Abstract The exploitation of plant genetic resources is an important and rapid strategy to release commercial cultivars. In this study, 234 sour cherry genotypes were collected from various locations of Iran and phenotypically assessed according to IPGRI and UPOV descriptors. The genotypes were grafted onto Mahaleb rootstock and were planted in Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) core collection in Karaj, Iran. In this study, 22 different characteristics were measured in the sour cherry genotypes. The results showed that fruit and stone weights varied from 1.65 (G410) to 5.47 g (G125) and 0.13 (G428) to 0.59 g (G149), respectively. The fruit size index comprised average fruit length, width, and diameter, which varied from 10.57 to 19.13. The stalk length was less than 50 mm in 90.6% of the studied genotypes. Twelve of the 234 studied genotypes did not exhibit any symptoms of bacterial canker disease. Principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into four main groups. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that fruit size, stone shape, stone size, stalk thickness and weight, and fruit appearance correlated positively with stone and fruit weights. In contrast, fruit juice, fruit skin, and flesh color correlated negatively with the stone and fruit weights. The range of TSS varied between 12.66 (G251) and 26 (G427). Variations in pH value were between 3.66 (G236) and 5.63 (G352). In conclusion, a high level of genetic diversity was observed among the Iranian sour cherry genotypes. This diversity can be considered valuable and applicable for future breeding programs. cultivars study 23 descriptors HSRI (HSRI Karaj 2 165 1 65 1.6 G410 G (G410 547 5 47 5.4 G125 (G125 013 0 13 0.1 G428 (G428 059 59 0.5 G149, G149 , (G149) respectively width diameter 1057 10 57 10.5 1913 19 19.13 906 90 6 90.6 disease PCA (PCA groups Spearmans Spearman s shape weight contrast juice skin 1266 12 66 12.6 G251 (G251 G427. G427 . (G427) 366 3 3.6 G236 (G236 563 63 5.6 G352. G352 (G352) conclusion programs 16 1. G41 (G41 54 4 5. G12 (G12 01 0. G42 (G42 05 G14 (G149 105 10. 191 19.1 9 90. 126 12. G25 (G25 (G427 36 3. G23 (G23 56 G35 (G352 G4 (G4 G1 (G1 (G14 19. G2 (G2 G3 (G35 (G (G3

Resumo A exploração de recursos fitogenéticos é uma estratégia importante e rápida para liberar cultivares comerciais. Neste estudo, 234 genótipos de ginja foram coletados de vários locais do Irã e avaliados fenotipicamente conforme os descritores IPGRI e UPOV. Os genótipos foram enxertados no porta-enxerto Mahaleb e foram plantados na coleção principal do Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) em Karaj, Irã. Neste estudo, 22 características diferentes foram medidas nos genótipos de acerola. Os resultados mostraram que os pesos dos frutos e caroços variaram de 1,65g (G410) a 5,47g (G125) e 0,13g (G428) a 0,59g (G149), respectivamente. O índice de tamanho do fruto compreendeu o comprimento médio, largura e diâmetro do fruto, que variou de 10,57 a 19,13. O comprimento do colmo foi inferior a 50 mm em 90,6% dos genótipos estudados. Doze dos 234 genótipos estudados não apresentaram nenhum sintoma de cancro bacteriano. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) e a análise de cluster classificaram os genótipos estudados em quatro grupos principais. Já a análise de correlação de Spearman revelou que o tamanho do fruto e do caroço, formato do caroço, espessura e peso do caule, e aparência do fruto correlacionaram-se positivamente com o peso do caroço e do fruto. Em contraste, suco de fruta, casca de fruta e cor de polpa correlacionaram-se negativamente com os pesos de caroço e fruta. A faixa de TSS variou entre 12,66 (G251) e 26 (G427). As variações no valor do pH ficaram entre 3,66 (G236) e 5,63 (G352). Em conclusão, um alto nível de diversidade genética foi observado entre os genótipos de ginja iraniana. Essa diversidade pode ser considerada valiosa e aplicável para futuros programas de melhoramento. comerciais estudo 23 UPOV portaenxerto porta enxerto HSRI (HSRI Karaj 2 acerola 165g g 1 65g G410 G (G410 547g 5 47g G125 (G125 013g 0 13g G428 (G428 059g 59g G149, G149 , (G149) respectivamente médio 1057 10 57 10,5 1913 19 13 19,13 906 90 6 90,6 bacteriano PCA (PCA caule correlacionaramse correlacionaram se contraste 1266 12 66 12,6 G251 (G251 G427. G427 . (G427) 366 3 3,6 G236 (G236 563 63 5,6 G352. G352 (G352) conclusão iraniana melhoramento G41 (G41 G12 (G12 G42 (G42 G14 (G149 105 10, 191 19,1 9 90, 126 12, G25 (G25 (G427 36 3, G23 (G23 56 5, G35 (G352 G4 (G4 G1 (G1 (G14 19, G2 (G2 G3 (G35 (G (G3

