Abstract The fashion sector is constantly subjected to the pressure of imitation, normally designers and entrepreneurs resort to intellectual property rights (industrial design and brands) to avoid the copying, imitation or usurpation of their creations and products. Despite the high cost involved in the procedure for granting intellectual property rights in an industry in constant renewal, it determines that many creations and services are orphaned of protection through exclusive rights, and, therefore, exposed to imitation by competitors after recognizing the legislation the principle of free imitation in the market. Unfair competition law serves as a complementary tool to combat behavior that exceeds what is reasonable, but its application is restrictive and will always depend on the circumstances in each specific case.

Resumen El sector de la moda está sujeto constantemente a la presión de la imitación, recurriendo normalmente diseñadores y empresarios a los derechos de propiedad intelectual (diseño industrial y marcas) para evitar la copia, imitación o usurpación de sus creaciones y productos. No obstante el elevado coste que implica el procedimiento de concesión de derechos de propiedad intelectual en una industria en constante renovación, determina que muchas creaciones y prestaciones queden huérfanas de tutela mediante derechos exclusivos, y, por tanto, expuestas a la imitación de los competidores, tras reconocer la legislación el principio de libre imitación en el mercado. El Derecho de competencia desleal sirve como herramienta complementaria para combatir comportamientos que exceden lo razonable, pero su aplicación tiene carácter restrictivo y dependerá siempre de las circunstancias concurrentes en cada caso concreto.

Resumo O setor da moda está constantemente sujeito à pressão da imitação, normalmente designers e empresários recorrem aos direitos de propriedade intelectual (desenho industrial e marcas) para evitar a cópia, imitação ou usurpação das suas criações e produtos. Apesar do alto custo envolvido no procedimento de concessão de direitos de propriedade intelectual em um setor em constante renovação, ele determina que muitas criações e serviços ficam órfãos de proteção por direitos exclusivos e, portanto, expostos à imitação de concorrentes depois de reconhecer na legislação o princípio da livre imitação no mercado. O direito da concorrência desleal serve como ferramenta complementar para combater comportamentos que excedem o razoável, mas sua aplicação é restritiva e dependerá sempre das circunstâncias de cada caso específico.

This article explores how the Western theology often employed by European explorers sought to deify 'whiteness'. Whiteness as an ideological construction found the ideal tool in Christianity and through supersessionism detached Jesus of Nazareth from his Jewish roots and clothed him in whiteness, thus making white maleness the idol that all creatures must aspire towards. In defiance, liberation theologians, in particular James Cone, coined the possibility that 'Jesus is black'. Thus, the possibility of Jesus being anything to anyone becomes conceivable. Such a usurpation of the Jesus of Nazareth on either side opens the possibility of recreating Jesus in one's image. This is the coin of idolatry that this article will argue sits at the heart of modern theology. Assuming a dialectical hermeneutic of suspicion, this article explores the problem of modern theology and how some liberation theologies may continue to play second fiddle to the whiteness perpetuated by western theologies like pruning a bonsai tree. Notwithstanding the challenges of decolonising theology, this search conceives the possibility of a non-ideological Christianity that may be confronting the whiteness of western theology and its associated atrocities. Such a quest may lead to a framing of a transformative theology based on honest and interrogative encounter between modern theology and cultural and traditional spiritualities. CONTRIBUTION: This article explores how liberation theology can become a major player in the theology arena without always playing second fiddle to Western theologies. Exploring decoloniality confronts whiteness in terms of political theology that interlinks anthropology, economics and social welfare.

Abstract The article analyzes the figure of the "young girl" as category that articulates age and behavior at an interface with other social markers of difference, such as gender, territory, race and sexuality. Based on an ethnography carried out in two favelas in Rio de Janeiro, I discuss tensions that weigh on "young girls": the use of short clothes, the "affront", the "fear of becoming pregnant", the accusations about usurpation of affective relationships and the provocation of older men. In conclusion I present how the relationship between performance and framing highlights a broader field of tensions related to female sexuality that revises a racialized and colonial imaginary about black girls and favela residents. young girl difference gender territory Janeiro girls" clothes affront, affront , "affront" fear pregnant, pregnant pregnant" men residents "affront

