Abstract When a building is demolished, its cohesive and planned structure fractures into countless fragments. These heterogeneous and disorganised fragments blur the boundaries between what was once private - the domestic space - and what is now public - the formerly occupied land. In 2019, I stumbled upon a family photograph amidst the rubble left by the demolition of the last towers of the Bairro do Aleixo in Porto. Constructed in the 1970s, this was a public housing estate designed to accommodate families from Ribeira-Barredo who had been displaced due to urban redevelopment. Throughout the years, the five towers have hosted a sizable and fluctuating population that has adapted and made use of this previously unconventional housing model. From 2011 to 2019, Aleixo underwent three demolition operations, politically supported by arguments citing its structural and social deterioration as justification. The first two were striking implosions broadcasted on television, whereas the final demolition, which I witnessed, unfolded as a slow deconstruction spanning several months. In the photograph, the woman dressed in white poses on a balcony of Tower 1 within the old Bairro do Aleixo. In the background stands the phallic skeleton of Tower 4, which would be imploded decades later. Upon its unearthing, the photograph, weathered by time and circumstance, hinted at a conceptual connection with the debris surrounding it. In this article, my focus centres on this found photograph, aiming to unveil the processes and tensions encapsulated within this fragment. I draw on the ontological connections between photography and death, as well as between photography and ruin, to analyse the spectral image of this obliterated site. I delve into what the encounter with this image might reveal about the memory of the neighbourhood, its public image, and the extensive and violent process of displacing its residents. I reach the concept of a "rubble-image" as pivotal in interpreting this nearly vanished imprint that stubbornly affirms the persistence of a dissenting and complex place, supposedly erased from public space and suppressed from urban memory by dominant sensibilities.

Resumo Quando uma edificação é demolida, a sua estrutura, unitária e planeada, é desintegrada em incontáveis fragmentos. Heterogéneos e desordenados, estes fragmentos borram os limites entre o que era privado - o espaço doméstico - e o que é público - o terreno antes ocupado. Em 2019, encontrei uma fotografia familiar entre os escombros da demolição das últimas torres do Bairro do Aleixo, no Porto. Este foi um conjunto de habitação pública construído na década de 1970 para realojar famílias da Ribeira-Barredo, deslocadas por uma reabilitação urbana. Ao longo do tempo, as cinco torres abrigaram uma população numerosa e mutável que se apropriou desse modelo de habitação até então incomum. Entre 2011 e 2019, o Aleixo foi alvo de três operações de demolição, politicamente justificadas por sua degradação estrutural e social. As duas primeiras foram implosões espetaculares e televisionadas, enquanto a última, que presenciei, foi uma lenta desconstrução que durou meses. Na fotografia, uma mulher vestida de branco posa numa varanda da Torre 1 do antigo Bairro do Aleixo. Ao fundo, paira o esqueleto fálico da Torre 4, implodida décadas depois. Quando encontrada, a fotografia, arruinada pelo tempo e pelas circunstâncias, sugeria uma afinidade conceptual com os escombros que a cercavam. Neste artigo, detenho-me sobre essa fotografia encontrada, objetivando desvelar os processos e as tensões armazenadas nesse fragmento. Recorro às relações ontológicas entre fotografia e morte, também entre fotografia e ruína, para analisar a imagem espectral desse sítio obliterado. Desenvolvo o que o encontro com ela pode indicar sobre a memória do bairro, a sua imagem pública, assim como o longo e violento processo de remoção dos seus moradores. Chego à noção de “imagem-escombro” como chave de leitura para esse vestígio quase desaparecido que afirma teimosamente a persistência de um lugar dissidente e complexo, pretensamente apagado do espaço público e suprimido da memória urbana pelas sensibilidades dominantes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if migration modifies the management and composition of agrobiodiversity in the homegardens, spaces where the richness of species ensures the provision of goods. In Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, we conducted semi-structured interviews and generated agrobiodiversity inventories in were applied to homegardens without migrants (SSM) and with migrants (SCM). The SSM recorded higher floristic and backyard fauna diversity; in SCM, there was a redistribution of management responsibilities. Thus, rural-urban migration, in Dzoyaxché, is a factor that determines agrobiodiversity.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la migración modifica el manejo y la composición de la agrobiodiversidad en los solares, espacios donde la riqueza de especies asegura la provisión de bienes. En Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y se realizó el inventario de la agrobiodiversidad a solares sin migrantes (SSM) y con migrantes (SCM). Los SSM registraron mayor diversidad florística y de fauna de traspatio; mientras que en SCM se registró una redistribución de las responsabilidades de manejo. En conclusión, la migración rural-urbana en Dzoyaxché es un factor que determina la agrobiodiversidad.