Resumen En la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta los cultivos de cacao están conformados mayoritariamente por cultivares híbridos comerciales y, aunque se encuentran cacaos nativos, estos son poco cultivados. Dada la necesidad de verificar si estos cultivares de cacao encontrados en la Sierra pertenecen al grupo genético tipo Criollo, se realizó una caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de cacaos del municipio Dibulla, La Guajira. Para esto, se muestrearon 11 cultivares en Mingueo. Los rasgos fenotípicos se evaluaron empleando descriptores UPOV para cacao. Los parámetros cualitativos y cuantitativos se cotejaron por análisis de conglomerado y análisis de componentes principales (ACP), y las variables cuantitativas se compararon a través de la prueba no paramétrica test de Mann-Whitney. Para evaluar las relaciones genéticas, se estandarizaron protocolos de biología molecular y se secuenció la región ITS. A partir de las secuencias, se realizaron agrupamientos por métodos de distancia y filogenéticos. Finalmente, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las semillas (p = 0,01), y resalta la coloración blanca del cotiledón de los criollos en contraste con la coloración púrpura oscura de los híbridos. Asimismo, los análisis de conglomerados, ACP y los análisis de secuencias demostraron diferencias entre el grupo de los cacaos nativos y los híbridos comerciales cultivados; además, los cacaos nativos se emparentan con el grupo de cacao tipo Criollo

Abstract In Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, cacao plantations are comprised of commercial hybrid cultivars, and although native cacaos are found, they are not widely cultivated. Given the need to verify if these cacao varieties found in the Sierra region belong to the Criollo type genetic group, a phenotypic and genotypic characterization of cacao from the municipality Dibulla, La Guajira was carried out. For this, 11 cultivars were sampled in Mingueo. Phenotypic traits were evaluated using UPOV descriptors for cacao. The qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared through cluster and principal component analyses (PCA), and the quantitative variables through the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Molecular biology protocols were standardized, and the ITS region was sequenced to assess genetic relationships. From the sequences, groupings were carried out utilizing distance and phylogenetic methods. Finally, significant differences were found among the seeds (p = 0.01), and the white coloration of the cotyledon of the criollos or native stands out in contrast to the dark purple coloration of the hybrids. The cluster analysis, PCA, and sequence analysis groupings, showed differences between the group of native cacaos and commercial hybrids cultivated; in addition, native cacaos are related to the Criollo type group.

The Sugarcane Breeding Program of Agroindustrial Experimental Station Obispo Colombres continuously generates new varieties of sugarcane, especially for the province of Tucumán, Argentina. Accurate varietal identification is essential to protect the intellectual property rights of new varieties. In this work, Target Region Amplified Polymorphism (TRAP) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) molecular markers were used, in combination with phenotypic markers proposed by the International Union for Plant Variety Protection (UPOV), to characterize three sugarcane varieties recently released by the local breeding program. Five combinations of TRAP primers and five pairs of SSR primers were used. The amplification products were separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. For the phenotypic characterization, the nine mandatory UPOV descriptors were used. The bands and morphological data were transformed into binary matrixes of 0 and 1, the similarity was calculated and the dendrograms were generated by the Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) analysis. Both molecular markers clearly revealed the phylogenetic relationship among genotypes. The morphological characterization correctly differentiated the varieties analyzed; only revealing the external similarity between genotypes. The entire characterization allowed us to unambiguously differentiate the recently released cultivars to register and protect plant breeders rights.

El Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de la Caña de Azúcar (PMGCA) de la Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) genera continuamente nuevas variedades de caña de azúcar, especialmente para la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Una precisa identificación varietal es esencial para proteger los derechos de propiedad intelectual de los nuevos cultivares. Para caracterizar tres cultivares de caña de azúcar recientemente liberados por el PMGCA, en este trabajo se utilizaron marcadores moleculares TRAP y SSR (de sus siglas en inglés deTarget Region Amplified Polymorphism ySimple Sequence Repeat , respectivamente), en combinación con marcadores fenotípicos propuestos por la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV). Se utilizaron cinco combinaciones de cebadores TRAP y cinco pares de cebadores SSR. Los productos de amplificación se separaron mediante electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida en condiciones desnaturalizantes. Para la caracterización fenotípica se utilizaron los nueve descriptores obligatorios de la UPOV. Las bandas y los datos morfológicos se transformaron en matrices binarias de 0 y 1, se calculó la similitud y se generaron los dendrogramas utilizando el análisis UPGMA (de sus siglas en inglés deUnweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic averages ). Ambos marcadores moleculares revelaron claramente la relación filogenética entre genotipos. La caracterización morfológica permitió diferenciar correctamente las variedades analizadas, revelando únicamente la semejanza externa entre los genotipos. La caracterización completa permitió diferenciar inequívocamente los cultivares recientemente liberados para registrarlos y proteger los derechos de los mejoradores.

Résumé L'avancement de la sciencie et de la biotechnologie dans le domaine agricole ey le rapprochement de la sciencie et du marché par l'encouragement des investissements dans la region ont conduit à des revendications de protection des droit de propiété intellectualle sur l'innovation produite. Le cultivar est l'un des moyens de protéger les creations de nouvelles varieties de plantes -sui generis-. Afin de developer ce theme, à partir de l'analyse de la protection internationals de la propriété intellectuelle des cultivars par l'UPOV et de ses modifications, et des ADPIC, afin de verifier le régime juridique de la propriété intellectuelle des cultivars au Bésil, il convient de determiner de la protection sur les cultivars permet l'equilibre entre les interêts privés et publics (collectifs).

