presentando 16 artículos diversos que exploran varios aspectos de esta transformación. Los temas clave incluyen la aplicación de tecnologías innovadoras en la arquitectura, el urbanismo y las políticas públicas, enfatizando la sostenibilidad, la eficiencia bioclimática y la preservación del patrimonio. La editorial concluye animando a los lectores a reflexionar sobre cómo mejorar los procesos de evaluación y educar responsablemente a las futuras generaciones para que utilicen estas nuevas tecnologías de manera efectiva. Subraya el papel crucial de la precisión, la sostenibilidad y la adaptabilidad en la sociedad moderna y el impacto significativo de los avances tecnológicos en los entornos arquitectónicos y urbanos.

Abstract: Estoa journal´s editorial emphasises the increasing importance of evaluation and validation processes in scientific publications, particularly in architectural research. It highlights the necessity of generating and contextualising processes to ensure replicability, functionality, and sustainability in research studies. The integration of new technologies, such as digital simulation, virtual reality, and biomaterials, has revolutionised these processes, enhancing the precision and rigour of evaluations. The journal's current issue focuses on the impact of these technologies on architectural and urban studies, presenting 16 diverse articles that explore various aspects of this transformation. Key themes include the application of innovative technologies in architecture, urbanism, and public policy, emphasising sustainability, bioclimatic efficiency, and heritage preservation. The editorial concludes by encouraging readers to reflect on improving evaluation processes and responsibly educating future generations to use these new technologies effectively. It underscores the critical role of precision, sustainability, and adaptability in modern society and the significant impact of technological advancements on architectural and urban environments.

Abstract The five-factor model of the Attitude Scale towards Statistics (EAE-25) proposed by Auzmendi (1992) to measure the predisposition of students towards statistical content has been questioned in different researches. The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the EAE-25 in a sample of 291 Mexican undergraduate students in Psychology. The validity and reliability of the scale were examine using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha. The results of the AFC show partial signs of stability, five items were eliminated, but the five original factors remain. The scale configured in this way shows an acceptable internal consistency, the items are positively related to each other in each factor and each item distinguishes between university students according to their favorable and unfavorable attitude towards statistics, as well as those with high performance from those with low performance. For this reason, the EAE-20 is presented as a valid and reliable instrument, easily accessible, implementation and interpretation to assess the attitudes towards statistics in university students by professors and researchers interested in this topic.

Resumen El modelo de cinco factores de la Escala de Actitud hacia la Estadística (EAE-25) propuesta por Auzmendi (1992), para medir la predisposición de los alumnos hacia los contenidos estadísticos, ha sido cuestionada en distintas investigaciones. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la EAE-25 en una muestra de 291 estudiantes mexicanos de la licenciatura en Psicología. La validez y confiabilidad de la escala fueron examinadas mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) y el alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados del AFC muestran indicios parciales de estabilidad, cinco ítems fueron eliminados, pero permanecen los cinco factores originales. La escala así configurada muestra una consistencia interna aceptable, los ítems se relacionan positivamente entre sí en cada factor y cada ítem distingue a los universitarios de acuerdo con su actitud favorable y desfavorable hacia la estadística, así como a los de rendimiento alto de los de rendimiento bajo. Por tal motivo, la escala EAE-20 se presenta como un instrumento válido y confiable, de fácil acceso, implementación e interpretación para evaluar las actitudes hacia la estadística en estudiantes universitarios por parte de profesores e investigadores interesados en el tema.

Resumen La cartografía temática es un insumo principal para planificación territorial en Ecuador, por lo que es indispensable que sea validada. El Instituto Geográfico Militar es el ente encargado de la gestión y aprobación de cartografía en el país, y que, desde el año 2018, ejecuta proyectos de generación de geoinformación temática a escala 1: 5 000; utilizando, como enfoque científico, la ecología de paisaje y, para la validación de cartografía temática, métodos estadísticos (no probabilísticos) y técnicas de muestreo, a fin de comparar los modelos cartográficos generados con la realidad del territorio, aplicando la matriz de confusión. En este sentido, este artículo presenta la metodología para determinar sitios de muestreo para campo de tres ciudades: Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca. Los resultados indicaron, en cuanto a la validación de cartografía de Capacidad de Acogida, que dichas ciudades tuvieron un 77 %, 47 % y 79 %, respectivamente, de coincidencia modelo-realidad, con un índice kappa de 0.66, 0.16 y 0.63, respectivamente.

Resumo A cartografia temática é um dos principais insumos para o planejamento territorial no Equador, portanto, é essencial que seja validada. O Instituto Geográfico Militar é a entidade responsável pela gestão e aprovação da cartografia no país e que, desde 2018, executa projetos para a geração de geoinformação temática na escala 1: 5 000; utilizando, como abordagem científica, a ecologia da paisagem e, para a validação da cartografia temática, métodos estatísticos (não probabilísticos) e técnicas de amostragem, a fim de comparar os modelos cartográficos gerados com a realidade do território, aplicando a matriz de confusão. Nesse sentido, este artigo apresenta a metodologia para determinar os locais de amostragem de campo para três cidades: Quito, Guayaquil e Cuenca. Os resultados indicaram, em termos de validação do mapeamento da capacidade de carga, que essas cidades tiveram 77%, 47% e 79%, respectivamente, de coincidência entre modelo e realidade, com um índice kappa de 0,66, 0,16 e 0,63, respectivamente.