Summary Introduction and aims: The plant species grown in Educational Establishments are diverse, reflecting the customs of the local population. Their presence could contribute to the revaluation of local flora, acting as pedagogical triggers and fulfilling an ornamental function simultaneously. The objectives of this study are to inventory the plant species in recreational spaces of the kindergartens of the Bahía Blanca District and to collect information related to the presence of these species, as well as the general knowledge that managers/teachers have about them. M&M: A floristic census was carried out in recreational spaces of 85 public and private kindergartens. Directors/teachers were surveyed/interviewed to record complementary information about the species and their role in the institution. Results: Two hundred seventy-two species belonging to 86 botanical families were identified. 88% were found to be exotic, and 12% were native, with 1.45% being endemic to Argentina. 100% of all kindergartens that present plants have exotic species, 43% 43% native species and 10% endemic species. The teachers recognize a need for knowledge of the botanical environment and mention an interest in training on the subject. Conclusions: The diversity of plant species in the recreational spaces of kindergartens is high, most of them being exotic. It is important to plan plant species in these institutions so that they can be used as teaching resources.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Las especies vegetales cultivadas en Establecimientos Educativos son diversas reflejando el costumbrismo de la población local. Su presencia podría contribuir a la revalorización de la flora local, actuando como disparadores pedagógicos y, a la vez, cumplir una función ornamental. Los objetivos de este estudio son inventariar las especies vegetales en espacios recreativos de los jardines de infantes del Partido de Bahía Blanca y relevar información relacionada con la presencia de dichas especies, así como el conocimiento general que tienen los directivos/docentes sobre las mismas. M&M: Se realizó un censo florístico en 85 establecimientos públicos y privados y se encuestó/entrevistó a la persona responsable a fin de registrar información complementaria en relación a las especies y el rol que cumplen en la institución. Resultados: Se identificaron 272 especies pertenecientes a 86 familias botánicas. Se encontró un 88% de exóticas y 12% de nativas, siendo el 1,45% endémicas de Argentina. El 100% de los jardines de infantes con plantas tienen especies exóticas, el 43% especies nativas y el 10% endémicas. Los docentes reconocen falta de conocimiento del entorno botánico, mencionan interés en capacitarse en el tema. Conclusiones: La diversidad de especies de plantas en los espacios recreativos de los jardines de infantes es alta, siendo en su mayoría exóticas. Es importante una planificación de las especies de plantas en estas instituciones para que puedan ser utilizadas como recursos didácticos.

Abstract Echinodorus is the second largest genus of the aquatic plant family Alismataceae, comprising 28 species, of which 24 occur in Brazil. This study represents the first record of Echinodorus scaber Rataj for the State of Maranhão, based on material collected in the Municipality of Brejo, eastern Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber shares morphological similarities with E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, but it can be distinguished by (I) a highly branched inflorescence, (II) scabrous peduncles and petioles covered by stellate trichomes, and (II) small flowers with reflexed petals. This new record of E. scaber contributes to a better understanding of this genus’ diversity and distribution in Maranhão and underscores the necessity to broaden collection efforts for a better comprehension of the state’s flooded zones. Comprehensive collection efforts, with a special focus on aquatic plants and in locations far from the state’s main urban center, São Luís, may result in a significant knowledge increase of the flora, especially of the genus Echinodorus, which needs a broad taxonomic study. These recommendations may result in new records, range extensions, and species descriptions, contributing to the conservation of the aquatic environments of Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 Brazil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I inflorescence II (II trichomes petals states state s zones center Luís flora records extensions descriptions