Resumo O avanço da ciência e da biotecnologia na área agrícola e a aproximação entre a ciência e o mercado pelo fomento aos investimentos na área, levam à pretensão de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre a inovação produzida. Uma das formas de proteção das criações de novas variedades de vegetais -sui generis- são as Cultivares. Para desenvolver esta temática, parte-se da análise da proteção internacional da propriedade intelectual sobre cultivares pela UPOV e suas alterações e do TRIPs, para, em seguida, verificar o regime jurídico de propriedade intelectual sobre cultivares no Brasil, identificando se os limites da proteção sobre cultivares previstos possibilita o equilíbrio entre os interesse privados e públicos (coletivos).

Abstract The advancement of science and biotechnology in the agricultural area and the approximation between science and the market by the encouragement of investments in the area, lead to the expectations of claims of protection of intellectual property rights on the innovation produced. One of the ways of protecting the creations of new plant varieties -sui generis- is the Cultivar. In order to develop this theme, starting from the analysis of the international protection of intellectual property on cultivars by UPOV and its alterations, and of TRIPs, in order to verify the legal regime of intellectual property on cultivars in Brazil, identifying whether the predicted limits of protection on cultivars allows the balance between private and public (collective) interests.

The commercial variety of sugarcane RA 87-3 was transformed by biobalistic with a genetic construct that carries the epsps gene of the CP4 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and with the nptII gene that confer resistance to glyphosate and resistance to kanamycin / geneticin, respectively. Transformed lines were multiplied in greenhouse and resistance to the herbicide was evaluated using different concentrations of glyphosate (3, 4 and 8 l / ha). Resistant lines to the herbicide (RH) were evaluated in the field to confirm resistance to glyphosate and to carry out a preliminary analysis of their behavior with respect to the parental cultivar. All transformed lines maintained resistance to the herbicide but many showed phenotypic changes. Ten RH lines that were very similar to the RA 87-3 variety were analyzed phenotypically and genetically using the 9 compulsory morphological markers proposed by The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and with 339 molecular markers, respectively. Six lines of the previous ones presented minor morphological and genetic changes and were selected for field trials during two vegetative cycles (cane plant and ratoon 1), in two production areas of Argentina. The six RH lines presented agronomic, industrial and chemical composition characteristics indistinguishable from the parental cultivar. The stable inheritance of the CP4 epsps gene was confirmed by RT-qPCR and Southern blot assays in different clonal generations (growth cycles). Our studies confirmed the usefulness of genetic transformation as a complementary tool to classical improvement and highlight the advantage of the use of UPOV descriptors together with molecular markers for an early selection of transgenic events that have a high similarity with the parental genotype. Taking into account the results, one of the six lines evaluated was proposed for a possible commercial release, under the requirements of regulatory affairs offices (CONABIA, SENASA and DNMA).

La variedad comercial de caña de azúcar RA 87-3 se transformó mediante biobalística con una construcción genética que porta el gen epsps de la cepa CP4 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens, y el gen nptII que confieren resistencia a glifosato y resistencia a kanamicina/geneticina, respectivamente. Las líneas transformadas fueron multiplicadas en invernadero y se evaluó la resistencia al herbicida utilizando diferentes concentraciones de glifosato (3, 4 y 8 l/ha). Las líneas resistentes al herbicida (RH) se evaluaron en campo para confirmar la resistencia a glifosato (3 l/ha) y realizar un análisis preliminar del comportamiento de estas con respecto al cultivar parental. Todas las líneas transformadas mantuvieron la resistencia al herbicida pero muchas mostraron cambios fenotípicos. Las diez líneas RH que resultaron muy parecidas a la variedad RA 87-3 se analizaron fenotípica y genéticamente utilizando los nueve descriptores morfológicos obligatorios propuestos por la “International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants” (UPOV) y con 339 marcadores moleculares, respectivamente. Seis líneas de las anteriores presentaron cambios morfológicos y genéticos menores y fueron seleccionadas para ensayos en campo durante dos ciclos vegetativos (caña planta y soca 1), en dos áreas de producción de Argentina. Las seis líneas RH presentaron características agronómicas, industriales y de composición química indistinguibles respecto del cultivar parental. La herencia estable del gen CP4 epsps fue confirmada mediante ensayos de RT-qPCR y Southern blot en diferentes generaciones clonales (caña planta y soca 1). Los estudios confirmaron la utilidad de la transformación genética como una herramienta complementaria a la mejora clásica, y destaca la ventaja del uso de los descriptores de UPOV junto con los marcadores moleculares para una selección temprana de eventos transgénicos que tengan un alto parecido con el genotipo parental. Tomando en cuenta los resultados, una de las seis líneas estudiadas se seleccionó para una posible liberación comercial, la cual debe ser sometida a evaluación por parte de los entes regulatorios (CONABIA, SENASA y DNMA).

Abstract Number of chromosomes is important for evolutionary studies, phylogenetic, genetic and taxonomic improvement. Due the importance of chromosomes, this research was conducted in order to determine polyploidy on blackberries Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl, R. cymosus Rydb, R. humistratus Steud, R. palmeri Rydb, R. pringlei Rydby, R sapidus Schltdl; Tupi, Kiowa, Tupí x R. sapidus and Kiowa x R. sapidus. Chromosome counting was performed on somatic cells by crushing root tips. Chromosomes were observed and counted in metaphase for each one of specie, polyploidy was determined starting from 1x = 7. Morphological characteristics of each one of specie were based on qualitative descriptors of UPOV 2006. Blackberry showed variability in the number of chromosomal games: Rubus adenotrichos (2n = 2x = 14), R. cymosus (2n = 5x = 35), R. humistratus (2n = 2x = 14), R. palmeri (2n = 4x = 28), R. pringlei (2n = 3x = 21), R. sapidus (2n = 3x = 21); Tupi (2n = 2x = 21), Kiowa (2n = 2x = 28), Tupi x R. sapidus (2n = 2x = 21) and Kiowa x R. sapidus (2n = 2x = 28). Each one of the species presented particular characteristics that characterize them, however, it was not posible to determinate the morphological characteristics associate or define the poly-ploidy in the species analyzed.

