Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

Abstract The complexity of the agroecosystem can also be assessed by the different land uses in the system and the surroundings, being a relevant way to assess the heterogeneity of the landscape and the effects on the community of interest, in this case, entomofauna. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify how the use of soil in the surroundings of Chilean lettuce horticultural systems, in the Coquimbo Region, alters the entomological community of the crop. Insect sampling was conducted (February 2021 to March 2022) using yellow pan traps. Two sites will be sampled on each of the seven studied lettuce crops. Land use and land cover classes were defined: Forests, water bodies, shrub vegetation, grasslands, barren lands, impermeable surfaces, and urban areas. After land use and land cover classification, buffers of 500 to 5,000 m were created around each data collection point. For data analysis, the percentages of land use of different classes were compared with the ecological attributes: Abundance of insects, abundance of insect pests, richness of entomological families and types of oral apparatus (licker-sucker, mandible, picker-sucker, and sucker). Land uses at different distances from horticultural systems affected the entomological community. interest case entomofauna Thus Region crop February 202 2022 traps crops defined Forests bodies vegetation grasslands lands surfaces areas classification 50 5000 5 000 5,00 point analysis attributes insects pests lickersucker, lickersucker licker sucker, sucker (licker-sucker mandible pickersucker, pickersucker picker picker-sucker sucker. . sucker) 20 00 5,0 2 0 5,

Resumo A complexidade do agroecossistema também pode ser avaliada pelos diferentes usos do solo no sistema e no entorno, sendo uma forma relevante de avaliar a heterogeneidade da paisagem e os efeitos na comunidade de interesse, neste caso, a entomofauna. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como o uso do solo no entorno dos sistemas hortícolas de alface chilena, na região de Coquimbo, altera a comunidade entomológica da cultura. A amostragem de insetos foi realizada (fevereiro de 2021 a março de 2022) utilizando armadilhas amarelas. Serão amostrados dois locais em cada uma das sete culturas de alface estudadas. Foram definidas classes de uso e cobertura da terra: Florestas, corpos d'água, vegetação arbustiva, pastagens, terras áridas, superfícies impermeáveis e áreas urbanas. Após a classificação do uso e cobertura do solo, foram criadas zonas tampão de 500 a 5,000 m em torno de cada ponto de recolha de dados. Para análise dos dados, foram comparados os percentuais de uso da terra das diferentes classes com os atributos ecológicos: Abundância de insetos, abundância de insetos-praga, riqueza de famílias entomológicas e tipos de aparelhos bucais (sugador-lambedor, mandíbula, sugador-colhedor e sugador). Os usos da terra em diferentes distâncias dos sistemas hortícolas afetaram a comunidade entomológica. interesse caso entomofauna Assim chilena Coquimbo cultura fevereiro 202 2022 amarelas estudadas Florestas dágua, dágua d água, água d'água arbustiva pastagens áridas urbanas 50 5000 5 000 5,00 dados ecológicos insetospraga, insetospraga praga, praga insetos-praga sugadorlambedor, sugadorlambedor sugador lambedor, lambedor (sugador-lambedor mandíbula sugadorcolhedor colhedor sugador. . sugador) 20 00 5,0 2 0 5,

Abstract Forests and farms are often replaced by counter-urbanization, in which people move from urban to rural areas, causing the progressive growth of rural areas beyond cities. This article delves into the counterurbanization process in the peri-urban forest of Guadalajara, Mexico known as “Bosque La Primavera'' (BLP), discussing three key elements: (1) the absence of a forest buffer zone, (2) the shift from agricultural to industrial and tertiary activities, and (3) green tourism and neo-ruralism moving to the countryside. A mixed methodological approach based on the Theory of Change (ToC) was used. Data was collected from an organization implementing a forest conservation program in 2020 and 2021. Twelve interviews were conducted with brigade members and academics. From the counterurbanization perspective, this study illustrates how unregulated urbanization, land use changes, and green tourism have all contributed to the progressive degradation of forest reserves in the BLP. Due to the growing links between urban and rural areas, rural economies in peri-urban forests are gradually being replaced by industrial and tertiary practices, whereas tourist amenities require new services that alter rural living patterns. counterurbanization, counter urbanization counter-urbanization cities periurban peri Guadalajara Bosque Primavera Primavera' BLP, BLP , (BLP) elements 1 (1 zone 2 (2 activities 3 (3 neoruralism neo ruralism countryside ToC (ToC used 202 2021 academics perspective changes practices patterns (BLP ( 20

