Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharmacological antiretroviral therapy, along with therapeutic monitoring of drug plasma concentrations, facilitates adequate and effective follow-up in each patient. Our main objective was to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of three commonly used antiretrovirals in Colombia: efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir. This method is intended for therapeutic drug monitoring in persons living with HIV locally or in developing countries. The method is selective, specific, accurate, precise, and stable over the concentration range of 250 and 20,000 ng mL -1 for the drugs. It was successfully applied to measure the plasma levels of efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir in HIV patients, which ranged from 251.0 ± 10.4 to 7186.2 ± 10.2, 8188.2 ± 5.9 to 15,312.5 ± 6.6, and 246.1 ± 6.5 to 1189.0 ± 6.4 ng mL-1, respectively. HIV. . (HIV) therapy followup follow up patient highperformance high performance HPLCUV HPLC UV (HPLC-UV Colombia efavirenz lopinavir countries selective specific accurate precise 25 20000 20 000 20,00 1 - drugs patients 2510 251 0 251. 104 10 4 10. 71862 7186 2 7186. 102 10.2 81882 8188 8188. 59 5 9 5. 153125 15 312 15,312. 66 6 6.6 2461 246 246. 65 6. 11890 1189 1189. 64 mL1, mL1 1, mL-1 respectively (HIV 2000 00 20,0 718 818 15312 31 15,312 24 118 mL- 200 20, 71 81 1531 3 15,31 11 7 8 153 15,3 15,

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a method of choice for factorial design studies of environmental impacts on plant metabolomes and can be used to quantitatively carry out this comparative analysis. The impacts of seven mixture design extractor systems made up of ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and their 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary solvents for several replicate experiments (n = 3, 4, 5) were assessed using ASCA models determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements on yerba mate leaf extracts. This analysis considered two-factor effects: secondary sexual dimorphism (male and female plants) and cultivation systems (monoculture and agroforestry), as well as their interaction effect. The three binary solvents were found to be more efficient extractor systems for all four detectors as they found 83 main and interaction effects significant at or above the 95% confidence level compared with only 47 for the pure solvent extracts. Binary solvent extracts resulted in averages between 44.04 and 86.61% for the ASCA total effect variances compared with 40.62 to 71.07% for pure extractors. Of the 60 significant effects found for experiments with 5 repetitions 53 or 88% were obtained with only triplicate determinations. The choice of spectroscopic technique and solvent system have large impacts on metabolomic analysis results. ANOVAsimultaneous ANOVA simultaneous (ASCA ethanol dichloromethane 11 1 1: 111 1:1: n 3 4 Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) nearinfrared near NIR, NIR (NIR) UVVis UV Vis twofactor two factor male plants monoculture agroforestry, agroforestry agroforestry) 8 95 4404 44 04 44.0 8661 86 61 86.61 4062 40 62 40.6 7107 71 07 71.07 extractors 6 88 determinations results (FTIR (NIR 9 440 0 44. 866 86.6 406 40. 710 7 71.0 86. 71.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes are commonly used as an environmental protection liner due to their good chemical and mechanical resistances and low cost. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an essential issue in durability studies for pond applications. This study evaluated a 1.5-mm thick HDPE geomembrane exposed to ultraviolet fluorescent radiation for 8760 h in a laboratory and thermoanalytical and physical analyses were conducted towards the understanding of its performance after exposure. According to the results, although the geomembrane maintained the ductile behavior, it showed a 52.48% final decrease in stress crack resistance (SCR) compared to virgin SCR. Moreover, a considerable antioxidant depletion occurred after 8760 h exposure shown by the Std. OIT (standard oxidative-induction time) results, demonstrating a Std. OIT value decrease of 89.19% compared to the virgin Std. OIT. Such a behavior contributed to the susceptibility of thermal effects in the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curves and the losses observed in the SCR values, attesting the geomembrane’s oxidative degradation mechanism occurred and changed the polymer’s structure. Highdensity High density (HDPE cost UV (UV applications 1.5mm 15mm mm 1.5 1 5 876 results 5248 52 48 52.48 (SCR Moreover Std standard oxidativeinduction induction time 8919 89 19 89.19 differential calorimetry values s polymers polymer structure 5mm 15 1. 87 524 4 52.4 891 8 89.1 52. 89.