Resumen El número de cromosomas es importante para estudios evolutivos, filogenéticos, mejoramiento genético y taxonómico. De acuerdo a la importancia de los cromosomas, los objetivos de investigación fueron: determinar la poliploidía de las zarzamoras Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl, R. cymosus Rydb, R. humistratus Steud, R. palmeri Rydb, R. pringlei Rydby, R. sapidus Schltdl; Tupí, Kiowa, Tupí x R. sapidus y Kiowa x R. sapidus. El conteo de cromosomas se realizó en células somáticas mediante aplastado de las puntas de raíz. Se observaron y contaron cromosomas en metafase para cada especie, la poliploidía se determinó partiendo de 1x = 7. Las caracteristicas morfológicas de cada una de las especies se realizó con base en descriptores cualitativos de la UPOV 2006. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: las especies de zarzamora presentaron variabilidad en el número de juegos cromosómicos: Rubus adenotrichos (2n = 2x = 14), R. cymosus (2n = 5x = 35), R. humistratus (2n = 2x = 14), R. palmeri (2n = 4x = 28) ,R. pringlei (2n = 3x = 21), R. sapidus (2n = 3x = 21); Tupí (2n = 2x = 21), Kiowa (2n = 2x = 28), Tupí x R. sapidus (2n = 2x = 21) y Kiowa x R. sapidus (2n = 2x = 28). Cada especie presentó características particulares que las caracteriza, sin embargo, no se determinó qué características morfológicas asocian o definen la poliploidía en las especies analizadas.

ABSTRACT In the extreme north of Chile, there are old forgotten vine plants that have survived for more than 100 years in saline conditions and warm winters. Thisplant material was rescued, rooted and established in a "Variety Garden" at the Canchones Experimental Station of the Universidad Arturo Prat, in the Pampa del Tamarugal Atacama Desert. In this Garden a different strain was identified at DNA level (national and international), which was called "Tamarugal", however, to provide morphological and agronomic information of this new strain, originating in the most arid desert in the world, It is necessary to characterize it ampelographi-cally. For the above, the descriptors of UPOV TG 50/9 were used during the 2012/2013 season, and corroborated in the seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 by the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (The Agricultural and livestock Sevice), which regulates the registration of varieties at a national level. Among the most distinctive features, the orbicular leaf had five lobes, a half-open petiolate sinus and open lateral sinuses. The bunch is loose, medium-sized, with a globose berry shape between 19 and 20 mm in diameter, greenish-yellow in color and well-formed seeds, two in number. The ampelographic characterization of the Tamarugal strain provides information at the plant level to be included in the database of known varieties and at the same time for agronomic use. The Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero determined that the strain is stable, homogeneous and has a distinction, which allowed it to be registered as the first chilean wine strain, originating in the region of Tarapacá, Chile.

RESUMEN En el extremo norte de Chile existen plantas antiguas de vid, olvidadas en el tiempo, que han sobrevivido por más de 100 años en condiciones salinas e inviernos cálidos. Este material vegetal se rescató, enraizó y estableció en un "Jardín de Variedades" en la Estación Experimental Canchones de la Universidad Arturo Prat, en la Pampa del Tamarugal, desierto de Atacama. En este Jardín se identificó una cepa diferente, a nivel de ADN (nacional e internacional), la cual se denominó "Tamarugal". No obstante, para proveer de información morfológica y agronómica de esta nueva cepa, originaria del desierto más árido del mundo, es necesario caracterizarla ampelográficamente. Para lo anterior, se emplearon los descriptores de la UPOV TG 50/9 durante la temporada 2012/2013, y las evaluaciones fueron corroboradas en las temporadas 2014/2015 y 2015/2016 'por el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), organismo estatal que regula el registro de variedades. La cepa presentó, entre las características más distintivas, una forma de hoja orbicular con cinco lóbulos, seno peciolar abierto a la mitad y senos laterales abiertos. El racimo es suelto, de tamaño medio, con una forma de baya globosa entre 19 y 20 mm de diámetro, de color verde-amarillento y con semillas bien formadas, en número de dos. La caracterización ampelográfica de la cepa Tamarugal proporciona información a nivel de planta para ser incluida en la base de datos de variedades conocidas y a la vez para su utilización agronómica. El Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero determinó que la cepa es estable, homogénea y presenta distinción, lo cual permitió registrarla como la primera cepa vinífera chilena, originaria de la región de Tarapacá, Chile.