Resumo As florestas e as quintas são frequentemente substituídas pela contra-urbanização, em que as pessoas se deslocam das zonas urbanas para as zonas rurais, provocando o crescimento progressivo das zonas rurais para além das cidades. Este artigo analisa o processo de contra-urbanização na floresta periurbana de Guadalajara, México, conhecida como "Bosque La primavera'' (BLP), discutindo três elementos-chave: (1) a ausência de uma zona tampão florestal, (2) a mudança de actividades agrícolas para actividades industriais e terciárias, e (3) o turismo verde e o neo-ruralismo a deslocarem-se para o campo. Foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica mista baseada na Teoria da Mudança (ToC). Os dados foram recolhidos numa organização que está a implementar um programa de conservação florestal em 2020 e 2021. Foram realizadas doze entrevistas com membros da brigada e académicos. Na perspetiva da contra-urbanização, este estudo ilustra como a urbanização desregulada, as mudanças no uso da terra e o turismo verde contribuíram para a degradação progressiva das reservas florestais na BLP. Devido às ligações crescentes entre as zonas urbanas e rurais, as economias rurais nas florestas periurbanas estão a ser gradualmente substituídas por práticas industriais e terciárias, enquanto as comodidades turísticas exigem novos serviços que alteram os padrões de vida rurais. contraurbanização, contraurbanização contra urbanização, cidades Guadalajara México Bosque primavera primavera' BLP, BLP , (BLP) elementoschave elementos chave elementos-chave 1 (1 2 (2 terciárias 3 (3 neoruralismo neo ruralismo deslocaremse deslocarem campo ToC. ToC . (ToC) 202 2021 académicos desregulada (BLP ( (ToC 20

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species. Backgrounds periurban peri conservation forests J urbanrural rural Forest sampled type Initially 1 tested urban, (urban periurban, m progenies provenances blocks 2 plot 90 seedlings Results 9333 93 33 93.33% H=0.1806. H01806 H H=0.1806 . 0 1806 (H=0.1806) 79 populations Nm (Nm 18790 8790 1.8790 SD (SD heightdiameter height H/SD HSD (H/SD < ( 0.50, 050 0.50 , 50 0.50) 0.70, 070 0.70 70 0.70) 7%. 7 7% 7%) Conclusion affected barriers Thus 9 933 3 93.33 H0180 H=0.180 180 (H=0.1806 1879 879 1.879 05 0.5 5 07 0.7 93.3 H018 H=0.18 18 (H=0.180 187 87 1.87 0. 93. H01 H=0.1 (H=0.18 8 1.8 H0 H=0. (H=0.1 1. H=0 (H=0. H= (H=0 (H= (H

Resumo Este artigo dá notoriedade a quatro conferências proferidas pelo paisagista Roberto Burle Marx enquanto membro do Conselho Federal de Cultura, representando a Câmara de Artes, entre os anos de 1967 e 1974. Essas conferências são fontes primárias que refletem o lado conservacionista de Burle Marx e a sua preocupação com a preservação da paisagem brasileira, ao constatar, durante suas viagens e excursões botânicas, a destruição das florestas ante o desenvolvimento urbano desordenado e o descaso com os jardins públicos. Composto pela transcrição destas conferências, organizadas em ordem cronológica, e antecedida por uma sessão de comentário realizado a partir da interpretação do pensamento discorrido nos documentos, este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que Burle Marx não se destaca apenas pelas suas obras artísticas – projetos paisagísticos e artes plásticas –, que o tornaram mundialmente conhecido e até hoje estudado, mas também como ativista ambiental na defesa da paisagem brasileira e, portanto, na preservação do patrimônio cultural e natural do Brasil. Cultura Artes 196 1974 constatar botânicas públicos cronológica documentos estudado portanto Brasil 19 197 1