Resumo O artigo analisa a figura da "novinha" enquanto categoria articuladora de idade e comportamento, na interface com outros marcadores sociais da diferença, tais como gênero, território, raça e sexualidade. A partir de etnografia realizada em duas favelas do Rio de Janeiro, discuto as tensões que pesam sobre as "novinhas": o uso das roupas curtas, a "afronta", o "medo de engravidar", as acusações sobre usurpação de relações afetivas e a provocação de homens mais velhos. Ao final, apresento de que maneira a relação entre performance e enquadramento evidencia um campo de tensões mais amplo relativo à sexualidade feminina que atualiza um imaginário racializado e colonial acerca de meninas negras e moradoras de favela. novinha "novinha comportamento diferença gênero território Janeiro novinhas "novinhas" curtas afronta, afronta , "afronta" medo engravidar, engravidar engravidar" velhos final favela "novinhas "afronta

Abstract Objective: to provide a better understanding of the problems associated with the social management of water in six indigenous communities based on qualitative and quantitative data obtained during the 2020-2021 period. Methods: a mixed and exploratory research was carried out in which qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. The qualitative data is the result of the workshops carried out within the framework of the research project B9314 “Social management of water in indigenous territories from Visual Sociology. Selected cases in the provinces of Puntarenas and Limón”; while water analyzes are quantitative results obtained from water quality analyses conduct in key spots identified by the community. Results: The analyzes carried out showed that 13 of the 15 water samples collected presented fecal contamination, of predominantly animal origin, however, contamination of anthropic origin was also observed. The workshops carried out in the community indicate that this contamination can be associated with a combination of environmental degradation factors, probably related to the usurpation of land by non-indigenous people, deforestation, population growth, pollution and the lack of effective protection policies. of water sources, both within the territories and at the institutional level, which is aggravated due to the limited effective action of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers to carry out actions to supply water for human consumption in the case studies. Conclusion: The problems associated with the social management of water in the communities under study are of a multicausal nature and for this reason require multidisciplinary training and support processes to improve the quality of life of indigenous populations.

Resumen Objetivo: comprender mejor los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en seis comunidades indígenas a partir de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos obtenidos durante el periodo 2020-2021. Metodología: se realizó una investigación de tipo mixta y exploratoria de la cual se obtuvieron datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los datos cualitativos fueron resultado de los talleres en el marco del proyecto de investigación B9314 «Gestión social del agua en los territorios indígenas desde la sociología visual. Casos seleccionados en las provincias de Puntarenas y Limón»; mientras tanto, los cuantitativos provinieron de los análisis de calidad del agua en puntos clave identificados por la comunidad. Resultados: el estudio mostró que 13 de las 15 muestras de agua recolectadas revelaron predominantemente contaminación fecal de origen animal, pero también de origen antrópico. Según los talleres realizados en la comunidad, dicho resultado puede atribuirse a una posible combinación de factores de degradación ambiental, entre ellos, la usurpación de tierras por personas no indígenas, la deforestación, el crecimiento demográfico, la contaminación y la falta de políticas efectivas para proteger las fuentes de agua, tanto al interior de los territorios como a nivel institucional, lo que se agrava debido al limitado accionar del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados respecto al suministro de agua para consumo humano en los casos de estudio. Conclusiones: los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en las comunidades estudiadas son de naturaleza multicausal, por tal motivo, demandan procesos multidisciplinarios de capacitación y acompañamiento a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones indígenas.