Resumo Echinodorus é o segundo maior gênero da família de plantas aquáticas Alismataceae, compreendendo 28 espécies, 24 delas ocorrendo no Brasil. Este estudo representa o primeiro registro de Echinodorus scaber Rataj para o Estado do Maranhão, com base em material coletado no município de Brejo, leste do Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber compartilha semelhanças morfológicas com E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, mas pode ser distinguida por: (I) uma inflorescência altamente ramificada; (II) pedúnculos e pecíolos escabrosos recobertos por tricomas estrelados; e (II) flores pequenas com pétalas reflexas. Este novo registro de E. scaber contribui para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade e distribuição deste gênero no Maranhão e ressalta a necessidade de ampliar os esforços de coleta para uma maior compreensão das zonas inundadas do estado. Esforços de coleta abrangentes, com foco especial em plantas aquáticas e em locais distantes do principal centro urbano do estado, São Luís, poderá resultar em um aumento significativo do conhecimento da flora, especialmente do gênero Echinodorus, que necessita de amplo estudo taxonômico. Essas recomendações poderão resultar em novos registros, extensões de distribuição e novas descrições de espécies, contribuindo para a conservação dos ambientes aquáticos do Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 espécies Brasil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I ramificada II (II estrelados reflexas estado abrangentes Luís flora taxonômico registros

Abstract Green areas have important social, biological and aesthetical values. They might provide house and food for fauna, protect biodiversity and can provide several ecosystem services of provision, regulation, support and culture. This research aimed to analyze composition of native and exotic species in urban parks in São Paulo (Brazil), in response to variables considered drivers of diversity adapted to urban environment and to socioeconomic aspects. We expected that socio-economic factors and age and size of parks would be important determinants of species richness All county parks (municipal management) larger than 1 ha were selected, which summed 68 parks throughout São Paulo. Socioeconomic variables for this study were population, growth rate of population, average per capita income, IDH and population density. We also accessed native and exotic species richness of plants and trees from the flora list of each park. In order to determine the effects of park size and age and neighbourhood socio-economic status on richness of plants and trees we used multiple regression analyses. We found a great species richness in urban parks in São Paulo and that richness associated to park age and size, and to some socio-economic factors, especially when combined to age and size of parks. Bigger sites could offer more resources and area for the growth and establishment of native plants, and older parks in São Paulo likely had more management and interventions improving its biodiversity. Lastly, in vulnerable regions and in smaller and newer parks, we recommend improvement in plant species diversity by managers. social values fauna provision regulation culture Brazil, Brazil , (Brazil) aspects socio economic municipal selected 6 income density analyses Lastly managers (Brazil

Abstract Restinga formations are defined as the vegetation covering sandy coastal sediments deposited during the Quaternary period, regardless their physiognomy. They are usually characterized as areas of confluence between plant species associated with diverse phytogeographical domains. However, detailed floristic and biogeographic studies are still required to better define their distribution patterns, the origins of their plant species, and their biogeographical affinities. In this study, we investigate the floristic similarities among restingas in Northern and Northeastern Brazil and diverse ecosystems from different Brazilian phytogeographical domains (Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Amazonia). We employed multivariate analyses to investigate differences in species composition and identify floristically similar groups. While sharing species with other ecosystems, restingas exhibit unique floristic composition, representing a coastal flora. Furthermore, the restingas of Northern and Northeastern Brazil are biogeographically subdivided according to previously recognized sectors of the coast of the country. These findings underscore the complex nature of restinga ecosystems, influenced by environmental factors such as geographic distance, geology and climate. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between restingas and their surrounding ecosystems, facilitating informed conservation efforts in the face of escalating urban and industrial expansion along the Brazilian coast. period physiognomy However patterns affinities study Caatinga, Caatinga (Caatinga Cerrado Amazonia. Amazonia . Amazonia) groups flora Furthermore country distance climate