Abstract: Background: In the present study, we have investigated the morphological variation in a set of five Opuntia species from the Algerian steppes using 49 UPOV descriptors. Questions: Which of the 49 descriptors that can be used as powerful estimators of the phenotypic diversity within Opuntia species? How is the morphological diversity patterned in Algerian Opuntia? Species study/ Mathematical model: Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia amycleae, Opuntia streptacantha, Opuntia engelmannii, Opuntia robusta. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis were used. Study site: Four counties were studied located in the Algerian steppes. The present research was carried out during 2014. Methods: 49 descriptors adopted by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) were employed in the present research, where cladode, flower and fruit traits were used to determine the overall degree of polymorphism among 5 Opuntia species. Results: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis indicated a consistent differentiation between all studied species. The relative magnitude of the first two PCA eigenvectors showed that 8 descriptors out of 49 were identified as the most important descriptors for the classification of the species. The dendrogram performed on the calculated Euclidean distances between all species pairs allowed the identification of 3 groups, unlike the PCA that identified 4 groups. The species Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia amycleae were identified as very close morphologically. Conclusions: The present outcome represents a paramount step towards the fast selection of interesting species and for their best management and conservation.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En el presente estudio, hemos investigado la variación morfológica en un conjunto de cinco especies de Opuntia de las estepas argelinas utilizando 49 descriptores UPOV. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles de los 49 descriptores que pueden ser utilizados como estimadores poderosos de la diversidad fenotípica dentro de las especies de Opuntia? ¿Cómo se modela la diversidad morfológica en el Opuntia Argelina? Especie en estudio/ Modelo matemático: Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia amycleae, Opuntia streptacantha, Opuntia engelmannii, Opuntia robusta. Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y un Análisis de Agrupamiento Jerárquico fueron usados Sitio de estudio y fechas: Se estudiaron cuatro condados situados en la estepa argelina. La presente investigación se realizó durante el año 2014. Métodos: En la presente investigación se utilizaron 49 descriptores adoptados por la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV), en los que se utilizaron características de cladodio, flor y fruto para determinar el grado global de polimorfismo entre 5 especies de Opuntia. Resultados: Se aplicó un análisis multivariado, constituido por un análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico, cuyo resultado indicó una diferenciación consistente entre las especies estudiadas. Con base en la magnitud relativa de los dos primeros eigen-vectores del PCA se seleccionaron 8 de los 49 descriptores morfológicos como los más relevantes para la clasificación de las especies siendo los que más contribuyeron a la variación morfológica detectada. Dichos descriptores pertenecen a la lista de descriptores primarios establecida por la UPOV para la caracterización de Opuntia. El dendrograma obtenido aplicando el método de Ward (1963) para el cálculo de las distancias euclídeanas entre pares de poblaciones permitió identificar tres grupos distintos, mientras que el análisis PCA diferenció cuatro grupos. Por consiguiente, las especies Opuntia ficus-indica y Opuntia amycleae fueron identificadas como especies muy cercanas filogenéticamente. Conclusiones: Estos resultados representan un avance crucial para la selección e identificación rápida de poblaciones de interés y una mejora para las estrategias de gestión y conservación.

En el año 2016, fueron colectados 17 cultivares de mango (Mangifera indica L.) en mercados locales y fincas de agricultores del Cantón Jipijapa, Ecuador, con el objetivo de describir morfológicamente y organolépticamente los frutos de mango de cultivares colectados. Las colectas fueron realizadas por estudiantes y docentes de la asignatura de metodologías de la investigación de la Carrera de Ingeniería Agropecuaria, de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí (UNESUM). Los frutos fueron caracterizados utilizando 16 variables cualitativas y cuantitativas para fruto y semilla recomendados por la UPOV y el IPGRI. También se analizó en el laboratorio de bromatología de la UNESUM el porcentaje de sólidos totales y el contenido de azúcares (°Brix) de cada cultivar recolectado. Los resultados mostraron que en el Cantón Jipijapa, Ecuador, existe una gran biodiversidad de mangos nativos, que no fueron caracterizados. Se observó formas de frutos, color de pulpa y contenidos en fibra variables. La longitud de fruto fue 6.33 a 12.50 cm, y el ancho fue 5.27 a 8.50 cm, con una relación de longitud/ancho entre 0.77 a 1.83 cm. El peso de fruto fue de 63.3 a 500 g. En el contenido de azúcares (°Brix) no se observó diferencias notables. Finalmente se observó que el rango de pulpa consumible fue de 63 a 94% en los cultivares nativos y de 86 a 97% en los mejorados.

In the year 2016, seventeen cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) were collected in local markets and farmers' field of Jipijapa Canton, Ecuador, with the aim of describing and analyzing mango fruits due to their morphological characteristics of sugars (°Brix) and total solids. Collections were carried out by students and teachers of the Research Methodologies course of the Agricultural Engineering Career, of the Southern State University of Manabí (UNESUM). The fruits were characterized by using 16 qualitative and quantitative variables for fruit and seed recommended by UPOV and IPGRI. The percentage of total solids and Brix grades of each harvested crop were also analyzed in the UNESUM bromatology laboratory. Results showed that in the Jipijapa Canton, Ecuador, there is a great biodiversity of native mangoes, which were not characterized. Fruit shapes, pulp color and variable fiber contents were observed. The length of fruit was 6.33 to 12.50 cm, and the width was 5.27 to 8.50 cm, with a length/width ratio between 0.77 and 1.83 cm. The fruit weight was 63.3 to 500 g. No significant differences were observed in the sugars content (°Brix). Finally, it was observed that the range of consumable pulp was 63 to 94% in native cultivars and 86% to 97% in the improved ones.