Despite regional variations, traditional leadership has always been practised in the same way all across oceans and nations. It has always been an incident of birth and gender, and that the rank and status of the mother of the heir-apparent in his father's homestead has often been the overriding consideration. In the past there were methods through which dynasties and bloodlines could be altered, namely, (i) the 'blood and might' usurpation of power, which is the subject of this article; and (ii) oral wills ('dying declarations') that would have been made by the deceased ruler on his deathbed. However, the 'blood and might' method now is merely of historical genealogical significance; it only helps to provide context in the event of a dispute in this regard. To that end, relying on BaPedi Marota Mamone v Commission, as an example, the article explains the applicable legal history, including the significance of the 'blood and might' method in pre-colonial times, and how this helps to place the recent constitutional developments and judicial pronouncements in their proper perspective. The article also demonstrates that the 'indirect rule' of traditional communities -which was the hallmark of colonialism and apartheid - continues to apply albeit under the glare of the Constitution. However, crucial gender transformation should be introduced cautiously into this area of the law, and the change should be gradual and 'adaptive', as reflected in section 2 of the Traditional and Khoisan Leadership Act 3 of 2019. The resources of the affected communities also should not be used to curry favour with any political party or any grouping within it. Failing that, the social fabric and moral and ethical fibre of the affected communities would be ruptured.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study developed hereafter proposes to analyze the penalties imposed by Societies of Medical Specialties, entities organized in the form of civil associations, specially if they constitute legal usurpation of the competence of Professional Councils. The nature of these punishments and their effects and scope will be investigated, in order to verify whether there is effective damage to the professional practice of medicine by physicians. Methods: For this analysis, the applicable rules within the Brazilian legal system were raised, their systematization and apparent conflicts, in order to locate the associative punishments and their compliance with the current legal order. Results/Conclusion: It was verified from the study that there is no obstacle to the application of this type of sanctions, once the legal and constitutional guarantees of ample defense, contradictory and due process are respected. Introduction Specialties associations Councils investigated physicians Methods analysis raised conflicts Results/Conclusion ResultsConclusion Results Conclusion sanctions defense respected

RESUMO Introdução: O estudo doravante desenvolvido propõe analisar as penalidades impostas por Sociedades de Especialidades Médicas, entidades organizadas sob a forma de associações civis, sobretudo se configuram usurpação legal de competência dos Conselhos Profissionais. Será investigada a natureza dessas punições e seus efeitos e alcances, no intuito de verificar se há efetivo prejuízo ao exercício profissional da medicina pelo galeno. Métodos: Para a referida análise, foram levantadas as normas aplicáveis dentro ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, sua sistematização e conflitos aparentes, a fim de situar as punições associativas e sua conformidade com a ordem jurídica vigente. Resultados/Conclusão: Verificou-se do estudo que não há qualquer óbice à aplicação de tal modalidade de sanções, uma vez respeitadas as garantias legais e constitucionais da ampla defesa, contraditório e devido processo legal. Introdução Médicas civis Profissionais alcances galeno Métodos análise brasileiro aparentes vigente Resultados/Conclusão ResultadosConclusão Resultados Conclusão Verificouse Verificou sanções defesa

Resumen El gorrión doméstico (Passer domesticus), una especie invasora en México, tiene plasticidad en sus requerimientos ecológicos y fisiológicos que le permiten competir por recursos alimenticios y sitios de anidación en asentamientos humanos. P. domesticus usurpa nidos de diversas especies de aves, pero se ha documentado poco su comportamiento agresivo para utilizar los nidos. En ésta nota, presento un caso de usurpación de nidos de la golondrina risquera (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) por el gorrión doméstico en la localidad de Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, Guerrero, México. Durante la temporada de invernación, cinco gorriones domésticos usurparon ocho nidos de 10 golondrinas risqueras. Éste trabajo incluye un nuevo caso de usurpación en P. pyrrhonota y P. domesticus para México y el Neotrópico. Ésta información puede ayudar a entender los efectos de una especie exótica en aves nativas que utilizan un mismo hábitat.

Abstract The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), an invasive species in Mexico, has ecological and physiological plasticity that enables the species to compete for food resources and nesting sites in human-modified environments. P. domesticus usurps nests of several bird species, but its aggressive behaviour in nest usurpation has been poorly documented. In this note, I documented a case of nest usurpation of the Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) by House Sparrows in the town of Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, Guerrero, Mexico. During the wintering season, five House Sparrows usurped eight nests of 10 Cliff Swallows. This note includes a new case of usurpation for P. pyrrhonota and P. domesticus in Mexico and the Neotropics. This information can help to understand the effects of an exotic species on native birds that use the same habitat.