Abstract This article highlights four lectures given by the landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx as a member of the Federal Council of Culture, representing the Chamber of Arts, between 1967 and 1974. These lectures are primary sources that reflect the conservationist side of Burle Marx and his concern with preserving the Brazilian landscape after observing the destruction of forests in the face of disorderly urban development and neglect of public gardens during his travels and botanical excursions. Here these lectures are transcribed, organized chronologically, and preceded by commentary based on interpretations of the thoughts expressed in these documents; the objective is to demonstrate that Burle Marx is not only notable for his artistic work (in landscaping projects and the fine arts), for which he became known worldwide and is still studied today, but also as an environmental activist in defense of the Brazilian landscape and consequently the preservation of Brazil’s cultural and natural heritage. Culture Arts 196 1974 excursions transcribed chronologically documents arts, arts , arts) today Brazils Brazil s heritage 19 197 1

ABSTRACT Water quality in watersheds depends on several factors and in Ecuador many rivers are polluted by anthropogenic impact. This study evaluated the influence of different land uses and landscape fragmentation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Teaone river, Ecuador. Eight sampling points were located by land use (livestock, agroforestry systems, forests, and urban areas) where temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, vegetation type, flow width, substrate, and water depth were measured. Digital circular plots were created to calculate indicators of landscape structure and fragmentation (edge index, dominance, and fragmentation index), and spectral indicators through vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and near infrared (NIR), red, and blue bands. Several physical and chemical parameters were within allowable limits (turbidity = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, electrical conductivity = 365 μS/cm, temperature = 26.0 ºC, salinity = 0.15 UPS). However, OD and SDT were outside the limits in all land uses (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). Grassland had the highest number of fragments (12.1), followed by settlements (9.4). For NIR, EVI and NDVI high values were observed in native forest, agroforestry, and livestock and lowest values in the urban area. The parameters show that agroforestry systems and native forests maintain good water quality, while in livestock and urban areas water quality decreases.

RESUMEN La calidad del agua en las cuencas hídricas depende de varios factores y en Ecuador muchos ríos se encuentran contaminados por impacto antrópico. Este estudio evaluó la influencia de diferentes usos de suelo y la fragmentación del paisaje sobre las características físicas y químicas del río Teaone, Ecuador. Se ubicaron ocho puntos de muestreo por uso de suelo (ganadería, sistemas agroforestales, bosques y zonas urbanas) donde se midieron temperatura, turbiedad, sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), pH, conductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto (OD) y salinidad. Se registró el tipo de vegetación, ancho del caudal, sustrato y profundidad del agua. Se crearon parcelas circulares digitales para calcular indicadores de la estructura y fragmentación del paisaje (índice de bordes, dominancia e índice de fragmentación), e indicadores espectrales a través de índices de vegetación como el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), el índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI), y bandas del infrarrojo cercano (NIR), del rojo y azul. Varios parámetros físicos y químicos estuvieron dentro de los límites permisibles (turbidez = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, conductividad eléctrica = 365 μS/cm, temperatura = 26.0 ºC, salinidad = 0.15 UPS). Sin embargo, el OD y los SDT quedaron fuera de los límites en todos los usos de suelo (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). El pastizal tuvo mayor número de fragmentos (12.1), seguido de los poblados (9.4). Para el NIR, el EVI y el NDVI se observaron valores altos en bosque nativo, agroforestal y ganadería y el menor valor en la zona urbana. Los parámetros demuestran que los sistemas agroforestales y bosques nativos mantienen una buena calidad de agua, mientras que en la zona ganadera y urbana la calidad decrece.