ABSTRACT The Tijuca National Park comprises the world's largest urban forest. It has a rich flora, with around 1,550 plant species. For the first time, the insect galls of this area were investigated. We carried out 12 monthly collections from January to December/2009. Samples of host plants were pressed and identified. Galls were photographed and characterized according to their external morphology and number of chambers. Gall-inducing insects and secondary inhabitants were obtained from gall dissecation as well as from rearing in laboratory. Data on origin and geographic distribution of plant species were retrieved from Flora e Funga do Brasil website. We found 72 gall morphotypes on 43 plant species (36 genera, and 23 families). Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaeae and Melastomataceae were the botanical families with the highest gall richness. Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC. (Rubiaceae) and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) highlighted as super host plant species. Five host plants are endemic to Brazil; they shelters eight gall morphotypes. Due to the high specificity of the gall-inducing insects, we considered them co-endemic, Leaf galls were the most frequent. Gall-inducers were represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls of Tijuca National Park followed the patterns already known from Brazil, but it richness is relatively low when compared to other areas of the Atlantic forest. worlds world s forest flora 1550 1 550 1,55 time investigated December2009 December 2009 December/2009 identified chambers Gallinducing Gall inducing laboratory website 7 4 36 (3 genera 2 families. . families) Rubiaceae Sapindaceae cf DC (Rubiaceae sp (Sapindaceae Brazil gallinducing coendemic, coendemic co endemic, co-endemic frequent Gallinducers inducers Cecidomyiidae 155 55 1,5 December200 200 December/200 3 ( 15 5 1, December20 20 December/20 December2 December/2 December/

ABSTRACT Parietaria judaica and Soleirolia soleirolii (Parietariae, Urticaceae) are perennial herbs native to the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting urban and peri-urban environments in various countries. In this work, the record for P. judaica is updated with the inclu- sion new localities and habitats in the province of Buenos Aires, naturalization areas of S. soleirolii in Argentina are also mentioned, as well as the invasion status for each species is established. Herbarium specimens of both species collected between 1989 and 2022 in different cities of Buenos Aires were studied. The habitats were docu- mented through observations in naturalized populations. S. soleirolii was found only in urban environments, whereas the distribution area of P. judaica expanded to new habitats in both urban and peri-urban sectors of Buenos Aires. The latter species has a long period of flowering and fruiting. This work also mentions its probable agents and pathways of dispersal. Illustrative images of the species and their habitats are provided, together with maps showing the geographic position of the populations, and a key feature is introduced, allowing to differentiate the genera of the Parietarie- ae tribe in Argentina. The invasion status of these species in Argentina is different.S. soleirolii is not currently a species with high invasive potential; on the contrary,P. judaica has a high propagule pressure, and probably advances along the railroad tracks; therefore its invasive potential is high. In addition, its pollen is allergenic.

RESUMEN Parietaria judaica y Soleirolia soleirolii (Parietariae, Urticaceae) son hierbas perennes originarias del hemisferio norte que habitan ambientes urbanos y periurbanos en diversos países. En este trabajo, se actualiza el registro para P. judaica con nuevas localidades y hábitats en la provincia de Buenos Aires, se hace referencia a los focos de naturalización de S. soleirolii en Argentina, y se establece el estado de invasión para cada especie. Se estudiaron ejemplares de herbario de ambas especies coleccio- nados entre 1989 y 2022 en varias ciudades de la provincia de Buenos Aires y se documentaron los hábitats que ocupan mediante observaciones en las poblaciones naturalizadas. S. soleirolii se halló solamente en ambientes urbanos. Asimismo, se amplió el área de distribución de P. judaica con registros en numerosas ciudades de la provincia de Buenos Aires, en diversos hábitats de sectores urbanos y periurba- nos. Presenta un amplio período de floración y fructificación. Se mencionaron sus probables agentes y vías de dispersión. Se aportaron imágenes ilustrativas de las especies y sus hábitats, mapas de la posición geográfica de las poblaciones halladas en Buenos Aires y, adicionalmente, una clave para diferenciar los géneros de la tribu Parietarieae en Argentina. El estado de invasión de las dos especies en Argentina es diferente. S. soleirolii no es actualmente una especie con alto potencial invasor. Por el contrario, P. judaica presenta una alta presión de propágulos, avanza probablemente por las vías del ferrocarril, por lo tanto, su potencial invasor es alto. Además, su polen es alergógeno.