The present work reports the in situ fabrication of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) in polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) over pre-patterned hydrophobic stripes on a hydrophilic glass surface. Microcontact printing (μCP) using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as “ink” was used to obtain these chemically modified substrates. A comparison of the results of the PS-b-P2VP self-assembly over a bare glass substrate and a pre-patterned glass substrate demonstrated the influence of the pattern on the film morphology. Polymeric films of Ag+ and PS-b-P2VP were prepared on a pre-patterned substrate and heated at 150 °C to enable the self-reconstruction of the polymeric matrix and the in situ formation of AgNPs (average particle size of approximately 100 nm). The AgNP/PS-b-P2VP thin films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results demonstrate that the concentration of the solutions of Ag+/PS-b-P2VP used to prepare the films strongly influences the morphologies and dispersion of AgNPs. Moreover, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) activity of the fabricated polymer nanocomposites using Nile Blue as a molecular probe shows the importance of the chemical modification of the substrate in the enhancement of the SERS signal. (AgNPs polystyrenebpoly2vinylpyridine polystyrenebpolyvinylpyridine polystyrene b poly 2 vinylpyridine polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine PSbP2VP PSbPVP PS P2VP P VP (PS-b-P2VP prepatterned pre patterned surface μCP (μCP OTS (OTS ink “ink substrates selfassembly self assembly morphology 15 C selfreconstruction reconstruction average 10 nm. nm . nm) AgNP/PSbP2VP AgNPPSbP2VP AgNPPSbPVP AgNP/PS AgNP UVVis UV Vis microscopy Ag+/PSbP2VP AgPSbP2VP AgPSbPVP Ag+/PS Moreover surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS signal polystyrenebpoly PSbP PVP 1 AgNPPSbP AgNPPS AgPSbP AgPS

Two novel alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives (1)-(2) were created and synthesized using palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling processes and Friedel-Crafts reaction of pyrene. The polycyclic aromatic groups of the thiophene-modified pyrene were oxidized with Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4] to provide the insensitive radical cations 1•+-2•+ based on the alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were used to investigate their structures and properties. The pyrene moieties were the primary location of the electron spin distribution, with a little overflow onto the outer thiophene moieties. Due to the different substituent groups, free radicals 1•+ 2•+ exhibit some different properties. Compound 1•+ is the most extensive thiophene-modified pyrene radical cation that has been reported. These species are anticipated to have wide-ranging potential in the areas of optoelectronic materials and semiconductors. thiophenemodified modified 12 1 2 (1)-(2 palladiumcatalyzed palladium catalyzed FriedelCrafts Friedel Crafts AgAlOCCF334 AgAlOCCF Ag Al OC CF3 3 4 CF Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4 1•+2•+ 1•+-2• NMR, NMR , (NMR) EPR, EPR (EPR) UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy DFT (DFT calculations properties distribution 1• 2• reported wideranging wide ranging semiconductors (1)-( AgAlOCCF33 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3) 1•+2• 1•+-2 (NMR (EPR (1)- AgAlOCCF3 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3 1•+2 1•+- (1) Ag[Al(OC(CF3) (1 Ag[Al(OC(CF3 ( Ag[Al(OC(CF

Nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with low amount of Fe were synthesized from natural ilmenite obtained from alluvial gold mine wastes. The obtained TiO2 were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm the formation of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase with 0.05 wt.% of iron possibly replacing some titanium places. All the characterizations were performed to the synthesized solid and the reference materials (TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25). The photocatalytic activity of both the synthesized solid and references were evaluated in the photo-oxidation of cyanide in aqueous medium under UV illumination. An experimental design type Box-Behnken was performed choosing three different parameters: the initial concentration of cyanide (50, 150 and 250 ppm) the catalyst load (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1) and the oxygen source. The percentage of cyanide conversion was chosen as response in the design obtaining as optimal conditions [CN-]0 = 50 ppm, catalyst load = 0.6 g L-1 and air bubbling. Under these conditions it was reached 32, 32 and 89% of cyanide conversion for Fe-TiO2 synthesized, TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25, respectively. TiO wastes Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) XRF, XRF (XRF) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) UVVis Vis reflectance analysisdifferential analysis differential TGA/DSC, TGADSC TGA/DSC TGA DSC (TGA/DSC) N adsorptiondesorption adsorption desorption isotherms TEM (TEM XPS. XPS . (XPS) 005 0 05 0.0 wt wt. places (TiO P25. P25 P P25) photooxidation photo oxidation illumination BoxBehnken Box Behnken parameters 50, (50 15 25 ppm 0.1, 01 1 (0.1 5 0. 10 1. L1 L source CN0 CN [CN-] 06 6 L- bubbling 3 89 FeTiO2 FeTiO Fe-TiO respectively (XRD (XRF (FTIR (TGA/DSC (XPS 00 P2 (5 2 0.1 (0. [CN- 8 ( (0 [CN

In the present study a spectrophotometric method for Cr(VI) determination in organic fertilizers, especially those from tanning industry residues, is proposed. Conditions for chromium extraction, extract clean-up and analytical characteristics of the method were established. The method is based on the complexation of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) in acid medium (pH 2.0). A mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 solution at 0.125 and 0.07 mol L–1 (pH 12), respectively, and heating at 90 °C for 60 min were the best conditions for chromium extraction. Florisil and activated charcoal were tested for clean-up of the extract, with activated charcoal being effective. Under the established conditions, the calibration linear range is up to 2500 μg L–1 Cr(VI), the results obtained are in agreement with the value of a certified reference material (CRM041), precision is better than 5% for five consecutive determinations of a solution at 1000 μg L–1 of Cr(VI) and the limit of quantification is 1.62 μg g–1. In can be concluded that the method is robust, accurate and precise, and can be easily applied for the determination of Cr(VI) in routine analysis, since it complies with legislation of most countries regarding the maximum allowed concentration of 2 μg g–1 of Cr(VI). CrVI Cr VI Cr(VI fertilizers residues proposed extraction cleanup clean 1,5diphenylcarbazide 15diphenylcarbazide diphenylcarbazide 1,5 1 5 DPC (DPC pH 2.0. 20 2.0 . 0 2.0) NaCO Na CO Na2CO 0125 125 0.12 007 07 0.0 L1 L L– 12, 12 , 12) respectively 9 C 6 effective 250 CrVI, CRM041, CRM041 CRM (CRM041) 100 162 62 1.6 g1 g robust precise analysis g– CrVI. 5diphenylcarbazide 15 1, 2. 012 0.1 00 0. 25 CRM04 (CRM041 10 16 1. 01 CRM0 (CRM04 (CRM0 (CRM

This study investigated the removal of contaminants in water by adsorption on thermoplastic starch (TPS) and kraft lignin (KL) composites. A study on the desorption of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes in water was also carried out, followed by the photodegradation of solutions containing dissolved dyes. Initially, the surface morphology of the TPS and TPS-KL films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, revealing advantageous characteristics for efficient adsorption of contaminants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis made it possible to characterize the TPS and TPS-KL composites. The results demonstrate the reversibility of the process and confirm the lack of permanent chemical modification in the polymer matrix, indicating that the adsorption/desorption process is physical rather than chemical. This suggests that the adsorbent material can be reused without losing its fundamental structural properties. Furthermore, the study allows for verification of the chemical changes on the surfaces of the materials involved. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) results show that for MO, both substrates exhibited low adsorption capacity, with efficiency values close to 20%. In contrast, for MB, both composite materials displayed excellent dye adsorption rates, achieving efficiencies of 78% or higher. The photodegradation of adsorbed dyes revealed promising results. (TPS KL (KL composites MB (MB MO (MO out Initially TPSKL microscopy FTIR (FTIR matrix adsorptiondesorption properties Furthermore involved Ultravioletvisible Ultraviolet visible UVVis UV Vis (UV-Vis capacity 20 20% contrast rates 78 higher 2 7