In maize (Zea mays L.) breeding programs, it is very important to define a genetic distance of inbred lines and to establish criteria and biometric methods for the satisfactory germplasm classification. A total of 29 inbred lines from Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje" (MRIZP) breeding program, Belgrade, Serbia, were used to compare similarities obtained by morphological (according to UPOV - Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Vegetales) and molecular (simple sequence repeats, SSR) markers. The aim was to assess discriminative power of applied markers in the separation of related lines, and to determine the possibility of their application in choosing parental lines for breeding programs. Application of different marker types resulted in adequate separation of inbreds into divergent groups, which facilitates the choice of parental lines. However, there were still many inconsistencies between the field and laboratory results. The quality of information from morphological markers was improved by the application of the appropriate descriptor, measurement scale and the biometric method. According to the correspondence analysis, increased number of SSR markers will enable more reliable results. Regression analysis of morphological visual assessment (MVG) and SSR similarity of individual inbreds pointed out that in some cases morphological, and in others molecular markers more accurately reflected known pedigree information of tested maize lines. In the early generations of maize inbred lines testing, we propose utilization of information resulting from morphological markers, according to UPOV descriptor. However, application of adequate number of molecular (SSR) markers has an economic justification on a smaller number of elite lines in the later generations of line testing.

RESUMO: Em todos os países, membros da UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), da qual o Brasil é signatário, para que uma nova cultivar tenha sua proteção efetivada, é necessária a realização de testes de DHE (Distinguibilidade, Homogeneidade e Estabilidade). O teste de DHE para Capsicum spp. é baseado em 48 descritores, envolvendo caracteres qualitativos e quantitativos, observados desde a germinação até a colheita dos frutos. Neste trabalho descreve-se a execução de ensaios de DHE com linhagens de pimentas, candidatas à proteção, discutem-se os principais aspectos relacionados às dificuldades operacionais, a relevância de alguns descritores para o processo de proteção e aborda-se a importância da proteção de cultivares como propriedade intelectual para o País. Quatro linhagens de C. annuum var. annuumresistentes à mancha bacteriana desenvolvidas pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Capsicum da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro foram testadas em casa de vegetação nos períodos de junho a novembro de 2013 e janeiro a julho de 2014, em Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. A cultivar Jalapeño M foi utilizada como testemunha. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e sete plantas por parcela. Além dos 48 descritores estipulados pela legislação para o DHE em Capsicum, incluiu-se um descritor para a resistência à mancha bacteriana. Os descritores que permitiram a distinção variaram para cada linhagem. Apesar de serem distintas em alguns descritores, as linhagens L1 e L2 não foram homogêneas e estáveis. As linhagens L6 e L8 se caracterizaram pela homogeneidade e estabilidade. Entre os descritores que permitiram a distinção entre os tratamentos estão o formato do fruto, a presença de capsaicina, o número de dias até o florescimento e a resistência à mancha bacteriana. Ao fim, as linhagens L6 e L8 atenderam às exigências de DHE e poderão ser submetidas ao processo de proteção junto ao Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.

ABSTRACT: In all countries, members of the UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), of which Brazil is a signatory, to protect a new plant variety is necessary to carry out DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) tests. DUS testing forCapsicum spp. is based on 48 descriptors, which involve qualitative and quantitative traits, observed from germination to fruit harvest. This paper describes the performance of DUS tests on lines of chili peppers, which are candidates for protection; we discuss the main aspects related to operational difficulties, the relevance of some descriptors for the protection process and highlight the importance of protecting new plant varieties as national intellectual property. Four C. annuum var.annuum recombinant inbred lines were tested. The Capsicum Breeding Program of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro developed the lines, which are resistant to bacterial spot. They were tested under greenhouse conditions from June to November 2013; and from January to July 2014 in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The 'Jalapeño M' commercial genotype was used as control and treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with seven plants per plot with five replications. Besides the 48 descriptors, stipulated by legislation for Capsicum DUS testing, we included a descriptor for bacterial spot resistance. The descriptors that enabled distinction varied with each line. Although being distinctive for some descriptors, L1 and L2 lines were neither homogeneous nor stable. L6 and L8 recombined lines were characterized by homogeneity and stability. Fruit shape, capsaicin presence, number of days for flowering and bacterial spot resistance were descriptors that allowed for differentiation between treatments. In conclusion, the L6 and L8 recombined lines met the DUS test requirements; therefore, they may be subjected to the protection process with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply.

Recientemente ha sido aprobada por la Cámara de Diputados en Chile la tramitación de la Ley de Obtentores Vegetales (Ley Monsanto). Esta investigación pretende un análisis analítico, crítico e interpretativo de un proyecto de ley que debiera seguir ciertos parámetros éticos. Los derechos de obtentores vegetales son un sistema de propiedad intelectual para la protección específica de nuevas variedades de plantas. Para que una variedad pueda ser protegida, debe ser nueva, distinta, uniforme y estable. Los derechos de obtentor se rigen bajo la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV). Chile ha adherido a UPOV en acta 1978 en 1996, y lo implementa mediante la Ley de Obtentores de Nuevas Variedades Vegetales, No. 19.342 de 1994. Sin embargo, Chile firmó un acuerdo de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos, donde se compromete a incorporarse a la versión de UPOV 1991. Esta iniciativa ha causado gran resquemor en la sociedad civil chilena y en el mundo político. Grandes son también las aristas éticas en torno a esta iniciativa, desde que la normativa privatizaría las semillas y concentraría la propiedad de estas en pocas empresas, entre las cuales se presumen intereses económicos de Monsanto. Además, el proyecto de ley estaría violando el convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) sobre biodiversidad. Por otro lado, en Chile no existe un catastro de recursos "fitogenéticos" adecuado. Respeto a la discusión bioética, esta normativa no considera reflexiones en torno a los principios de precaución, solidaridad, multiculturalidad, responsabilidad y sustentabilidad con el medio ambiente en el contexto global. Consideramos que una adecuada legislación en torno a los transgénicos puede sin duda ayudar al progreso con equidad.