Resumen (Introducción): La conservación y restauración del patrimonio ecológico y cultural es una necesidad ante la crisis ambiental, en particular ante los efectos del cambio climático. Lo anterior se puede lograr a través de investigación interdisciplinaria que permita generar estrategias para la restauración de paisajes bioculturales complejos. (Objetivo): Proponer estrategias de restauración ecológica ecocéntrica, biocultural y productiva en Tzintzuntzan (lugar de colibríes), un paisaje dominado por vestigios arqueológicos precolombinas en la ribera del Lago de Patzcuaro, México, ante los efectos esperados del cambio climático. (Metodología): Se elaboró un SIG con información de las condiciones socioambientales del área de estudio, y un modelo de cambio climático para el 2050 y se estimó la pérdida de nivel del lago. (Resultados): A partir de las condiciones actuales de la vegetación, la modelación climática y la presencia de vestigios arqueológicos, se obtuvo que para el 2050 la mayor parte (89 %) del área cubierta por bosques, actualmente dominados por especies de encino y pino, tendrán un clima propicio para especies de selva seca. Dada la distribución de los vestigios arqueológicos y la zona urbana, se proponen estrategias de restauración ecocéntricas, bioculturales y productivas (Conclusiones): Una aproximación biocultural a la restauración es deseable, porque permite la recuperación de elementos ambientales y culturales del socioecosistema, con énfasis en la adaptación al cambio climático y en la recuperación del hábitat de los colibríes, el vínculo más visible entre naturaleza y cultura en la región.

Abstract (Introduction): Conservation and restoration of the ecological and cultural heritage is a necessity given the current environmental crisis, when considering the effects of climate change. This can be achieved through interdisciplinary research that allows the creation of strategies for restoring complex biocultural landscapes. (Objective): To propose strategies for ecocentric, biocultural and productive ecological restoration in Tzintzuntzan (place of hummingbirds) a landscape dominated by precolumbian archaeological remains in the riverbanks of lake Paztcuaro, México, considering the expected effects of climate change. (Metodology): A GIS was created with information about the socio-environmental conditions of the study site, a climate change model was also elaborated for 2050 and the loss of water lake water level was estimated. (Results): From the present conditions of the vegetation, climatic modeling and the presence of archaeological remains we obtained that for 2050 most of the area (89 %) of forests, currently dominated by oaks and pines, will have a climate appropriate for dry tropical vegetation. Considering the distribution of archaeological remains and the urban area we propose ecocentric, biocultural and production restoration strategies. (Conclusions): A biocultural approach to restoration is desirable because it allows the recovery of ecological and cultural elements of the socioecosystem, with an emphasis in adaptation to climate change and the recovery of hummingbird habitat, being the hummingbirds the most important link between nature and culture in the region.

Abstract The evaluation of tree structure and diversity has been of vital importance for the planning and management of urban forests. Unfortunately, there are currently numerous wooded areas in cities, where the current status of the species present is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure and diversity of the trees in Parque Hundido, which is in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo León. In September 2021, all the trees and shrubs were registered and their total height and crown length, normal diameter, and crown diameter were measured. As a result, 26 species were identified, of which 11 were native and 15 introduced. The species that presented the highest values of abundance, crown area and frequency were Fraxinus uhdei, Fraxinus americana and Ehretia anacua. The graphs of diameter and height classes indicate that there is a greater proportion of trees with intermediate diameters and heights, which indicates an adult plant community. The richness and diversity values were intermediate, like other urban green areas in northeastern Mexico. It is concluded that native tree plants are more important than exotic ones in Parque Hundido.