Summary Background and aims: Urban tree composition is generally highly diverse and largely non-native in origin. Species selection, however, should consider not only future predicted climate and species' environmental requirements, but also the regional invasion risk assessments and the respiratory health potential of species. Here, we assessed the suitability of the most frequent urban tree species by using available online databases. M&M: Suitability was assessed by analysing tree attributes in relation to their invasive status in the study area, the respiratory health potential of the species given by their known pollination strategy and the bioclimatic match of species with the plantation zone. We grouped species according to their nativeness as non-native, regionally native and local native. After filtering those with undesirable characteristics (i.e., invasive species and/or with anemophilous pollination strategy) we analysed three bioclimatic variables: annual temperature, annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality. Results: Results showed that the composition of Córdoba's street trees is heavily biased towards non-native species, many of which are invasive, have an anemophilous pollination strategy and/or exhibit high bioclimatic mismatch. In addition, the strong bias in the current tree composition towards species from more humid, temperate regions is evident. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of revising current policy decisions to adjust urban tree flora in the face of climate change.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La composición del arbolado urbano suele ser muy diversa y en gran medida de origen no nativo. Sin embargo, la selección de especies debe tener en cuenta no sólo el clima previsto en el futuro y los requisitos ambientales de las especies, sino también las evaluaciones regionales del riesgo de invasión y el potencial perjuicio para la salud respiratoria. Aquí evaluamos la idoneidad de las especies arbóreas urbanas más frecuentes utilizando bases de datos de libre acceso. M&M: La idoneidad se evaluó analizando los atributos de los árboles en relación con su estatus invasor en la zona de estudio, el potencial perjuicio para la salud respiratoria dado por la estrategia de polinización de las especies y la correspondencia bioclimática de las especies con la zona de plantación. Agrupamos las especies según su origen como no nativas, nativas regionales y nativas locales. Tras filtrar aquellas con características indeseables (especies invasoras y/o anemófilas) analizamos tres variables bioclimáticas: temperatura anual, precipitación anual y estacionalidad de las precipitaciones. Resultados: La composición del arbolado de Córdoba está fuertemente sesgada hacia especies no nativas, muchas de las cuales son invasoras, tienen una estrategia de polinización anemófila y/o presentan un elevado desajuste bioclimático. Además, es evidente el fuerte sesgo de la composición arbórea actual hacia especies procedentes de regiones más húmedas y templadas. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de revisar las decisiones políticas actuales para ajustar la flora arbórea urbana frente al cambio climático.

Resumen La expansión urbana por lo general implica la ocupación informal de espacios naturales vulnerables, lo que conlleva al deterioro de estos ecosistemas. Este mismo fenómeno se presenta en el humedal de Purrumpama, ubicado en Huamachuco, una ciudad de la sierra liberteña del Perú. Por ello, el presente artículo planteó como objetivo realizar un análisis temporal de la flora presente en el humedal, contrastando los resultados obtenidos con un análisis temporal en Google Earth e identificando la relación con la expansión urbana. Para tal fin, se hizo uso imágenes satelitales Landsat 8 y Google Earth, delimitando el área de estudio según lo establecido por planes de la Municipalidad Provincial Sánchez Carrión. De esta manera, se determinó que existe una disminución constante de cobertura vegetal en las zonas Sur y Sur-este del humedal, calculando una pérdida de 74 792 m2 del humedal desde 2012 hasta 2021. Así mismo, se arguyó que las acciones ambivalentes de la municipalidad han legitimado la ocupación de viviendas y las acciones de control han sido ineficaces.

Resumo A expansão urbana geralmente implica na ocupação informal de espaços naturais vulneráveis, o que leva à deterioração desses ecossistemas. Esse mesmo fenômeno ocorre no pantanal de Purrumpama, localizado em Huamachuco, cidade da Sierra Libertad do Peru. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma análise temporal da flora presente no pantanal, contrastando os resultados obtidos com uma análise temporal no Google Earth e identificando a relação com a expansão urbana. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat 8 e Google Earth, delimitando a área de estudo conforme estabelecido pelos planos do Município Provincial de Sánchez Carrión. Dessa forma, apurou-se que há uma diminuição constante da cobertura vegetal nas áreas Sul e Sudeste do pantanal, calculando uma perda de 74.792 m2 do pantanal de 2012 a 2021. Da mesma forma, argumentou-se que as ações ambivalentes do município têm legitimado a ocupação de domicílios e as ações de controle têm sido ineficazes.

Abstract Urban expansion generally implies the informal occupation of vulnerable natural spaces, which leads to the deterioration of these ecosystems. This same phenomenon occurs in the Purrumpama wetland, located in Huamachuco, a city in the Sierra Libertad of Peru. For this reason, the objective of this article was to carry out a temporal analysis of the flora present in the wetland, contrasting the results obtained with a temporal analysis in Google Earth and identifying the relationship with urban expansion. For this purpose, Landsat 8 and Google Earth satellite images were used, delimiting the study area as established by the plans of the Sánchez Carrión Provincial Municipality. In this way, it will continue that there is a constant decrease in vegetation cover in the South and South-East areas of the wetland, calculating a loss of 74,792 m2 of the wetland from 2012 to 2021. Likewise, it was argued that the ambivalent actions of the municipality has legitimized the occupation of houses and control actions have been ineffective.