The exploration of carbon steel corrosion inhibition in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 using extracts from Hymenaea courbaril (HC) has resulted in significant findings. Extracts from the bark, leaves, fruit pulp, and fruit shell have all proven to be effective corrosion inhibitors, as demonstrated through surface studies and electrochemical methods. Infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography have identified the presence of phenolic compounds, which are known to have corrosion-inhibiting potential. UV-Vis spectroscopy has further revealed the adsorption of extract species on the steel surface. Electrochemical studies have confirmed the inhibition of corrosion, allowing to propose mechanisms of both chemisorption and physisorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) have provided evidence of the formation of an inhibitory layer, further supporting the inhibition of corrosion. Langmuir isotherms have indicated favorable adsorption of the extracts, while reduced surface roughness suggests improved protection of the steel surface. Activation energy calculations have demonstrated an increase in energy barriers, resulting in slower corrosion rates. These findings suggest that extracts from Hymenaea courbaril show promise as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors, with potential industrial applications. Further research is needed to optimize the extraction process and fully understand the inhibition mechanisms. 05 0 5 0. L1 L 1 L- HSO H SO H2SO HC (HC bark leaves pulp inhibitors methods highperformance high performance compounds corrosioninhibiting inhibiting UVVis UV Vis physisorption Xray X ray XPS (XPS energydispersive dispersive SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS layer barriers rates ecofriendly eco friendly applications

Abstract Aldehydes are compounds in the atmosphere formed by the photochemical degradation of other organic compounds in the troposphere and can be emitted by natural or anthropogenic sources. (Objective) An analytical method was implemented to quantify aldehyde samples in matrices such as air and rainwater. (Methodology) Aldehyde sampling and analysis were conducted using method TO-11 from the United tates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Sampling was carried out by using adsorption cartridges coated with a 2,4-DNPH solution, forming a hydrazone with the aldehydes present in the rainwater and the air, which were tested using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a UV-visible detector (HPLC-UV/Vis). To validate the analysis technique and the analytical quality of the results, the following was determined: linearity, sensitivity, quantification limits, detection limits, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery percentage. In the case of repeatability, the comparison of the Horwitz coefficient of variation was used with the percentages of relative standard deviation% RSD) of the samples. (Results) The detection and quantification limits obtained range between 0.18 μg/m3 and 3.20 μg/m3 for acetaldehyde and acrolein, respectively, while quantification limits are between 0.62 μg/m3 for acetaldehyde and 4.70 μg/m3 for heptanal, data that characterizes the method’s analytical quality. (Conclusions) In general, the analysis method for aldehydes showed linearity, with R2 values equal to or greater than 0.9991 for each calibration curve, and relative deviation percentage values less than 2.25 %, indicating good precision in the analysis.

Resumo Os aldeídos são compostos presentes na atmosfera que são formados pela degradação fotoquímica de outros compostos orgânicos na troposfera, estes podem ser emitidos por fontes naturais ou antrópicas. (Objetivo) no presente trabalho, foi implementado um método analítico para a quantificação de amostras de aldeído em matrizes como ar e água da chuva. (Metodologia) A amostragem e a análise de aldeído usaram a metodologia TO-11 da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA). As amostragens foram realizadas utilizando cartuchos de adsorção revestidos com uma solução de 2,4-DNFH, formando uma hidrazona com os aldeídos presentes na água da chuva e no ar. Elas foram analisadas usando um cromatógrafo líquido acoplado a um detector UV-Visível (HPLC-UV/Vis). Para a validação da técnica de análise e da qualidade analítica dos resultados, foram determinados: linearidade, sensibilidade, limites de quantificação, limites de detecção, repetibilidade, reprodutibilidade e porcentagem de recuperação. No caso da repetibilidade, foi utilizada a comparação do coeficiente de variação de Horwitz com os percentuais de desvio padrão relativo (% DER) das amostras. (Resultados) Os limites de detecção obtidos variam de 0,18 μg/m3 para acetaldeído e 3,20 μg/m3 no caso da acroleína, enquanto os limites de quantificação estão entre 0,62 μg/m3 para acetaldeído e 4,70 μg/m3 para o heptanal; dados que garantem a qualidade analítica do método. (Conclusões) De forma geral, o método de análise para aldeídos apresentou uma boa correlação linear, com valores de R2 igual ou superior a 0,9991 para cada curva de calibração, e valores percentuais de desvio relativo inferiores a 2,25%, o que indica boa acurácia na análise.