Abstract The text focuses on different aspects of the conflict surrounding the production of unconventional hydrocarbons in Vaca Muerta, Argentina. One of the central disputes has as protagonists the Mapuche community, the provincial and national state, and companies. The work analyzes the resistance developed by the Mapuche community of Campo Maripe, which claims ownership of its ancestral territory located in the heart of the exploitation of unconventional resources, in the Province of Neuquen, distinguishing how the State and businessmen have resorted to judicial and repressive instruments to evict the community from these lands. It will start from the study of the final stretch of the usurpation trial that occurred in the provincial city in 2019, where the accused were the six members of community of Campo Maripe. The trial thus acts as a prism that allows us to appreciate divergent valuations, perceptions and actions that are mobilized between the actors involved in the confrontation with reference to the territory, nature, and the gaze on the other. From a sociologic and qualitative analysis perspective, it contributes to a reflection on the modality adopted by social conflicts around fracking in Vaca Muerta, the reasons for the resistance, and on some of the strategies that capital adopts to continue exploiting the assets of nature at the current stage of energy production.

Resumen El texto aborda distintas aristas del conflicto en torno a la producción de hidrocarburos no convencionales en el yacimiento Vaca Muerta, en Argentina. Una de las disputas centrales tiene como protagonistas a las comunidades mapuche, las empresas y el Estado provincial y nacional. El trabajo analiza la resistencia que desarrolla la comunidad mapuche de Campo Maripe que reclama la propiedad de su territorio ancestral ubicado en el corazón de la explotación de los recursos no convencionales, en la provincia de Neuquén, distinguiendo cómo el Estado y los empresarios han recurrido a instrumentos judiciales y represivos para desalojar a la comunidad de estas tierras. Se partirá aquí del estudio del tramo final del juicio acontecido en la ciudad de Neuquén en 2019, donde fueron acusados de usurpación seis miembros de la comunidad Campo Maripe. La escena del juicio permite apreciar valoraciones, percepciones y acciones divergentes que se movilizan entre los actores involucrados en el enfrentamiento con referencia al territorio, la naturaleza, y la mirada sobre el otro. Desde una perspectiva de análisis sociológico y cualitativo, se aporta a una reflexión sobre la modalidad que adoptan los conflictos sociales en torno al fracking en Vaca Muerta, los motivos de las resistencias y algunas de las estrategias que adopta el capital para proseguir con la explotación de los bienes de la naturaleza para la producción de energía.

Resumo Este trabalho tem por objetivo recolocar o debate sobre a ideia de raça que aliada à noção de razão, permite compreender o processo de usurpação de povos, culturas e bens daqueles que sofreram a experiência da colonização, igualmente realizam-se algumas aproximações ao campo da educação tomando a perspectiva descolonial como propulsora para a reflexão. Tomamos por referência em nossas análises o contexto latino-americano. Busca-se nos aportes e contribuições teóricas que se nutrem da ideia de de(s)colonialidade para amparar as análises. Estes aportes, ainda que relativamente recentes, possibilitam produzir deslocamentos geoepistêmicos e recolocar aspectos históricos na ênfase que merecem. Portanto, defende-se a ideia da necessidade de um revisitar da educação desde o ponto de vista mais amplo até o investimento em estudos e propostas que viabilizem a produção de conhecimentos outros, coadunados com a realidade dos povos e culturas próprios da Abya Yala.

Abstract This paper aims to reposition the debate on the idea of race that, combined with the notion of reason, allows us to understand the process of usurpation of peoples, cultures and goods of those who suffered the experience of colonization, some aproaches to the field of education are also carried out, taking the decolonial perspective as a propeller for reflection. We refer to the Latin American context in our analysis. We seek theoretical contributions and contributions that are nourished by the idea of coloniality (s) to support the analysis. These contributions, although relatively recent, make it possible to produce geoepistemic displacements and to return historical aspects to the emphasis they deserve. Therefore, the idea of the need for a revisit of education from the broader point of view to the investment in studies and proposals that enable the production of other knowledge, in line with the reality of Abya Yala’s own peoples and cultures, is defended.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es reposicionar el debate sobre la idea de raza que, aliada a la noción de razón, nos permite comprender el proceso de usurpación de pueblos, culturas y bienes de quienes sufrieron la experiencia de la colonización, también algunas aproximaciones al campo de la educación. tomando la perspectiva descolonial como la fuerza impulsora para la reflexión. Partimos del contexto latinoamericano como referencia para nuestro análisis. Buscamos contribuciones teóricas y contribuciones que se nutran de la idea de colonialidad (es) para apoyar el análisis. Estas contribuciones, aunque relativamente recientes, permiten producir desplazamientos geoepistémicos y devolver los aspectos históricos al énfasis que merecen. Por lo tanto, se defiende la idea de la necesidad de una revisión de la educación desde el punto de vista más amplio a la inversión en estudios y propuestas que permitan la producción de conocimiento otro, en línea con la realidad de los propios pueblos y culturas de Abya Yala.