RESUMEN El arbolado urbano ofrece importantes servicios ambientales en las ciudades, razón por la cual su establecimiento y estudio se ha incrementado en los últimos años. En este trabajo se evaluó el cambio de la composición y diversidad del arbolado urbano en la ciudad de Linares, Nuevo León, México en un período de 26 años (1995-2021). Para esto se midió la altura y cobertura de copa, así como los índices de diversidad de Shannon y de similitud de Morisita-Horn. Se registraron 62 especies (22 nativas y 40 introducidas) pertenecientes a 56 géneros y 29 familias de árboles en todo el periodo evaluado. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Fabaceae con nueve especies, Fagaceae, Oleaceae y Rutaceae con cuatro y Apocynaceae y Moraceae con tres. Se observó un incremento en la densidad de árboles introducidos de 1995 a 1999, mientras que, en las últimas dos décadas, la densidad de especies nativas aumentó significativamente, como el caso de Quercus fusiformis y Fraxinus udhei. La mayor similitud de especies se registró en el periodo 1995-1999 (69,2 %) con especies compartidas como las exóticas Ficus benjamina y Ligustrum japonicum. La flora arbórea actual en las áreas públicas de Linares, es probablemente el resultado de un mayor conocimiento de la ecología de las especies tanto nativas como introducidas por parte de la sociedad, así como de las instituciones académicas y gubernamentales de Linares, Nuevo León.

ABSTRACT Urban trees offer important environmental services in cities, which is why their establishment and study has increased in recent years. In this work, the change in the composition and diversity of urban trees was evaluated in the small city of Linares, Nuevo León in a period of 26 years (1995 2021). For this, crown coverage was measured, and the Shannon diversity and Morisita-Horn similarity indices were obtained. As results, 62 species (22 native and 40 introduced) belonging to 56 genera and 29 tree families were recorded throughout the evaluated period. The best represented families were Fabaceae with 9 species, Fagaceae, Oleaceae and Rutaceae with 4 and Apocynaceae and Moraceae with 3. An increase in the density of introduced trees was observed from 1995 to 1999, while by 2021 those of native origin increased significantly as was the case with Quercus fusiformis and Fraxinus udhei. The highest species similarity was recorded in the 1995-1999 period (69,2 %) with shared species such as the exotic Ficus benjamina and Ligustrum japonicum. The current arboreal flora in the public areas of Linares is probably the result of a greater knowledge of the ecology of both native and introduced species by society, as well as the academic and governmental institutions of Linares, Nuevo León.

Abstract Medicinal plants have had worldwide cultural importance because of their use and preservation in rural communities and urban areas. The aim of this research was to determine the cultural significance that Kakchikel and Mochó ethnic groups, inhabitants of the Sierra Mariscal estate of Chiapas, give to their medicinal plants. A qualitative and quantitative approach was used with direct interviews and a questionnaire. The data provided by the respondents was used to build up a Microsoft Excel® database for descriptive statistics to estimate the number of plants used per illness, grouped according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems of the WHO. Similarity of illnesses amongst ethnic groups was determined adopting the Jaccard index, and the Significant Use Level (TRAMIL) or cultural value per plant species was evaluated as well. Both ethnic groups are registered for some official or private medical services, but they prefer using medicinal plants, regardless of their literacy level. The Mochó ethnic group reported 93 illnesses and the Kakchikel 74, classified into 13 diseases groups according to the WHO, having a 28.5% of similarity index. Ten out of 167 illnesses were reported as the most common ailments, such as: coughing, headache, diarrhea, fever, flu, stomachache, diabetes, kidneys ailments, gastritis and wounds. From 209 as total of medicinal plants, the Mochó reported using 123 and the Kakchikel 86, from which 16 and 14 species had cultural significance respectively. Most used medicinal plants are Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), common rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and verbain (Verbena litoralis Kunth.).

