ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the errors present in the archives of Ecuadorian universities in the papers published during the first semester of 2022 in the Business Administration career, through a qualitative documentary approach. The research methods used were observation and content analysis, using the consistency matrix as a research tool. The results obtained revealed that all the papers analyzed presented errors, classified into three groups: one with significant errors, another with only formal errors, and a third group with both formal and content errors. The most common significant errors corresponding to the different components of the papers were determined, highlighting the development of the theoretical method and formal, typographical and design errors, as well as poorly elaborated citations and bibliographies. These errors are notorious and affect the quality and rigor of the papers, which may compromise the validity and reliability of the results obtained. Consequently, this study highlights the importance of improving the quality of undergraduate papers, paying special attention to aspects such as the theoretical method, citations and bibliographical references, as well as the correction of formal, typographical and design errors.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar y analizar los errores presentes en los archivos de las universidades ecuatorianas en los trabajos publicados durante el primer semestre del 2022 en la carrera de Administración de Empresas, a través de un enfoque cualitativo documental. Los métodos de investigación empleados son la observación y el análisis de contenido, utilizando como herramienta de investigación la matriz de consistencia. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que todos los trabajos analizados presentaban errores, clasificados en tres grupos: uno con errores significativos, otro con errores formales exclusivamente, y un tercer grupo con errores tanto formales como de contenido. Se determinaron los errores significativos más comunes correspondientes a los diferentes componentes de los trabajos, destacando el desarrollo del método teórico y errores formales, tipográficos, de diseño, así como citas y bibliografías mal elaboradas. Estos errores son notorios y afectan la calidad y rigor de los trabajos, lo que puede comprometer la validez y confiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos. En consecuencia, este estudio resalta la importancia de mejorar la calidad en la elaboración de los trabajos de grado, prestando especial atención a aspectos como el método teórico, las citas y referencias bibliográficas, así como la corrección de errores formales, tipográficos y de diseño.

This paper presents the results of research on typographical error analysis in two specialised bilingual paper dictionaries: Diccionario de términos económicos, financieros y comerciales/ A Dictionary of Economic, Financial and Commercial Terms (Ariel, 2012), and Diccionario de términos jurídicos/A Dictionary of Legal Terms (Ariel, 2012). A model of errors is described, including similar errors and errors that are repeated both intratextually and intertextually. The error frequency in A Dictionary of Economic, Financial and Commercial Terms is higher than the average error frequency in a reference corpus of fourteen dictionaries (mainly first editions). This indicates that repeated editions do not always guarantee a higher level of formal correctness. Our results also show that a high frequency of errors does not necessarily entail a high intratextual error repetition rate. On the other hand, we establish a relationship between typographical errors and the access function in dictionaries, as that kind of error can interfere with access to accurate lexicographical information and data retrieval (especially when they occur in lemmas or sublemmas).

In hierdie artikel word die resultate van navorsing oor tipografiese foutanalise in twee gespesialiseerde tweetalige gedrukte woordeboeke voorgestel: Diccionario de términos económicos, financieros y comerciales/A Dictionary of Economic, Financial and Commercial Terms (Ariel, 2012), en Diccionario de términos jurídicos/A Dictionary of Legal Terms (Ariel, 2012). 'n Foutmodel beskryf gelyk-soortige foute asook foute wat intratekstueel en intertekstueel herhaal word. Die foutfrekwensie in A Dictionary of Economic, Financial and Commercial Terms is hoër as die gemiddelde foutfrekwensie in 'n verwysingskorpus van veertien woordeboeke (hoofsaaklik eerste uitgawes). Dit dui daarop dat opeenvolgende uitgawes nie altyd 'n hoër vlak van formele korrektheid waarborg nie. Ons resultate toon ook aan dat 'n hoë frekwensie foute nie noodwendig 'n hoë intratekstuele foutherha-lingsyfer tot gevolg het nie. Daarteenoor het ons vasgestel dat daar 'n verband tussen tipografiese foute en die toeganklikheidsfunksie in woordeboeke bestaan aangesien hierdie tipe foute toegang tot akkurate leksikografiese inligting en data-onttrekking (veral wanneer hulle in lemmas of sub-lemmas voorkom) kan belemmer.

The Tax Administration Act stipulates that in the instance of an understatement by the taxpayer, an understatement penalty must be levied by the South African Revenue Service (SARS) for each shortfall in relation to each understatement, unless the understatement is due to a bona fide inadvertent error. The term "bona fide inadvertent error" is only used in the context of an understatement penalty. This term is, however, not defined in the Tax Administration Act, any other tax act, or the Interpretation Act. Initially, when the term was first introduced into the Tax Administration Act in 2013, certain factors that need to be considered in the context of factual errors and in the case of a legal interpretive error were listed in the Draft Memorandum on the Objects of the Tax Administration Laws Amendment Bill of 2013. However, the final version of the Memorandum on the Objects of the Tax Administration Laws Amendment Bill of 2013 did not include examples of what would constitute a bona fide inadvertent error when SARS must consider whether or not to impose an understatement penalty, but it stated that guidance will be developed in this regard. Subsequently, during 2016, judgement was delivered in Income Tax Case (ITC) 1890 and the court held that a bona fide inadvertent error is "an innocent misstatement by a taxpayer on his or her return, resulting in an understatement, while acting in good faith and without the intention to deceive". Thereafter, during 2018, SARS issued guidance in respect of the use of the term "bona fide inadvertent error" in the context of understatement penalties. SARS concluded that "the only errors that may fall within the bona fide inadvertent class are typographical mistakes - but only properly involuntary ones", and further clarified that a lack of reasonable care will also not be excused. There is a conflicting view between the court in ITC 1890 and the guidance provided by SARS. It is, however, important that clear-cut guidance be provided regarding what would constitute a "bona fide inadvertent error", as this would absolve the taxpayer from an understatement penalty.