Resumen Los aldehídos son compuestos presentes en la atmósfera que se forman por la degradación fotoquímica de otros compuestos orgánicos en la tropósfera, estos pueden ser emitidos por fuentes naturales o antropogénicas. (Objetivo) En el presente trabajo se implementó un método analítico para la cuantificación de muestras de aldehídos en matrices como aire y agua de lluvia. (Metodología) El muestreo y el análisis de los aldehídos utilizó la metodología TO-11 de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA). El muestreo se realizó mediante el uso de cartuchos de adsorción recubiertos con una disolución de 2,4-DNFH, formando una hidrazona con los aldehídos presentes en el agua de lluvia y en el aire. Estos fueron analizados mediante un cromatógrafo de líquido acoplado a un detector UV-Visible (HPLC-UV/Vis). Para la validación de la técnica de análisis y la calidad analítica de los resultados se determinaron: linealidad, sensibilidad, límites de cuantificación, límites de detección, repetibilidad, reproducibilidad y porcentaje de recuperación. En el caso de la repetibilidad, se utilizó la comparación del coeficiente de variación de Horwitz con los porcentajes de desviación estándar relativo (% DER) de las muestras. (Resultados) Los límites de detección obtenidos oscilan entre 0,18 μg/m3 para el acetaldehído y 3,20 μg/m3 en el caso de la acroleína, mientras que los límites de cuantificación están entre 0,62 μg/m3 para el acetaldehído y 4,70 μg/m3 para el heptanal; datos que garantizan la calidad analítica del método. (Conclusiones) En general, el método de análisis para los aldehídos mostró una buena correlación lineal, con valores de R2 igual o mayores a 0,9991 para cada curva de calibración, y valores de porcentajes de desvío relativo menores al 2,25 %, lo cual indica una buena precisión en el análisis.

Recently, the use of nanoparticles as photocatalysts has gained great importance. However, nanoparticles exhibit some drawbacks for this application and there is a need for new particle technologies to mitigate these drawbacks. A novel particle technology called MicNo based on ZnO has been designed and manufactured, which exhibits the advantages and properties of both micron and nano size. Although performance of MicNo-ZnO has been tested in various applications, it has not been tested as a photocatalyst in any photocatalytic degradation process. In this study, novel designed ZnO was used as a catalyst for methylene blue (MB) degradation in the presence of UV irradiation. The MicNo-ZnO particles were characterized by structural and morphological properties by XRD, BET and SEM analyses. The effects of catalyst amount, pH, temperature and initial concentration on the degradation process were investigated. In addition, a reusability study was carried out with 4 cycles under optimum conditions. The MicNo-ZnO particles showed excellent photocatalytic activity with a degradation rate of 96% for methylene blue in 180 min. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for the photocatalytic degradation of MB by MicNo-ZnO was as high as 0.0236 min-1, confirming that MicNo-ZnO particles can be effectively utilized as an alternative catalyst material.