Recently, the Congress Chamber in Chile has approved the legal procedure for the law of protection of new varieties of plants, colloquially named Monsanto Law. The rights of plant breeders are a system of intellectual property for specific protection of new varieties of plants. For a variety to be protected, it must be new, different, uniform and stable. The rights of breeders are ruled under the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Chile has adhered to UPOV act 1978 in 1996 and has been implemented by the law of New Plant Varieties Breeders Nº 19.342 of 1994. Nevertheless, Chile signed a free-trade agreement with the United States since January 1, 2004 compromising to incorporate UPOV 1991. This legal initiative has caused some fear in Chilean civil society and the political world. Great are also the ethical edges around this initiative, since the normative will privatize the seeds and concentrates the property in a few companies, assuming economic interests by Monsanto multinational. Furthermore, the project law would be violating the agreement 169 by the International Work Organization (IWO) about biodiversity. On the other hand, there is no adequate registry for "plant genetic" resources in Chile. Referring to ethical discussion, we can point put that this normative do not consider reflections about the principles of precaution, solidarity, responsibility and sustainability with the environment. Furthermore, an adequate legislation about transgenic organisms may without doubt help to progress with equity.

Foi recentemente aprovada pela Câmara dos Deputados do Chile a tramitação da lei de Obtentores Vegetais (Lei Monsanto). Esta pesquisa busca uma análise analítica, crítica e interpretativa de um projeto de lei que deveria seguir certas normas éticas. Os direitos dos obtentores vegetais são um sistema da propriedade intelectual para a proteção específica de novas variedades vegetais. Para que uma variedade pudera ser protegida, que deve ser nova, distinta, uniforme e estável. Os direitos do obtentor são regidos pela União Internacional para a Proteção das Obtenções Vegetais (UPOV). Chile aderiu à UPOV em acta 1978, em 1996, e implementada pela Lei de Obtentores de Novas Variedades Vegetais, No. 19,342 de 1994. No entanto, Chile assina um acordo de Livre Comércio com os Estados Unidos, onde ele concorda em se juntar a versão do UPOV de 1991. Esta iniciativa tem causado grande ressentimento na sociedade civil chilena e no mundo político. Grandes também são as bordas éticas em torno desta iniciativa, uma vez que as normas privatizam as sementes e concentram a propriedade desses em poucas empresas, entre as quais se presumem interesses econômicos da Monsanto. Além disso, o projeto de lei violaria o convenia 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre a biodiversidade. Por outro lado, no Chile não existe um cadastro de recursos "fito genéticos" adequado. Respeito ao debate bioético, esta legislação não considera reflexões sobre o princípio da precaução, solidariedade, multiculturalismo, responsabilidade e sustentabilidade com o meio ambiente no contexto global. Consideramos que uma legislação adequada sobre os transgênicos pode certamente ajudar a o progresso com equidade.

La obtención del título de propiedad de un cultivar es una estrategia de los obtentores que, sumada a la certificación de semillas, respalda la calidad genética que reciben los agricultores al momento de adquirir sus semillas. El ensayo de la distinción, homogeneidad y estabilidad (DHE) siguiendo las directrices de la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV) es uno de los requisitos para la protección de un cultivar. Los ensayos DHE de Allium cepa L. (cebolla) fueron realizados en el Instituto Nacional de Semillas (INASE) en Barros Blancos, Uruguay, en los años 2011 y 2012. Se utilizaron las directrices de la UPOV como metodología para realizar el DHE de cinco cultivares protegidos y 19 cultivares notoriamente conocidos. Además, se estudiaron las distancias fenotípicas por el método de conglomerados «Jaccard» y el software para DHE «GAIA». Los cinco cultivares protegidos fueron diferentes a los conocidos y homogéneos en sus características, las que se mantuvieron estables en los dos ensayos. Se realizó la descripción varietal de los 24 cultivares estudiados. El dendograma en base a las distancias «Jaccard» ordenó los cultivares en tres grupos. «Canarita CRS» y «Pantanoso del Sauce CRS» fueron los cultivares más parecidos fenotípicamente y se encuentran en el grupo 2, seguidos de «Angaco INTA» y «Babosa» en el grupo 1. Por sus similitudes fenotípicas todos los cultivares de origen nacional se pueden reunir en un grupo. Estos estudios permiten describir y caracterizar cultivares que se encuentran disponibles para los agricultores

Obtaining the title of a cultivar is a strategy of breeders that, added to the seed certification, supports the genetic quality to farmers when buy their seeds. The test of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) following the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) is one of the requirements for the protection of a cultivar. DUS tests of Allium cepa L. were performed at the National Seed Institute (INASE) in Barros Blancos, Uruguay, in 2011 and 2012. The UPOV guidelines methodology was used when performing DUS of five protected cultivars and 19 public cultivars. Additionally the phenotypic distances were studied by the method of clusters «Jaccard» and the software for DUS «GAIA». The five protected cultivars were different from the public ones, and homogeneous in their characteristics, which were stable in the two trials. Varietal descriptions of 24 cultivars were performed. The dendrogram based on the distances «Jaccard» ordered the cultivars into three groups. «Canarita CRS» and «Pantanoso del Sauce CRS» were the most phenotypically similar cultivars, and they are in group 2, followed by «Angaco INTA» and «Babosa» in group 1. All cultivars of national origin can be combined in a group. These studies allow to describe and characterize cultivars available to farmers.