Resumen La evaluación de la estructura y diversidad arbórea ha sido de vital importancia para la planificación y gestión de los bosques urbanos. Desafortunadamente, en la actualidad existen numerosas áreas arboladas en las ciudades, donde se desconoce el estado actual de las especies presentes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la estructura y diversidad del arbolado del Parque Hundido. El parque se encuentra en el municipio de San Pedro Garza García, en la zona metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León. En septiembre de 2021 se censaron todos los árboles y arbustos a los cuales se les midió la altura total, longitud de copa, el diámetro normal y el diámetro de copa. Se identificaron 26 especies, de las cuales 11 fueron nativas y 15 introducidas. Las especies que presentaron los valores más altos de abundancia, área de copa y frecuencia, fueron Fraxinus uhdei, Fraxinus americana y Ehretia anacua. La distribución de clases diamétricas y altura indican que hay mayor proporción de arbolado con diámetros y alturas intermedias, lo que indica una comunidad adulta. Los valores de riqueza y diversidad fueron intermedios, similares a otras áreas verdes urbanas del noreste de México. Se concluye que las plantas arbóreas nativas son más importantes que las exóticas en el Parque Hundido.

Resumen El presente estudio aborda la relación entre la sociedad de Guadalajara y la naturaleza de su entorno desde una perspectiva antropocénica pero también de los significados y la interacción con el medio ambiente. En una mirada multidimensional, se hace la historia de los parques principales desde 1888 hasta finales del siglo XX con el propósito de explicar la transformación medio ambiental y urbana así como la relación entre la ciudad y su cultura medioambiental. Principalmente, se analizan los procesos de compra de terrenos del parque Agua Azul en el centro de la ciudad y su deformación sociourbana en las funciones ecosistémicas.

Abstract This study addresses the relationship between the society of Guadalajara and the nature of its environment from an anthropocene perspective but also from the meanings and interaction with the environment. In a multidimensional view, the history of the main parks is made from 1888 to the end of the 20th century with the purpose of explaining the environmental and urban transformation as well as the relationship between the city and its environmental culture. Mainly, the land purchase processes of the Agua Azul Park in the center of the city and its socio-urban deformation in ecosystem functions are analyzed.

Resumo Este estudo aborda a relação entre a sociedade de Guadalajara e a natureza de seu ambiente a partir de uma perspectiva antropocênica, mas também dos significados e da interação com o ambiente. Numa visão multidimensional, a história dos principais parques é feita de 1888 até o final do século XX com o objetivo de explicar a transformação ambiental e urbana, bem como a relação entre a cidade e sua cultura ambiental. Principalmente, são analisados os processos de compra de terras do parque Água Azul no centro da cidade e sua deformação sociourbana nas funções ecossistêmicas.

Resumen Introducción: El tipo de uso del suelo que rodea los remanentes de bosque tropical puede generar cambios en las características de las poblaciones y comunidades vegetales. En consecuencia, puede haber una reducción significativa en los procesos de polinización y dispersión de las diásporas. Por lo tanto, provocando cambios en algunos parámetros de la lluvia de semillas. Objetivo: Caracterizar y comparar la densidad de semillas, la riqueza de especies, la composición florística, el hábito, el síndrome de dispersión y la categoría sucesional de la lluvia de semillas entre fragmentos urbanos y rurales de Mata Atlántica, en las estaciones climáticas del 2015 y 2016. Métodos: Las áreas de estudio se definieron luego del mapeo y cuantificación de las ocupaciones urbanas y rurales alrededor de los remanentes, con base en imágenes satelitales. En cada fragmento se instalaron 36 colectores de 0.25 m2. El material fue recolectado mensualmente durante dos años consecutivos. Resultados: La riqueza de lluvia de semillas fue mayor en el fragmento urbano durante la estación lluviosa en los dos años, mientras que fue similar entre los fragmentos en la estación seca. La densidad de semillas en el fragmento rural fue mayor que en el urbano durante la estación lluviosa; no varió en urbano entre años o entre estaciones; y fue mayor en el fragmento rural en la estación lluviosa del primer año. Hubo una diferencia en la composición florística de la lluvia de semillas entre los fragmentos a lo largo del tiempo. Las variaciones en los atributos funcionales de hábito, síndrome de dispersión y categoría sucesional, fueron explicadas por las variables fragmento, estación y año. Conclusiones: Las diferencias en las características de la lluvia de semillas entre los fragmentos podrían reflejar la heterogeneidad espacial y temporal, debido a los diversos usos del suelo y presiones externas (acciones antropogénicas) presentes en el entorno de los fragmentos de bosque y variación temporal de la precipitación.