Resumo A construção de uma democracia plural com a inclusão dos indígenas em condições de igualdade apresenta grandes desafios, pois embora as ações afirmativas em matéria eleitoral tenham apresentado avanços significativos, a distância entre as normas e seu cumprimento é enorme. A equidade eleitoral ainda é um assunto pendente , inicialmente porque há resistência de partidos políticos e atores políticos em pluralizar o poder. O problema principal não se resolve apenas em termos de técnica jurídica, ou seja, para afinar os mecanismos de implementação e controle das ações afirmativas, é uma situação complexa que tem suas raízes em uma cultura onde prevalece o racismo versus diversidade étnica e a corrupção é o seu principal obstáculo. Isso está claramente expresso nos resultados das disputas eleitorais para eleição dos Deputados Federais nos Distritos Indígenas para as legislaturas LXIV (2018-2021) e LXV (2021-2024).

Abstract The construction of a plural democracy with the inclusion of indigenous people in conditions of equality has great challenges, because although affirmative actions in electoral matters have made significant progress, the distance between the norms and their compliance is enormous. Electoral equity is still a pending issue, initially because there is resistance from political parties and political actors to pluralize power. The main problem is not solved only in terms of legal technique, that is, to fine-tune the mechanisms of implementation and control of affirmative actions, it is a complex situation that has its roots in a culture where racism in the face of diversity Ethnicity is in force and corruption is its main obstacle. This is clearly expressed in the results of the electoral contests to elect Federal Deputies in the Indigenous Districts for the LXIV (2018-2021) and LXV (2021-2024) legislatures.

Resumen La construcción de una democracia plural con inclusión de las y los indígenas en condiciones de equidad tiene grandes retos, pues si bien las acciones afirmativas en materia electoral han registrado un avance relevante, la distancia entre las normas y su cumplimiento es enorme, por lo que la equidad electoral es todavía una asignatura pendiente, inicialmente porque existe una resistencia de los partidos políticos y los actores políticos para pluralizar el poder. El principal problema no se resuelve solamente en términos de técnica jurídica, es decir, de afinar los mecanismos de implementación y control de las acciones afirmativas, se trata de una situación compleja que tiene sus raíces en una cultura en donde el racismo frente a la diversidad étnica está vigente y la corrupción son su principal obstáculo. Esto se expresa con nitidez en los resultados de las contiendas electorales para elegir Diputados Federales en los Distritos Indígenas para las legislaturas LXIV (2018-2021) y LXV (2021-2024).

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Spain, the Dietitian-Nutritionist (DN) is considered a health professional according to Law 44/2003 on the Organization of Health Professions (LOHP); its qualifying qualification for the exercise of the profession is included in Real Decreto 433/1998, of March 20. However, this group has encountered serious problems to carry out their activity, especially due to the possible usurpation of their functions by other professionals. Objectives: to describe the public profile of professionals who call themselves DN, Dietitian, and Nutritionist without having the qualification in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Material and Methods: Exploratory and descriptive study of information collected on websites and social networks in the period from January 2015 to December 2019. Any professional / person who self-name and advertise as DN / Dietitian / Nutritionist are included without having the corresponding degree (Degree in Human Nutrition and Dietetics). Results: 244 professionals are advertised as Nutritionist (66.1%), DN (30.9%), and Dietitian (3%), without having the corresponding degree in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Of the total profiles located, 90.57% have a university degree and, in particular, 71.72% correspond to health professions. Conclusions: It is necessary the intervention of the professional associations of DN in collaboration with the competent public institutions given the high number of professionals who do not comply with the LOHP of 2003, and the Order CIN/730/2009, when denominating with a degree for which no they are professionally enabled.