Abstract Thematic cartography is a main input for territorial planning in Ecuador, so it is essential that it be validated. The Instituto Geográfico Militar is the entity in charge of the management and approval of cartography in the country, since 2018, has been implementing thematic geoinformation generation projects at a scale of 1: 5 000; using, as a scientific approach, landscape ecology and, for thematic mapping validation, statistical methods (non-probabilistic) and sampling techniques, in order to compare the cartographic models generated with the reality of the territory, applying the confusion matrix. This article presents the methodology to determine sampling sites for field of three cities: Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca. The results indicated, in terms of the validation of Reception Capacity cartography, that these cities had a 77 %, 47 % and 79 % respectively of model-reality match, with a kappa index of 0.66, 0.16 and 0.63, respectively.

Resumen (Objetivo) Este trabajo tiene como objetivo indagar los significados sobre conjetura en estudiantes de la escuela secundaria, poniendo de manifiesto algunas disparidades entre estos significados personales y el que adquiere en la institución matemática. (Metodología) La metodología utilizada es de tipo cualitativo. Se efectúa un estudio de casos, a fin de profundizar los significados personales de conjetura en estudiantes del ciclo orientado de escuelas secundarias de la ciudad de Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 años). Para ello, se analizan los sistemas de prácticas que ponen a funcionar un grupo de estudiantes ante tres problemas que involucran la elaboración, contrastación, reformulación o validación de conjeturas, incluyendo entrevistas realizadas a ellos mismos. Estos análisis se llevan a cabo utilizando herramientas del enfoque ontosemiótico, con el cual se determinan configuraciones de objetos primarios y procesos cognitivos en estas prácticas personales. (Resultados) Se logran identificar conflictos semióticos en dichas prácticas, particularmente, disparidades entre significados personales de conjetura y el significado pretendido desde la institución matemática, hecho que pone en evidencia, a través de indicadores empíricos, el valor epistémico otorgado por los estudiantes a las proposiciones emergentes de sus prácticas argumentativas. Esto obstaculiza la posibilidad de dudar sobre el alcance general de sus afirmaciones y la necesidad de plantear otro tipo de argumentación, tal como se pretende desde la institución matemática. (Conclusiones) Esta investigación revela la importancia de desvelar la complejidad ontosemiótica de las prácticas personales relacionadas con la formulación y validación de conjeturas y de poner al descubierto los conflictos semióticos cognitivos vinculados a dichos significados personales.

Resumo (Objetivo) Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os significados de conjectura em alunos do ensino médio, revelando algumas disparidades entre esses significa dos pessoais e os adquiridos na instituição matemática. (Metodologia) A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa. Realiza-se um estudo de caso, a fim de aprofundar os significados pessoais da conjectura em alunos do ciclo orientado de escolas secundárias da cidade de Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 anos). Para isso, são analisados os sistemas de práticas que um grupo de alunos põe em funcionamento perante três problemas que envolvem a elaboração, a contraposição, a reformulação ou a validação de conjecturas, incluindo entrevistas realizadas com eles próprios. Essas análises são realizadas por meio de ferramentas da abordagem ontossemiótica, com as quais são determinadas configurações de objetos primários e processos cognitivos nessas práticas pessoais. (Resultados) É possível identificar conflitos semióticos nessas práticas, particularmente, disparidades entre os significados pessoais da conjectura e o significado pretendido da instituição matemática, fato que mostra, por meio de indicadores empíricos, o valor epistêmico atribuído pelos alunos às proposições emergentes de suas práticas argumentativas. Isso dificulta a possibilidade de duvidar do alcance geral de suas afirmações e a necessidade de propor outro tipo de argumento, como pretende a instituição matemática. (Conclusões) Esta investigação revela a importância de revelar a complexidade ontossemiótica das práticas pessoais relacionadas com a formulação e validação de conjecturas e de expor os conflitos semióticos cognitivos ligados a esses significados pessoais.

Abstract (Objective) This paper discusses an investigation of the meaning of “conjecture” for secondary school students, and disparities between personal meanings and those acquired in a mathematical institution. (Methodology) The methodology used is qualitative . A case study was carried out to improve understanding of the personal meanings of conjecture to students in the initial years of secondary education in the city of Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 years old). The responses of a group of students to assignments including three problems that involve the creation, contrasting, reformulation and/or validation of conjectures were analyzed, including interviews with the students. These analyses were carried out using tools from the ontosemiotic approach, determining configurations of primary objects and cognitive processes in the students’ personal practices. (Results) It was possible to identify semiotic conflicts in these practices, particularly disparities between personal meanings of the concept of conjecture and the meaning intended to be imparted by the mathematical institution, providing empirical indicators of the epistemic value given by students to emerging propositions in their argumentation. This made it less like ly that students would learn to doubt the scope of their initial statements and recognize the need to propose another type of argument, as was intended by the mathematical institution. (Conclusions) The results of this investigation showed the importance of revealing the ontosemiotic complexity of personal practices related to the formulation and validation of conjectures, and revealing the cognitive semiotic conflicts linked to personal meanings.