Abstract Introduction: The type of land use surrounding the remnants of tropical forest may generate changes in the characteristics of plant populations and communities. Consequently, there may be a significant reduction in processes of pollination and diasporas dispersion. Therefore, causing changes in some parameters of seed rain. Objective: To characterize and compare seed density, species richness, floristic composition, habit, dispersal syndrome, and successional category of seed rain between urban and rural fragments of Atlantic Forest, in the 2015 and 2016 weather seasons. Methods: The study areas were defined after mapping and quantification of urban and rural occupations around the remnants, based on satellite images. In each fragment, were installed 36 collectors of 0.25 m2. The material was collected monthly during two consecutive years. Results: Seed rain richness was higher in the urban fragment during the rainy season in the two years, whereas it was similar between the fragments in the dry season. The seed density in the rural fragment was higher than in the urban during the rainy season; did not vary in urban between years or between seasons; and it was higher in the rural fragment in the rainy season of one year. There was a difference in the floristic composition of the seed rain between the fragments along time. The variations in the functional attributes of habit, dispersal syndrome, and successional category, were explained by the variables fragment, season, and year. Conclusions: Differences in the characteristics of the seed rain between the fragments might reflect the spatial and temporal heterogeneity, due to the diverse uses of the soil and external pressures (anthropogenic actions) present in the surroundings of the forest fragments and temporal variation in precipitation.

Abstract Introduction: The spread of antimicrobial resistance in natural environments continues to be reported throughout the world; nevertheless, there is no study about phytotelms (water in the natural cavities of plants) in the deep understory of tropical cloud forests from Costa Rica. Objective: To detect phytotelm antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in a Costa Rican forest and nearby town. Methods: We used the disk diffusion method to analyze the antimicrobial resistance of 10 gram-negative bacterial strains from phytotelm water collected from 10 bromeliads and 10 heliconias in both sites. Results: Three strains were multidrug resistant to more than three antibiotics in each site, and only one strain was susceptible to all antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was similar in both environments. Conclusions: Phytotelm can be a rapid, cost-effective, and simple source for detecting antimicrobial resistance in unexplored environments.

Resumen Introducción: La propagación de la resistencia antimicrobiana en entornos naturales continúa siendo informada de todo el mundo; sin embargo, no existe ningún estudio sobre fitotelmias (agua en las cavidades naturales de las plantas) en el sotobosque profundo de los bosques nubosos tropicales de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Detectar cepas bacterianas resistentes a antibióticos en fitotelmas de un bosque costarricense y un pueblo cercano. Métodos: Utilizamos el método de difusión en disco para analizar la resistencia antimicrobiana de 10 cepas bacterianas gram-negativas aisladas del agua de fitotelmas de 10 bromelias y 10 heliconias, en ambos sitios. Resultados: Tres cepas fueron resistentes a más de tres antibióticos en cada sitio, y una fue susceptible a todos los antibióticos. La resistencia a los antibióticos fue similar en ambos entornos. Conclusiones: Las fitotelmas pueden ser una fuente rápida, económica y sencilla para detectar la resistencia antimicrobiana en entornos inexplorados.

Resumen En este estudio se evaluó la proporción de especies arbóreas nativas respecto a las introducidas en bosques urbanos de seis zonas rurales de Hualahuises, Nuevo León (noreste de México). Para el análisis de varianza se utilizó la prueba de proporciones con un nivel de confianza de 0.95 mediante el comando prop.test en R. Se registraron 252 individuos de 32 especies distribuidas en 29 géneros y 19 familias. La familia Fabaceae fue la mejor representada con siete especies. De todos los taxones, 19 son nativos (59.37 %) y 13 introducidos (40.63 %). De acuerdo con su origen, 77.79 % de los individuos son nativos y 22.21 % introducidos. Referente a sus dimensiones, las diferencias porcentuales son mayores: las nativas representan 91.69 % de área basal, 92.36 % de área de copa, 92.22 % de área superficial de la copa y 96.78 % de volumen de copa, mientras que las no nativas presentan valores inferiores a 9.00 %. Prosopis laevigata, seguida de Vachellia farnesiana y Ebenopsis ebano presentaron los valores estructurales más altos. Las tres son nativas pertenecientes a la familia Fabaceae y juntas conforman 44.05 % de la abundancia y 63.71 % del Índice de Valor de Importancia Urbano. Con base en el análisis de varianza, las especies nativas resultaron tener mayores valores de riqueza, área basal y área superficial de copa que las introducidas en las localidades evaluadas.