Resumen Las plantas medicinales han tenido importancia global y local en cuanto a su uso y conservación en las comunidades rurales y zonas urbanas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el Valor Cultural que las etnias Mochó y Kakchikel dan a la flora medicinal de su territorio en la Sierra Mariscal, Chiapas. En esta investigación se utilizó un enfoque mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo), con el apoyo de entrevistas dirigidas y aplicación de un cuestionario. La información proporcionada por los entrevistados se integró en una base de datos de Microsoft Excel® para determinar el número de plantas usadas por las etnias para atender sus padecimientos, de acuerdo con la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se determinó el índice de similitud de enfermedades entre etnias adaptando el índice de Jaccard, y se obtuvo el Valor Cultural TRAMIL de las plantas medicinales para atender sus padecimientos. Aunque los integrantes de ambas etnias se encuentran afiliados en algún servicio médico oficial o acuden al médico particular, los entrevistados indicaron preferir el uso de plantas medicinales independientemente de su escolaridad. La etnia Mochó reportó 93 padecimientos y la Kakchikel 74, distribuidos en 13 grupos de enfermedades, teniendo un índice de similitud de 28.5%. Del total de los padecimientos, diez fueron comunes en ambas etnias: tos, dolor de cabeza, diarrea, fiebre, gripe, dolor de estómago, diabetes, riñones, gastritis y heridas. De las 209 plantas reportadas, 123 corresponden a la etnia Mochó y 86 a la etnia Kakchikel, de las cuales 16 y 14 respectivamente tuvieron un Valor Cultural; y las plantas medicinales más usadas son Hinojo (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), Ruda (Ruta graveolens L.) y Verbena (Verbena litoralis Kunth.).

Abstract Lotic environments are subjected to the impacts of human activities in an intense way in urban regions and one of the ways to assist in the environmental diagnosis is through the knowledge of the composition of bioindicator organisms, including microalgae. The objective of this work was to qualitatively characterize the Chlorophyceae Class Wille, providing descriptions and meristic data of the specimens as well as the environmental conditions in which the taxa were recorded. Water and phytoplankton samplings were carried out quarterly in 2020, in nine supply rivers, distributed in three river basins in the western region of Paraná (Paraná III basin, Piquiri basin and Baixo Iguaçu basin). The studied rivers were classified as oligotrophic or mesotrophic and the taxa were mostly rare. Thirty-six taxa belonging to the Chlorophyceae class were recorded, distributed in five families: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. These taxa have mainly cenobial representatives, with about 70% of the individuals in this thallus configuration, followed by 22% colonies and 8% unicellular thallus. Among the identified species, five occurred only in mesotrophic sites, warning for environments with tendencies to elevate their trophic, since they are genera previously associated with these conditions. Ten new citations were recorded for the State of Paraná, namely: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Taxonomic studies, such as this one, are an important tool for understanding the flora, and in addition to contributing to the registration of species in aquatic ecosystems, they serve as a basis for ecological studies and other approaches used to preserve biodiversity in these places. organisms microalgae Wille 2020 basin. . basin) rare Thirtysix Thirty six families Dumortier PCSilva P C Silva P.C.Silva Oltmanns Tansley representatives 70 configuration 22 8 sites trophic namely var Reinsch (Reinsch PMTsarenko M Tsarenko P.M.Tsarenko IKostikov I Kostikov I.Kostikov TDarienko T Darienko T.Darienko ALukesová A Lukesová LHoffmann L Hoffmann L.Hoffmann Lemmermann (Lemmermann EHegewald E Hegewald Chodat (Chodat AWFSchmidt W F Schmidt A.W.F.Schmidt Paschma Printz (Printz Nygaard Hindák Playfair (Playfair Alp Comas flora ecosystems places 202 7 2 20