Abstract: There is evidence of the high use of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, in tropical crops, for its effectiveness in the control of soil and plant pests. The objective of this study was to know the residuality and concentration of thiamethoxam in the papaya agroecosystem, in the main papaya fruit producing zone in the central area of the Gulf of Mexico. It was carried out during a papaya growing cycle with watermelon rotation; the taking of samples was according to the technique established by the NOM -AA-103-1988 for leaves and for fruit the NMX -FF-041-1996 by the method of quartering in papaya and watermelon, the samples were analyzed with a HPLC-UV, the data obtained were statistically analyzed by parametric and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. The presence of thiamethoxam was found in papaya and watermelon cultivation plants, the concentrations in papaya leaves reported a maximum value of 0.29 mg/kg, while for the leaves of the watermelon rotation fruit it was 0.15 mg/kg. In papaya fruit, thiamethoxam concentrations are within a range of 0.24 to 0.32 mg/kg. The concentrations and residuality of thiamethoxam mainly exceed the maximum tolerance and residuality limits of the EFSA and FAO.

Resumen: Existe evidencia del alto uso del insecticida neonicotinoide thiamethoxam en los cultivos tropicales por su efectividad en el control de plagas del suelo y la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la residualidad y concentración del thiamethoxam en el agroecosistema de papaya en la principal zona productora de este fruto de la zona centro del Golfo de México. Este estudio se realizó durante un ciclo de cultivo de papaya con rotación de sandía; la toma de muestras se hizo según la técnica establecida por la NOM-AA-103-1988 para hojas y para fruta la NMX-FF-041-1996 mediante el método de cuarteo en papaya y sandia. Las muestras se analizaron con un equipo HPLC-UV, y los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas de Kruskal- Wallis. Se encontró la presencia de thiamethoxam en la planta del cultivo de papaya y sandía. Las concentraciones en hojas de papaya reportaron como valores más altos 0.29 mg/kg, mientras que para las hojas del fruto de rotación de la sandía fue de 0.15 mg/kg. En el fruto de papaya, las concentraciones de thiamethoxam estuvieron dentro de un rango de 0.24 a 0.32 mg/kg. Las concentraciones y residualidad del thiamethoxam superan principalmente los límites máximos de tolerancia y residualidad de la EFSA y la FAO.

Abstract Sideroxylon capiri (Tempisque) is a tropical tree of the Sapotaceae family, considered of great importance from its biological role, traditional use and high content of secondary metabolites of interest. However, both natural and anthropogenic factors have led to its classification as a threatened species in Mexico according to the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 regulation. Therefore, the development of an in vitro propagation protocol for the conservation of this species is crucial. Within this context, the effect of the growth regulators 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Picloram on the formation, proliferation and development of embryogenic callus and/or pro-embryogenic structures, as well as the effect of L-Cysteine on the reduction of oxidation in callus which were exposed to UV-B irradiation, was evaluated. Results show a positive response to the application of the combination of BAP and Picloram at concentrations of 4 and 2 mg L-1 respectively, on growth callus. Additionally, the generation of pro-embryogenic callus was observed at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 of BAP and 1.5 and 2 mg L-1 of Picloram. Furthermore, a culture medium was standardized that reduced callus oxidation and browning by using 100 to 200 mg L-1 of L-Cysteine.

Resumen Sideroxylon capiri (tempisque) es un árbol tropical de la familia Sapotaceae, considerado de suma importancia debido a su papel biológico, uso tradicional y alto contenido de metabolitos secundarios de interés. No obstante, debido a factores tanto naturales como antropogénicos, en México se ha catalogado como una especie amenazada de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Por lo anterior, es crucial el desarrollo de un protocolo de propagación in vitro para su conservación. En este contexto, se evaluó el efecto de los reguladores de crecimiento 6-Bencilaminopurina (BAP) y Picloram en la formación, proliferación y desarrollo de callo embriogénico y estructuras proembriogénicas, así como el efecto de la L-Cisteína en la reducción de la oxidación en callos, los cuales fueron expuestos a irradiación UV-B. Los resultados mostraron una respuesta positiva ante la aplicación de la combinación de BAP y Picloram en concentraciones de 4 y 2 mg L-1, respectivamente sobre el crecimiento de los callos. Además, se observó la generación de callos proembriogénicos en concentraciones de 0.5 y 1 mg L-1 de BAP y 1.5 y 2 mg L-1 de Picloram. Adicionalmente, se logró estandarizar un medio de cultivo que disminuyó los procesos de oxidación y pardeamiento en los callos mediante el uso de L-Cisteína en concentraciones de 100 a 200 mg L-1.