Given that the morphoagronomic evaluation of cultivars is a relatively inexpensive method and is the basis of the characterization of plants and that isoenzymes have been a powerful tool for the study of genetic variation in species, was aimed at evaluating strawberry cultivars Missionary, Oso Grande and Rabunda, which were introduced in different parts of the country and had not conducted studies to give us an estimate of the variability or genetic stability present in them. For field evaluation used various UPOV descriptors and a sample design was used with a confidence level of 95 %, which determined the mean and confidence intervals; also estimated fruit quality parameters such as: firmness, soluble solids content and total acidity. Biochemical analysis was done using four isoenzyme systems which included two other existing genotypes in different locations, Villa Clara and the Gran Piedra (Santiago de Cuba). The characters that showed significant differences among cultivars evaluated were number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and the fruit length. Is generally observed a high level of polymorphism degree in the studied genotypes.

Teniendo en cuenta que la evaluación morfoagronómica de los cultivares es un método relativamente económico y constituye la base de la caracterización de las plantas y que las isoenzimas han sido una herramienta poderosa para el estudio de la variabilidad genética en especies, nos propusimos evaluar los cultivares de fresa Misionaria, Oso Grande y Rabunda; que fueron introducidos en diferentes localidades del país y no se le habían realizado estudios que nos brinden un estimado de la variabilidad o estabilidad genética presente en los mismos. Para las evaluaciones en campo se utilizaron diversos descriptores de la UPOV y se empleó un diseño muestral con un nivel de confianza del 95 %, donde se determinó la media y los intervalos de confianza; además, se estimaron parámetros de calidad de fruto como: la firmeza, el contenido de sólidos solubles y la acidez total. El análisis bioquímico se hizo mediante cuatro sistemas isoenzimáticos donde se incluyeron otros dos genotipos existentes en diferentes localidades, Villa Clara y la Gran Piedra (Santiago de Cuba). Los caracteres que mostraron diferencias significativas entre los cultivares evaluados fueron el número de hojas, el número de frutos por planta así como el largo de la fruta. Se observó de manera general un alto nivel de polimorfismo en los genotipos estudiados.

Los ensayos de la distinción, homogeneidad y estabilidad (DHE) siguiendo las directrices de la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales (UPOV) son uno de los requisitos para otorgar el título de propiedad a un cultivar. El Instituto Nacional de Semillas (INASE) es el responsable de analizarlos y otorgarlos en Uruguay. Los ensayos de DHE de Fragaria x ananassa Duch. fueron realizados en Barros Blancos, Uruguay, en 2009 y 2010. Como metodología se utilizaron las directrices de UPOV. INASE estudió 13 cultivares de los que se solicitó el título de propiedad y dos cultivares de uso público. El objetivo fue determinar si estos 13 cultivares eran diferentes, homogéneos y estables; realizar las descripciones varietales de los 15 cultivares y analizar su distancia fenotípica. Todos los cultivares propuestos para obtener la protección fueron diferentes a los conocidos, homogéneos en sus características y estas se mantuvieron estables en los dos ensayos. Se realizó la descripción varietal de los 15 cultivares evaluados. Se estudiaron las distancias fenotípicas a través de dos métodos: análisis de conglomerados «Manhattan Promedios» y el software GAIA de análisis de DHE. Los cultivares se dividieron en dos grupos por cercanía fenotípica: en el grupo I se encuentran los cultivares obtenidos por el Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA) y Seascape, y en el grupo II los cultivares desarrollados por la Universidad de California. INIA Arazá y Yurí fueron los cultivares más cercanos fenotípicamente dentro del grupo I, y Albion y Portolas lo fueron en el grupo II.

Tests of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) following the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) are one of the requirements for granting Plant Breeder’s Rigths. The National Seed Institute (INASE) is responsible for DUS testing in Uruguay. DUS tests Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (strawberry) were performed in Barros Blancos, Uruguay in 2009 and 2010, using the UPOV guidelines. INASE studied 13 varieties for Plant Breeder’s Rigths, and two public cultivars. The objective was to determinate whether these varieties were distinct, uniform, and stable, by performing varietal descriptions of the 15 cultivars and analyzing their phenotypic distance. All cultivars proposed for protection were distinct, uniform, and kept stable characteristics. Variety description was made for the 15 varieties under study. Phenotypic distances were analyzed by two methods: analysis using «Manhattan average» linkage and the GAIA software for DUS testing. The cultivars were divided in two groups according to phenotypic proximity. Cultivars in group I were obtained at the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) and Seascape. Those in group II were developed by the University of California. Yurí and INIA Arazá varieties were the closest in proximity within the group I, and Albion and Portolas in group II.