Abstract In this study, the proportion of native vs. introduced tree species in urban forests of six rural areas of Hualahuises, Nuevo León (Northeast Mexico) was evaluated. For the analysis of variance, the proportions test was used with a confidence level of 0.95 through the prop.test command in R. 252 individuals of 32 species distributed in 29 genera and 19 families were recorded. The Fabaceae family was the largest represented with seven species. Of the 32 species, 19 are native (59.37 %) and 13 introduced (40.63 %). Based upon their origin, 77.79 % of the individuals are native and 22.21 % introduced. Regarding their dimensions, the percentage differences are greater: the native ones represent 91.69 % of the basimetric area, 92.36 % of the crown area, 92.22 % of the assumed crown area and 96.78 % of crown volume, while the non-natives present values lower than 9.00 %. At the species level, those with the highest structural values were Prosopis laevigata followed by Vachellia farnesiana and Ebenopsis ebano. The three species are native belonging to the Fabaceae family and together they represent 44.05 % of the abundance and 63.71 % of the Urban Importance Value Index. According to the analysis of variance, the native species turned out to have higher values of richness, basal area, and crown area than the introduced species in the assessed localities.

ABSTRACT The occupation of peri-urban areas in the eight largest Amazonian cities is studied, along with its impact on forest conservation, in order to identify conditions associated with greater or lesser loss of peri-urban forests. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of demographic and spatial indicators is conducted, as well as a spatial analysis of recent urban growth over forested areas. Furthermore, challenges for the conservation of peri-urban forests are discussed based on key territorial dynamics and existing mechanisms for territorial planning and management. It is identified that the greater pressure from urban growth on peri-urban forests is mainly linked to migratory processes and regional economic dynamics related to mining and tourism activities. Likewise, the trend towards reduced population and housing density in new expansion areas, along with an increase in the real estate supply for secondary residences, poses a threat to sustainability. Peri-urban roads concentrate deforestation areas and future urban expansion, highlighting the need to enhance mechanisms for environmental impact assessment of road infrastructure and focus efforts on sustainable land management measures in these zones.

RESUMEN Se estudia la ocupación de las zonas periurbanas de las ocho ciudades amazónicas de mayor tamaño y su afectación a la conservación de bosques con el fin de identificar las condiciones que se relacionan con una mayor o menor pérdida de bosques periurbanos. Para ello, se realiza el análisis comparativo de indicadores demográficos y espaciales, así como el análisis espacial del crecimiento urbano reciente sobre zonas forestales. Además, se discuten los desafíos para la conservación de bosques periurbanos a partir de las principales dinámicas territoriales y los mecanismos existentes para la planificación y gestión del territorio. Se identifica que la mayor presión del crecimiento de las ciudades sobre los bosques periurbanos se relaciona principalmente a procesos migratorios y dinámicas económicas regionales ligadas a actividades de minería y turismo. Asimismo, la tendencia a la reducción de la densidad de población y vivienda en las nuevas zonas de expansión y el incremento de la oferta inmobiliaria de residencia secundaria resultan en una amenaza para la sostenibilidad. Las carreteras periurbanas concentran las áreas de deforestación y futura expansión urbana, por lo que es necesario mejorar los mecanismos de evaluación de impacto ambiental de la infraestructura vial y concentrar los esfuerzos en medidas de gestión sostenible del territorio en estas zonas.