Resumo Ambientes lóticos são ecossistemas muito vulneráveis aos impactos das atividades humanas, especialmente em regiões urbanas, e uma das formas para auxiliar no diagnóstico ambiental é utilizando o conhecimento da composição dos organismos bioindicadores, dentre eles as microalgas. O objetivo foi caracterizar qualitativamente as microalgas enquadradas na Classe Chlorophyceae Wille, fornecendo descrições e dados merísticos dos espécimes bem como as condições ambientais em que os táxons foram registrados. Foram realizadas amostragens de água e de fitoplâncton trimestralmente no ano de 2020, em nove rios de abastecimento, distribuídos em três bacias hidrográficas da região oeste do Paraná (bacia do Paraná III, bacia do Piquiri e bacia do Baixo Iguaçu). Os rios estudados foram enquadrados como oligotróficos ou mesotróficos e os táxons apresentaram em sua maioria ocorrência rara. Foram registrados 36 táxons pertencentes a classe Chlorophyceae distribuídos em cinco famílias: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. Esses táxons possuem representantes principalmente cenobiais, apresentando cerca de 70% dos indivíduos nessa configuração de talo, seguido por 22% de colônias e 8% de talos unicelulares. Entre as espécies identificadas, cinco ocorreram somente em locais mesotróficos, advertindo para ambientes com tendências a elevar sua trofia, visto que são gêneros já associados anteriormente a essas condições. Foram registradas 10 novas citações para o Estado do Paraná, sendo estas: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Trabalhos taxonômicos, como este, são uma importante ferramenta para o conhecimento da flora, e além de contribuir no registro das espécies nos ecossitemas aquáticos, servem como base para estudos ecológicos e demais abordagens utilizadas na preservação da biodiversidade nesses locais. humanas urbanas bioindicadores Wille 2020 abastecimento III Iguaçu. Iguaçu . Iguaçu) rara 3 famílias Dumortier PCSilva P C Silva P.C.Silva Oltmanns Tansley cenobiais 70 talo 22 8 unicelulares identificadas trofia 1 estas var Reinsch (Reinsch PMTsarenko M Tsarenko P.M.Tsarenko IKostikov I Kostikov I.Kostikov TDarienko T Darienko T.Darienko ALukesová A Lukesová LHoffmann L Hoffmann L.Hoffmann Lemmermann (Lemmermann EHegewald E Hegewald Chodat (Chodat AWFSchmidt W F Schmidt A.W.F.Schmidt Paschma Printz (Printz Nygaard Hindák Playfair (Playfair Alp Comas taxonômicos este flora aquáticos 202 7 2 20

Abstract Biotic homogenization is a global phenomenon, mainly in urban areas where exotic species are dominant, contributing to the loss of native biodiversity. Gardening native flora to promote local biodiversity is becoming a conservation practice in urban settings. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the representation of the Chilean native flora in the Chilean and international ornamental flower seed market to know which native plant seeds are sold. We found that native seed are absent in the local market and that the totality of seed supply in the market corresponds to species of exotic origin, mainly from the Palearctic region (43%). However, surprisingly, many Chilean flower seeds are traded in the international market (approximately 6% of the total Chilean flora). This lack of availability of native seeds for local consumers constitutes a bottleneck for ecological restoration initiatives. It is consistent with the greater abundance of exotic species in urban green areas and supports the hypothesis of biocultural homogenization. phenomenon dominant settings Therefore study sold origin 43%. 43 43% . (43%) However surprisingly approximately 6 flora. flora) initiatives 4 (43% (43 (4 (

Resumo A homogeneização biótica é um fenómeno global, principalmente em áreas urbanas onde as espécies exóticas são dominantes, contribuindo para a perda da biodiversidade nativa Uso da flora nativa na jardinagem para promover a biodiversidade local está se tornando uma prática de conservação em ambientes urbanos. Portanto, neste estudo, analisarmos a representação da flora nativa chilena no mercado chileno e internacional de sementes de flores ornamentais para saber quais sementes de plantas nativas são vendidas. Descobrimos que as sementes nativas estão ausentes no mercado local e que a totalidade da oferta de sementes no mercado corresponde a espécies de origem exótica, principalmente da região do Palearctic (43%). Contudo, surpreendentemente, muitas sementes de flores chilenas são comercializadas no mercado internacional (aproximadamente 6% do total da flora chilena). Esta falta de disponibilidade de sementes nativas para os consumidores locais constitui um gargalo para as iniciativas de restauração ecológica. Este fato é consistente com a maior abundância de espécies exóticas em áreas verdes urbanas e apoia a hipótese de homogeneização biocultural. global dominantes urbanos Portanto estudo vendidas exótica 43%. 43 43% . (43%) Contudo surpreendentemente aproximadamente 6 chilena. chilena) ecológica biocultural 4 (43% (43 (4 (

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2