Abstract. - This article is about the use of nanoparticles for the development of sunscreen for skin care based on zinc oxide nanoparticles and silver oxide nanoparticles, with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects, using ZnO which is proposed to be synthesized through the hydrothermal method and Ag 2 O nanoparticles by constant agitation, through characterizations such as XRD, Uv-vis, Raman and pH measurement, we will seek to obtain data about our nanoparticles and the final product which is a sunscreen for skin care; The characterizations will provide data such as the crystalline phase, the degree of absorbance, and the chemical structure of the nanoparticles. According to the literature, zinc oxide nanoparticles decorated with silver oxide nanoparticles for topical use have properties that generate the effects above (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and healing). Currently, several sunscreens use zinc oxide and some others silver oxide, which is why the present proposal seeks to apply both materials at a nanometric scale for the elaboration of a cream that, it is expected, in the future can be used for people with skin problems, such as dermatitis, including the possibility of using it for diabetics.

Resumen. - El presente artículo, se enfoca en el uso de nanopartículas para el desarrollo de un protector solar para el cuidado de la piel, que contiene nanopartículas de óxido de zinc y nanopartículas de óxido de plata, estas nanopartículas contienen efectos antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, antiinflamatorios y cicatrizantes, empleando ZnO el cual se propone a ser sintetizado a través del método hidrotermal y las nanopartículas de Ag 2 O por agitación constante, a través de las caracterizaciones como XRD, Uv-vis, Raman y medición de pH, se buscará obtener datos acerca de nuestras nanopartículas y el producto final que es un protector solar para el cuidado de la piel; las caracterizaciones aportaran datos como la fase cristalina, el grado de absorbancia, y la estructura química de las nanopartículas. De acuerdo a literatura consultada, el uso de nanopartículas de óxido de zinc decoradas con nanopartículas de óxido de plata para uso tópico, tiene propiedades para generar los efectos anteriormente mencionados (antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, antiinflamatorios y cicatrizantes). Actualmente diversos protectores solares emplean óxido de zinc y algunos otros oxido de plata, es por ello que la presente propuesta busca aplicar ambos materiales a escala nanométrica para la elaboración de una crema que, se tiene previsto, en un futuro se pueda utilizar para personas con problemas de piel, tales como la dermatitis, inclusive se plantea el poder usarlo para los diabéticos.

Resumen: La traducción y la interpretación son de suma importancia para la comunicación intercultural que es esencial en el mundo contemporáneo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo documentar la trayectoria que, de 2011 a la fecha, ha tenido la didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación en el Instituto de Investigaciones en Educación de la Universidad Veracruzana (UV). Ello en el marco del octogésimo aniversario de la fundación de esta casa de estudios. En este estudio de caso nos interesa destacar las actividades e iniciativas que se han puesto en marcha, los proyectos y las investigaciones, así como los programas educativos que consideran y fomentan la traducción y la interpretación. Los hallazgos del estudio permiten observar el impulso que han logrado estos campos de estudio a nivel académico.

Abstract: Translation and interpreting are of utmost importance for intercultural communication, which is essential in the contemporary world. This article aims to document the course of the didactics of translation and interpreting studies from 2011 until now at the Instituto de Investigaciones en Educación (Research Institute in Education) at the Universidad Veracruzana (University of Veracruz), due to the 80th anniversary of this university. In this case study, we are interested in highlighting the activities and initiatives launched, the projects and research, and the educational programs that consider and promote translation and interpreting. The study’s findings allow us to visualize the momentum these fields of study have achieved at an academic level.