RESUMEN Introducción: En España, se considera al Dietista-Nutricionista (DN) un profesional sanitario según la Ley 44/2003 de Ordenación de las Profesiones Sanitarias (LOPS); su titulación habilitante para el ejercicio de la profesión se recoge en el Real Decreto 433/1998, de 20 de marzo. Sin embargo, este colectivo ha encontrado serios problemas para ejercer su actividad, en especial, por la posible usurpación de sus funciones por otros profesionales. Objetivos: describir el perfil público de los profesionales que se autodenominan DN, Dietista, y Nutricionista sin tener la titulación habilitante en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias. Material y Métodos: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de información recogida en páginas de internet, y redes sociales en el periodo de enero 2015 a diciembre 2019. Se incluye cualquier profesional/persona que se autodenomine y se publicite como DN/Dietista/Nutricionista sin contar con la titulación correspondiente (Diplomado/Grado en Nutrición Humana y Dietética). Resultados: 244 profesionales se publicitan como Nutricionista (66,1%), DN (30,9%), y Dietista (3%), sin contar con la titulación correspondiente en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias. Del total de perfiles localizados, el 90,57% posee una titulación universitaria y, en concreto, el 71,72% se corresponde con profesiones sanitarias. Conclusiones: Se hace necesaria la intervención de los colegios profesionales de DN en colaboración con las instituciones públicas competentes dado el elevado número de profesionales que incumplen la LOPS del año 2003, y la Orden CIN/730/2009, al denominarse con una titulación para lo que no están habilitados profesionalmente.

Resumen En este texto, la profesora María Teresa Uribe de Hincapié ofrece dos campos de análisis que resultan muy novedosos para el estudio de la historia política del país. El primero hace referencia al lugar central ocupado por el lenguaje del republicanismo cívico durante el proceso de emancipación y a lo largo del siglo xix; y el segundo está relacionado con la identificación de la retórica patriótica que sirvió de anclaje para que los referentes de identidad fueran cercanos y familiares, en el terreno emocional, y viables, en el político. La tesis que orienta el texto señala que, ante la inexistencia de identidades culturales preexistentes y la imperiosa necesidad de crear una identidad política que rompiera con un pasado asociado al régimen de la Colonia, la intelectualidad neogranadina encontró en los relatos de los agravios, la exclusión, la usurpación y la sangre derramada la posibilidad de construir una historia con sentido, un pasado glorioso y una imagen auténtica de la nación.

Abstract In this paper, Professor María Teresa Uribe de Hincapié proposes two quite novel fields of analysis for the study of the political history of the country. The first refers to the pivotal role of civic republicanism language during the emancipation process and throughout the nineteenth century. The second pertains to the identification of the patriotic rhetoric that served as an anchor to make identity referents close and familiar, in the emotional realm, and feasible, in the political realm. The text argues that, in the absence of pre-existing cultural identities and given the urgent need to create a political identity that would break with a past associated with the colonial regime, the New Granada intelligentsia found in the narratives of grievances, exclusion, usurpation and spilled blood the possibility of constructing a meaningful history, a glorious past and an authentic image of the nation.

Abstract The small-scale image of the Virgin Mary that is known and venerated to this day under the name of “the Virgin of Socorro” [the Virgin of the Helpless] in Santiago (Chile) is also held to be the very first pious image to have landed on this pe-ripheral colonial city. From early on, it inspired a number of legends highlighting its alleged miraculous character, its role in the Foundation of Santiago and the first steps of the Franciscan Friars in the city. This paper delves into the key-paradoxes surrounding the image's supernatural origins and very common upon sacred Christian images: on the one hand, it was offered as a gift to reward the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary in the midst of a battle against the Indi-ans; on the other, some sources suggest that the image itself performed the supernatural feat. The image concentrates a host of key-features that are discussed below: (i) it helped shape a new imagery that came to define the Christian practice in these regions; (ii) it exemplifies the gradual usurpation of an originally Mercedarian topic to the profit of the Franciscan Order; (iii) it summarized the triumph of the Christian faith over the native rebel populations of Chile's central region; (iv) and it was also coopted as the preferred devotion by the political elites. The paper concludes by advancing a hypoth-esis about the image's iconography, which may stem from the appropriation of an alien typology (Saint Mary Magdalene), due to the scarcity of pious images in these peripheral regions.

Resumen La pequeña figura de la Virgen del Socorro que se venera hasta hoy en el altar mayor de la iglesia de San Francisco de Santiago es reputada como la primera imagen religiosa que llegó a esta capital. Esta escultura fue protagonista de los inicios de la ciudad y concretó el asentamiento de los franciscanos en Santiago de Chile. Se analizará aquí la paradoja esencial anclada en la doble leyenda de su origen y que es común en las imágenes sagradas del cristianismo: Esta escultura habría sido donada en agradecimiento por la aparición milagrosa de su prototipo –la Virgen misma– durante una batalla contra los indios; no obstante, según otras fuentes, una procesión en honor a la escultura habría sido antecedente del mismo milagro. La figura mariana concentró en ella el milagro de la Conquista y contribuyó a instaurar la visualidad cristiana en estos parajes. Ella representó el triunfo español y cristiano sobre los indios en la zona central de Santiago y la consecuente instauración de la ciudad y la apropiación de las élites políticas de la devoción primigenia. Su potencial simbólico fue, además, causa de la polémica apropiación por parte de los franciscanos de un lugar mercedario. Una segunda paradoja fundamental radica en su iconografía, que podría ser la de una María Magdalena al pie del Calvario, protagonizando así una “migración de sentido” común en lugares donde el acceso a imágenes de culto es difícil.

Abstract This paper aims to understand the memories that are constructed by people who participate in territorial organizations in Valle del Huasco (Atacama Region, Chile) about their resistance processes in the present. Using qualitative methodologies, this article analyses fourteen interviews made to women and men that live in different cities of Valle del Huasco and that participate in processes involving territorial conflicts. The results of the analysis show how the political memory operates as a warp that articulates the experiences in sense narratives of usurpation and territorial resistance rhetoric.

Resumen El presente artículo busca comprender las memorias que personas participantes de organizaciones territoriales del Valle del Huasco (III Región de Atacama, Chile) construyen sobre sus procesos de conflictos y luchas territoriales en el presente. Desde las metodologías cualitativas, se realizaron 14 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres y hombres que viven en distintas localidades del Valle del Huasco y que participaron activamente de procesos de disputa territorial. El resultado del análisis de dichas entrevistas da cuenta de cómo la memoria política actúa como una suerte de urdimbre que articula experiencias en relatos de sentido que se anclan en una retórica de la usurpación y la resistencia territorial.

Resumen La historia del pueblo sikuani ha estado asociada a la incursión colonizadora y a la usurpación de sus tierras ancestrales, lo que ha causado la ruptura de lazos culturales y de identidad. Desde una perspectiva histórica y etnográfica, este artículo aborda dos momentos relacionados con el abandono forzado y el despojo del territorio sikuani. A partir de los relatos sobre el pasado y la memoria de los habitantes del resguardo Wacoyo, examino el periodo de La Violencia de los años cincuenta y de la adjudicación de reservas en 1960 y 1970, como momentos clave para explicar la constitución de la territorialidad sikuani actual y los sentidos y significados que los sikuanis del presente le otorgan al despojo territorial del pasado. El artículo valoriza y hace visibles los relatos indígenas y el despojo asociado.

Abstract The history of the Sikuani people has been associated with the Colonization and usurpation of their ancestral lands, which has caused the breakdown of cultural ties and identity. From a historical and ethnographic perspective, this article discusses two moments associated with forced abandonment and dispossession of the Sikuani territory. Based on accounts of the past and memories of the resguardo Wacoyo inhabitants, I examine the period of La Violencia in the 1950s and the allocation of reservas in the 1960s and 1970s as key moments for explaining the constitution of current Sikuani territoriality, and the meanings and significance that present day Sikuani give to the territorial dispossession of the past. The article values and makes visible indigenous narratives and the associated dispossession.